Dent-Read and Zukow-Goldring Learner/Environment Matrix Applied to children with a disability

Quadrant 3: Learner Active learner interacts with environment Learner: disability viewed in relation to environment and how the learner chooses to interact or participate with the environment. Curriculum Design: unstructured, learner must construct meaning to acquire knowledge, emphasises skills, and teacher/learner roles. Theories: Piaget and Sternberg stages of cognitive development Rogers and Maslow humanism Kelly fundamental postulate theory Erikson stages of development Kohler insight learning Gardner - multiple intelligences Quadrant 1: Interactive learners influence on the environment Learner: difficulty exists in relation to a specific task. Curriculum Design: activities are planned to allow for meaning to be co-constructed. Learning occurs through an interaction between acquisition and transformation Theories: Vygotsky social development theory Bandura social learning theory Bowlby, Ainsworth attachment theory Bronfenbrenner ecological theory

Learner Active

Environment Passive
Quadrant 4: Passive genetic determination Learner: development is a direct result of genetic make-up and is not affected by the environment Curriculum Design: formulaic approach, no cycle of review or reconstruction. Emphasis on observable actions rather than looking at meaning behind behaviours. Solution often involves medication. Theories: Galton - eugenics Darwin - evolution Gesell maturational theory

Environment active
Quadrant 3: Environment Active environmental influences on the learner result in a change in behaviour Learner: may be viewed as having a medical condition, behaviour can be altered through modification e.g. star charts Curriculum Design: based on validated knowledge and skills taught through teacher instruction with little consideration for individual differences. Learning occurs through exposure. Theories: Freud psychoanalytical theory Pavlov classical conditioning Skinner operant conditioning Watson - behaviourism

Learner Passive