Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Kỹ Thuật Số: Nguyễn Trung Lập
Kỹ Thuật Số: Nguyễn Trung Lập
NGUYN TRUNG LP
________________________________________Chng
I : Cc H Thng S I-1
Nhu cu v nh lng trong quan h gia con ngi vi nhau, nht l trong nhng
trao i thng mi, c t khi x hi hnh thnh. c rt nhiu c gng trong vic tm
kim cc vt dng, cc k hiu . . . dng cho vic nh lng ny nh cc que g, v s, s
La m . . . Hin nay s rp t ra c nhiu u im khi c s dng trong nh lng, tnh
ton. . . ..
Vic s dng h thng s hng ngy tr nn qu quen thuc khin chng ta c th
qun i s hnh thnh v cc qui tc vit cc con s.
Chng ny nhc li mt cch s lc nguyn l ca vic vit s v gii thiu cc h
thng s khc ngoi h thng thp phn quen thuc, phng php bin i qua li ca cc s
trong cc h thng khc nhau. Chng ta s c bit quan tm n h thng nh phn l h
thng c dng trong lnh vc in t-tin hc nh l mt phng tin gii quyt cc vn
mang tnh logic.
Phn cui ca chng s gii thiu cc loi m thng dng chun b cho cc
chng k tip.
K THUT S
________________________________________Chng
I : Cc H Thng S I-1
a b
i =m
1.2 Cc h thng s
1.2.1 H c s 10 (thp phn, Decimal system)
H thp phn l h thng s rt quen thuc, gm 10 s m nh ni trn.
Di y l vi v d s thp phn:
N = 199810 = 1x103 + 9x102 + 9x101 + 8x100 = 1x1000 + 9x100 + 9x10 + 8x1
N = 3,1410 = 3x100 + 1x10-1 +4x10-2 = 3x1 + 1x1/10 + 4x1/100
K THUT S
________________________________________Chng
I : Cc H Thng S I-1
C gi tr l:
N = an 8n + an-18n-1 + an-28n-2 +. . + ai8i . . .+a080 + a-1 8-1 + a-2 8-2 +. . .+ a-m8-m
Th d: N = 1307,18 = 1x83 + 3x82 + 0x81 + 7x80 + 1x8-1 = 711,12510
1.3.1 i mt s t h b sang h 10
i mt s t h b sang h 10 ta trin khai trc tip a thc ca b
Mt s N trong h b:
N = (anan-1an-2. . .ai . . .a0 , a-1a-2 . . .a-m)b vi ai Sb
C gi tr tng ng trong h 10 l:
N = an bn + an-1bn-1 +. . .+ aibi +. . . + a0b0+ a-1 b-1 + a-2 b-2 +. . .+ a-mb-m.
Th d:
* i s 10110,112 sang h 10
10110,112 = 1x24 + 0 + 1x22 + 1x2 + 0 + 1x2-1 + 1x2-2 = 22,7510
* i s 4BE,ADH sang h 10
4BE,ADH=4x162+11x161+14x160+10x16-1+13x16-2 = 1214,67510
1.3.2 i mt s t h 10 sang h b
y l bi ton tm mt dy k hiu cho s N vit trong h b.
Tng qut, mt s N cho h 10, vit sang h b c dng:
N = (anan-1 . . .a0 , a-1a-2 . . .a-m)b = (anan-1 . . .a0)b + (0,a-1a-2 . . .a-m)b
Trong
(anan-1 . . .a0)b
= PE(N) l phn nguyn ca N
v
(0,a-1a-2 . . .a-m)b = PF(N) l phn l ca N
Phn nguyn v phn l c bin i theo hai cch khc nhau:
______________________________________________________________
______________________Nguyn Trung Lp__________________________
K THUT S
________________________________________Chng
I : Cc H Thng S I-1
Phn nguyn:
Gi tr ca phn nguyn xc nh nh trin khai:
PE(N) = anbn + an-1bn-1 + . . .+ a1b 1+ a0b0
Hay c th vit li
PE(N) = (anbn-1 + an-1bn-2 + . . .+ a1)b + a0
Vi cch vit ny ta thy nu chia PE(N) cho b, ta c thng s l PE(N) = (anbn1
+ an-1bn-2 + . . .+ a1) v s d l a0.
Vy s d ca ln chia th nht ny chnh l s m c trng s nh nht (a0) ca
phn nguyn.
Lp li bi ton chia PE(N) cho b:
PE(N) = anbn-1 + an-1bn-2 + . . .+ a1= (anbn-2 + an-1bn-3 + . . .+ a2)b+ a1
Ta c s d th hai, chnh l s m c trng s ln hn k tip (a1) v thng s
l PE(N)= anbn-2 + an-1bn-3 + . . .+ a2.
Tip tc bi ton chia thng s c c vi b, cho n khi c s d ca php chia
cui cng, chnh l s m c trng s ln nht (an)
Phn l:
Gi tr ca phn l xc nh bi:
PF(N) = a-1 b-1 + a-2 b-2 +. . .+ a-mb-m
Hay vit li
PF(N) = b-1 (a-1 + a-2 b-1 +. . .+ a-mb-m+1 )
Nhn PF(N) vi b, ta c : bPF(N) = a-1 + (a-2 b-1 +. . .+ a-mb-m+1 ) = a-1+ PF(N).
Vy ln nhn th nht ny ta c phn nguyn ca php nhn, chnh l s m c
trng s ln nht ca phn l (a-1) (s a-1 ny c th vn l s 0).
PF(N) l phn l xut hin trong php nhn.
Tip tc nhn PF(N) vi b, ta tm c a-2 v phn l PF(N).
Lp li bi ton nhn phn l vi b cho n khi kt qu c phn l bng khng, ta s
tm c dy s (a-1a-2 . . .a-m).
Ch : Phn l ca s N khi i sang h b c th gm v s s hng (do kt qu ca
php nhn lun khc 0), iu ny c ngha l ta khng tm c mt s trong h b c gi tr
ng bng phn l ca s thp phn, vy ty theo yu cu v chnh xc khi chuyn i m
ngi ta ly mt s s hng nht nh.
Th d:
* i 25,310 sang h nh phn
Phn nguyn:
25 : 2 = 12 d 1
a0 = 1
12 : 2 = 6 d 0
a1 = 0
6 : 2 = 3 d 0
a2 = 0
3 : 2 = 1 d 1
a3 = 1
thng s cui cng l 1 cng chnh l bit a4:
a4 = 1
Vy PE(N) = 11001
Phn l:
0,3 * 2 = 0,6
a-1 = 0
0,6 * 2 = 1,2
a -2 = 1
0,2 * 2 = 0,4
a-3 = 0
0,4 * 2 = 0,8
a-4 = 0
0,8 * 2 = 1,6
a-5 = 1 . . .
______________________________________________________________
______________________Nguyn Trung Lp__________________________
K THUT S
________________________________________Chng
I : Cc H Thng S I-1
K THUT S
________________________________________Chng
I : Cc H Thng S I-1
1.3.4 i mt s t h bk sang h bp
Qua trung gian ca h b, ta c th i t h bk sang h bp. Mun i s N t h bk
sang h bp, trc nht i s N sang h b ri t h b tip tc i sang h bp.
Th d:
- i s 1234,678 sang h 16
1234,678 = 001 010 011 100,110 1112 = 0010 1001 1100,1101 11002 = 29C,DCH
- i s ABCD,EFH sang h 8
ABCD,EFH = 1010 1011 1100 1101,1110 11112 = 1 010 101 111 001 101,111 011
1102 = 125715,7368
Di y l bng k cc s u tin trong cc h khc nhau:
Thp
phn
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Nh
phn
0
1
10
11
100
101
110
111
1000
1001
1010
1011
1100
Bt
phn
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
10
11
12
13
14
Thp lc
phn
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
A
B
C
Thp
phn
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
Nh
phn
1101
1110
1111
10000
10001
10010
10011
10100
10101
10110
10111
11000
11001
Bt
phn
15
16
17
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
17
30
31
Thp lc
phn
D
E
F
10
11
12
12
14
15
16
17
18
19
Bng 1.1
______________________________________________________________
______________________Nguyn Trung Lp__________________________
K THUT S
________________________________________Chng
I : Cc H Thng S I-1
1.4.2 Php tr
Cn lu :
0-0=0;
1-1=0;
1-0=1;
0 - 1 = 1 nh 1 cho bit cao hn
Th d: Tnh 1011 - 0101
1
s nh
1011
- 0101
--------0110
______________________________________________________________
______________________Nguyn Trung Lp__________________________
K THUT S
________________________________________Chng
I : Cc H Thng S I-1
1000001
Kt qu : (11001.1) 2 = (25.5)10
1.5 M ha
1.5.1 Tng qut
M ha l gn mt k hiu cho mt i tng thun tin cho vic thc hin mt
yu cu c th no .
Mt cch ton hc, m ha l mt php p mt i mt t mt tp hp ngun vo
mt tp hp khc gi l tp hp ch.
(H 1.1)
Tp hp ngun c th l tp hp cc s, cc k t, du, cc lnh dng trong truyn d
liu . . . v tp hp ch thng l tp hp cha cc t hp th t ca cc s nh phn.
Mt t hp cc s nh phn tng ng vi mt s c gi l t m. Tp hp cc t
m c to ra theo mt qui lut cho ta mt b m. Vic chn mt b m ty vo mc ch
s dng.
Th d biu din cc ch v s, ngi ta c m ASCII (American Standard Code
for Information Interchange), m Baudot, EBCDIC . . .. Trong truyn d liu ta c m d
li, d v sa li, mt m . . ..
Vn ngc li m ha gi l gii m.
______________________________________________________________
______________________Nguyn Trung Lp__________________________
K THUT S
________________________________________Chng
I : Cc H Thng S I-1
Cch biu din cc s trong cc h khc nhau cng c th c xem l mt hnh thc
m ha, l cc m thp phn, nh phn, thp lc phn . . . v vic chuyn t m ny sang
m khc cng thuc loi bi ton m ha.
Trong k thut s ta thng dng cc m sau y:
1.5.3 M Gray
M Gray hay cn gi l m cch khong n v.
Nu quan st thng tin ra t mt my m ang m cc s kin tng dn tng n v,
ta s c cc s nh phn dn dn thay i. Ti thi im ang quan st c th c nhng li
rt quan trng. Th d gia s 7(0111) v 8 (1000), cc phn t nh phn u phi thay i
trong qu trnh m, nhng s giao hon ny khng bt buc xy ra ng thi, ta c th c
cc trng thi lin tip sau:
0111 0110 0100 0000 1000
Trong mt quan st ngn cc kt qu thy c khc nhau. trnh hin tng ny,
ngi ta cn m ha mi s hng sao cho hai s lin tip ch khc nhau mt phn t nh phn
(1 bit) gi l m cch khong n v hay m Gray.
Tnh k nhau ca cc t hp m Gray (tc cc m lin tip ch khc nhau mt bit)
c dng rt c hiu qu rt gn hm logic ti mc ti gin.
Ngoi ra, m Gray cn c gi l m phn chiu (do tnh i xng ca cc s hng
trong tp hp m, ging nh phn chiu qua gng)
Ngi ta c th thit lp m Gray bng cch da vo tnh i xng ny:
- Gi s ta c tp hp 2n t m ca s n bit th c th suy ra tp hp 2n+1 t m ca
s (n+1) bit bng cch:
- Vit ra 2n t m theo th t t nh n ln
- Thm s 0 vo trc tt c cc t m c c mt phn ca tp hp t m mi
- Phn th hai ca tp hp gm cc t m ging nh phn th nht nhng trnh by
theo th t ngc li (ging nh phn chiu qua gng) v pha trc thm vo s 1 thay v
s 0 (H 1.2).
______________________________________________________________
______________________Nguyn Trung Lp__________________________
K THUT S
________________________________________Chng
I : Cc H Thng S I-1
(H 1.2)
thit lp m Gray ca s nhiu bit ta c th thc hin cc bc lin tip t tp hp
u tin ca s mt bit (gm hai bit 0, 1).
Di y l cc bc to m Gray ca s 4 bit. Ct bn phi ca bng m 4 bit cho gi
tr tng ng trong h thp phn ca m Gray tng ng (H 1.3).
0
1
0 0
0 1
1 1
1 0
2 bi
t
1
bit
0 0
0 0
0
1
0 1
0 1
1
0
1 1
1 0
1
1
1 0
1 1
0
0
3 bi
t
0 000
0 001
Tr thp
phn
tng
ng
0
1
0 011
0 010
2
3
0 110
0 111
4
5
0 101
0 100
6
7
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
4
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
100
101
111
110
010
011
001
000
bit
(H 1.3)
______________________________________________________________
______________________Nguyn Trung Lp__________________________
K THUT S
________________________________________Chng
I : Cc H Thng S I-1
Bi Tp
1. i cc s thp phn di y sang h nh phn v h thp lc phn :
a/ 12 b/ 24 c/ 192 d/ 2079
e/ 15492
f/ 0,25 g/ 0,375 h/ 0,376 i/ 17,150 j/ 192,1875
2. i sang h thp phn v m BCD cc s nh phn sau y:
a/ 1011 b/ 10110 c/ 101,1 d/ 0,1101
e/ 0,001 f/ 110,01
g/ 1011011 h/ 10101101011
3. i cc s thp lc phn di y sang h 10 v h 8:
a/ FF b/ 1A c/ 789 d/ 0,13 e/ ABCD,EF
4. i cc s nh phn di y sang h 8 v h 16:
a/ 111001001,001110001 b/ 10101110001,00011010101
c/ 1010101011001100,1010110010101 d/ 1111011100001,01010111001
5. M ha s thp phn di y dng m BCD :
a/ 12 b/ 192 c/ 2079 d/15436 e/ 0,375 f/ 17,250
______________________________________________________________
______________________Nguyn Trung Lp__________________________
K THUT S
______________________________________________________Chng 2
Hm Logic II - 1
2.1. HM LOGIC C BN
2.1.1. Mt s nh ngha
- Trng thi logic: trng thi ca mt thc th. Xt v mt logic th mt thc th ch
tn ti mt trong hai trng thi. Th d, i vi mt bng n ta ch quan tm n ang
trng thi no: tt hay chy. Vy tt / chy l 2 trng thi logic ca n.
- Bin logic dng c trng cho cc trng thi logic ca cc thc th. Ngi ta biu
din bin logic bi mt k hiu (ch hay du) v n ch nhn 1 trong 2 gi tr : 0 hoc 1.
Th d trng thi logic ca mt cng tc l ng hoc m, m ta c th c trng bi tr
1 hoc 0.
- Hm logic din t bi mt nhm bin logic lin h nhau bi cc php ton logic.
Cng nh bin logic, hm logic ch nhn 1 trong 2 gi tr: 0 hoc 1 ty theo cc iu kin lin
quan n cc bin.
Th d, mt mch gm mt ngun hiu th cp cho mt bng n qua hai cng tc mc
ni tip, bng n ch chy khi c 2 cng tc u ng. Trng thi ca bng n l mt hm
theo 2 bin l trng thi ca 2 cng tc.
Gi A v B l tn bin ch cng tc, cng tc ng ng vi tr 1 v h ng vi tr 0. Y l
hm ch trng thi bng n, 1 ch n chy v 0 khi n tt. Quan h gia hm Y v cc bin
A, B c din t nh bng sau:
___________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________Nguyn Trung Lp
K THUT S
______________________________________________________Chng 2
Hm Logic II - 2
A
0 (h)
0 (h)
1 (ng)
1 (ng)
B
0 (h)
1 (ng)
0 (h)
1 (ng)
Y=f(A,B)
0 (tt)
0 (tt)
0 (tt)
1 (chy)
(H 2.1)
B
0
1
0
1
f(A,B) = A OR B
0
1
1
1
______________________________________________________Chng 2
Hm Logic II - 3
(H 2.2)
2.1.3. Qui c
Khi nghin cu mt h thng logic, cn xc nh qui c logic. Qui c ny khng
c thay i trong sut qu trnh nghin cu.
Ngi ta dng 2 mc in th thp v cao gn cho 2 trng thi logic 1 v 0.
Qui c logic dng gn in th thp cho logic 0 v in th cao cho logic 1
Qui c logic m th ngc li.
Y=A
Bng s tht
A
Y=A
0
1
1
0
Y = A.B
Bng s tht
A
B
Y=A.B
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
___________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________Nguyn Trung Lp
K THUT S
______________________________________________________Chng 2
Hm Logic II - 4
1
Y=A+B
Bng s tht
A
0
0
1
1
B
0
1
0
1
Y=A + B
0
1
1
1
Y = A B
Bng s tht
A
0
0
1
1
B
0
1
0
1
Y = A B
0
1
1
0
B
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
C
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
Y = A B C
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
1
___________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________Nguyn Trung Lp
K THUT S
______________________________________________________Chng 2
Hm Logic II - 5
- Trong trng hp 3 bin (v suy rng ra cho nhiu bin), hm EX - OR c gi tr 1 khi
s bin bng 1 l s l. Tnh cht ny c dng nhn dng mt chui d liu c s bit 1 l
chn hay l trong thit k mch pht chn l.
A.0 = 0
2.1.5.3. nh l De Morgan
nh l De Morgan c pht biu bi hai biu thc:
A + B + C = A .B.C
A.B.C = A + B + C
nh l De Morgan cho php bin i qua li gia hai php cng v nhn nh vo php
o.
___________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________Nguyn Trung Lp
K THUT S
______________________________________________________Chng 2
Hm Logic II - 6
nh l De Morgan c chng minh bng cch lp bng s tht cho tt c trng hp
c th c ca cc bin A, B, C vi cc hm AND, OR v NOT ca chng.
Y = A.B + B.C + A .C = A + B + B + C + A + C
______________________________________________________Chng 2
Hm Logic II - 7
f(A,B) = A.f(1,B) + A .f(0,B)
Mi hm trong hai hm va tm c li c th trin khai theo bin B
f(1,B) = B.f(1,1) + .f(1,0) & f(0,B) = B.f(0,1) + B .f(0,0)
Vy:
f(A,B) = AB.f(1,1) + A .B.f(0,1) + A B .f(1,0) + A B .f(0,0)
f(i,j) l gi tr ring ca f(A,B) khi A=i v B=j trong bng s tht ca hm.
Vi 3 bin, tr ring ca f(A, B, C) l f(i, j, k) khi A=i, B=j v C=k ta c:
f(A,B,C) = A.B.C.f(1,1,1) + A.B. C .f (1,1,0) + A. B .C.f(1,0,1) + A. B . C .f(1,0,0) +
A .B.C.f(0,1,1) + A .B. C .f(0,1,0) + A . B .C.f(0,0,1) + A . B . C .f(0,0,0)
Khi trin khai hm 2 bin ta c tng ca 22 = 4 s hng
Khi trin khai hm 3 bin ta c tng ca 23 = 8 s hng
Khi trin khai hm n bin ta c tng ca 2n s hng
Mi s hng l tch ca mt t hp bin v mt tr ring ca hm. Hai trng hp c
th xy ra:
- Gi tr ring = 1, s hng thu gn li ch cn cc bin:
A . B .C.f(0,0,1) = A . B .C nu f(0,0,1) = 1
- Gi tr ring = 0, tch bng 0 :
A . B . C .f(0,0,0)= 0 nu f(0,0,0) = 0
v s hng ny bin mt trong biu thc ca tng chun.
Th d:
Cho hm 3 bin A,B,C xc nh bi bng s tht:
Hng
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
A
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
B
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
C
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
Z=f(A,B,C)
0
1
1
1
0
1
0
1
______________________________________________________Chng 2
Hm Logic II - 8
Tm li ta c:
______________________________________________________Chng 2
Hm Logic II - 9
v bin mt trong biu thc ca tch chun.
Ly li th d trn:
Hng
Z=f(A,B,C)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
1
1
0
1
0
1
Cc tr ring ca hm nu trn.
- Hm Z c gi tr ring f(0,0,0) = 0 tng ng vi cc gi tr ca bin hng 0 l
A=B=C=0 ng thi, vy A+B+C l mt s hng trong tch chun.
- Tng t vi cc hng (4) v (6) ta c cc t hp A +B+C v A + B +C.
- Vi cc hng cn li (hng 1, 2, 3, 5, 7), tr ring ca f(A,B,C) = 1 nn khng xut
hin trong trin khai.
Tm li, ta c: Z = (A + B + C).( A + B + C).( A + B +C )
- ngha ca nh l th hai:
Nhc li tnh cht ca cc hm AND v OR: b1.b2.... bn =0 ch cn t nht mt bin
trong b1, b2,..., bn =0 v a1 + a2 + ... + ap =0 khi cc bin a1, a2, ..., ap ng thi bng 0.
Nh vy trong th d trn:
Z = (hng 0).(hng 4).(hng 6)
Z = (A + B + C).( A + B + C).( A + B +C )
Tht vy, hng 0 tt c bin = 0: A=0, B=0, C=0 ng thi nn c th vit (A+B+C) =
0. Tng t cho hng (4) v hng (6).
Tm li,
Biu thc tch chun gm cc tha s, mi tha s l tng cc bin tng ng vi
t hp c gi tr ring =0, mt bin gi nguyn nu n c gi tr 0 v c o nu c gi
tr 1. S tha s ca biu thc bng s s 0 ca hm th hin trn bng s tht.
Hng
Z=f(A,B,C)
___________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________Nguyn Trung Lp
K THUT S
______________________________________________________Chng 2
Hm Logic II - 10
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
1
1
0
1
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
2.2.4. Dng s
n gin cch vit ngi ta c th din t mt hm Tng chun hay Tch chun bi
tp hp cc s di du tng () hay tch (). Mi t hp bin c thay bi mt s thp
phn tng ng vi tr nh phn ca chng. Khi s dng cch vit ny trng lng cc bin
phi c ch r.
Th d : Cho hm Z xc nh nh trn, tng ng vi dng chun th nht, hm ny
ly gi tr ca cc hng 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, ta vit Z=f(A,B,C) = (1,2,3,5,7). Tng t, nu dng
dng chun th hai ta c th vit Z =f(A,B,C)= (0,4,6).
Ch : Khi vit cc hm theo dng s ta phi ch r trng s ca cc bit, th d ta c
th ghi km theo hm Z trn 1 trong 3 cch nh sau: A=MSB hoc C=LSB hoc A=4, B=2,
C=1
2.3. RT GN HM LOGIC
thc hin mt hm logic bng mch in t, ngi ta lun lun ngh n vic s
dng lng linh kin t nht. Mun vy, hm logic phi dng ti gin, nn vn rt gn
hm logic l bc u tin phi thc hin trong qu trnh thit k. C 3 phng php rt
gn hm logic:
- Phng php i s
- Phng php dng bng Karnaugh
- Phng php Quine Mc. Cluskey
___________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________Nguyn Trung Lp
K THUT S
______________________________________________________Chng 2
Hm Logic II - 11
2.3.1. Phng php i s
Phng php ny bao gm vic p dng cc tnh cht ca hm logic c bn. Mt s
ng thc thng c s dng c nhm li nh sau:
(1) AB + A B = B
(A+B).( A +B) = B
(1)
(2) A + AB = A
A.(A+B)
=A
(2)
(3) A + A B = A + B A.( A +B)
= A.B
(3)
Chng minh cc ng thc 1, 2, 3:
(1) AB + A B = B(A+ A ) = B.1 = B
(2) A + AB = A(1+B) = A
(3) A + A B = (A+ A ).(A+B) = A+B
Cc ng thc (1), (2), (3) l song i ca (1), (2), (3).
Cc qui tc rt gn:
- Qui tc 1: Nh cc ng thc trn nhm cc s hng li.
Th d: Rt gn biu thc ABC + AB C + A B CD
Theo (1) ABC + AB C = AB
Vy
ABC + AB C + A B CD = AB + A B CD = A(B+ B CD)
Theo (3) B + B CD = B + CD
V kt qu cui cng: ABC + AB C + A B CD = A(B+CD)
- Qui tc 2: Ta c th thm mt s hng c trong biu thc logic vo biu thc m
khng lm thay i biu thc.
Th d: Rt gn biu thc: ABC + A BC + A B C + AB C
Thm ABC vo c: (ABC + A BC) + (ABC + A B C) + (ABC + AB C )
Theo (1) cc nhm trong du ngoc rt gn thnh: BC + AC + AB
Vy: ABC + A BC + A B C + AB C = BC + AC + AB
- Qui tc 3: C th b s hng cha cc bin c trong s hng khc
Th d 1: Rt gn biu thc AB + B C + AC
Biu thc khng i nu ta nhn mt s hng trong biu thc vi 1, v d (B+ B ):
AB + B C + AC = AB + C + AC(B+ B )
Trin khai s hng cui cng ca v phi, ta c:
AB + B C +ABC + A B C
Tha s chung: AB(1+C) + B C(1+A) = AB + B C
Tm li:
AB + B C + AC = AB + B C.
Trong bi tan ny ta n gin c s hng AC.
Th d 2: Rt gn biu thc (A+B).( B +C).(A+C)
Biu thc khng i nu ta thm vo mt tha s c tr =0, v d B.
(A+B).( B +C).(A+C) = (A+B).( B +C).(A+C+ B .)
= (A+B).( B +C).(A + B +C).(A ++C)
Theo (2)
(A+B).(A +B+C) = (A+B) v ( B +C).(A+ B +C) = ( B +C)
Vy:
(A+B).( B +C).(A+C) = (A+B).( B +C)
Trong bi tan ny ta b s hng A+C
___________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________Nguyn Trung Lp
K THUT S
______________________________________________________Chng 2
Hm Logic II - 12
- Qui tc 4: C th n gin bng cch dng hm chun tng ng c s hng t
nht.
Th d: Hm f(A,B,C) = (2,3,4,5,6,7) vi trng lng A=4, B=2, C=1
Hm o ca f: f(A, B, C) = (0,1) = A .B.C + A .B.C = A .B = A + B
Vy
f(A,B,C) = A+B
2.3.2.1.Nguyn tc
Xt hai t hp bin AB v A B , hai t hp ny ch khc nhau mt bit, ta gi chng l
hai t hp k nhau.
Ta c: AB + A B = A , bin B c n gin .
Phng php ca bng Karnaugh da vo vic nhm cc t hp k nhau trn bng
n gin bin c gi tr khc nhau trong cc t hp ny.
Cng vic rt gn hm c thc hin theo bn bc:
V bng Karnaugh theo s bin ca hm
Chuyn hm cn n gin vo bng Karnaugh
Gom cc cha cc t hp k nhau li thnh cc nhm sao cho c th rt gn hm
ti mc ti gin
Vit kt qu hm rt gn t cc nhm gom c.
(H 2.3)
___________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________Nguyn Trung Lp
K THUT S
______________________________________________________Chng 2
Hm Logic II - 13
Vi 3 bin ABC, ta c: ABC = 000, 001, 011, 010, 110, 111, 101, 100 (s nh phn
tng ng: 0, 1, 3, 2, 6, 7, 5, 4)
Lu l ta c th thit lp bng Karnaugh theo chiu nm ngang hay theo chiu ng.
Do cc t hp cc ba tri v phi k nhau nn ta c th coi bng c dng hnh tr
thng ng v cc t hp ba trn v di cng k nhau nn ta c th coi bng c dng hnh
tr trc nm ngang. V 4 t hp bin 4 gc cng l cc t hp k nhau.
Hnh (H 2.4) l bng Karnaugh cho 4 bin.
(H 2.4)
(H 2.5)
Nu hm khng phi l dng chun, ta phi a v dng chun bng cch thm vo
cc s hng sao cho hm vn khng i nhng cc s hng cha cc bin.
Th d 2 :
Y = A BC + AB D + A B C + A C D
Hm ny gm 4 bin, nn a v dng tng chun ta lm nh sau:
Y = A BC(D+ D ) + AB D (C+ C ) + A B C(D+ D ) + A C D(B+ B )
Y = A BCD+ A BC D + ABC D + AB C D + A B CD + A B C D + AB C D +A B C D
V Hm Y c a vo bng Karnaugh nh sau (H 2.6):
___________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________Nguyn Trung Lp
K THUT S
______________________________________________________Chng 2
Hm Logic II - 14
(H 2.6)
T dng s th nht, vi cc trng lng tng ng A=4, B=2, C=1
Th d 3 : f(A,B,C) = (1,3,7). Hm s s ly gi tr 1 trong cc 1,3 v 7.
T dng tch chun: Ta ly hm o c dng tng chun v ghi tr 0 vo cc
tng ng vi t hp bin trong tng chun ny. Cc cn li cha s 1.
Th d 4 : Y = f(A,B,C) = (A+B+C).(A+ B +C).( A +B+C).( A +B+ C ).( A + B C)
Y = A . B . C + A .B. C + A. B . C + A. B .C + A.B. C
V bng Karnaugh tng ng (H 2.7).
(H 2.7)
T dng s th hai:
Th d 5 : f(A,B,C) = (0,2,4,5,6)
Hm s ly cc tr 0 cc 0, 2, 4, 5, 6. D nhin l ta phi ghi cc gi tr 1 trong cc
cn li (H 2.7).
T bng s tht:
Th d 6 : Hm f(A,B,C) cho bi bng s tht
f(A,B,C)
___________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________Nguyn Trung Lp
K THUT S
______________________________________________________Chng 2
Hm Logic II - 15
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
1
(H 2.8)
2.3.2.5. Qui tc rt gn
- Kt qu cui cng c ly nh sau:
Hm rt gn l tng ca cc tch: Mi s hng ca tng tng ng vi mt nhm cc s
1 ni trn v s hng ny l tch ca cc bin, bin A (hay A ) l tha s ca tch khi tt c cc
___________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________Nguyn Trung Lp
K THUT S
______________________________________________________Chng 2
Hm Logic II - 16
s 1 ca nhm ch cha trong phn na bng trong bin A c gi tr 1 (hay 0). Ni cch
khc nu cc s 1 ca nhm ng thi nm trong cc ca bin A v A th bin A s c
n gin. Hnh di y minh ha vic ly cc tha s trong tch
Th d i vi bng (H 2.9) ta c kt qu nh sau:
- Hm Y l hm 4 bin A,B,C,D
- Nhm 1 cha 2 s 1 (k=1), nh vy nhm 1 s
cn 3 bin, theo hng, 2 s 1 ny 2 ng vi A B v
AB, bin A s c n gin v theo ct th 2 ny ng
vi t hp C . D .
Kt qu ng vi nhm 1 l: B. C . D
- Nhm 2 cha 4 s 1 (4=22 , k=2), nh vy nhm
2 s cn 2 bin, theo hng, 4 s 1 ny 2 ng vi t
hp A B v A B, bin B s c n gin v theo ct
th 4 ny ng vi t hp CD v C D , cho php n
gin bin D .
Kt qu ng vi nhm 2 l: A C.
(H 2.9)
(H 2.10)
(H 2.10) cho
Y = AB + C
(H 2.11)
___________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________Nguyn Trung Lp
K THUT S
______________________________________________________Chng 2
Hm Logic II - 17
Y = BC + B D
(H 2.11) cho
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1015
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
S
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
x (Khng xc nh)
(H 2.12)
Kt qu : S = B C + B C
___________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________Nguyn Trung Lp
K THUT S
______________________________________________________Chng 2
Hm Logic II - 18
(H 2.13)
nhm (1) cho : C E ;
(2) cho : BCE ;
Vy f(A,B,C,D,E) = C E + BCE + BDE
Th d 5 : Rt gn hm
f(A,B,C,D,E,F)=(2,3,6,7,8,9,12,13,14,17,24,25,28,29,30,40,41,44,45,46,56,57,59,60,61,63)
Tng t nh trn nhng phi v 4 bng cho:
A B cho cc s (0-15) ;
A B cho cc s (16-31) ;
AB cho cc s (48-63) v
A B cho cc s (32-47).
(H 2.14)
Kt qu: (1) cho C E ; (2) A CD F + BCD F ; (3) A BCE ; (4) A BD EF ; (5) ABCF
Vy:
f(A,B,C,D,E,F) = C E + A BCE + ABCF + A CD F + BCD F + A BD EF
___________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________Nguyn Trung Lp
K THUT S
______________________________________________________Chng 2
Hm Logic II - 19
2.3.3. Phng php Quine-Mc. Cluskey
Phng php Quine-Mc. Cluskey cng da trn tnh k ca cc t hp bin n gin
s bin trong cc s hng ca biu thc dng tng (minterm). Trong qu trnh n gin ny c
th xut hin cc s hng ging nhau m ta c th b bt c.
Phng php c thc hin qua 2 giai an:
Giai an 1: Da trn tnh k ca cc t hp bin n gin s bin trong cc s hng
ca biu thc dng tng (minterm).
Giai an 2: Kim tra v thc hin vic ti gin .
Th d di y minh ha cho vic thc hin phng php rt gn mt hm logic.
Th d 1: Rt gn hm f(A,B,C,D) = (1,2,4,5,6,10,12,13,14)
Giai an 1
- Cc minterm c nhm li theo s s 1 c trong t hp v ghi li trong bng theo th
t s 1 tng dn:
Trong th d ny c 3 nhm:
Nhm cha mt s 1 gm cc t hp 1, 2, 4
Nhm cha hai s 1 gm cc t hp 5, 6, 10, 12
Nhm cha ba s 1 gm cc t hp 13, 14
Bng 1:
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
1
2
4
5
6
10
12
13
14
A
0
0
0
B
0
0
1
C
0
1
0
D
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
______________________________________________________Chng 2
Hm Logic II - 20
s =2k (th d 2 t hp 1 v 5 c hiu s l 4 nn n gin c bin B), nu hiu s 2k th 2
t hp khng so snh c, tc khng c bin c n gin.
Kt qu cho bng th hai
- Bng th hai gm cc t hp c rt gn v ch cn li 2 nhm (gim mt nhm
so vi bng 1).
Bng 2
A
B
C
D
1,5 0
0
1
x
2,6 0
1
0
x
2,10 0
1
0
x
4,5 0
1
0
x
4,6 0
1
0
x
4,12 1
0
0
x
5,13 1
0
1
x
6,14 1
1
0
x
10,14 1
1
0
x
12,13 1
1
0
x
12,14 1
1
0
Thc hin cng vic tng t nh trn vi hai nhm trong bng th hai ny, cc s
hng s c nhm li nu chng ch khc nhau mt bin v c v tr du - trng nhau. Ta
c bng th 3.
Bng 3:
2,6 ; 10,14
2,10 ; 6,14
4,5 ; 12,13
4,6 ; 12,14
4,12 ; 5,13
4,12 ; 6,14
A
-
B
1
1
1
1
C
1
1
0
0
-
D
0
0
0
0
______________________________________________________Chng 2
Hm Logic II - 21
Trn cng hng ca t hp ta nh du * di cc ct c s tng ng (v d hng cha
t hp 1,5 c cc du * ct 1 v 5). Tng t cho cc t hp khc.
Bng 4
1,5
2,6 ; 10,14
4,5 ; 12,13
4,6 ; 12,14
1
*
5
*
*
*
x
10
*
x
*
x
12
13
14
*
*
*
x
*
x
*
x
x
x
x
x
4,6
4,12
8,12
3,7
3,11
6,7
7,15
11,15
A
0
1
0
0
1
B
1
1
0
1
1
-
C
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
D
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
___________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________Nguyn Trung Lp
K THUT S
______________________________________________________Chng 2
Hm Logic II - 22
Bng 3:
A
-
3,7 ; 11,15
3,11 ; 7,15
B
-
C
1
1
D
1
1
3
*
*
*
7
*
11
*
*
x
15
*
*
*
*
*
12
B
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
C
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
F(A,B,C)
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
___________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________Nguyn Trung Lp
K THUT S
______________________________________________________Chng 2
Hm Logic II - 23
b. Rt gn hm F
Bng Karnaugh
F(A, B.C) = A BC + A BC + A BC
c. Din t hm F ch dng hm AND v NOT
Dng nhl De Morgan, ly o 2 ln hm F:
V kt qu ca hm rt gn l:
F(A,B,C,D) = ABC + ABD + ACD + BCD
b- Din t hm F ch dng hm OR v NOT
Dng nh l De Morgan cho tng s hng trong tng
Vit li hm F:
BI TP
1. Din t mi mnh di y bng mt biu thc logic:
a/ Tt c cc bin A,B,C,D u bng 1
b/ Tt c cc bin A,B,C,D u bng 0
___________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________Nguyn Trung Lp
K THUT S
______________________________________________________Chng 2
Hm Logic II - 24
c/ t nht 1 trong cc bin X,Y,Z,T bng 1
d/ t nht 1 trong cc bin X,Y,Z,T bng 0
e/ Cc bin A,B,C,D ln lt c gi tr 0,1,1,0
2. Tnh o ca cc hm sau:
a/ f1 = (A + B)( A + B )
b/ f2 = (A + B + C )(B + C + D)( A + C + D)
c/ f3 = A(C + D) + ( A + C)( B + C + D)
d/ f4 = (AB + C)(BC + D) + A BC + C D
e/ f5 = A B C + A B C + A(BC + B C )
3. Chng minh bng i s cc biu thc sau:
a/ A.B + A .B = A .B + A. B
b/ A.B + A .C = (A + C)(A + B)
c/ A.C + B.C = A .C + B.C
d/ (A + B)(A + C)(B + C) = (A + B)(A + C)
e/ (A + C)(B + C) = (A + C)(B + C)
4. Vit di dng tng chun cc hm xc nh bi:
a/ f(A,B,C) = 1 nu s nh phn (ABC)2 l s chn
b/ f(A,B,C) = 1 nu c t nht 2 bin s = 1
c/ f(A,B,C) = 1 nu s nh phn (ABC)2 >5
d/ f(A,B,C) = 1 nu s bin s 1 l s chn
e/ f(A,B,C) = 1 nu c 1 v ch 1 bin s =1
5. Vit di dng tch chun cc hm bi tp 4
6. Vit di dng s cc bi tp 4
7. Vit di dng s cc bi tp 5
8. Rt gn cc hm di y bng phng php i s (A = MSB)
a/ f1 = ABC + A B C + AB C D
b/ f2 = (A+BC) + A ( B + C )(AD+C)
c/ f3 = (A+B+C)(A+B+ C )( A +B+C)( A +B+ C )
d/ f4(A,B,C,D) = (0,3,4,7,8,9,14,15)
e/ f5 = A B + AC + BC
f/ f6 = (A+ C )(B+C)(A+B)
9. Dng bng Karnaugh rt gn cc hm sau: (A = MSB)
a/ f(A,B,C) = (1,3,4)
b/ f(A,B,C) = (1,3,7)
c/ f(A,B,C) = (0,3,4,6,7)
d/ f(A,B,C) = (1,3,4) . Cc t hp bin 6,7 cho hm khng xc nh
e/ f(A,B,C) = A .B.C + A .B.C + A. B.C + A.B.C
f/ f(A,B,C,D) = (5,7,13,15)
g/ f(A,B,C,D) = (0,4,8,12)
h/ f(A,B,C,D) = (0,2,8,10)
i/ f(A,B,C,D) = (0,2,5,6,9,11,13,14)
j/ f(A,B,C,D) = (0,1,5,9,10,15)
k/ f(A,B,C,D) = (0,5,9,10) vi cc t hp bin (2,3,8,15) cho hm khng xc nh
l/ f(A,B,C,D,E) = (2,7,9,11,12,13,15,18,22,24,25,27,28,29,31)
___________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________Nguyn Trung Lp
K THUT S
______________________________________________________Chng 2
Hm Logic II - 25
m/ f(A,B,C,D.E) = (0,2,8,10,13,15,16,18,24,25,26,29,31) vi cc t hp bin
(7,9,14,30) cho hm khng xc nh
n/ f(A,B,C,D,E,F) =
(2,3,6,7,8,9,12,13,14,17,24,25,28,29,30,40,41,44,45,46,56,57,59,60,61,63)
o/ f(A,B,C,D,E,F) =
(9,11,13,15,16,18,20,22,25,27,29,31,32,34,36,38,41,43,45,47,48,50,52,54)
10. Lm li cc bi tp t 9f bng phng php Quine-Mc Cluskey.
___________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________Nguyn Trung Lp
K THUT S
______________________________________________________Chng 3 Cng
logic III - 1
H MOS
NMOS
CMOS
______________________________________________________Chng 3 Cng
logic III - 2
- D thit k v phn tch. Vn hnh ca cc cng logic da trn tnh cht dn in
(bo ha) hoc ngng dn ca transistor. Vic phn tch v thit k da trn chc nng v c
tnh k thut ca cc IC v cc khi mch ch khng da trn tng linh kin ri
- C th hot ng theo chng trnh lp sn nn rt thun tin trong iu khin t
ng, tnh ton, lu tr d liu v lin kt vi my tnh.
- t b nh hng ca nhiu tc c kh nng dung np tn hiu nhiu vi bin ln
hn rt nhiu so vi mch tng t.
- D ch to thnh mch tch hp v c kh nng tch hp vi mt cao.
Da vo s cng trong mt chip, ngi ta phn loi IC s nh sau:
- S cng < 10: SSI (Small Scale Integrated), mc tch hp nh.
- 10 < S cng < 100: MSI (Medium Scale Integrated), mc tch hp trung bnh.
- 100 < S cng < 1000: LSI (Large Scale Integrated), mc tch hp ln.
- 1000 < S cng < 10000: VLSI (Very Large Scale Integrated), mc tch hp rt
ln
- S cng > 10000: ULSI (Ultra Large Scale Integrated), mc tch hp siu ln.
(H 3.1)
(H 3.2)
Bng s tht
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________ Nguyn Trung Lp
K THUT S
______________________________________________________Chng 3 Cng
logic III - 3
(a)
A
0
0
1
1
B
0
1
0
1
Y=A.B
0
0
0
1
(H 3.3)
Hoc
(b)
A
x
x
B
0
1
Y=A.B
0
A
- Nhn xt:
- Ng ra cng AND ch mc cao khi tt c ng vo ln cao.
- Khi c mt ng vo = 0, ng ra = 0 bt chp cc ng vo cn li.
- Khi c mt ng vo =1, ng ra = AND ca cc ng vo cn li.
Vy vi cng AND 2 ng vo ta c th dng 1 ng vo lm ng kim sot (H 3.3b),
khi ng kim sot = 1, cng m cho php tn hiu logic ng vo cn li qua cng v khi ng
kim sot = 0, cng ng , ng ra lun bng 0, bt chp ng vo cn li.
Vi cng AND c nhiu ng vo hn, khi c mt ng vo c a ln mc cao th
ng ra bng AND ca cc bin cc ng vo cn li.
Hnh (H 3.4) l gin thi gian ca cng AND hai ng vo. Trn gin , ng ra Y
ch ln mc 1 khi c A v B u mc 1.
(H 3.4)
3.2.3 Cng OR
- Dng thc hin hm OR 2 hay nhiu bin.
- Cng OR c s ng vo ty thuc s bin v mt ng ra.
- K hiu cng OR 2 ng vo
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________ Nguyn Trung Lp
K THUT S
______________________________________________________Chng 3 Cng
logic III - 4
(H 3.5)
- Bng s tht
A
0
0
1
1
B
0
1
0
1
Y=A+B
0
1
1
1
Hoc
A
x
x
B
1
0
Y=A+B
1
A
(H 3.6)
Tuy cng m khng lm thay i trng thi logic ca tn hiu vo cng nhng n gi
vai tr rt quan trng trong cc mch s.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________ Nguyn Trung Lp
K THUT S
______________________________________________________Chng 3 Cng
logic III - 5
(H 3.7)
(H 3.8)
Cc bng s tht v cc gin thi gian ca cc cng BUFFER, NAND, NOR, sinh
vin c th t thc hin ly
(a)
(b)
(H 3.9)
(c)
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________ Nguyn Trung Lp
K THUT S
______________________________________________________Chng 3 Cng
logic III - 6
(H 3.10)
(H 3.11)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(H 3.12)
Th d 2: V mch tng ng ca cng EX-OR dng ton cng NAND
Dng nh l De-Morgan, biu thc hm EX-OR vit li:
Y = AB + AB = AB.AB
V mch tng ng cho (H 3.13)
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________ Nguyn Trung Lp
K THUT S
______________________________________________________Chng 3 Cng
logic III - 7
(H 3.13)
Trong
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________ Nguyn Trung Lp
K THUT S
______________________________________________________Chng 3 Cng
logic III - 8
I CCH + I CCL
2
i vi cc cng logic h TTL, cng sut tiu tn hng mW v vi h MOS th ch
hng nW.
I CC (avg) =
3.3.3 Fan-Out:
Mt cch tng qut, ng ra ca mt mch logic i hi phi cp dng cho mt s ng
vo cc mch logic khc. Fan Out l s ng vo ln nht c th ni vi ng ra ca mt IC
cng loi m vn bo m mch hot ng bnh thng. Ni cch khc Fan Out ch kh nng
chu ti ca mt cng logic
Ta c hai loi Fan-Out ng vi 2 trng thi logic ca ng ra:
I
Fan Out H = OH
I IH
I OL
I IL
Thng hai gi tr Fan-Out ny khc nhau, khi s dng, an ton, ta nn dng tr nh
nht trong hai tr ny.
Fan-Out c tnh theo n v Unit Load UL (ti n v).
Fan Out L =
(H 3.14)
______________________________________________________Chng 3 Cng
logic III - 9
3.3.6 Tnh min nhiu (noise immunity)
Cc tn hiu nhiu nh tia la in, cm ng t c th lm thay i trng thi logic
ca tn hiu do nh hng n kt qu hot ng ca mch.
Tnh min nhiu ca mt mch logic ty thuc kh nng dung np hiu th nhiu ca
mch v c xc nh bi l nhiu. L nhiu c c do s chnh lch ca cc in th gii
hn (cn c gi l ngng logic) ca mc cao v thp gia ng ra v ng vo ca cc cng
(H 3.15).
(H 3.15)
Tn hiu khi vo mch logic c xem l mc 1 khi c tr >VIH(min) v l mc 0 khi
<V IL(max). in th trong khong gia khng ng vi mt mc logic no nn gi l vng
bt nh. Do c s khc bit gia VOH(min) vi VIH(min) v VOL(max) vi VIL(max) nn ta c
2 gi tr l nhiu:
L nhiu mc cao: VNH = VOH(min) - VIH(min)
L nhiu mc thp: VNL = VIL(max) - VOL(max)
Khi tn hiu ra mc cao a vo ng vo, bt c tn hiu nhiu no c gi tr m v
bin >VNH u lm cho in th ng vo ri vo vng bt nh v mch khng nhn ra
c tn hiu thuc mc logic no. Tng t cho trng hp ng ra mc thp tn hiu nhiu
c tr dng bin >VNL s a mch vo trng thi bt nh.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________ Nguyn Trung Lp
K THUT S
______________________________________________________Chng 3 Cng
logic III - 10
(a)
(b)
(H 3.16)
Thng dng nhn ca tng thc khi mc thp c tr kh ln so vi dng cp ca n
khi mc cao, nn ngi ta hay dng trng thi ny khi cn gnh nhng ti tng i nh, v
d khi ch cn thc cho mt led, ngi ta c th dng mch (H 3.17a) m khng th dng
mch (H 3.17b).
(a)
(H 3.17)
(b)
(a)
(b)
(H 3.18)
ci thin hn na dng tn hiu ng ra, bo m tnh min nhiu cao, ngi ta ch
to cc cng c tnh tr in th (H 3.19a), c gi l cng Schmitt Trigger
(H 3.19b) m t mi quan h gia Vout v Vin ca mt cng o Schmitt Trigger.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________ Nguyn Trung Lp
K THUT S
______________________________________________________Chng 3 Cng
logic III - 11
(a)
(b)
(H 3.19)
(a)
(b)
(H 3.20)
3.4 H TTL
Trong qu trnh pht trin ca cng ngh ch to mch s ta c cc h: RTL (Resistortransistor logic), DCTL (Direct couple-transistor logic), RCTL (Resistor-Capacitor-transistor
logic), DTL (Diod-transistor logic), ECL (Emitter- couple logic) v.v.... n by gi tn ti hai
h c nhiu tnh nng k thut cao nh thi tr truyn nh, tiu hao cng sut t, l h TTL
(transistor-transistor logic) dng cng ngh ch to BJT v h MOS (Cng ngh ch to
MOS)
Di y, ln lt kho st cc cng logic ca hai h TTL v MOS
(H 3.21)
Khi mt trong cc ng vo A, B, C xung mc khng T1 dn a n T2 ngng, T3
ngng, ng ra Y ln cao; khi c 3 ng vo ln cao, T1 ngng, T2 dn, T3 dn, ng ra Y xung
thp. chnh l kt qu ca cng NAND.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________ Nguyn Trung Lp
K THUT S
______________________________________________________Chng 3 Cng
logic III - 12
T CL trong mch chnh l t k sinh to bi s kt hp gia ng ra ca mch (tng
thc) vi ng vo ca tng ti, khi mch hot ng t s np in qua R4 (lc T3 ngng) v
phng qua T3 khi transistor ny dn do thi tr truyn ca mch quyt nh bi R4 v CL,
khi R4 nh mch hot ng nhanh nhng cng sut tiu th lc ln, mun gim cng sut
phi tng R4 nhng nh vy thi tr truyn s ln hn (mch giao hon chm hn). gii
quyt khuyt im ny ng thi tha mn mt s yu cu khc , ngi ta ch to cc cng
logic vi cc kiu ng ra khc nhau.
3.4.2 Cc kiu ng ra
@ Ng ra totempole
(H 3.22)
R4 trong mch c bn c thay th bi cm T4, RC v Diod D, trong RC c tr rt
nh, khng ng k. T2 by gi gi vai tr mch o pha: khi T2 dn th T3 dn v T4 ngng,
Y xung thp, khi T2 ngng th T3 ngng v T4 dn, ng ra Y ln cao. T CL np in qua T4
khi T4 dn v phng qua T3 (dn), thi hng mch rt nh v kt qu l thi tr truyn nh.
Ngoi ra do T3 & T4 lun phin ngng tng ng vi 2 trng thi ca ng ra nn cng sut
tiu th gim ng k. Diod D c tc dng nng in th cc B ca T4 ln bo m khi T3
dn th T4 ngng.
Mch ny c khuyt im l khng th ni chung nhiu ng ra ca cc cng khc nhau
v c th gy h hng khi cc trng thi logic ca cc cng ny khc nhau.
@ Ng ra cc thu h
(H 3.23)
Ng ra cc thu h c mt s li im sau:
- Cho php kt ni cc ng ra ca nhiu cng khc nhau, nhng khi s dng phi mc
mt in tr t ng ra ln ngun Vcc, gi l in tr ko ln, tr s ca in tr ny c th
c chn ln hay nh ty theo yu cu c li v mt cng sut hay tc lm vic.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________ Nguyn Trung Lp
K THUT S
______________________________________________________Chng 3 Cng
logic III - 13
im ni chung ca cc ng ra c tc dng nh mt cng AND nn ta gi l im
AND (H 3.24)
- Ngi ta cng ch to cc IC ng ra c cc thu h cho php in tr ko ln mc
vo ngun in th cao, dng cho cc ti c bit hoc dng to s giao tip gia h TTL vi
CMOS dng ngun cao.
Th d IC 7406 l loi cng o c ng ra cc thu h c th mc ln ngun 24 V (H
3.25)
(H 3.24)
(H 3.25)
@ Ng ra ba trng thi
(H 3.26)
(H 3.27)
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________ Nguyn Trung Lp
K THUT S
______________________________________________________Chng 3 Cng
logic III - 14
(H 3.28)
Vn chuyn: ng vi mt gi tr a ch AB , mt ng ra mch gii m a ch c
tc ng (ln cao) cho php mt cng m v d liu ng vo cng c truyn ra ng ra.
Th d khi AB = 00, Y0 = 1 (Y1=Y2=Y3=0) G1 m, D0 truyn qua G1 n ng ra, trong lc G2,
G3, G4 ng, c ng ra trng thi Z cao, khng nh hng n hot ng ca mch.
74
74L
74H
74S
9
10
90
35
10
33
1
33
3
20
6
23
138
50
10
3
20
60
125
20
2,4
0,4
2,0
0,8
2,4
0,4
2,0
0,7
74L
S
9,5
2
19
45
20
74AS
74ALS
74F
1,7
8
13,6
200
40
4
1,2
4,8
70
20
3
6
18
100
33
2,4
2,7
2,7
2,5
2,5
2,5
0,4
0,5
0,5
0,5
0,4
0,5
2,0
2,0
2,0
2,0
2,0
2,0
0,8
0,8
0,8
0,8
0,8
0,8
Bng 3.1
- Lot 74S: Cc transistor trong mch c mc thm mt Diod Schottky gia hai cc
CB vi mc ch gim thi gian chuyn trng thi ca transistor do lm gim thi tr
truyn.
- Lot 74AS v 74ALS l ci tin ca 74S lm gim hn na gi tr tch s Cng
sut - Vn tc.
- Lot 74F: Dng k thut c bit lm gim din dung k sinh do ci thin thi tr
truyn ca cng.
3.5 HO MOS
Gm cc IC s dng cng ngh ch to ca transistor MOSFET loi tng, knh N v
knh P . Vi transistor knh N ta c NMOS, transistor knh P ta c PMOS v nu dng c hai
loi transistor knh P & N ta c CMOS. Tnh nng k thut ca loi NMOS v PMOS c th
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________ Nguyn Trung Lp
K THUT S
______________________________________________________Chng 3 Cng
logic III - 15
ni l ging nhau, tr ngun cp in c chiu ngc vi nhau do ta ch xt loi NMOS v
CMOS.
Cc transistor MOS dng trong IC s cng ch hot ng mt trong 2 trng thi: dn
hoc ngng.
- Khi dn, ty theo nng pha ca cht bn dn m transistor c ni tr rt nh (t
vi chc n hng trm K) tng ng vi mt kha ng.
- Khi ngng, transistor c ni tr rt ln (hng 1010), tng ng vi mt kha h.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(H 3.29)
T1
T2
Vout
0V (logic 0)
RON = 100K
ROFF=1010
+5V (logic 1)
+5V (logic1)
RON = 100K
RON = 1K
0,05V (logic 0)
Bng 3.2
Ngoi ra vn hnh ca cng NAND v NOR c gii thch nh sau:
Cng NAND:
- Khi 2 ng vo ni ln mc cao, T2 v T3 dn, ng ra xung thp.
- Khi c 1 ng vo ni xung mc thp, mt trong 2 transistor T2 hoc T3
ngng, ng ra ln cao.
chnh l kt qu ca cng NAND 2 ng vo.
Cng NOR:
- Khi 2 ng vo ni xung mc thp, T2 v T3 ngng, ng ra ln cao.
- Khi c 1 ng vo ni ln mc cao, mt trong 2 transistor T2 hoc T3 dn, ng
ra xung thp.
chnh l kt qu ca cng NOR 2 ng vo.
______________________________________________________Chng 3 Cng
logic III - 16
(a)
(b)
(H 3.30)
(c)
T1
T2
Vout
VDD (logic1)
ROFF=1010
RON = 1K
0V (logic 0)
0V (logic0)
RON = 1K
ROFF=1010
VDD (logic 1)
Bng 3.3
Ngoi ra vn hnh ca cng NAND v NOR c gii thch nh sau:
Cng NAND:
- Khi 2 ng vo ni ln mc cao, T1 v T2 ngng, T3 v T4 dn, ng ra xung
thp.
- Khi c 1 ng vo ni xung mc thp, mt trong 2 transistor T3 hoc T4
ngng, mt trong 2 transistor T1 hoc T2 dn, ng ra ln cao.
chnh l kt qu ca cng NAND 2 ng vo.
Cng NOR:
- Khi 2 ng vo ni xung mc thp, T1v T2 dn, T3 v T4 ngng, ng ra ln
cao.
- Khi c 1 ng vo ni ln mc cao, mt trong 2 transistor T3 hoc T4 dn, mt
trong 2 transistor T1 hoc T2 ngng, ng ra xung thp.
chnh l kt qu ca cng NOR 2 ng vo.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________ Nguyn Trung Lp
K THUT S
______________________________________________________Chng 3 Cng
logic III - 17
(a)
(H 3.31)
(b)
A
0
1
X to Y
OFF
ON
Y to X
OFF
ON
(H 3.32)
Vn hnh: T3 v T4 vai tr l mt cng o
- Khi A = 0, cc G ca T2 mc thp nn T2 (knh N) ngng, cc G ca T1 (knh P)
mc cao nn T1 ngng, mch tng ng vi kha h.
- Khi A =1, cc G ca T2 mc cao nn T2 dn, cc G ca T1 mc thp nn T1 dn,
mch tng ng vi kha ng. Tn hiu truyn qua mt chiu nh T1 (loi P) v theo
chiu ngc li nh T2 (loi N)
Bin ca tn hiu Vi truyn qua kha phi tha iu kin 0 <Vi < VDD .
Nh vy nu ta s dng ngun VDD th kha cho tn hiu xoay chiu i qua.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________ Nguyn Trung Lp
K THUT S
______________________________________________________Chng 3 Cng
logic III - 18
3.5.3 c tnh ca h MOS
Mt s tnh cht chung ca cc cng logic h MOS (NMOS, PMOS v CMOS) c th
k ra nh sau:
- Ngun cp in : VDD t 3V n 15V
- Mc logic:
VOL (max) = 0V
VOH (min) = VDD
VIL (max) = 30% VDD
VIH (min) = 70%VDD
- L nhiu :
VNH = 30%VDD
VNL = 30%VDD
Vi ngun 5V, l nhiu khang 1,5V, rt ln so vi h TTL.
- Thi tr truyn tng i ln, khang vi chc ns, do in dung k sinh ng vo v
tng tr ra ca transistor kh ln.
- Cng sut tiu tn tng i nh, hng nW, do dng qua transistor MOS rt nh.
- S Fan Out:
50 UL
Do tng tr vo ca transistor MOS rt ln nn dng ti cho cc cng h MOS rt
nh, do s Fan Out ca h MOS rt ln, tuy nhin khi mc nhiu tng ti vo mt tng
thc th in dung k sinh tng ln (gm nhiu t mc song song) nh hng n thi gian
giao hon ca mch nn khi dng tn s cao ngi ta gii hn s Fan Out l 50, ngha l
mt cng MOS c th cp dng cho 50 cng ti cng lot.
- Nh ni trn, CMOS c ci thin thi tr truyn so vi loi NMOS v PMOS,
tuy nhin mt tch hp ca CMOS th nh hn hai loi ny. D sao so vi h TTL th mt
tch hp ca h MOS ni chung ln hn rt nhiu, do h MOS rt thch hp ch to
di dng LSI v VLSI.
______________________________________________________Chng 3 Cng
logic III - 19
Thng s
VIH(min)
VIL(max)
VOH(min)
VOL(max)
IIH(max)
IIL(max)
IOH(max)
IOL(max)
4000B
3,5V
1,5V
4,95V
0,05V
1A
1A
0,4 mA
0,4 mA
74HC
3,5V
1,0V
4,9V
0,1V
1A
1A
4 mA
4 mA
5V)
74HCT
2,0V
0,8V
4,9V
0,1V
1A
1A
4 mA
4 mA
74
2,0V
0,8V
2,4V
0,4V
40A
1,6 mA
0,4 mA
16 mA
Bng 3.4
74LS
2,0V
0,8V
2,7V
0,5V
20A
0,4 mA
0,4 mA
8 mA
74AS
2,0V
0,8V
2,7V
0,5V
200A
2 mA
2 mA
20 mA
74ALS
2,0V
0,8V
2,7V
0,4V
20A
100A
0,4 mA
8 mA
(H 3.33)
(H 3.34)
______________________________________________________Chng 3 Cng
logic III - 20
Bng 3.4 cho thy in th ra v dng in ra mc cao ca CMOS cp cho TTL
. Vy khng c vn trng thi cao
- CMOS thc TTL trng thi thp:
Dng in vo trng thi thp ca TTL thay i trong khong t 100 A n 2 mA.
Hai lot 74HC v 74HCT c th nhn dng 4 mA . Vy hai lot ny c th giao tip vi mt
IC TTL m khng c vn . Tuy nhin, vi lot 4000B, IOL rt nh khng giao tip vi
ngay c mt IC TTL, ngi ta phi dng mt cng m nng dng ti ca lot 4000B trc
khi thc vi IC 74LS (H 3.35)
- CMOS dng ngun cao thc TTL:
C mt s IC lot 74LS c ch to c bit c th nhn in th ng vo cao
khong 15V c th c thc trc tip bi CMOS dng ngun cao, tuy nhin a s IC TTL
khng c tnh cht ny, vy c th giao tip vi CMOS dng ngun cao, ngi ta phi
dng cng m h in th ra xung cho ph hp vi IC TTL (H 3.36)
(H 3.35)
(H 3.36)
B
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
C
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
Y
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
1
Rt gn hm:
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________ Nguyn Trung Lp
K THUT S
______________________________________________________Chng 3 Cng
logic III - 21
Y =AB+BC
(H 3.37)
2. Cho mch
(H P3.38)
a./ Vit biu thc hm Y theo cc bin A,B,C.
b./ Rt gn hm logic ny
c./ Thay th mch trn bng mt mch ch gm cng NAND 2 ng vo
Gii
a./ Ta c Y = A .B.C + A B.C + A .BD
b./ Rt gn
Y= A .B.C + A B.C + A .BD = B.C(A + A) + A .BD = B.C + A .BD = B( C + A D)
c./ V mch thay th dng cng NAND 2 ng vo
Trc nht ta v mch tng ng hm rt gn, sau dng bin i cng
(H P3.39)
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________ Nguyn Trung Lp
K THUT S
______________________________________________________Chng 3 Cng
logic III - 22
BI TP
1. Thit k mch thc hin cc hm sau y dng ton cng NAND 2 ng vo:
a./ f(A,B,C) = 1 nu (ABC)2 l s chn.
b./ f(A,B,C) = 1 nu c t nht 2 bin = 1.
c./ f(A,B,C) = 1 nu s nh phn (ABC)2 > 5.
d./ f(A,B,C) = 1 nu s bin c gi tr 1 l s chn.
e./ f(A,B,C) = 1 nu c mt v ch mt bin = 1.
2. Thit k mch gm 2 ng vo D, E v 2 ng ra P, C tha cc iu kin sau y:
- Nu E = 1 D = 0
P = 1, C = 0
- Nu E = 1 D = 1
P = 0, C = 1
- Nu E = 0 D bt k
P = 1, C = 1
3. Hm logic F(A, B, C) tha tnh cht sau y :
F(A,B,C) = 1 nu c mt v ch mt bin bng 1
a- Lp bng s tht cho hm F.
b- V mch logic to hm F.
4. Thit K mch to hm Y = A .B.C + A B.C + A .BC bng cc cng NAND 2 ng vo
5. Hm F(A,B,C) xc inh bi bng s tht
A
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
B
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
C
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
F
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
1
a- Dng bn Karnaugh rt gn hm F.
b- V s mch logic thc hin hm F.
c- V li mch ch dng cng NOR hai ng vo.
6. Rt gn hm logic :
f(A,B,C,D) = (0,1, 2, 4, 5, 8), A = MSB. Hm khng xc nh vi cc t hp bin (3,
7,10).
Dng s cng NOR t nht thc hin mch to hm trn.
7. Hm f(A,B,C) =1 khi s bin = 1 l s chn
- Vit biu thc logic ca hm f(A,B,C) theo t hp bin A,B,C.
- Dng cc cng EX-OR thc hin mch to hm trn.
8. Mt mch t hp nhn vo mt s nh phn A=A3A2A1A0 (A0 l LSB) to ra ng ra Y
mc cao khi v ch khi 0010<A<1000. Hy thit k mch vi:
a) Cu trc NAND-NAND.
b) Ton cng NAND 2 ng vo.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________ Nguyn Trung Lp
K THUT S
______________________________________________________Chng 3 Cng
logic III - 23
9. Mt mch t hp nhn vo mt s BCD, c tn l X. Ng ra ca mch ln 1 khi tha iu
kin 110 X 510.
Hy thit k mch t hp trn, dng ton cng NAND 2 ng vo.
10. Hm f(A,B,C,D) =1 khi c t nht 3 bin = 1
- Vit biu thc logic ca hm f(A,B,C,D) theo t hp bin A,B,C,D.
- Dng cc cng NAND 2 ng vo (s cng t nht) thc hin mch to hm trn.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________ Nguyn Trung Lp
K THUT S
________________________________________________________Chng 4
Mch t hp IV - 1
CHNG 4: MCH T HP
MCH M HA
7 Mch m ha 2 ng sang n ng
7 Mch to m BCD cho s thp phn
MCH GII M
7 Mch gii m n ng sang 2n ng
7 Mch gii m BCD sang 7 on
MCH A HP V GII A HP
7 Khi nim
7 Mch a hp
7 ng dng ca mch a hp
7 Mch gii a hp
MCH SO SNH
7 Mch so snh hai s mt bit
7 Mch so snh hai s nhiu bit
MCH KIM / PHT CHN L
7 Mch pht chn l
7 Mch kim chn l
___________________________________________________________________________
____
n
4.1. MCH M HA
M ha l gn cc k hiu cho cc i tng trong mt tp hp thun tin cho vic
thc hin mt yu cu c th no . Th d m BCD gn s nh phn 4 bit cho tng s m
ca s thp phn (t 0 n 9) thun tin cho my c mt s c nhiu s m; m Gray
dng tin li trong vic ti gin cc hm logic . . .. Mch chuyn t m ny sang m khc gi
l mch chuyn m, cng c xp vo loi mch m ha. Th d mch chuyn s nh phn 4
bit sang s Gray l mt mch chuyn m.
___________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________Nguyn Trung Lp
K THUT S
________________________________________________________Chng 4
Mch t hp IV - 2
4.1.1 Mch m ha 2n ng sang n ng
Mt s nh phn n bit cho 2n t hp s khc nhau. Vy ta c th dng s n bit m
cho 2n ng vo khc nhau, khi c mt ng vo c chn bng cch a n ln mc tc ng,
ng ra s ch bo s nh phn tng ng. l mch m ha 2n ng sang n ng.
(H 4.1) l m hnh mt mch m ha 2n ng sang n ng.
- (H 4.1a) l mch c ng vo v ra tc ng cao : Khi cc ng vo u mc thp,
mch cha hot ng, cc ng ra u mc thp. Khi c mt ng vo c tc ng bng
cch n kha K tng ng a ng vo ln mc cao, cc ng ra s cho s nh phn
tng ng.
- (H 4.1b) l mch c ng vo v ra tc ng thp. Hot ng tng t nh mch trn
nhng c mc tc ng ngc li. (trong m hnh (H 4.1b) k hiu du o ng ra ch mc
tc ng thp, cn ng vo khng c du o v l mch tht)
Trong trng hp ng ra c mc tc ng thp, mun c ng s nh phn ng ra,
ta phi o cc bit c.
(a)
(b)
(H 4.1)
1
0
2
0
3
0
A1
0
A0
0
___________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________Nguyn Trung Lp
K THUT S
________________________________________________________Chng 4
Mch t hp IV - 3
x
x
x
0
1
x
1
x
x
1
0
1
0
1
1
0
0
1
Bng 4.1
(H 4.2)
4.1.1.2 M ha 8 ng sang 3 ng
Chng ta s kho st mt IC m ha 8 ng sang 3 ng.
Trn thc t khi ch to mt IC, ngoi cc ng vo/ra thc hin chc nng chnh
ca n, ngi ta thng d tr thm cc ng vo v ra cho mt s chc nng khc nh cho
php, ni mch m rng hot ng ca IC.
IC 74148 l IC m ha u tin 8 ng sang 3 ng, vo/ ra tc ng thp, c cc
ng ni mch m rng m ha vi s ng vo nhiu hn.
Di y l bng s tht ca IC 74148, trong Ei ng vo ni mch v cho php, Eo
l ng ra ni mch v Gs dng m rng cho s nh phn ra.
Da vo bng s tht, ta thy IC lm vic theo 10 trng thi:
- Cc trng thi t 0 n 7: IC m ha cho ra s 3 bit
- Cc trng thi 8 v 9: dng cho vic m rng, s gii thch r hn khi ni 2 IC m
rng m ha cho s 4 bit
Trng
thi
9
8
7
6
5
4
Ei 0
7
1 x
0 x
0 1
0 1
0 x
0 0
Ng vo
2 3 4
A2
Ng ra
A1 A0
Gs Eo
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
___________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________Nguyn Trung Lp
K THUT S
________________________________________________________Chng 4
Mch t hp IV - 4
3
2
1
0
0
0
0
0
x
1
x
1
x
1
x
1
x
1
x
1
0
1
0 1
1 1
1 1
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
Bng 4.2
(H 4.3) l cch ni 2 IC thc hin m ha 16 ng sang 4 ng
(H 4.3)
- IC2 c Ei = 0 nn hot ng theo cc trng thi t 0 n 8, ngha l m ha t 0 n
7 cho cc ng ra A2A1A0.
- IC1 c Ei ni vi Eo ca IC2 nn IC1 ch hot ng khi tt c ng vo d liu ca
IC2 ln mc 1 (IC2 hot ng trng thi 8)
* m ha cc s t 0 n 7, cho cc ng vo 8 n 15 (tc cc ng vo d liu ca
IC2) ln mc 1, IC2 hot ng trng thi 8.
Lc Ei1 = Eo2 = 0: kt qu l IC1 s hot ng trng thi t 0 n 7, cho php to
m cc s t 0 n 7 (t 111 n 000) v IC2 hot ng trng thi 8 nn cc ng ra
(A2A1A0)2= 111, y l iu kin m cc cng AND cho m s ra l B2B1B0 = A2A1A0 ca
IC1, trong lc B3 = Gs2 = 1, ta c kt qu t 1111 n 1000, tc t 0 n 7 (tc ng
thp).
Th d m s 4 , a ng vo 4 xung mc 0, cc ng vo t 5 n 15 ln mc 1,
bt chp cc ng vo t 0 n 3, m s ra l B3B2B1B0=Gs2B2B1B0=1011, tc s 4
* m ha cc s t 8 n 15, cho IC2 hot ng trng thi t 0 n 7 (a ng
vo ng vi s mun m xung thp, cc ng vo cao hn ln mc 1 v cc ng vo thp hn
xung mc 0), bt chp cc ng vo d liu ca IC1 (cho IC1 hot ng trng thi 9), nn
cc ng ra (A2A1A0)1=111, y l iu kin m cc cng AND cho m s ra l B2B1B0=
___________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________Nguyn Trung Lp
K THUT S
________________________________________________________Chng 4
Mch t hp IV - 5
A2A1A0 ca IC2, , trong lc B3 = Gs2 = 0, ta c kt qu t 0111 n 0000, tc t 8 n
15.
Th d m s 14, a ng vo 14 xung mc 0, a ng vo 15 ln mc 1, bt chp
cc ng vo t 0 n 13, m s ra l B3B2B1B0 = Gs2B2B1B0 = 0001, tc s 14
Mun c ng ra ch s nh phn ng vi ng vo c tc ng m khng phi o
cc bit ta c th thay cc cng AND bng cng NAND
9
1
0
0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 1
1 0
0 0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0 0
M s ra
A3 A2 A1
A0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
Bng 4.3
Khng cn bng Karnaugh ta c th vit ngay cc hm xc nh cc ng ra:
A0 = 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 9
A1 = 2 + 3 + 6 + 7
A2 = 4 + 5 + 6 + 7
A3 = 8 + 9
Mch cho (H 4.4)
___________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________Nguyn Trung Lp
K THUT S
________________________________________________________Chng 4
Mch t hp IV - 6
(H 4.4)
to m BCD u tin cho s ln, ta vit li bng s tht v dng phng php i s
n gin cc hm xc nh cc ng ra A3 , A2 , A1 , A0
Trng thi cc ng vo
9 8 7 6 5 4 3
1 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 x
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
x x
0 0 0 0 0 0 1
x x
0 0 0 0 0 1 x
x x
0 0 0 0 1 x x
x x
0 0 0 1 x x x
x x
0 0 1 x x x x
x x
0 1 x x x x x
x x
1 x x x x x x
x x
2
0
0
1
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
M s ra
A3 A2 A1
A0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
Bng 4.4
A 3 = 9.8 + 9 = 9 + 8
________________________________________________________Chng 4
Mch t hp IV - 7
= 9 + ( 7 + 5.6.7 + 3.4.5.6.7 + 1.2.3.4.5.6.7)8.9
A 0 = 9 + (7 + 5.6 + 3.4.6 + 1.2.4.6)8.9 = 9 + (7 + 5.6 + 3.4.6 + 1.2.4.6)( 8 + 9)
Mch cho (H 4.5)
(H 4.5)
___________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________Nguyn Trung Lp
K THUT S
________________________________________________________Chng 4
Mch t hp IV - 8
A
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1
0 0 1 1
0 0 1 0
0 1 1 0
0 1 1 1
0 1 0 1
0 1 0 0
1 1 0 0
1 1 0 1
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 0
1 0 1 0
1 0 1 1
1 0 0 1
1 0 0 0
Bng 4.5
Dng bng Karnaugh xc nh X, Y, Z, T theo A, B, C, D
Quan st bng s tht ta thy ngay:
X = A,
Vy ch cn lp 3 bng Karnaugh cho cc bin Y, Z, T (H 4.6 a,b,c) v kt qu cho
(H 4.6 d)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
(a)
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
(b)
(c)
(H 4.6 ) (d)
___________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________Nguyn Trung Lp
K THUT S
________________________________________________________Chng 4
Mch t hp IV - 9
Vo
A1
A0
Y0
R a
Y1
Y2
Y3
0
1
1
1
1
x
0
0
1
1
x
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
Y0 = G.A 1 A 0
Y1 = G.A 1A 0
Y2 = G.A 1 A 0
Y3 = G.A 1A 0
00
(H 4.7)
Vo
A1
A0
Y0
Y1
Y2
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
Y3
R a
Y4 Y5
Y6
Y7
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
___________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________Nguyn Trung Lp
K THUT S
________________________________________________________Chng 4
Mch t hp IV - 10
Quan st bng s tht ta thy: Trong cc t hp s 3 bit c 2 nhm trong cc bit
thp A1A0 hon ton ging nhau, mt nhm c bit A2 = 0 v nhm kia c A2 = 1. Nh vy ta
c th dng ng vo G cho bit A2 v mc mch nh sau.
(H 4.8)
Khi A2=G=0, IC1 gii m cho 1 trong 4 ng ra thp v khi A2=G=1, IC2 gii m cho 1
trong 4 ng ra cao
Trn th trng hin c cc loi IC gii m nh:
- 74139 l IC cha 2 mch gii m 2 ng sang 4 ng, c ng vo tc ng cao,
cc ng ra tc ng thp, ng vo cho php tc ng thp.
- 74138 l IC gii m 3 ng sang 8 ng c ng vo tc ng cao, cc ng ra tc
ng thp, hai ng vo cho php G2A v G2B tc ng thp, G1 tc ng cao.
- 74154 l IC gii m 4 ng sang 16 ng c ng vo tc ng cao, cc ng ra tc
ng thp, 2 ng vo cho php E1 v E2 tc ng thp
Di y l bng s tht ca IC 74138 v cch ni 2 IC m rng mch gii m ln
4 ng sang 16 ng (H 4.9)
Vo
Ra
Ch php
D
o
liu
G1
G2
C B A Y0 Y1 Y2 Y3
H
H
H
x x x H
H
x
H
H
H
x x x H
x
L
H
H
H
L L L L
L
H
H
H
L
L L H H
L
H
H
L
H
L H L H
L
H
L
H
H
L H H H
L
H
H
H
H
H L L H
L
H
H
H
H
H L H H
L
H
H
H
H
H H L H
L
H
H
H
H
H H H H
L
H
Ghi ch G2 =G2A+G2B , H = 1, L =0, x: bt chp
Y4
H
H
H
H
H
H
L
H
H
H
Y5
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
L
H
H
Y6
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
L
H
Y7
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
L
___________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________Nguyn Trung Lp
K THUT S
________________________________________________________Chng 4
Mch t hp IV - 11
(H 4.9)
Mt ng dng quan trng ca mch gii m l dng gii m a ch cho b nh bn
dn.
Ngoi ra, mch gii m kt hp vi mt cng OR c th to c hm logic.
Th d, thit k mch to hm Y=f(A,B,C)= A BC + A BC + A BC + ABC
Vi hm 3 bin, ta dng mch gii m 3 ng sang 8 ng. 8 ng ra mch gii m
tng ng vi 8 t hp bin ca 3 bin, cc ng ra tng ng vi cc t hp bin c trong
hm s ln mc 1. Vi mt hm vit di dng tng chun, ta ch cn dng mt cng OR
c s ng vo bng vi s t hp bin trong hm ni vo cc ng ra tng ng ca mch gii
m cng cc t hp bin c trong hm li ta s c hm cn to.
Nh vy, mch to hm trn c dng (H 4.10)
(H 4.10)
D nhin, vi nhng hm cha phi dng tng chun, chng ta phi chun ha. V nu
bi ton c yu cu ta phi thc hin vic i cng, bng cch dng nh l De Morgan.
(H 4.11)
Khi mt t hp cc an chy sng s to c mt con s thp phn t 0 - 9.
___________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________Nguyn Trung Lp
K THUT S
________________________________________________________Chng 4
Mch t hp IV - 12
(H 4.12) cho thy cc on no chy th hin cc s t 0 n 9
5
6
7
8
(H 4.12)
n 7 on cng hin th c mt s ch ci v mt s k hiu c bit.
C hai loi n 7 on:
- Loi catod chung (H 4.13a), dng cho mch gii m c ng ra tc ng cao.
- Loi anod chung (H 4.13b), dng cho mch gii m c ng ra tc ng thp.
(a)
(H 4.13)
(b)
D
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Ng vo
C
B
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
A
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
a
b
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Bng 4.6
c
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Ng ra
d
e
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
0
1
1
1
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
0
f
0
1
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
g
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
___________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________Nguyn Trung Lp
K THUT S
________________________________________________________Chng 4
Mch t hp IV - 13
a = D B(CA + CA)
b = CBA + CBA
c = D CBA
d = D CBA + CBA + CBA
e = A + CB
f = CB + BA + D CA
g = D CB + CBA
T cc kt qu ta c th v mch gii m 7 on dng cc cng logic.
Hai IC thng dng dng gii m BCD sang 7 an l:
- CD 4511 (loi CMOS, ng ra tc ng cao v c m)
- 7447 (loi TTL, ng ra tc ng thp, cc thu h)
Chng ta kho st mt IC gii m BCD sang 7 on : IC 7447
Bng s tht ca 7447:
Vo
S /
Hm
LT
RB
I
1
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
0
x
Ra
C
BI
(1)
RBO
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
1
1
2
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
3
1
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
4
1
0
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
5
1
0
1
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
6
1
0
1
1
0
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
7
1
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
8
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
9
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
10
1
1
0
1
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
0
11
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
12
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
1
1
0
0
13
1
1
1
0
1
1
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
14
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
15
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
(2)
x
x
x
x
x
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
(3)
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
(4)
0
x
x
x
x
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Ghi ch:
1. BI/RBO c ni theo kiu im AND bn trong IC v c dng nh ng vo xa
(Blanking Input, BI) v/hoc ng ra xa dn sng (Ripple Blanking Output, RBO). Ng vo
BI phi c h hay gi mc cao khi cn thc hin gii m cho s ra. Ng vo xa dn
sng (Ripple Blanking Input, RBI) phi h hay mc cao khi mun c s 0.
___________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________Nguyn Trung Lp
K THUT S
________________________________________________________Chng 4
Mch t hp IV - 14
2. Khi a ng vo BI xung thp, ng ra ln 1 (khng tc ng) bt chp cc ng vo
cn li. Ta ni IC lm vic di iu kin b p buc v y l trng hp duy nht BI gi
vai tr ng vo.
3. Khi ng vo RBI mc 0 v A=B=C=D=0, tt c cc ng ra k c RBO u xung
0. Ta ni IC lm vic di iu kin p ng.
4. Khi BI/RBO h hay c gi mc 1 v ng vo th n (Lamp test, LT)
xung 0, tt c cc led u chy (ng ra xung 0).
Da vo bng s tht v cc ghi ch 7447 l IC gii m BCD sang 7 an c y
cc chc nng khc nh : th n, xa s 0 khi n khng c ngha. Ta c th hiu r hn
chc nng ny vi th d mch hin th mt kt qu c 3 ch s sau y: (H 4.14)
(H 4.14)
Vn hnh ca mch c th gii thch nh sau:
- IC hng n v c ng vo RBI a ln mc cao nn n s 0 hng n v lun lun
c hin th (dng 0 trong bng s tht), iu ny l cn thit xc nhn rng mch vn
chy v kt qu gii m l s 0.
- IC hng chc c ng vo RBI ni vi ng ra RBO ca IC hng trm nn s 0 hng
chc ch c hin th khi s hng trm khc 0 (RBO=1) (dng 0 n 15).
- IC hng trm c ng vo RBI a xung mc thp nn s 0 hng trm lun lun tt
(dng ghi ch 3).
________________________________________________________Chng 4
Mch t hp IV - 15
Ngi ta thng dng IC CMOS thc LCD v hai l do:
- CMOS tiu th nng lng rt thp ph hp vi vic dng pin cho cc thit b dng
LCD.
- Mc thp ca CMOS t tr 0 v tn hiu thc LCD s khng cha thnh phn mt
chiu, tui th LCD c ko di. (Mc thp ca TTL khong 0,4 V, thnh phn DC ny lm
gim tui th ca LCD).
(H 4.15)
4.3 MCH A HP V MCH GII A HP
4.3.1.Khi nim
Trong truyn d liu, tit kim ng truyn, ngi ta dng mt ng dy
truyn nhiu knh d liu, nh vy phi thc hin vic chn ngun d liu no trong cc
ngun khc nhau truyn.
Mch a hp hay cn gi l mch chn d liu s lm cng vic ny.
ni thu, d liu nhn c phi c chuyn ti cc ch khc nhau, ta cn mch
phn b d liu hay gii a hp (H 4.16).
(H 4.16)
4.3.2 Mch a hp
Cn c gi l mch chn d liu, gm 2n ng vo d liu, n ng vo a ch (hay
iu khin) v mt ng ra. Khi c mt a ch c tc ng d liu ng vo tng ng vi
a ch s c chn.
- Thit k mch a hp 41
Mch c 4 ng vo d liu D0 . . . . D3, 2 ng vo iu khin AB v ng ra Y
___________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________Nguyn Trung Lp
K THUT S
________________________________________________________Chng 4
Mch t hp IV - 16
Bng s tht:
A B
0 0
0 1
1 0
1 1
T bng s tht ta c hm Y nh sau:
Y = A .BD 0 + ABD 1 + A BD 2 + ABD 3
V mch c dng (H 4.17)
Y
D0
D1
D2
D3
(H 4.17)
Nu chu kh quan st ta s thy mch a hp 41 c th c thit k t mch gii
m 2 ng sang 4 ng trong ng vo cho php G c tch ring ra lm ng vo
d liu (D0 . . . . D3) v ng vo d liu ca mch gii m tr thnh ng vo iu khin ca
mch a hp (A, B)
(H 4.18) l k hiu mt mch a hp vi 8 ng vo d liu, 3 ng vo iu khin v 1
ng ra, ta gi l a hp 8 1.
Bng s tht:
A B C
0 0 0
0 0 1
0 1 0
0 1 1
1 0 0
1 0 1
1 1 0
1 1 1
Y
D0
D1
D2
D3
D4
D5
D6
D7
(H 4.18)
Mt a hp 8 1 c ng ra Y quan h vi cc ng vo d liu v iu khin theo hm
:
Y = A .B.CD 0 + A .B.CD 1 + ABCD 2 + ABCD 3 + A B.CD 4 + A BCD 5 + ABCD 6 + ABCD 7
________________________________________________________Chng 4
Mch t hp IV - 17
4.3.3.1 Bin chui d liu song song thnh ni tip:
Mt mch a hp kt hp vi mt mch m s bin chui d liu song song ng
vo thnh chui d liu ni tip ng ra (H 4.19)
(H 4.19)
4.3.3.3 To hm:
7 Mt a hp 2n 1 c th to hm n bin bng cch cho cc bin vo ng vo iu
khin v cho tr ring ca hm vo cc ng vo d liu.
Th d: to hm 3 bin bng a hp 81 ta vit li biu thc ca a hp
Y = A .B.CD 0 + A .B.CD 1 + ABCD 2 + ABCD 3 + A B.CD 4 + A BCD 5 + ABCD 6 + ABCD 7
So snh vi biu thc ca hm vit di dng trin khai theo nh l Shanon th nht
f(A, B, C) = A.B.Cf(0,0,0) + A.B.Cf(0,0,1) + ABCf(0,1,0) + ABCf(0,1,1) + A B.Cf(1,0,0)
(H 4.20)
___________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________Nguyn Trung Lp
K THUT S
________________________________________________________Chng 4
Mch t hp IV - 18
7 Mt a hp 2n 1 kt hp vi mt cng NOT c th to hm (n+1) bin. Th d :
To hm F1 = A B + ABC + BC + AC dng a hp 4 1 v cng NOT
Gii
a hp 4 sang 1 thc hin hm:
Chun ha hm F1 :
Y = F1 ta phi c:
Y = A BD 0 + A BD 1 + A BD 2 + ABD 3
F1 = A BC + ABC + A BC + A BC + ABC
D 0 = C;D 1 = C; D 2 = 1;D 3 = C
(H 4.21)
Trn thc t, ta c cc loi mch a hp t 2 1 (IC 74157), 4 1 (IC 74153), 8
1 (IC 74151) v 16 1 (74150) . . . .
Ngoi ra, chn d liu l cc ngun tn hiu tng t, ta cng c cc a hp tng
t vi tn gi kha tng t (analog switch), c ch to theo cng ngh MOS nh IC 4051
(8 knh) IC 4053 (2 knh). . . . Cng c loi kha s dng c cho c tn hiu tng t v
s (bilateral switches) nh IC 4016, IC 4066,. . m sinh vin c th tm hiu, s dng d dng
khi c bng tra k thut.
(a)
(H 4.22)
(b)
___________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________Nguyn Trung Lp
K THUT S
________________________________________________________Chng 4
Mch t hp IV - 19
a
x
0
0
1
1
b
x
0
1
0
1
S (a>b)
0
0
0
1
0
Bng 4.7
I (a<b)
0
0
1
0
0
E (a=b)
0
1
0
0
1
(H 4.23)
T mch so snh 1 bit ta c th m rng so snh nhiu bit.
(H 4.24)
___________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________Nguyn Trung Lp
K THUT S
________________________________________________________Chng 4
Mch t hp IV - 20
- IC 1 so snh 2 bit cao (a3 & b3) nn ng vo cho php c a ln mc cao, nu kt
qu bng nhau, ng ra E ca n ln cao, cho php IC 2 so snh, nu kt qu li bng nhau, ng
ra E ca IC 2 ln cao cho php IC 3 so snh, kt qu bng nhau cui cng ch bi ng ra E ca
IC 3.
- Cc ng vo cng OR nhn tn hiu t cc ng ra S (hoc I) s cho kt qu ln hn
(hoc nh hn) ty vo kt qu so snh bt c bit no. Tht vy khi c mt kt qu ln hn
(hoc nh hn) th S (hoc I) mt IC ln cao, cc ng ra E v I (hoc S) ca cc IC khc
bng 0, y l iu kin m cng OR cho kt qu so snh xut hin mt trong cc cng
OR ny.
Trn th trng c sn loi IC so snh 4 bit 7485 c ng ni mch m rng vic so
snh cho s nhiu bit hn.
Bng s tht ca IC 7485
Trng
thi
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Ng
vo
so
snh
Vo
ni
mch
A3,B3 A2,B2 A1,B1 A0,B0 A>B A<B A=B A>B
1
x
A3>B3
x
x
x
x
x
0
x
x
x
x
x
x
A3<
1
x
x
A2>B2
x
x
x
B3
0
x
x
x
x
x
A3=
A2<
1
x
x
A1>B1
x
x
B3
B2
0
x
x
x
x
A3=
A2=
A1<
1
x
x
A0>B0
x
B3
B2
B1
0
x
x
x
A3=
A2=
A1=
A0<
0
1
0
0
B3
B2
B1
B0
1
0
0
1
A3=
A2=
A1=
A0=
0
0
1
0
B3
B2
B1
B0
A3=
A2=
A1=
A0=
B3
B2
B1
B0
A3=
A2=
A1=
A0=
B3
B2
B1
B0
A3=
A2=
A1=
B3
B2
B1
A3=
A2=
B3
B2
A3=
B3
Bng 4.8
ra
A<B A=B
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
___________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________Nguyn Trung Lp
K THUT S
________________________________________________________Chng 4
Mch t hp IV - 21
(H 4.25)
Th d :
a. So snh hai s A7 . . . .A0 = 10101111 v B7 . . . . B0 = 10110001
IC 2 so snh cc bit cao A7 . . .A4 = 1010 v B7 . . .B4 =1011 c A7= B7 , A6= B6 , A5=
B5 v A4<B4 cho ng ra A<B = 1 bt chp trng thi ca cc ng vo ni mch (trng thi 8).
iu ny c ngha l khi IC so snh bit cao thy c kt qu khc nhau gia 2 s bit cao th
khng quan tm ti kt qu ca bit thp.
b. So snh hai s A7 . . . .A0 = 10101111 v B7 . . . . B0 = 10101001
Trong trng hp ny kt qu hai s bit cao bng nhau nn IC 2 nhn vo ng vo ni
mch xem kt qu so snh ca IC1 (so snh bit thp), A3A2A1A0 =1111>B3B2B1B0 = 1001
nn ng ra A>B = 1 ch kt qu so snh ca 2 s 8 bit (trng thi 10).
ni thu, mch kim tra chn l s kim tra li s s 1 c trn tt c cc bit bit
dng d liu nhn c ng hay sai.
Vi phng php ny my thu s c kt lun ng khi s bit li l s l. Nh vy
phng php ch cho kt qu ng vi xc sut 50%, tuy nhin v xc sut mt li xy ra l
rt nh nn phng php vn c s dng ph bin trong mt s h truyn thng.
________________________________________________________Chng 4
Mch t hp IV - 22
- Giai on 1: Thit k mch ghi nhn s bit 1 l chn hay l
Gi s ta mun c mch bo kt qu Y=1 khi s bit 1 l l v Y=0 khi ngc li.
Li dng tnh cht ca cng EX-OR c ng ra =1 khi s s 1 ng vo l l. Vi 4
ng vo, ta dng 3 cng EX-OR thc hin mch ghi nhn ny:
Y = (A B) (C D)
(H 4.26)
- Giai on 2: Thit k phn mch to bit chn l P theo s iu khin ca ng vo S
Gi s ta mun c
Tng s bit 1 ca A, B, C, D, P l l khi S = 1 v chn khi S = 0
S
S bt 1 ca ABCD
0
0
1
1
L
Chn
L
Chn
1
0
1
0
1
0
0
1
Bng 4.9
Bng 4.9 cho kt qu:
Vy mch c dng
P = S Y
(H 4.27)
___________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________Nguyn Trung Lp
K THUT S
________________________________________________________Chng 4
Mch t hp IV - 23
S bt 1 ca ABCDS
L
1
Chn
0
Bng 4.9
Nh vy, ta c th dng mch pht trn lm mch kim tra chn l.
Tm li, mt h thng gm mch pht v kim chn l c mc nh (H 4.28)
Khi ng vo S ca mch pht a xung mc 0, nu bn tin nhn ng th ng ra P mch
kim cng xung 0.
(H 4.28)
Trn th trng c cc IC kim/pht chn l nh 74180 (9 bit) 74280 (9 bit), loi
CMOS c 40101 (9 bit), 4531 (13 bit).
BI TP
1. Thit k mch m ha 32 ng sang 5 ng dng IC 74148 v cng logic.
2. Thit k mch gii m 4 ng sang 16 ng t mch gii m 2 ng sang 4 ng c
ng vo cho php.
3. Thit k mch so snh 4 bit t mch so snh 1 bit
4. Thit k mch chuyn t m Gray sang m nh phn
5. Thit k mch chuyn t m BCD sang m Excess-3 ca cc s t 0 n 9.
(M Excess-3 ca 1 s c c t tr nh phn tng ng cng thm 3, th d m s 0 l 0011,
m s 9 l 1100)
6. Dng mt mch gii m 3 sang 8 ng, 2 cng NAND 3 ng vo v 1 cng AND 2 ng
vo thc hin cc hm sau:
F1 = (1,2,3) ; F2 = (4,5,7) ; F3 = (1,2,3,4,5,7)
___________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________Nguyn Trung Lp
K THUT S
________________________________________________________Chng 4
Mch t hp IV - 24
7. Ci t cc hm sau dng b dn knh (multiplexer) 4 1 (Dng thm cng logic nu
cn)
F1 = A B + ABC + BC + AC
F2 = A (BC)
F3 = (1,3,6)
___________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________Nguyn Trung Lp
K THUT S
______________________________________________________Chng 5
Mch tun t V - 1
Cht RS tc ng mc cao
Cht RS tc ng mc thp
FF RS
FF JK
FF T
FF D
Nguyn Trung Lp
K THUT S
______________________________________________________Chng 5
Mch tun t V - 2
5.1.1 Cht RS
5.1.1.1. Cht RS tc ng mc cao:
(H 5.1) l cht RS c cc ng vo R v S tc ng mc cao.
(H 5.1)
Cc trng thi logic ca mch cho bng 5.1:
(i vi mch cht v khng c tc ng ca xung ng h nn ta c th hiu trng
thi trc l trng thi gi s, cn trng thi sau l trng thi khi mch n nh).
R
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
S
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
Q
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
Q+
0 Tc dng nh
1 Q+= Q
1 t (Set)
1 Q+=1
0 t li (Reset)
0 Q+=0
Q+= Q +=0 (Cm)
R
0
0
1
1
S
0
1
0
1
Q+
Q
1
0
Cm
Bng 5.1
Bng 5.2
T Bng 5.1 thu gn li thnh Bng 5.2 v tnh cht ca cht RS tc ng mc cao
c tm tt nh sau:
- Khi R=S=0 (c 2 ng vo u khng tc ng), ng ra khng i trng thi.
- Khi R=0 v S=1 (ng vo S tc ng), cht c Set (tc t Q+=1).
- Khi R=1 v S=0 (ng vo R tc ng), cht c Reset (tc t li Q+=0).
- Khi R=S=1 (c 2 ng vo u tc ng), cht ri vo trng thi cm
Nguyn Trung Lp
R
0
1
0
1
Q+
Cm
1
0
Q
Bng 5.3
K THUT S
______________________________________________________Chng 5
Mch tun t V - 3
c cht RS tc ng mc cao dng cng NAND, ngi ta thm vo 2 cng o
cc ng vo ca mch (H 5.2)
(H 5.3)
(H 5.4a) l k hiu cht RS tc ng cao v (H 5.4b) l cht RS tc ng thp.
(a)
(b)
(H 5.4)
(a)
(H 5.5)
(b)
Vo
S
x
0
0
1
1
R
x
0
1
0
1
Ra
Q+
Q
Q
0
1
Cm
Bng 5.4
c FF RS c xung ng h tc ng thp ch cn thm mt cng o cho ng vo
CK (H 5.5b). Ta c bng s tht ging Bng 5.4, tr ng vo CK phi o li
Nguyn Trung Lp
K THUT S
______________________________________________________Chng 5
Mch tun t V - 4
5.1.2.1. Flipflop RS c ng vo Preset v Clear:
Tnh cht ca FF l c trng thi ng ra bt k khi m my. Trong nhiu trng hp,
c th cn t trc ng ra Q=1 hoc Q=0, mun th, ngi ta thm vo FF cc ng vo
Preset (t trc Q=1) v Clear (Xa Q=0), mch c dng (H 5.6a) v (H 5.6b) l k hiu ca
FF RS c ng vo Preset v Clear tc ng mc thp.
(a)
(H 5.6)
(b)
Cl
0
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
CK
x
x
x
0
1
1
1
1
S
R
Q+
Cm
x
x
1
x
x
0
x
x
Q
x
x
Q
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
Cm
1
1
Bng 5.5
Lu : Trn bng 5.5, dng th nht tng ng vi trng thi cm v hai ng vo Pr v Cl
ng thi mc tc ng, 2 cng NAND cui cng u ng, nn Q+=Q=1.
5.1.2.2. Flipflop RS ch t:
Kt ni thnh chui hai FF RS vi hai ng vo xung CK ca hai FF c mc tc ng
tri ngc nhau, ta c FF ch t (H 5.7).
Nguyn Trung Lp
K THUT S
______________________________________________________Chng 5
Mch tun t V - 5
(H 5.7)
Hot ng ca FF c gii thch nh sau:
- Do CKS ca tng t l o ca CKM = CK ca tng ch nn khi CK=1, tng ch giao
hon th tng t ngng. Trong khong thi gian ny, d liu t ng vo R v S c a ra
v n nh ng ra R v S ca tng ch, ti thi im xung CK xung thp, R v S c
truyn n ng ra Q v Q (H 5.8)
(H 5.8)
- i vi trng hp R = S =1 khi CK=1 th R= S =1, nhng khi CK xung thp th
mt trong hai ng ra ny xung thp, do mch thot khi trng thi cm, nhng S hay R
xung thp trc th khng on trc c nn mch ri vo trng thi bt nh, ngha l Q+
c th =1 c th =0, nhng khc vi Q +. Ta c bng s tht:
S R CK
Q+
Q
0 0
0
0 1
1
1 0
1 1 Bt nh
Bng 5.6
Tm li, FF RS ch t thot khi trng thi cm nhng vn ri vo trng thi bt
nh, ng thi ta c FF c ng vo xung ng h tc ng bi cnh xung ca tn hiu CK.
c FF RS c ng vo xung ng h tc ng bi cnh ln ca tn hiu CK ta c th
di cng NOT n ng vo FF ch v cho tn hiu CK vo thng FF t.
Mc d thot khi trng thi cm nhng FF RS ch t vn cn trng thi bt nh nn
ngi ta t s dng FF RS trong trng hp R=S.
5.1.3 Flipflop JK
FF JK c to ra t FF RS theo s nh (H 5.9a).
Nguyn Trung Lp
K THUT S
______________________________________________________Chng 5
Mch tun t V - 6
(a)
(H 5.9)
(b)
S=J Q
0
0
0
0
R=KQ
CK
Q+
CK
Q+
0
1
0
1
Q
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
Q
Q
Q=0
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
Q
0
1
Q
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
Q=1
1
0
Bng 5.8
Bng 5.7
Bng 5.8 l bng rt gn, suy ra t bng 5.7
Kt qu t bng 5.8 cho thy:
FF JK thot khi trng thi cm v thay vo l trng thi o (khi J=K=1 th
Q+= Q ). Ngi ta li dng trng thi o ny thit k mch m
5.1.4 FlipFlop D
Thit k t FF RS (hoc JK) bng cch ni mt cng o t S qua R (hoc t J qua
K). D liu c a vo ng S (J) m by gi gi l ng vo D (H 5.10a&b) v bng 5.9 cho
thy cc trng thi ca FF, c th l mi khi c xung CK tc ng d liu t ng vo s xut
hin ng ra.
(a)
D
0
1
(b)
(H 5.10)
CK
Q+
Bng 5.9
(c)
CK
Q+
0
1
Q
Q
Bng 5.10
5.1.5 FlipFlop T
Ni chung hai ng vo J v K ca FF JK ta c FF T (H 5.10c). Tnh cht ca FF T
th hin trong bng s tht 5.10:
- Khi T=0, FF khng i trng thi d c tc ng ca CK.
- Khi T=1, FF i trng thi mi ln c xung CK tc ng.
Nguyn Trung Lp
K THUT S
______________________________________________________Chng 5
Mch tun t V - 7
5.1.6 Mch cht D
Mch cht D hot ng ging FF D, ch khc im ng vo xung ng h CK c
thay bng ng vo cho php G, v tc ng bng mc ch khng bng cnh (H
5.11) v Bng 5.11.
(H 5.11)
Bng 5.11
(H 5.12)
(H 5.12) l s mt mch ghi dch 4 bit n gin, mch gm 4 FF D ni thnh chui
(ng ra Q ca FF trc ni vo ng vo D ca FF sau) v cc ng vo CK c ni chung li
(cc FF chu tc ng ng thi). Mch ghi dch ny c kh nng dch phi.
Ng vo DA ca FF u tin c gi l ng vo d liu ni tip, cc ng ra QA, QB,
QC, QD l cc ng ra song song, ng ra ca FF cui cng (FF D) l ng ra ni tip .
Trc khi cho mch hot ng, tc dng mt xung xa vo cc ng vo Cl (a cc
chn Cl c ni chung xung thp ri ln cao) cc ng ra QA = QB = QC = QD = 0.
Cho d liu vo DA, sau mi xung ng h, d liu t tng trc ln lt truyn qua
tng sau. (Gi s DA l chui d liu gm 3 bit cao, 2 bit thp ri 1 cao v 1 thp), trng thi
cc ng ra ca cc FF cho Bng 5.12
Cl
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Vo
CK
x
DA
x
1
1
1
0
0
1
0
QA
0
1
1
1
0
0
1
0
Ra
QB
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
1
QC
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
QD
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
Bng 5.12
Cc mch ghi dch c phn loi ty vo s bit (s FF), chiu dch (phi/tri), cc ng
vo/ra (ni tip/song song).
Nguyn Trung Lp
K THUT S
______________________________________________________Chng 5
Mch tun t V - 8
c mch dch tri, d liu ni tip a vo ng vo D ca FF cui cng v cc ng ra
ca FF sau ni ngc tr li ng vo ca FF trc (H 5.13)
(H 5.13)
Cho d liu ni tip vo ng vo D ca FF 4, sau mi xung ng h, d liu truyn t
tng sau ra tng trc. Gi s chui d liu ging nh trn, trng thi cc ng ra ca cc FF
cho bng 5.13
Cl
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Vo
CK
x
Ra
D4
x
1
1
1
0
0
1
0
Q1
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
Q2
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
Q3
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
1
Q4
0
1
1
1
0
0
1
0
Bng 5.13
5.2.2.1. IC 74164:
(H 5.14)
MR : Master Reset, y cng l chn Clear ca c mch, tc ng thp
CP: Clock pulse, ng vo xung ng h tc ng cnh ln.
Nguyn Trung Lp
K THUT S
______________________________________________________Chng 5
Mch tun t V - 9
5.2.2.2. IC 7495:
ngha cc chn:
(H 5.15)
S: Mode control input Ds: Serial Data input
P0 - P3 : Parrallel data inputs
CP1 : Serial Clock
CP2 : Parrallel clock
Q0 - Q3 : Parrallel outputs
Nguyn Trung Lp
K THUT S
______________________________________________________Chng 5
Mch tun t V - 10
- Trong my tnh thanh ghi (tn thng gi ca mch ghi dch) l ni lu tm d liu
thc hin cc php tnh, cc lnh c bn nh quay, dch ....
- Ngoi ra, mch ghi dch cn nhng ng dng khc nh: to mch m vng, bin
i d liu ni tip song song, dng thit k cc mch n trang tr, quang bo. . . ..
5.3 MCH M
Li dng tnh o trng thi ca FF JK khi J=K=1, ngi ta thc hin cc mch m.
Chc nng ca mch m l m s xung CK a vo ng vo hoc th hin s trng
thi c th c ca cc ng ra.
Nu xt kha cnh tn s ca tn hiu th mch m c chc nng chia tn, ngha l tn
s ca tn hiu ng ra l kt qu ca php chia tn s ca tn hiu CK ng vo cho s m
ca mch.
Ta c cc loi: mch m ng b, khng ng b v m vng.
5.3.1 Mch m ng b
Trong mch m ng b cc FF chu tc ng ng thi ca xung m CK.
QD
QC
QB
QA
S m
Xa
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
0
Bng 5.14
Nhn thy:
Nguyn Trung Lp
K THUT S
______________________________________________________Chng 5
Mch tun t V - 11
- FF A i trng thi sau tng xung CK, vy:
TA = JA = KA = 1
- FF B i trng thi nu trc QA = 1, vy TB = JB = KB = QA
- FF C i trng thi nu trc QA = QB = 1, vy: TC = JC = KC = QA.QB
- FF D i trng thi nu trc QA=QB=QC=1, vy:
TD = JD = KD = QA.QB.QC = TC.QC
Ta c kt qu (H 5.16)
(H 5.16)
QD
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
QC
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
QB
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
QA
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
S m
0
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Bng 5.15
Nhn thy:
- FF A i trng thi sau tng xung CK, vy:
TA = JA = KA = 1
- FF B i trng thi nu trc QA = 0, vy:
TB = JB = KB = Q A
- FF C i trng thi nu trc QA=QB=0, vy: TC = JC = KC = Q A Q B
- FF D i trng thi nu trc QA = QB = QC= 0, vy:
Nguyn Trung Lp
K THUT S
______________________________________________________Chng 5
Mch tun t V - 12
TD = JD = KD = Q A . Q B . Q C = TC. Q C
Ta c kt qu (H 5.17)
(H 5.17)
(H 5.18)
1
1
=
T min
t PFF + (n 2)T PAND
Nguyn Trung Lp
T PFF
1
+ T PAND
K THUT S
______________________________________________________Chng 5
Mch tun t V - 13
5.3.1.5 Mch m ng b Modulo - N (N 2n)
thit k mch m modulo - N, trc nht ta phi chn s tng.
S tng n phi tha iu kin:
2n-1 < N < 2n
Th d thit k mch m 10 (N = 10).
24-1 < 10 < 24 .
Vy s tng l 4
C nhiu phng php thit k mch m ng b modulo-N.
Sau y ta kho st hai phng php : dng hm Chuyn v MARCUS
Phng php dng hm Chuyn (Transfer function)
Hm Chuyn l hm cho thy c s thay i trng thi ca FF. Mi loi FF c mt
hm Chuyn ring ca n.
Hm Chuyn c nh ngha nh sau: hm c tr 1 khi c s thay i trng thi ca
FF (Q+ Q) v tr 0 khi trng thi FF khng i (Q+ = Q).
Chng ta ch thit k mch m dng FF JK do ta ch xc nh hm Chuyn ca
loi FF ny.
Bng trng thi ca FF JK (Bng 5.16)
CK
Q+
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
0
1
1
Bng 5.16
QD
QC
QB
QA
QD
+
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
Nguyn Trung Lp
QC
QB
QA
HD
HC
HB
HA
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
K THUT S
______________________________________________________Chng 5
Mch tun t V - 14
9
10
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
Bng 5.17
T bng 5.17, ta thy:
HA = 1= QA + QA JA = KA = 1
xc nh HB, HC v HD ta phi v bng Karnaugh
H B = QD QA QB + QD QA QB
JB = K B = Q D Q A
H C = Q BQ A Q C + Q BQ A Q C H D = Q C Q BQ A Q D + Q A Q D
JD = Q C Q BQ A , K D = Q A
JC = K C = Q BQ A
(H 5.19)
Ghi ch: Trong kt qu ca hm H ta mun c cha Q v Q tng ng suy ra
ngay cc tr J v K nn ta chia bng Karnaugh ra lm 2 phn cha Q v Q v nhm
ring tng phn ny.
T cc kt qu ny, ta v c mch (H 5.20)
(H 5.20)
By gi ta c th kim tra xem nu nh v mt l do no , s m ri vo cc trng
thi khng s dng (tng ng vi s t 10 n 15) th khi c xung ng h trng thi tip
theo s nh th no ? Mch c quay v m tip ?
p dng cc hm chuyn c c, ng vi mi trng thi Q ca tng FF trong cc t
hp khng s dng, ta tm tr H tng ng ri suy ra Q+, ta c bng kt qu sau:
CK
QD
QC
QB
QA
HD
HC
HB
HA
QD
+
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
0
1
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
1
0
1
0
1
0
Nguyn Trung Lp
QC
QB
QA
K THUT S
______________________________________________________Chng 5
Mch tun t V - 15
Bng 5.18
T bng kt qu ta c kt lun:
- Khi ng ra ri vo trng thi 1010 (1010), n s nhy tip vo trng thi 1110 (1011)
ri sau nhy v 610 (0110) (Dng 1 v 2)
- Khi ng ra ri vo trng thi 1210 (1100), n s nhy tip vo trng thi 1310 (11 01)
ri sau nhy v 410 (0100) (Dng 3 v 4)
- Khi ng ra ri vo trng thi 1410 (1110), n s nhy tip vo trng thi 1510 (1111)
ri sau nhy v 210 (0010) (Dng 5 v 6).
Tm li, nu c mt s c xy ra lm cho s m ri vo cc trng thi khng s dng
th sau 1 hoc 2 s m n t ng quay v mt trong cc s m t 0 n 9 ri tip tc m
bnh thng.
Phng php MARCUS
Phng php MARCUS cho php xc nh cc biu thc ca J v K da vo s thay
i ca Q+ so vi Q
T bng trng thi ca FF JK (Bng 5.7) ta c th vit li Bng 5.19:
Q
0
0
1
1
Q+
0
1
0
1
J
0
1
x
x
K
x
x
1
0
Bng 5.19
thit k mch, ta so snh Q+ v Q c c bng s tht cho J, K ca tng FF,
sau xc nh J v K.
Th d thit k li mch m 10 bng phng php MARCUS
Bng s tht cho J, K ca tng FF
CK
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
QD
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
QC
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
QB
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
QA
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
JD
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
x
x
KD
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
0
1
JC
0
0
0
1
x
x
x
x
0
0
KC
x
x
x
x
0
0
0
1
x
x
JB
0
1
x
x
0
1
x
x
0
0
KB
x
x
0
1
x
x
0
1
x
x
JA
1
x
1
x
1
x
1
x
1
x
KA
x
1
x
1
x
1
x
1
x
1
Bng 5.20
Ghi ch: Trong bng 5.20, khng c cc ct cho Q+, tuy nhin ta c th thy ngay l dng
bn di chnh l Q+ ca dng bn trn, nh vy kt qu c c t s so snh dng trn v
dng ngay di n.
Ta thy ngay
JA = KA = 1
Dng bng Karnaugh xc nh cc hm cn li
Nhn thy cc FF B v C c th xc nh chung cho J v K (cng v tr 1 v x), FF D
c xc nh J v K ring
Nguyn Trung Lp
K THUT S
______________________________________________________Chng 5
Mch tun t V - 16
JB = K B = Q D Q A
JC=KC=QB.QA
JD=QC.QB.QA
(H 5.21)
Ta c li kt qu trn.
Trn th trng c kh nhiu IC m:
- 4 bit BCD: 74160, 74162, 74190, 74192, 4192, 4510, 4518. . ..
- 4 bit nh phn: 74161, 74163, 74191, 74193, 4193, 4516, 4520. . ..
- 8 bit nh phn: 74269, 74579, 74779. . ..
KD=QA
(H 5.22)
(H 5.23) l dng tn hiu xung CK v cc ng ra ca cc FF
Nguyn Trung Lp
K THUT S
______________________________________________________Chng 5
Mch tun t V - 17
(H 5.23)
T hp cc s to bi cc ng ra cc FF D, C, B, A l s nh phn t 0 n 15
(H 5.24)
(H 5.25)
Quan st tn hiu ra cc Flipflop ta thy sau mi FF tn s ca tn hiu ra gim i
mt na, ngha l:
f
fQ A = CK
2
Nguyn Trung Lp
K THUT S
______________________________________________________Chng 5
Mch tun t V - 18
fQ A
fCK fCK
=
2
22
4
fQ A
f
f
fQ C =
= CK3 = CK
4
2
8
fQ A
f
f
fQ D =
= CK4 = CK
8
2
16
Nh vy xt v kha cnh tn s, ta cn gi mch m l mch chia tn.
fQ B =
c = 0 : m xung
c = 1 : m ln
(H 5.26)
Trn thc t , n gin, ta c th thay a hp 21 bi mt cng EX-OR, ng iu
khin C ni vo mt ng vo cng EX-OR, ng vo cn li ni vi ng ra Q ca FF v ng ra
ca cng EX-OR ni vo ng vo CK ca FF sau, mch cng m ln/xung ty vo C=0 hay
C=1.
c = 1 : m xung
c = 0 : m ln
(H 5.27)
Nguyn Trung Lp
K THUT S
______________________________________________________Chng 5
Mch tun t V - 19
Quan st bng 5.21 ta thy xung th 10, nu theo cch m 4 tng th QD v QB phi
ln 1. Li dng hai trng thi ny ta dng mt cng NAND 2 ng vo a tn hiu v xa
cc FF, ta c mch m (H 5.28).
S xung CK vo
S
QD
Xa
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0(1)
Nh
QC
Phn
QB
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0(1)
0
Bng 5.21
Ra
QA
S thp phn
tng ng
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
(H 5.28)
Mch m kiu Reset c khuyt im nh:
- C mt trng thi trung gian trc khi t s m cui cng.
- Ng vo Cl khng c dng cho chc nng xa ban u.
Kiu Preset:
Trong kiu Preset cc ng vo ca cc FF s c t trc th no khi mch m
n trng thi th N th tt c cc FF t ng quay v khng.
thit k mch m khng ng b kiu Preset, thng ngi ta lm nh sau:
- Phn tch s m N = 2n.N (N<N) ri kt hp hai mch m n bit v N. Vic thit
k rt n gin khi s N' << N
- Quan st bng trng thi v kt hp vi phng php thit k mch m ng b
(MARCUS hay hm chuyn) xc nh JK ca cc FF.
Th d, thit k mch m 10, ta phn tch 10=2x5 v ta ch cn thit k mch m
5 ri kt hp vi mt FF (m 2)
Bng trng thi ca mch m 5.
S xung CK
vo
Xa
Nguyn Trung Lp
S Nh
QD
0
Phn
QC
0
Ra
QB
0
S thp phn
tng ng
0
K THUT S
______________________________________________________Chng 5
Mch tun t V - 20
1
1
0
2
0
1
3
1
1
4
0
0
0
0
0
Bng 5.22
Gi s dng FF JK c xung CK tc ng cnh xung.
T bng 5.21, ta thy c th dng tn hiu ng ra FF B lm xung ng h cho FF C v
a JC v KC ln mc cao:
CKC= QB. ;
JC=KC=1
Cc FF B v D s dng xung CK ca h thng v cc ng vo JK c xc nh nh
hm chuyn:
0
0
0
1
0
1
2
3
4
5
CK
1
2
3
4
5
QD
0
0
0
0
1
0
QC
0
0
1
1
0
0
QB
0
1
0
1
0
0
HD
0
0
0
1
1
HB
1
1
1
1
0
Bng 5.23
Dng bng Karnaugh xc nh HD v HB ri suy ra cc tr J, K ca cc FF.
H D = Q C .Q B Q D + Q D
H B = QD QB + QB
JB = Q D ; KB=1
(H 5.29)
C th xc nh J, K ca cc FF B v D bng phng php MARCUS:
JD = Q C .QB ; KD=1
CK
1
2
3
4
5
QD
0
0
0
0
1
0
QC
0
0
1
1
0
0
QB
0
1
0
1
0
0
JD
0
0
0
1
x
KD
x
x
x
x
1
JB
1
x
1
x
0
KB
x
1
x
1
x
Bng 5.24
Ta c ngay KD=KB=1
Dng bng Karnaugh xc nh JD v JB
Nguyn Trung Lp
K THUT S
______________________________________________________Chng 5
Mch tun t V - 21
JD = Q C .Q B
JB = QD
(H 5.30)
(H 5.31) l mch m 10 thit k theo kiu m 2x5 vi mch m 5 c c t kt
qu trn.
(H 5.31)
IC 7490 l IC m 10, c cu to nh mch (H 5.31) thm cc ng vo Reset 0 v
Reset 9 c s mch (H 5.32)
(H 5.32)
Bng 5.25 l bng s tht cho cc ng vo Reset
R0(1)
1
1
0
x
x
0
0
x
Reset Input
s
R0(2) R9(1)
0
1
x
1
1
x
1
0
x
0
0
x
x
x
0
0
Outputs
R9(2)
x
0
1
1
0
x
0
x
QD
0
0
1
1
m
nt
nt
nt
QC
0
0
0
0
m
nt
nt
nt
QB
0
0
0
0
m
nt
nt
nt
QA
0
0
1
1
m
nt
nt
nt
Bng 5.25
Dng IC 7490, c th thc hin mt trong hai cch mc:
Mch m 2x5: Ni QA vo ng vo B, xung m (CK) vo ng vo A
Nguyn Trung Lp
K THUT S
______________________________________________________Chng 5
Mch tun t V - 22
Mch m 5x2: Ni QD vo ng vo A, xung m (CK) vo ng vo B
Hai cch mc cho kt qu s m khc nhau nhng cng mt chu k m 10. Tn s
tn hiu ng ra sau cng bng 1/10 tn s xung CK (nhng dng tn hiu ra khc nhau).
Di y l hai bng trng thi cho hai trng hp ni trn.
QD
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
QC
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
QB
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
QA
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
QD
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
QC
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
1
0
QB
0
1
0
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
QA
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
(H 5.33) cho thy dng sng cc ng ra ca hai mch cng m 10 nhng hai kiu
m khc nhau:
- Kiu m 2x5 cho tn hiu ra QD khng i xng
- Kiu m 5x2 cho tn hiu ra QA i xng
(H 5.33)
5.3.3.1. Hi tip t QD v JA v Q D v KA
(H 5.34)
i vi mch ny, s m vng ch thy c khi c t trc ng ra
Nguyn Trung Lp
K THUT S
______________________________________________________Chng 5
Mch tun t V - 23
- t trc QA =1, ta c kt qu nh bng 5.28.
CK
Preset
1
2
3
4
:
QD
0
0
0
1
0
:
QC
0
0
1
0
0
:
QB QA
S TP
0
1
1
1
0
2
0
0
4
0
0
8
0
1
1
:
:
:
Bng 5.28
QD
0
0
1
1
0
:
QC
0
1
1
0
0
:
QB QA
S TP
1
1
3
1
0
6
0
0
12
0
1
9
1
1
3
:
:
:
Bng 5.29
(H 5.35)
Mch ny cn c tn l mch m Johnson. Mch c mt chu k m mc nhin m
khng cn t trc v nu c t trc, mch s cho cc chu k khc nhau ty vo t hp t
trc . Bng 5.30 l chu k m mc nhin.
CK
Preset
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
QD
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
QC
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
QB
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
QA
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
S TP
0
1
3
7
15
14
12
8
0
Bng 5.30
Nguyn Trung Lp
K THUT S
______________________________________________________Chng 5
Mch tun t V - 24
5.3.3.3. Hi tip t Q D v JA v QC v KA (H 5.36)
(H 5.36)
CK
QD
Preset
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
QC
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
Bng 5.31
QB
QA
S TP
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
3
7
14
12
8
0
Vi th d thit k mch m
1. Dng FF JK thit k mch m 6, ng b
Bng trng thi v hm chuyn mch m 6:
N
0
1
2
3
4
5
QA
0
0
0
0
1
1
QB
0
0
1
1
0
0
QC
0
1
0
1
0
1
QA+
0
0
0
1
1
0
QB+ QC+
1
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
Bng 5.32
HA
0
0
0
1
0
1
HB
0
1
0
1
0
0
HC
1
1
1
1
1
1
HC = 1 JC =KC = 1
Xc nh JA, KA, JB, KB
Bng Karnaugh cho hai hm chuyn HA & HB
(H 5.37)
HA = QBQC Q A +QCQA
JA = QBQC ; KA = QC
Mch:
Nguyn Trung Lp
HB = Q A QC Q B +QCQB
JB = Q A QC ; KB = QC
K THUT S
______________________________________________________Chng 5
Mch tun t V - 25
(H 5.38)
2. Thit k mch m 7 khng ng b, dng FF JK c ng vo xung ng h tc
ng bi cnh ln ca CK.
Bng trng thi
N
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
QA
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
QB
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
0
QC
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
0
JB
0
1
x
x
0
1
x
KB
x
x
0
1
x
x
1
JC
1
x
1
x
1
x
0
KC
x
1
x
1
x
1
x
Bng 5.33
Nhn xt bng trng thi ta thy mi ln QB thay i t 1 xung 0 th QA i trng
thi, m FF c xung ng h tc ng bi cnh ln nn ta c th ly Q B lm xung ng h
cho FFA v JA=KA=1.
FF B v FFC s dng xung ng h h thng, dng phng php MARCUS xc
nh J & K ca cc FF ny.
Ta thy ngay KC=1
JB=QC
(H 5.39)
KB=QA+ QC
JC = Q A + Q B
(H 5.40)
Nguyn Trung Lp
K THUT S
______________________________________________________Chng 5
Mch tun t V - 26
BI TP
1. Thit k b m ng b c dy m sau: 000, 010, 101, 110 v lp li.
2. Lm li bi 1. Thm iu kin cc trng thi khng s dng 001, 011, 100 v 111 phi lun
lun nhy v 000 xung ng h k tip.
3. Thit k b m ng b dng FF-JK vi dy m sau: 000, 001, 011, 010, 110,111, 101,
100, 000 . . .
4.
a. Thit k mt mch m ng b dng FF-JK tc ng cnh xung, c dy m nh
sau: 000, 001, 011, 111, 110, 100, 001. . . Nhng trng thi khng s dng c a v trng
thi 000 xung ng h k tip. V s mch.
b. Mc ni tip mt b m 2 (Dng FF-JK, tc ng cnh xung) vi b m
c thit k cu a. V dng sng cc ng ra ca b m gi s trng thi ban u ca cc
ng ra u bng 0. Xc nh dy m ca mch.
5. Thit k mch m ng b modulo-12 dng FF JK.
Dng ng ra mch m iu khin h thng n giao thng:
- n xanh chy trong 40 s
- n vng chy trong 20s
- n chy trong 40s
- n vng v cng chy trong 20s. Chu k lp li
Cho chu k xung ng h l 10s.
6. Thit k mch m ng b dng FF JK c ng vo iu khin X:
- Khi X=0 mch m theo th t 0, 2, 4, 6 ri tr v 0
- Khi X=1 mch m 0, 6, 4, 2 ri tr v 0.
Cc trng thi khng s dng trong hai ln m u tr v 0 khi c xung ng h
Nguyn Trung Lp
K THUT S
_________________________________________________________________Chng 6
Mch lm ton VI - 1
CHNG 6:
MCH LM TON
S B
PHP TR S NH PHN DNG S B 1
PHP TR S NH PHN DNG S B 2
PHP TON VI S C DU
MCH CNG
Bn phn
Ton phn
Cng hai s nhiu bt
MCH TR
Bn phn
Ton phn
Tr hai s nhiu bit
Cng & tr hai s nhiu bit trong mt mch
MCH NHN
Mch nhn c bn
Mch nhn ni tip - song song n gin
MCH CHIA
Mch chia phc hi s b chia
Mch chia khng phc hi s b chia
___________________________________________________________________________
____
6.1 S b
Cho s dng N, n bit, cc s b ca N c nh ngha:
S b 2: (N)2 = 2n - N (s 2n gm bit 1 v n bit 0 theo sau)
S b 1: (N)1 = (N)2 -1 = 2n - N - 1
Th d 1: N = 1010
S b 2 ca N l
(N)2 = l 10000 - 1010 = 0110
V s b 1 ca N l (N)1 = 0110 - 1 = 0101
Th d 2: N = 110010101100 (N)2 = 001101010100 v (N)1 = 001101010011
Nhn xt:
- c s b 2 ca mt s, bt u t bit LSB (tn cng bn phi) i ngc v bn
tri, cc bit s gi nguyn cho n lc gp bit 1 u tin, sau o tt c cc bit cn li.
- c s b 1 ca mt s, ta o tt c cc bit ca s .
T cc nhn xt trn ta c th thc hin mt mch to s b 1 v 2 sau y:
(H 6.1)
_______________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
K THUT S
_________________________________________________________________Chng 6
Mch lm ton VI - 2
- Khi C=0, B l s b 2 ca b.
Tht vy, cc biu thc logic ca B theo b v C l:
B1 = b 1 C
B2 = b 2 ( C + b 1 )
B3 = b 3 (C + b 1 + b 2 )
- Khi C=0
B1 = b 1 0 = b 1
B2 = b 2 ( 0 + b 1 ) = b 2 b 1
= b2 nu b1=0 v b 2 nu b1 = 1
B3 = b 3 (0 + b 1 + b 2 ) = b 3 (b 1 + b 2 )
= b3 nu b1 v b2 u =0
= b 3 nu (b1 v/hoc b2 = 1)
(H 6.2)
Bt u, Preset mch ng ra Q = 1, cng G3 ng, G2 m, cho s B i qua m
khng b o cho n khi c bit 1 u tin n, cng G1 m cho xung ng h i qua, FF RS
c reset, Q = 0, Q = 1, G2 ng, G3 m, s B i qua cng G2 v b o. ng ra c s
b 2 ca B.
_______________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
K THUT S
_________________________________________________________________Chng 6
Mch lm ton VI - 3
Kt qu A-B l s 0 hoc m, php tnh c thc hin nh sau:
Tnh A - B:
A - B = A-B+2n-1-2n+1
= A+(2n -B -1 ) - 2n+1
= A+(B )1 - 2n+1
= - {2n - [A+(B )1] -1}
= - [A+(B )1]1
Vy A-B c c bng cch cng s b 1 ca B vo A ri ly b 1 ca tng v thm
du tr . Nh vy thc hin php tnh tr ta ch cn dng php cng v php o
Th d 3 : Tnh 1001 - 11010 dng s b 1
Ta c
A = 01001 (thm s 0 vo c 5 bit nh s B
B = 11010 (B)1 = 00101
A-B = - [A+(B )1]1 = - (01001+00101) =- (01110)1
= - (10001)
Trong h thp phn, y l bi ton 910 - 2610 = -1710
thy du tr c nhn ra nh th no, ta vit li php ton:
_______________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
K THUT S
_________________________________________________________________Chng 6
Mch lm ton VI - 4
Trong php tnh c s trn chng t kt qu l s dng. S 1 cng thm vo xem nh
ly t s nh em qua.
Tm li, thc hin bi ton tr, A-B, ta cng A vi b 1 ca B. Da vo s c mt
hay khng ca s trn m c bin php x l kt qu:
- Nu s trn =0, kt qu l s m (hoc =0) , ta phi ly b 1 ca kt qu v thm du
- c.
- Nu s trn =1, ta cng thm 1 vo c kt qu cui cng (b qua bit trn) l mt
s dng.
_______________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
K THUT S
_________________________________________________________________Chng 6
Mch lm ton VI - 5
Th d 8 : Tnh 10110 - 10110
A = 10110 v B = 10110 (B)2 = 01010
_______________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
K THUT S
_________________________________________________________________Chng 6
Mch lm ton VI - 6
Th d 12: Tnh A-B vi A =10010 (-1410) v B =01001 (+910)
Ghi ch: - Trong tt c trng hp, ta lun lun thc hin php cng do c th b
qua php tr
- Khi cng hai s hng cng du th c th xy ra hin tng trn, lc bit
du di v bn tri mt bit. Trong cc trng hp khc th du ca kt qu cng v tr vi
du ca cc s hng
- Ngoi ra kt qu cn c x l ty vo kt qu so snh s khc nhau ca
hai s nh C1 v C2 (nh mt cng EX-OR).
Bng s tht
kt qu
Mch
K hiu
(H 6.3)
_______________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
K THUT S
_________________________________________________________________Chng 6
Mch lm ton VI - 7
6.5.2 Mch cng ton phn (Full adder,FA) :
L mch cng hai bit cng v tr trong hai s nh phn nhiu bit, ni cch khc, y
l mch cng hai bit , gi s th n, v bit nh c c t php cng hai bit th n-1 ca hai s
nh phn . Ta c bng s tht
Cn-1
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
Bn
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
B
An
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
Sn
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
1
Cn
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
1
S n = C n 1 (A
Bn )
C n = A n B n + C n 1 (A
Bn )
(H 6.4)
C th thy mt mch cng ton phn gm hai mch cng bn phn v mt cng OR
(H 6.5)
_______________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
K THUT S
_________________________________________________________________Chng 6
Mch lm ton VI - 8
6.6.2 Cng song song
Trong cch cng song song, cc bit c a ng thi vo cc mch cng ton phn
v s nh ca kt qu bit thp c a ln bit cao hn (H 6.6).
(H 6.6)
Cn = AnBn + Cn1(An Bn )
t Pn = AnBn
v Gn = An Bn
B
_______________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
K THUT S
_________________________________________________________________Chng 6
Mch lm ton VI - 9
(H 6.7)
Nhn thy thi gian tnh s nh ging nhau cc tng v bng t1+t2 . t1 l thi gian
truyn ng thi qua cc cng AND v t2 l thi gian truyn qua cng OR.
S khi mch cng song song nh trc s nh:
(H 6.8)
Trn th trng hin c IC 7483 (tng ng 4008 ca CMOS) l IC cng 4 bit theo
kiu nh trc s nh.
Phn
BCD c
TP
S=C4
S4
S3
S2
S1
S =C4
S4
S3
S2
S1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
theo NP
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
_______________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
K THUT S
_________________________________________________________________Chng 6
Mch lm ton VI - 10
18
24
Nhn thy:
- Khi kt qu <10 m nh phn v BCD hon ton ging nhau
- Khi kt qu 10 c c m BCD ta phi cng thm 6 cho m nh phn
gii quyt vn hiu chnh ny trc tin ta s thc hin mt mch pht hin kt
qu trung gian ca mch cng hai s nh phn 4 bit. Mch ny nhn vo kt qu trung gian
ca php cng 2 s nh phn 4 bit v cho ng ra Y = 1 khi kt qu ny 10, ngc li, Y=0.
Bng s tht
S1 = 1
TP
C4
S4
S3
S2
0-1
2-3
4-5
6-7
8-9
10-11
12-13
14-15
16-17
18
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
(H 6.9)
Vn hnh:
- IC th nht cho kt qu trung gian ca php cng hai s nh phn.
- IC th hai dng hiu chnh c kt qu l s BCD:
- Khi kt qu < 10, IC 2 nhn ng vo B s 0000 (do Y=0) nn kt qu khng thay
i.
- Khi kt qu trung gian 10, IC 2 nhn ng vo B s 01102 = 610 (do Y=1) v kt
qu c hiu chnh nh ni trn.
_______________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
K THUT S
_________________________________________________________________Chng 6
Mch lm ton VI - 11
cng mt chui s, nhiu mch cng ton phn s c s dng, s nh c lu
li a vo mch cng bit cao hn.
Th d 14 : Vi 3 s 3-bit X (X3X2X1), Y(Y3Y2Y1), Z (Z3Z2Z1) mch cng c dng
(H 6.10)
(H 6.11)
(H 6.12)
_______________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
K THUT S
_________________________________________________________________Chng 6
Mch lm ton VI - 12
6.7.2 Mch tr c s nh (mch tr ton phn)
L mch tr 2 bit c quan tm ti s nh mang t bit trc
Rn-1
An
Bn
Dn
Rn
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
Bng s tht
Dng bng Karnaugh xc nh c cc hm Dn v Rn
D n = Rn 1 (A n Bn )
Rn = A n Bn + Rn 1 (A n Bn )
V mch (H 6.13)
(H 6.13)
(H 6.14)
_______________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
K THUT S
_________________________________________________________________Chng 6
Mch lm ton VI - 13
(H 6.15)
(H 6.16)
S8
P44
S7
P34
P43
S6
P24
P33
P42
S5
Y4
X4
P14
P23
P32
P41
S4
Y3
X3
P13
P22
P31
Y2
X2
P12
P21
Y1
X1
P11
S b nhn
S nhn
Tch tng phn
S3
S2
S1
Kt qu
_______________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
K THUT S
_________________________________________________________________Chng 6
Mch lm ton VI - 14
(H 6.17)
Dng IC cng 4 bit (7483 hoc 4008) mch nhn hai s 4 bit c dng (H 6.18)
(H 6.18)
(H 6.19)
_______________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
K THUT S
_________________________________________________________________Chng 6
Mch lm ton VI - 15
- S b nhn a ni tip vo mch theo th t t bit LSB. Cc FF D c tc dng dch
kt qu ca php nhn (l cc tch tng phn) trc khi a vo mch cng cng cc tch
tng phn ny.
Th d 15 : Xem bi ton nhn 10x14. S nhn l 1010 (1010) v s b nhn l 1110
(1410). Qu trnh nhn gii thch nh sau:
P8
0
0
0
0
1
P7
0
0
0
1
0
P6
0
0
0
1
0
P5
0
1
0
1
0
P4
0
1
0
0
1
P3
0
1
0
0
1
P2
0
0
0
0
0
P1
0
0
0
0
0
A
B
C
D
Output
100011002 = 14010
C th thy rng ng ra A lun lun bng 0 v bit LSB ca s nhn = 0. Ng ra B c
gi tr ca s b nhn c lm tr 1 bit (1 xung ng h). Ng ra C c lm tr 2 bit v lun
bng 0 (Ging nh A). Ng ra D ging nh B nhng tr 3 bit. iu ny c th so snh vi bi
ton trn giy
S b nhn
S nhn
A
B
C
D
Tch
1
0
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Mun khng s dng mch cng s nhiu bit, ngi ta dng mch (H 6.20)
(H 6.20)
Mch (H 6.20) cn (n-1) mch cng v mch tr (FF D) cho s nhn n bit. Cc cng
AND cho php cc bit ca s b nhn i qua khi s nhn l 1, s b nhn (vi s bit bt k)
c cho vo mch ni tip vi bit LSB vo u tin.
Ng ra cng 4 sau 4 xung Clock l 1110. Ng ra cng 3 lun lun bng 0.
Mch cng A cng s ng ra 3 v ng ra 4 b tr 1 bit:
1
1
0
1
1
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
_______________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
K THUT S
_________________________________________________________________Chng 6
Mch lm ton VI - 16
v mch cng C
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
(H 6.21)
V (H 6.22) l mt mch thc t dng ghi dch 4 bit c ng vo/ra song song, mt
mch cng 4 bit v mt chip 4 cng AND 2 ng vo thc hin bi ton nhn.
(H 6.22)
_______________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
K THUT S
_________________________________________________________________Chng 6
Mch lm ton VI - 17
Dch
Yes
S chia < S b
chia ?
No
Thng s =0,
Khng tr
Thng s = 1,
Tr s b chia
cho s chia
Chia xong ?
Yes
No
Kt thc
(H 6.23)
_______________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
K THUT S
_________________________________________________________________Chng 6
Mch lm ton VI - 18
Dch
s b chia - s chia
Yes
Kt qu
dng ?
Thng s = 1
No
Thng s = 0
s b chia + s chia
Yes
Chia xong?
No
Kt thc
(H 6.24)
thc hin php chia theo s trn, ngoi cc thanh ghi cha cc s b chia, s
chia , s thng ngi ta phi dng thanh ghi cha s b chia c phc hi.
_______________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
K THUT S
_________________________________________________________________Chng 6
Mch lm ton VI - 19
S chia ln hn s b chia (nhnh bn phi)
Lu l dch s chia v bn phi 1 bit tng ng vi chia s cho 2
Nhnh bn phi ca s trn gm 2 bi ton:
- Cng s b chia vi s chia.
- Tr s b chia cho 1/2 s chia (tr b chia cho s chia dch phi)
Hai bc ny c th gom li thnh mt bc duy nht nh sau:
- Cng s b chia vi s chia dch phi.
S chia nh hn s b chia (nhnh bn tri)
Sau khi ly kt qu =1, lnh k tip thc hin l tr s chia dch phi.
T cc kt qu nhn xt trn c th thay s (H 6.24) bi s gii thut thc hin
php chia khng cn phc hi s b chia (H 6.25)
s b chia - s chia
Ye s
Kt qu
dng ?
No
Thng s = 1
Thng s = 0
Dch
Dch
s b chia + s chia
s b chia - s chia
Chia xong?
No
Kt thc
(H 6.25)
_______________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
K THUT S
_________________________________________________________________Chng 6
Mch lm ton VI - 20
- S chia (SC) ln hn s b chia (SBC) (SBC - SC < 0), thng s l 0, dch phi s
chia 1 bit (thc t ta mang thm 1 bit ca s b chia xung), thc hin bi ton cng s chia v
s b chia
- S chia nh hn s b chia (SBC - SC > 0), thng s l 1, dch phi s chia 1 bit,
thc hin bi ton tr (cng s b 2) s b chia cho s chia
n gin, gi s s chia v b chia u dng (MSB = 0), s b chia gm 6 bit v
s chia gm 4 bit.
Th d 1: Thc hin bi ton chia 2110 = 0101012 cho 710 = 01112.
S b 2 ca 0111 l (0111)2 = 1001
Ghi ch:
(1) S 1 trn mi tn ch rng kt qu php ton tr l s m, bc k tip l di v
cng s chia
(2) S 0 trn mi tn ch rng kt qu php ton tr l s dng, bc k tip l di v
tr s chia (cng s b 2)
Thng s c c t cc s trn m trn php tnh ta ghi trong vng trn.
Kt qu: thng l 011(=3) v s d l 0000(=0)
Bi ton trn cho kt qu vi 3 bc cng/tr. Tuy nhin nu ta chia 21 cho 1 th cn
ti 6 bc cng tr c thng s 6 bit. Mt cch tng qut s bc ca bi ton bng vi
s bt ca s b chia.
Ta c th lm li bi ton vi 6 bc cng/tr ((thm 3 bit 0 cho s b chia)
_______________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
K THUT S
_________________________________________________________________Chng 6
Mch lm ton VI - 21
Th d 2 v 3 di y l bi ton 6 bc
Th d 2 : Chia 21 cho 6 c kt qu 3 v s d l 3
_______________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
K THUT S
_________________________________________________________________Chng 6
Mch lm ton VI - 22
_______________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
K THUT S
_________________________________________________________________Chng 6
Mch lm ton VI - 23
(H 6.26)
_______________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
K THUT S
______________________________________________________________________________Chng
B nh bn dn
VII - 1
CHNG 7:
B NH BN DN
THUT NG
I CNG V VN HNH CA B NH
y Cc tc v v cc nhm chn ca IC nh
y Giao tip vi CPU
CC LOI B NH BN DN
y ROM
y PLD
y RAM
M RNG B NH
y M rng di t
y M rng v tr nh
y M rng dung lng nh
_________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________Chng
B nh bn dn
VII - 2
______________________________________________________________________________Chng
B nh bn dn
VII - 3
_________________________________________________________Nguyn Trung Lp
K THUT S
______________________________________________________________________________Chng
B nh bn dn
VII - 4
(a)
(b)
(H 7.1)
(c)
(H 7.2)
7.3 Cc loi b nh bn dn
C 3 loi b nh bn dn :
- B nh bn dn ch c : (Read Only Memory, ROM)
- B nh truy xut ngu nhin : (Random Access Memory, RAM)
Tht ra ROM v RAM u l loi b nh truy xut ngu nhin, nhng RAM c gi
tn gi ny. phn bit chnh xc ROM v RAM ta c th gi ROM l b nh cht
(nonvolatile, vnh cu) v RAM l b nh sng (volatile, khng vnh cu) hoc nu coi
ROM l b nh ch c th RAM l b nh c c - vit c (Read-Write Memory)
- Thit b logic lp trnh c : (Programmable Logic Devices, PLD) c th ni im
khc bit gia PLD vi ROM v RAM l qui m tch hp ca PLD thng khng ln nh
ROM v RAM v cc tc v ca PLD th c phn hn ch.
______________________________________________________________________________Chng
B nh bn dn
VII - 5
(H 7.3)
_________________________________________________________Nguyn Trung Lp
K THUT S
______________________________________________________________________________Chng
B nh bn dn
VII - 6
(H 7.4)
(H 7.5)
(H 7.6)
Ngi ta c th dng 2 diod mc ngc chiu nhau, mch khng dn in, to bit
0, khi lp trnh th mt diod b ph hng to mch ni tt, diod cn li dn in cho bit 1
_________________________________________________________Nguyn Trung Lp
K THUT S
______________________________________________________________________________Chng
B nh bn dn
VII - 7
(H 7.7)
(H 7.8)
_________________________________________________________Nguyn Trung Lp
K THUT S
______________________________________________________________________________Chng
B nh bn dn
VII - 8
(H 7.9)
(H 7.10)
______________________________________________________________________________Chng
B nh bn dn
VII - 9
(H 7.11)
- tACC: Address Access time: Thi gian truy xut a ch: Thi gian ti a t lc CPU
t a ch ln bus a ch n lc d liu c gi tr trn bus d liu. i vi ROM dng BJT
thi gian ny khong t 30 ns n 90 ns, cn loi MOS th t 200 ns n 900 ns.
- tACS (tACE): Chip select (enable) access time: Thi gian thm nhp chn chip: Thi
gian ti a t lc tn hiu CS c t ln bus iu khin n lc d liu c gi tr trn bus
d liu. ROM BJT khong 20 ns , MOS 100 ns
- tH (Hold time): Thi gian d liu cn tn ti trn bus d liu k t lc tn hiu CS
ht hiu lc
(H 7.12) l gin thi gian ca mt chu k np d liu cho EPROM. Mt chu k np
liu bao gm thi gian np (Programmed) v thi gian kim tra kt qu (Verify)
(H 7.12)
______________________________________________________________________________Chng
B nh bn dn
VII - 10
(H 7.13)
7.3.2.1 PROM
(H 7.14 ) l cu to PROM c 4 ng vo v 4 ng ra.
C tt c 16 cng AND c 4 ng vo c ni cht vi cc ng ra o v khng o
ca cc bin vo, ng ra cc cng AND l 16 t hp ca 4 bin (Gi l ng tch)
Cc cng OR c 16 ng vo c ni sng thc hin hm tng (ng tng). Nh vy vi
PROM vic lp trnh thc hin cc ng tng.
Th d dng PROM ny to cc hm sau:
O 1 = A + DB + DC O 2 = D CBA + DC BA O 3 = CBA
O 4 = BA + D C
Ta phi chun ha cc hm cha chun
O 1 = DCBA + DCBA + D CBA + D CBA + DC BA + DCBA + D CBA + D CBA + DCBA + DCBA + D CBA
_________________________________________________________Nguyn Trung Lp
K THUT S
______________________________________________________________________________Chng
B nh bn dn
VII - 11
(a)
(b)
(H 7.14)
7.3.2.2 PAL
Mch tng t vi IC PROM, PAL c cc cng AND 8 ng vo c ni sng v 4
cng OR mi cng c 4 ng vo ni cht vi 4 ng tch. Nh vy vic lp trnh c thc
hin trn cc ng tch
(H 7.15b) l IC PAL c lp trnh thc hin cc hm trong th d trn:
O 1 = A + DB + DC
O 2 = D CBA + DC BA
(a)
O 3 = CBA
O 4 = BA + D C
(b)
(H 7.15)
_________________________________________________________Nguyn Trung Lp
K THUT S
______________________________________________________________________________Chng
B nh bn dn
VII - 12
7.3.2.3 PLA
PLA c cu to tng t PROM v PAL, nhng cc ng vo ca cng AND v cng
OR u c ni sng (H 7.16). Nh vy kh nng lp trnh ca PLA bao gm c hai cch lp
trnh ca 2 loi IC k trn.
(H 7.16)
_________________________________________________________Nguyn Trung Lp
K THUT S
______________________________________________________________________________Chng
B nh bn dn
VII - 13
(a)
(H 7.17)
(b)
(H 7.18)
______________________________________________________________________________Chng
B nh bn dn
VII - 14
nu t bo nh ang lu bit ging nh bit mun ghi vo th mch khng thay i. By gi,
nu d liu cn ghi khc vi d liu ang lu tr th mch FF s thay i trng thi cho ph
hp vi 2 tn hiu ngc pha c to ra t d liu. Bit mi c ghi vo.
- Chu k c ca SRAM
Gin thi gian mt chu k c ca SRAM tng t nh gin thi gian mt chu
k c ca ROM (H 7.11) thm iu kin tn hiu R/ W ln mc cao.
- Chu k vit ca SRAM
(H 7.19) l gin thi gian mt chu k vit ca SRAM
Mt chu k vit tWC bao gm:
- tAS (Address Setup time): Thi gian thit lp a ch : Thi gian gi tr a ch n
nh trn bus a ch cho ti lc tn hiu CS tc ng.
- tW (Write time): Thi gian t lc tn hiu CS tc ng n lc d liu c gi tr trn
bus d liu.
- tDS v tDH: Khong thi gian d liu tn ti trn bus d liu bao gm thi gian trc
(tDS) v sau (tDH) khi tn hiu CS khng cn tc ng
- tAH (Address Hold time): Thi gian gi a ch: t lc tn hiu CS khng cn tc
ng n lc xut hin a ch mi.
(H 7.19)
(a)
(H 7.20)
(b)
______________________________________________________________________________Chng
B nh bn dn
VII - 15
a. a hp a ch
Nh ni trn, do dung lng ca DRAM rt ln nn phi dng phng php a
hp chn mt v tr nh trong DRAM. Mi v tr nh s c chn bi 2 a ch hng v
ct ln lt xut hin ng vo a ch.
Th d vi DRAM c dung lng 16Kx1, thay v phi dng 14 ng a ch ta ch
cn dng 7 ng v mch a hp 14 7 (7 a hp 21) chn 7 trong 14 ng a ch
ra t CPU (H 7.21). B nh c cu trc l mt ma trn 128x128 t bo nh, sp xp thnh 128
hng v 128 ct, c mt ng vo v mt ng ra d liu, mt ng vo R/ W . Hai mch cht
a ch (hng v ct) l cc thanh ghi 7 bit c ng vo ni vi ng ra mch a hp v ng ra
ni vi cc mch gii m hng v ct. Cc tn hiu RA S v CA S dng lm xung ng h
cho mch cht v tn hiu Enable cho mch gii m. Nh vy 14 bit a ch t CPU s ln
lt c cht vo cc thanh ghi hng v ct bi cc tn hiu RA S v CA S ri c gii m
chn t bo nh. Vn hnh ca h thng s c thy r hn khi xt cc gin thi gian
ca DRAM.
(H 7.21)
______________________________________________________________________________Chng
B nh bn dn
VII - 16
(H 7.22)
c. Lm ti DRAM
DRAM phi c lm ti vi chu k khong 2ms duy tr d liu.
Trong phn trc ta thy t bo nh DRAM c lm ti ngay khi tc v c
c thc hin. Ly th d vi DRAM c dung lng 16Kx1 (16.384 t bo) ni trn, chu k
lm ti l 2 ms cho 16.384 t bo nh nn thi gian c mi t bo nh phi l 2 ms/16.384
= 122 ns. y l thi gian rt nh khng c mt t bo nh trong iu kin vn hnh
bnh thng. V l do ny cc hng ch to thit k cc chip DRAM sao cho mi khi tc
v c c thc hin i vi mt t bo nh, tt c cc t bo nh trn cng mt hng
s c lm ti. iu ny lm gim mt lng rt ln tc v c phi thc hin lm ti
t bo nh. Tr li th d trn, tc v c lm ti phi thc hin cho 128 hng trong 2 ms.
Tuy nhin va vn hnh trong iu kin bnh thng va phi thc hin chc nng lm
ti ngi ta phi dng thm mch ph tr, gi l iu khin DRAM (DRAM controller)
IC 3242 ca hng Intel thit k s dng cho DRAM 16K (H 7.23)
Ng ra 3242 l a ch 7 bit c a hp v ni vo ng vo a ch ca DRAM.
Mt mch m 7 bit kch bi xung ng h ring cp a ch hng cho DRAM trong sut
thi gian lm ti. 3242 cng ly a ch 14 bit t CPU a hp n vi a ch hng v ct
c dng khi CPU thc hin tc v c hay vit. Mc logic p dng cho cc ng REFRESH
ENABLE v ROW ENABLE xc nh 7 bit no ca a ch xut hin ng ra mch
controller cho bi bng
REFRESH
ENABLE
HIGH
LOW
LOW
ROW
ENABLE
X
HIGH
LOW
Controller
output
Refresh address (t mch m)
a ch hng (A0 . . . A6 t CPU)
a ch ct (A7 . . .A13 t CPU)
_________________________________________________________Nguyn Trung Lp
K THUT S
______________________________________________________________________________Chng
B nh bn dn
VII - 17
(H 7.23)
7.4 M RNG B NH
Cc IC nh thng c ch to vi dung lng nh c gii hn, trong nhiu trng
hp khng th tha mn yu cu ca ngi thit k. Do m rng b nh l mt vic lm
cn thit. C 3 trng hp phi m rng b nh.
7.4.1. M rng di t
y l trng hp s v tr nh cho yu cu nhng d liu cho mi v tr nh th
khng . C th hiu c cch m rng di t qua mt th d
Th d: M rng b nh t 1Kx1 ln 1Kx8 :
Chng ta phi dng 8 IC nh 1Kx1, cc IC nh ny s c ni chung bus a ch v
cc ng tn hiu iu khin v mi IC qun l mt ng bit. 8 IC s vn hnh cng lc
cho mt t nh 8 bit (H 7.24).
(H 7.24)
7.4.2 M rng v tr nh
S bit cho mi v tr nh theo yu cu nhng s v tr nh khng
Th d: C IC nh dung lng 1Kx8. M rng ln 4Kx8. Cn 4 IC. chn 1 trong 4
IC nh cn mt mch gii m 2 ng sang 4 ng, ng ra ca mch gii m ln lt ni
vo cc ng CS ca cc IC nh, nh vy a ch ca cc IC nh s khc nhau (H 7.25). Trong
th d ny IC1 chim a ch t 000H n 3FFH, IC2 t 400H n 7FFH, IC3 t 800H n
BFFH v IC4 t C00H n FFFH
_________________________________________________________Nguyn Trung Lp
K THUT S
______________________________________________________________________________Chng
B nh bn dn
VII - 18
(H 7.25)
_________________________________________________________Nguyn Trung Lp
K THUT S
______________________________________________________________________________Chng
B nh bn dn
VII - 19
(H 7.26)
- a ch IC (1&2): 0000H - 0FFFH, IC (3&4) : 1000H - 1FFFH, IC (5&6): 2000H 2FFFH v IC (7&8) : 3000H - 3FFFH IC (9&10): 4000H - 4FFFH v IC (11&12) :
5000H - 5FFFH
_________________________________________________________Nguyn Trung Lp
K THUT S
______________________________________________________________________________Chng
B nh bn dn
VII - 20
BI TP
1. Dng IC PROM 4 ng vo v 4 ng ra thit k mch chuyn m t Gray sang nh phn ca
s 4 bit.
A
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
B
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
Aiken
C
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
D
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
A
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
B
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
1
1
C
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
1
1
D
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
_________________________________________________________Nguyn Trung Lp
K THUT S
CHNG 8 :
BIN I AD & DA
BN I S - TNG T (DAC)
Mch ly mu v gi
Nguyn tc mch ADC
ADC dng in th tham chiu nc thang
ADC gn ng k tip
ADC dc n
ADC tch phn
ADC lng cc
ADC song song
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_
C th ni s bin i qua li gia cc tn hiu t dng tng t sang dng s l cn
thit v:
- H thng s x l tn hiu s m tn hiu trong t nhin l tn hiu tng t: cn thit
c mch i tng t sang s.
- Kt qu t cc h thng s l cc i lng s: cn thit phi i thnh tn hiu tng
t c th tc ng vo cc h thng vt l v th hin ra bn ngoi (th d ti to m thanh
hay hnh nh) hay dng vo vic iu khin sau (th d dng in th tng t iu
khin vn tc ng c)
(H 8.1)
___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
K THUT S
b2
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
b1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
b0
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
v0 (V)
0
-0,625 LSB
-1,250
-1,875
-2.500
-3,125
-3,750
-4,375
-5,000
-5,625
-6,250
-6,875
-7,500
-8,125
-8,750
-9,375 Full Scale (VFS)
Mch c mt s hn ch:
- S chnh xc ty thuc vo in tr v mc n nh ca ngun tham chiu Vr
- Vi s nh phn nhiu bit th cn cc in tr c gi tr rt ln, kh thc hin.
(H 8.2)
Cho RF = 2R v ln lt
Cho b3 = 1 cc bit khc = 0, ta c: v0 = -8(Vr /24)
___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
K THUT S
8.1.3 Mch i DAC dng ngun dng c trng lng khc nhau
(H 8.3)
(a)
(b)
(H 8.4)
Nguyn Trung Lp
K THUT S
8.1.4.5. ng (accuracy)
ng (cn gi l chnh xc) tuyt i ca mt DAC l hiu s gia in th
tng t ra v in th ra l thuyt tng ng vi m s nh phn vo. Hai s nh phn k
nhau phi cho ra hai in th tng t khc nhau ng 1LSB, nu khng mch c th tuyn
tnh nhng khng ng (H 8.5)
a/ Tuyn tnh
___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
K THUT S
(H 8.6)
(H 8.7)
___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
K THUT S
(a)
(H 8.8)
(b)
(H 8.9)
___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
K THUT S
(H 8.10)
(H 8.11)
Nguyn Trung Lp
K THUT S
(H 8.12)
___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
K THUT S
(H 8.13)
(H 8.14)
Nguyn Trung Lp
K THUT S
va
dt
RC
(H 8.15)
___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
K THUT S
(H 8.16)
(H 8.17)
___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
K THUT S