CONTENTS

NOUNS, ARTICLES, QUANTIFIERS and PRONOUNS PAGE

1-NOUNS .............................................................................................................................. 2

2- ARTICLES ( A/AN, THE ) ............................................................................................ 10

3- QUANTIFIERS ................................................................................................................ 16

TEST YOURSELF 1 ............................................................................................................ 32

4-INDEFINITE PRONOUNS .............................................................................................. 37

5-REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS ............................................................................................. 39

6- SUBJECT - VERB AGREEMENT ................................................................................ 42

7- PRONOUN AGREEMENT ............................................................................................ 48

8- FORMS OF "OTHER" ................................................................................................... 49

EXAMPLES FROM YS/YDS ........................................................................................... 52

TEST YOURSELF 2 ............................................................................................................. 54 TEST YOUR VOCABULARY ............................................................................................ 62

NOUNS, ARTICLES, QUANTIFIERS and PRONOUNS

1- NOUNS
ngilizcede isimler saylabilir (countable) ve saylamaz (uncountable) olmak zere ikiye ayrlr. Saylabilir isimler rakamlarla ifade edebileceimiz, oul yapabileceimiz isimlerdir: a house, two students, only one problem, another day, three years, etc. Saylamaz isimler, rakamlarla ifade edemeyeceimiz, genellikle ktle halinde kat maddeleri, sv, gaz ya da toz halindeki maddeleri ve soyut kavramlar karlayan isimlerdir: cheese, meat, water, milk, pollution, air, salt, sugar, happiness, luck, etc.

1-1 COUNTABLE NOUNS

Saylabilir isimler, tekil (singular) ya da oul (plural) biimde kullanlr. Dzenli isimlerin oul biimi, szcn sonuna -s taksnn eklenmesiyle elde edilir: a book-books, a door-doors, a babybabies, a course-courses, etc.

a) The spelling of -s in Regular Plural Nouns chair- chairs ruler-rulers girl-girls bush-bushes Clutch-clutches address-addresses quiz-quizzes box-boxes boy -boys play -plays tray-trays enemy-enemies discovery-discoveries cry- cries Pek ok isim oul yaplrken sonuna sadece -s taks alr . -sh, -ch, -s, -z ve -x ile biten isimler oul yaplrken, -es eklenir. -z ile biten szckleri -s eklenirken z ift yazlr. Sonu -y ile biten isimlerde, -y'den nce bir sesli harf varsa, sadece -s eklenir. -y'den nce bir sessiz harf varsa, -y, i'ye dnr ve -es eklenir.

EXERCISE l

Put into the plural.

Example: A tulip is a flower. Tulips are flowers. 1234A device operated by electricity or gas and found in the home is called a home appliance. ........................................................................................................... A puppy likes to sleep in a basket ..................................................................... A ball is more popular with a boy than it is with a girl. ............................................................................................................................ A dentist works in a surgery. ....................................................................................................

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This wax was used to make a candle. ........................................................................................ The soldier dug a trench. ........................................................................................................... A fez usually has a tassel. ......................................................................................................... Obstinate and slow, the ass is a symbol of stubborn stupidity. .................................................................................................................................................. A small bakery will find rtns new regulation difficult to adapt to. .................................................................................................................................................

10- A pearl forms in an oyster. .......................................................................................................

EXERCISE 2:

Add "-s" or "-es" to the nouns given.

1- face ............................................. 2- rush ............................................. 3- trip ............................................... 4- key .............................................. 5- prince .......................................... 6- wedge .......................................... 7- branch ......................................... 8- voice ........................................... 9- fox .............................................. 10- taxi .............................................

11- pie ............................................. 12- beam ......................................... 13- class .......................................... 14- horse ......................................... 15- dye ............................................ 16- patch ......................................... 17- graze ......................................... 18- toy ............................................. 19- axe ............................................. 20- pass ............................................

b) Irregular Plural Nouns Baz isimlerin oul biimini olutururken, szckteki sesli harf deiiklie urar. man-men woman-women Child ve ox, sonuna -en taks alr. child-children ox-oxen mouse-mice die-dice foot-feet tooth-teeth

Sonu -o ile biten szckleri gruba ayrabiliriz.

a) Sadece -s alanlar: kilo-kilos photo-photos b) -es alanlar: potato-potatoes c) Hem -s hem -es alanlar: zero-zeroes/zeros tornado-tornadoes/tornados volcano-volcanoes/volcanos mosquito-mosquitoes/mosquitos tomato-tomatoes hero-heroes negro-negroes piano-pianos radio-radios solo-solos studio-studios zoo-zoos tattoo-tattoos

Sonu -f ya da -fe biiminde biten isimler oul yaplrken, nce -f, -v'ye dnr. Ondan sonra -es eklenir. knife-knives half-halves leaf-leaves shelf-shelves wife-wives loaf-loaves life-lives thief-thieves Sonu -f ile biten baz isimlerde -f deimez. Sadece -s eklenir. roof-roofs deer cliff-cliffs fish sniff-sniffs sheep b) analysis-analyses thesis-theses basis-bases crisis-crises oasis-cases belief-beliefs series chief-chiefs means species

Baz isimlerin tekil ve oul biimleri ayndr. zellikle Latince kkenli olan isimlerin oul biimleri farkl kurallara gre elde edilir. a) criterion-criteria phenomenon-phenomena c) bacterium-bacteria datum-data medium-media

Explanations: Tekil ve oul biimi ayn olan isimler, tekil anlamda kullanld zaman tekil fiil, oul anlamda kullanld zaman oul fiille kullanlr. There is a sheep in the meadow. There are some sheep in the meadow. The telephone is a means of communication. The telephone and the telegram are means of communication.

EXERCISE 3:

Write the plural forms of the given words.

11- sheriff................................ 12- loaf.................................... 13- crisis ................................. 14- phenomenon .................... 15- bow ................................. 16- hood ................................ 17- booth ................................. 18- hoof..................................... 19- demo ................................. 20- mouse.................................

1- handkerchief..................... 2- wolf.................................. 3- stadium ........................... 4- ox .................................... 5- policewoman .................. 6- reindeer .......................... 7- foot ................................ 8- shoot ............................ 9- patio ................................ 10- fish ..............................

1-2 UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS

Saylamaz isimler, rakamlarla ifade edemeyeceimiz, sayamayacamz isimlerdir. Bu isimlesin oul biimi yoktur ve tekil fiil ile kullanlrlar. A/an, one gibi szckleri bu isimlerle kullanamayz. This money is yours. Our furniture is rather old. The scenery along the Bosphorus is magnificent. Saylamaz isimleri u ekilde gruplandrabiliriz: a) Nouns denoting whole groups made up of similar items: baggage/luggage, clothing, food, fruit, furniture, jewellery, junk, equipment, machinery, postage, scenery, traffic, money, ammunition, etc. Bu gruptaki isimler, birbirine benzer nesnelerden oluan grup isimleridir. Genellikle, btn grubu ifade eden isim uncountable, grubu oluturan tek tek paralar ise countable olur. Examples: furniture uncountable chair, armchair, sofa, table, etc. countable fruit uncountable apple, orange, pear, peach, apricot, etc. countable jewellery uncountable ring, bracelet, necklace, earrings, etc. countable ammunition uncountable pistol, rifle, gun, etc. countable b) Substances: Solids: meat, cheese, butter, bread, ice, glass, iron, silver, gold, etc. Fluids: water, milk, beer, wine, soup, blood, oil, etc. Gases: pollution, air, steam, oxygen, etc. Particles: salt, sugar, pepper, rice, wheat, com. flour, dirt, dust, sand, etc. c) Abstract nouns: Pek ok soyut isim uncountable olarak kabul edilir. advice, anger, assistance, behaviour, conduct, courage, education, employment evidence, fun, happiness, health, help, honesty, hospitality, importance, intelligence, information, knowledge, justice, laughter, luck, music, patience, peace, poetry, pride, progress, significance, truth, violence, wealth, work, homework, time, energy, news, vocabulary, etc. d) Gerunds: swimming, diving, running, cooking, etc. e) Recreation: chess, tennis, football, etc. f) Fields of study: history, literature, psychology-, chemistry, etc. g) Languages: Turkish, English, German, Portuguese, etc. h) Natural Phenomena: dew, fog, hail, heal, humidity, lightning, rain, snow, thunder, weather, wind, sunshine, gravity, etc.

EXERCISE 4
Example:

Add final -s/-es to the nouns in bold type if necessary.

I can see that you haven't wiped several of the table. I can see that you haven't wiped several of the tables. What I didn't like about Jakarta was the pollution.

1- The scenery in Switzerland was so beautiful. We crossed lots of tiny stone bridge, drove through several picturesque valley and stayed in three tiny village where we tasted the local food. 2- After we filled up the tank with petrol, we piled the luggage into the car. There were two large suitcase, three rucksack and a pile of sports equipment. 3- I am making some biscuit later today. I will need some flour, some egg, some apricot, some sugar and some butter. 4- A great deal of evidence was found in the house. The policeman found some fingerprint, a few hair and some blood. 5- Most of all, he enjoys ball game such as handball and basketball. 6- As a nation, we produce too much garbage and much of it, such as can, bottle and newspaper, could be recycled. 7- Take some warm clothing camping with you. I suggest some sweater, some sock and coat. 8- Being successful in life means having the courage to take opportunity and having a little luck. 9- We took grandmother a basket of fruit in hospital. It was full to the brim with apple, banana, grape and orange. 10- We are trying to save energy at the moment. We make sure we turn all the light off when not needed, take more shower more bath and keep the heating turned down low.

1-3 COUNTABLE OR UNCOUNTABLE

Baz isimler, hem countable hem de uncountable olarak kullanlabilirler. Ancak farkl bir anlam ifade ederler. iron: This cupboard is too heavy, because it's made of iron. (iron - demir, uncountable) It's easier to get creases out with steam irons. (irons = tler, countable) There may be some glass on the floor, because the window got broken, (glass = cam uncountable) We need some more glasses for the party. (glass = bardak, countable) She wastes a lot of paper while writing compositions. (paper = kat, uncountable) We always buy two papers at the weekend. (two papers (newspapers) = iki gazete, countable) It's difficult to get a job without experience. (experience = deneyim, uncountable) We had some wonderful experiences on our trip. (experience - olay, countable) It's really difficult to find work after the recent economic crisis. (work - i, uncountable) Have you read all the works of that author? (work = eser, countable)

glass:

paper:

experience:

work:

noise:

Noise is a kind of pollution too (noise = grlt, uncountable) We heard a loud noise down the river. (noise = ses, countable) Bu ekilde kullanabileceimiz dier baz isimler unlardr:

light lamb chicken country

(gn - uncountable), (kuzu eti - uncountable), (tavuk eti - uncountable), (kr,tara - uncountable},

light lamb chicken country

(elektrik, k -countable) (kuzu - countable) (tavuk - countable) (lke - countable)

time (zaman - uncountable) but can take a/an in expressions like have a nice time, have a good time, etc.) time (kez, kere - countable) Birden fazla eit, tr ifade ederken, saylamaz isimleri oul olarak kullanabiliriz. We have no food at home. (uncountable) Grains and vegetables are useful foods. There is some fruit in the bowl. (uncountable) Oranges and apples are winter fruits. Cheese is a rich source of calcium. (unc.) They sell twenty different cheeses in their shop.

EXERCISE 5:
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Add final -s/-es to the nouns in bold type if possible.

Cotton and linen are similar material, but the latter creases much more easily. I made a skirt for myself, and I've got just enough material left to make a belt. I've been to America six time in my life. Do you think three hours is ample time to write our report? During the American literature course, we studied various work of Walt Whitman. How am I supposed to finish all this work when I'm distracted by all that noise from the street outside? My car had been making some strange noise when it broke down in the country last week. Because of the scandal about British beef, we have been eating a lot of lamb lately. My uncle, who raises lamb on his farm, hopes to sell a lot of them for the Kurban Bayram. As the natural light faded, we turned the light on. My mother has two iron. An old fashioned one and a modern steam one. He is a good manager because he has European management experience. Two years after his return home, the soldier was still under the influence of all the bad experience he'd had during the war. Italy and Spain are two of the country which attract the most foreign tourists. I want to replace the cupboard in my kitchen, which is made of iron, with one made of wood.

1-4 POSSESSIVE NOUNS

a) ngilizcede iyelik bildirmek iin 's ve of kullanlr. Genellikle 's canl varlklar iin, of ise cansz varlklar iin kullanlr. Mr. Brown's office the manager's opinion Jack's sisters my sister's room the cat's tail the dog's ears

the legs of the table the handle of the door the end of the film the effect of the pollution b) 's bazen cansz varlklar iin de kullanlr. zellikle, government, company, institute gibi organizasyon isimleriyle ya da city, town, world, Turkey, England gibi szcklerle 's ya da of

kullanabiliriz. the company's financial situation world's population Turkey's foreign investments the city's biggest problem =the financial situation of the company =the population of the world =the foreign investments of Turkey =the biggest problem of the city

c) Dzenli (sonu -s ile biten) oul isimler iin oul taks -s den sonra sadece apostrophe (') kullanlr. Sonu -s ile bitmeyen dzensiz oullarda ise apostrophe "s" ('s) kullanlr. singular my son's room (olumun odas) Mr. Brown's car the baby's cot a housewife's duties a child's story a deer's horns a woman's purse Baz uzun tanmlamalarda insanlar iin of kullanlabilir. Do you know that woman's house? Do you know the house of that woman who is talking to your mother? d) 's zaman szckleriyle de kullanlr: today's paper, tomorrow's meeting, next week's programme, etc. This year's conference will be held; in Ankara. Can you remember Monday's classes? A week's holiday, two weeks' holiday, three hours' rest, etc. gibi sre bildiren yaplan apostrophe "s" ile belirtiriz. Two hours' sleep will do me good, (iki saatlik uyku...) Our work is nearly one hour's drive from here, (arabayla bir saatlik yol...) e) My, your, his, our, etc. gibi szckler iyelik sfatlandr (possessive adjectives) ve bir isimle birlikte kullanlrlar: my mother, his opinion, your ideas, etc. Mine, yours, his, ours gibi szckler iyelik zamirleridir (possessive pronouns) ve tek balarna kullanlrlar. Subject Pronouns I You He She It We You They Possessive adjectives my your his her its our your their -Whose book is this? -It's my book. OR It's mine. -Is that Jack's car? -Yes, it is his car. OR It is his. Possessive Pronouns mine yours his hers (possessive pronoun olarak kullanlmaz) ours yours theirs plural my sons' room (oullarmn odas) the Browns' car the babies' cots housewives' duties children's stories deer's horns women's purses

-Are these your books? -Yes, they are our books. OR They are ours. zel isim ya da dier isimler, kendilerinden sonra baka bir isim olmadan 's ya da apostrophe ile bitebilirler.

- Whose bag is this? - it's Aye's bag. OR It's Aye's. These are the children's books. OR These books are the children's. This is my sisters' room. OR This room is my sisters'. Possessive adjective ile isim arasnda, vurguyu arttrmak iin, own kullanabiliriz. Is this your own book or did you borrow it? It's my own book, (or It's my own.) Benim kendi kitabm. Don't do what others say. You should have your own ideas. (Senin kendi dncelerin olmal.) Own, of ile de kullanlabilir. She doesn't want to share her room with her brother. She wants her own room. = She wants a room of her own. She has very nice ideas of her own. (Kendisinin ok gzel dnceleri var.)

EXERCISE 6:

Use apostrophe "s" ('s), apostrophe (') or of to show the possessive case
of the nouns. In same cases more than one use is possible.

1- the floor/the cage ...................................... 2- a month/holiday ......................................... 3- Noel/cousin/wife ......................................... 4- Noel/cousins/wives .................................. 5- the deer/antlers .......................................... 6- the bracket/the mirror .......................................... 7- the children/books ...................................... 8- two minutes/silence .................................... 9- the cockpit/the aeroplane .......................................... 10- the subject/the essay ...................................... 11- Turkey/the mountains ................................ 12- the telephone company/the service charges ........................................... 13- the umbrella/the customer who's just left............................................... 14- the doctor/surgery ................................................ 15- the population/the wish ................................................ 16- the result/my colleagues/efforts ............................................................... 17- the con sequences/last night/decision ....................................................... 18- the dolphins/tricks .............................................. 19- the cover/the sofa ............................................. 20- the tops/the trees .............................................

2- ARTICLES (a/an, the)

2-1 INDEFINITE ARTICLE : a/an a) Belirtisiz article a/an, sadece saylabilir tekil isimlerle kullanlr. oul ya da saylamaz isimlerle bu article' kullanamayz. Sessiz harfle balayan isimler a, sesli harfle balayanlar ise an alr: a teacher, a table, a suggestion, an application form, an engineer, an eraser, etc. "h" harfi baz szcklerde "a" biiminde okunur, "u" harfi ise baz szcklerde "yu" biiminde telaffuz edilir. Bu durumda harfin yazl deil, okunuu temel alnr. an honest man an hour an honorable person a university student a European country a universal fact

b) A/an genellikle bir nesnenin ne olduunu ifade ederken ya da kiilerin mesleini sylerken kullanlr. I am a teacher. His father is an accountant at a big firm. Nigeria is a country in Africa. It's an awful day today. A sparrow is a bird. Saylabilir tekil isimleri bu ekilde belirtisiz nesne biiminde kullanrken, tek balarna kullanamayz. Mutlaka a/an ile kullanmamz gerekir. Saylabilir oul isimlerle saylamaz isimler ise genel anlamda kullanldklarnda, tek balarna kullanlrlar. My sister and I are teachers. His parents are accountants at a big firm. Nigeria and Zambia are countries in Africa. I like oranges. She is very fond of animals. People of all ages should drink milk. Money can't be a solution to even problem. Paper has become rather expensive after the recent rises in prices. Most women like to wear jewellery. Saylabilir oul bir ismi ya da saylamaz bir ismi genelin iinde bir grup, bir miktar ifade edecek ekilde kullanrken, her ikisi iin de some Kullanabiliriz. Some + plural noun, oul bir fiil, some + uncountable noun tekil bir fiil gerektirir. Some people like money excessively. I need to buy some clothes. There are some apples in the fridge. Will you bring them? There is some milk in the fridge. I need to borrow some money to buy that car. You should have some experience for this job.

EXERCISE 7:

Add a or an where necessary.

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.......... ostrich is ........... bird winch has ........ very long neck. My sister isn't........... vegetarian, but she doesn't eat .......... meat because she doesn't like it. My best friend is .......... accountant and her husband works as .......... sales representative for ........... manufacturing company. Coca Cola bottles used to be made out of.......... glass, but now they are made out of .......... plastic. ............ gossiping is .......... habit which I don't approve of. .......... uncompromising manager isn't necessarily ........... heartless one. Running .......... mile every night will build up ........... strength in your legs. She won't be in her office for ........... week as she has gone on ........... training course. When he was younger, he had ............ moustache and .......... beard. .......... security is ............important consideration for anyone who owns .......... business. I first read about Bix Beiderbecke in ........ article about him in ............ magazine. We went swimming in ......... lake in .......... remote area of Turkey. .......... exercise is as important as .......... nutrition for .......... healthy lifestyle. At first glance, badminton might seem like ........... easy game, but it requires players to maintain ........... great concentration and make .......... split-second decision when making .......... shot. In .......... autumn, we sometimes take ........... short break at.......... hotel in the country.

EXERCISE 8:
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Add a/an or some where necessary.

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I need .......... paper so that I can write ........ letter. Would you like ......... cup of tea, and .......... cake with it? The engine is getting hot. You might need to add ........ oil to it. .......... children don't take any notice of what their parents say. Generally speaking. I don't enjoy .......... sport, but there are ......... games which I don't mind playing. The Browns have ............ beautiful flowers in their garden. My mother prefers to be given ........ plant in .......... pot to ......... bunch of flowers; which eventually die. ......... people feel that.......... boxing is .......... violent and dangerous sport and that it should be abolished. It has, however, endured in one form or another since ancient times and continues to have .......... enthusiastic following. I can give you ........... lift if you want to do ........... shopping today. There are ......... fish in the river at the moment, so ............ fishing there should be ......... fun. ........... vitamin tablets aren't necessary if you eat............ fruit every day. Always walk down the street with ......... friend and never talk to ............ strangers. Let's put.......... bread in .......... bag for the ducks on the pond. There are .......... beautiful places around Shrewsbury and ......... Sunday mornings, we take our car and find....... nice spot for ............ picnic. You'll find .......... bag of flour in the cupboard and ......... eggs in the refrigerator, if you want to make .......... cake for your guests!

2-2 DEFINITE ARTICLE "the"

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a) Belli bir nesneden sz ediyorsak the kullanlr. The saylabilir tekil ya da oul ve saylamaz isimlerin hepsiyle kullanlr. Yesterday, I bought a blouse and a skirt. The blouse was reasonably cheap, but the skirt was rather expensive. Yukardaki rnekte, blouse ve skirt isimlerinden ilk kez sz ederken a kullandk. Ancak, ayn nesnelerden ikinci kez sz ederken the kullandk. nk artk hangi etek ve bluzdan sz ettiimiz bellidir. A newly married couple moved into the flat next to ours last week. The man looks over fifty but the woman can't be more than twenty-five. She served us meat and rice at the dinner last night. The rice was really delicious but the meat wasn't very well-cooked. b) Kullandmz ifadede dinleyici iin net olmayan, bilinmeyen bir nesne ya da kiiden sz ediyorsak a/an kullanlr. Ancak hangi nesne ya da kiiden szeltiimiz ifademizde belli oluyorsa the kullanlr. She was reading a book when I went to see her. She was reading the book I'd giren her when I went to see her. Are you still looking for a job? Do you think you'll get the job you applied for last week? Can you give me an apple out of the bowl? (herhangi bir elma) Can you give me the apple just at the top? (en stteki elma, belli bir elma) c) Konumann getii ortamdaki nesnelerden sz ederken the kullanlr. Don't forget to turn off the light before you go to bed. (the light in this room) Can you close the door please ? (the door to this room ) Can you give me a lift to the airport? (the airport of this town) The ceiling leaks on rainy days, (the ceiling of this house) d) Dnyada ya da belli bir ortamda tek olan eyler iin the kullanlr. What is the highest mountain in the world? (dnyada bir tane "en yksek da" vardr.) The only person she can trust is her mother. The earth is becoming hotter because of the hole in the ozone layer. The Prime Minister is going to make a speech on TV. Oslo is the capital of Norway. e) Breakfast, lunch ve dinner ile normalde article kullanlmaz. I usually eat lunch at 2 o'clock. What shall we eat for dinner? Ancak bu szckleri bir sfat tamlamasnda kullanyorsak, a/an, specific olarak kullanyorsak the kullanlr. We had a wonderful dinner together. l left home after a hasty breakfast. The breakfast we had at that hotel was awful. Meal ile a kullanlr. Ancak specific anlamda the kullanm da mmkndr. After the meeting we went to restaurant, and had a meal together. I haven't seen him since the meal we had with his friends. f) Cinema ve theatre ile the kullanlr.

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Shall we go to the cinema tonight? I haven't been to the theatre recently. Televizyondaki programlardan sz ediyorsak, television ile the kullanlmaz. Ancak cihaz olarak televizyondan sz ediyorsak the kullanlr. I can't watch television very often. I remember watching this film on television before. Will you please turn down the television? Let's turn off the television and have a chat. Radio ile the kullanlr. I listened to the news on the radio. g) Sea, sky, ground, country/countryside (tara, kr anlamnda) szckleriyle the kullanlr. My son dropped his ball from the balcony and it fell to the ground. There are black clouds in the sky. I think it's going to rain' He bought a house in the country after his retirement, and is now living there. I'd like to own a house by the sea. The children are swimming in the sea. Ancak, denizde yolculuk ifade ederken be at sea yapsyla the kullanlmaz. The sailors were bored because they had been at sea for months. Space "uzay" anlamndaysa the ile kullanlmaz. "Bo yer, boluk" anlamndaysa the ile kullanlr. People are very interested in what is going on in space. I'm not a good driver, so I can't park the car if the space isn't big enough. h) Saylabilir tekil bir ismi the ile, btn bir tr ifade edecek ekilde kullanabiliriz. The whale is the largest mammal. The nightingale sings beautifully. The willow is my favourite tree. Bu szckleri, the kullanmadan, oul biimde kullandmzda da anlam ayn olur. Whales are the largest mammals. Nightingales sing beautifully. Willows are my favourite trees. Mzik aletlerinden, eitli icatlardan ya da aletlerden sz ederken the + singular noun kullanlr. The aeroplane is the fastest means of transport. Thanks to the telephone, the world seems to have become smaller. He knows how to play the guitar. The computer is the most important invention of our age. Bu rneklerde grdnz gibi, the aeroplane, the telephone gibi ifadeler genel olarak uak, telefon anlamn vermektedir. Belli bir uak, telefon, gitar, vs. den sz ederken the, herhangi bir uak, gitar vs. den sz ederken a/an de kullanabiliriz. The plane from Berlin has just landed, (a specific plane) A plane crashed in the storm last night. Can you bring me the guitar? (konumann getii ortamda belli bir gitar) I want to buy a guitar. (herhangi bir gitar)

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i) Baz sfatlar, isim kullanmadan, the ile kullanldnda, bir grubu ifade eden oul bir anlam kazanr. Bu yap ile daima oul fiil kullanlr. The old should be respected. (Yasalara sayg gsterilmeli.) The poor have become poorer since the recent crisis. Special schools must be founded for the disabled. Bu anlam sfattan sonra oul bir isim kullanarak da verebiliriz. Old people are usually looked after by their children in our country. (The old are ..............) Unemployed people have no social security. (The unemployed have ...............) Bu yapy tekil bir anlam ifade etmek iin kullanamayz. Eer tekil bir anlamda kullanmak istiyorsak, man, woman, child, person, etc. gibi bir isimle tamamlamamz gerekir. An old woman is living in the flat next to ours. The old man living upstairs is rather bad-tempered. I couldnt help feeling sorry when I saw a blind child begging. j) Ulus isimlerini the ile kullanarak, btn bir ulusu ifade eden oul bir anlam verebiliriz. The Japanese are very industrious people. (Japanese people .........) The English are thought to be cold. The French are interested in art. Bu szckler o lkenin dilini ifade ediyorsa, the kullanlmaz ve tekil fiil alr. Japanese is said to be easy to learn. (Japonca ..........) English is becoming a world language. French is no longer so attractive as it used to be. Turk, American, German, Russian, etc. gibi bir lkenin insann ifade eden szckler oul kullanldklar zaman sonuna -s taks alr. Turks are still known as barbarians by some Europeans, k) The with geographical names: Kta isimleri the ile kullanlmaz. Asia Africa Europe North America

Tek lke isimleri the almaz. Ancak lke adyla birlikte union, republic, kingdom, etc. gibi szckler varsa the kullanlr. Turkey France Bulgaria China Russia

the Republic of Turkey the United States of America

the United Kingdom the Soviet Union

East, west, north gibi yn bildiren szcklerle blgeleri belirtirken the kullanlr. Ancak bunlarn sfat biimleri ile (eastern, western, northern, etc.) the kullanlmaz. the Middle East the Far East

the east of Turkey (eastern Turkey) the south of Italy (southern Italy)

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Tek tek ada ve da isimleriyle the kullanlmaz. Ancak takmadalar ve sradalar oul bir isimle the alrlar. Mount Everest Mount Ar Sicily Bermuda the Alps the Andes the Canary Islands/the Canaries Gl isimleri the almaz. Ancak okyanus, deniz, nehir ve kanal isimleri the ile kullanlr. Lake Superior the Mediterranean Sea the Nile the Mississippi the Suez Canal the Indian Ocean Lake Van the Black Sea the Kzlrmak the Panama Canal the Pacific Ocean

EXERCISE 9:
123456789-

Add a/an, the or some where necessary. In some cases more than one answer is possible.

101112131415161718-

Has........... parade come past yet? I got caught in ......... traffic in ......... centre of town and was afraid I had missed it. One of .......... earliest official recognitions of .......... endangered species problem in .......... United States was ......... Buffalo Protection Act of 1894. Diabetes is ............ disease which occurs when ......... body does not produce enough insulin or when ......._ body's cells cannot use .......... insulin that is available even if there is ...... sufficient amount. I think I need ........... advice about where to put this painting? Should I put it on .......... shelf above ........... fireplace, or hang it on ......... wall in .......... hall? ......... bullfight is relentless. If......... matador is injured, another replaces him, and ......... bull is killed at ......... end of each match Look! Your old school friend is on ......... front page of........ paper because she's won ........ medal at........ Olympic Games. ......... new salesman has already made .......... sale. He is either ......... extremely lucky man, or he has .......... extensive experience in sales. I got ......... sand in my shoe when I walked along .......... beach near my home this morning and now I have........ blister on my heel. Omar Khayyam became ......... man of two reputations: In his own time, he was acknowledged as .......... brilliant scholar who had mastered ......... mathematics, philosophy, astronomy, law, medicine and history. To ......... modern world, he is .......... author of ......... small volume of remarkably beautiful poetry. I found ......... gold chain on ......... seat at ...... restaurant where I work. We haven't found out who it belongs to yet. Apparently, there are .......... similarities between.......... Welsh and ......... language spoken by........ people on........ island of Minorca. Lots of boats have sunk in ....... sea around......... Bahamas, .......... group of 700 islands off........ coast of America. .......... gold is one of.......... most precious ......... metalsin .......... world. The last time there was ......... flood in Shrewsbury. ......... river broke its banks in several areas of.......:. town.......... market place and .......... shops were flooded. We were lucky as our shop was one of those which weren't flooded. ......... No 9 bus runs until late in ......... evening, so you will have no problems getting ......... home. You'll be pleased to hear that grandmother has knitted you .......... cardigan to wear with .......... skirt I bought you. It's going to be ......... wonderful day. There isn't ......... cloud in........ sky. ......... English politicians think......... Euro is .......... important currency in business while others are against joining it.

15

19- .......... eagles, which are among ......... rarest birds in ......... Britain, are more common in ......... United States of America. 20- Sarah, can you lend me ......... money for........ ice-cream? 21- I prefer ......... lemonade made with ........ real lemon juice to any drink made with ......... artificial flavourings. 22- I'm not particularly good at......... sport, but my brother is ......... skilful basketball player. 23- Because of ....... overwhelming heat at ...... moment, ......... mayor has advised ....... elderly and ........ mothers with young children to stay indoors. 24- For centuries, London had been subjected to ......... danger of smog, long recognised as ......... potential cause of death, especially for .......... elderly people and those with severe respiratory ailments. 25- Maria bought me ......... flowers for helping her set up ......... tables for ........ 5th Annual Burcot Ladies' Flower Show.

3- QUANTIFIERS
One, many, much, some, etc. gibi szckler nicelik ifade eder. Nicelik bildiren szcklerin bazlar sadece saylabilir isimlerle, bazlar saylamaz isimlerle, bazlar ise her ikisiyle de kullanlabilir.

3-1 ANT, MANY, MUCH, SOME, A LOT OF/LOTS OF, NO

Any, some, a lot of/lots of, hem saylabilir oul isimlerle hem de saylamaz isimlerle kullanlr. Many sadece oul isimlerle, much ise sadece saylamaz isimlerle kullanlr. Any daha ok soruda ve olumsuz cmlede kullanlr. Saylabilir isimlerle kullanldnda oul isim ve oul fiil, saylamaz isimlerle kullanldnda tekil fiil gerektirir. - Are there any wild animals in this forest? - No, there aren't any. (There aren't any wild animals in this forest.) - Is there any milk at home? - No, there isn't any. (There isn't any milk at home.) Olumsuz cmlede not any yerine no kullanabiliriz. Ancak no saylabilir tekil isimlerle de kullanlr. No kullanldnda fiilin olumlu olduuna, dikkat ediniz. There are no wild animals in this forest. There is no milk at home. There was no bus at that hour, so we took a taxi. (There wasn't a bus at that hour.) Any olumlu cmlede kullanldnda, herhangi bir, istediin anlamn verir....... Bu kullanmda any'den sonra saylabilir tekil isim de gelebilir. - Which dress should I wear to the party? - You can wear any dress you like. (istediin elbiseyi giyebilirsin.) - Which bus should I take to Kadky from here? - You can take any bus. All the buses from here go to Kadky. -When shall I come to see you? - It doesn't matter. Any day suits me. You can come any day you like. (Her gn/herhangi bir gn bana uyar. stediin bir gn gelebilirsin.) !

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Some, saylabilir oul ve saylamaz isimlerle olumlu cmlede kullanlr. Saylabilir isimlerle kullanldnda birka, saylamaz isimlerle kullanldnda biraz anlamn verir. There are some people waiting at the bus-stop. ( ... birka insan var.) There is some milk in the fridge. ( ... biraz st var.) Some, saylabilir oul isimlerle baz anlamnda da kullanlr. Some people are not so optimistic as others. (Baz insanlar...) Some cars are convertibles. (Baz arabalar ....) Some, ikramda bulunurken ya da bir ey isterken soruda kullanlabilir. Would you like some cake? Can you lend me some money? May I take some days off? Can you send me some post cards from there for my collection? A lot of/lots of, saylabilir oul ve saylamaz isimlerle genellikle olumlu cmlede ok anlamnda kullanlr. Olumsuz cmlede ya da soruda ok demek iin saylabilir isimlerle many, saylamaz isimlerle much kullanlr. Many'nin olumlu cmlede de kullanm mmkndr. Ancak much'n bu ekilde olumlu cmlede kullanm ok enderdir. - Were there many people in the queue? (..... ok insan var myd?) - Yes, there were a lot of/lots of/many people in the queue. (No, there weren't many people in the queue.) - Was there much traffic on the way to work yesterday? - Yes, there was a lot of/lots of traffic on the way to work yesterday. (No, there wasn't much traffic on the way to work.) Too many ve too much arlk bildirir ve olumlu cmlede kullanlr. There is too much noise in big cities. There were too many people at the party. How many ve how much miktar sorarken kullanlr. - How many people were there at the party? - There were a lot. - How much money do we have? - We don't have much. Some, any, many ve much szcklerim "of" lu bir tamlamada kullanrken, ismin nnde my, your, the, these, those, etc. gibi bir szck kullanmamz gerekir. Bunun nedeni belli bir grubun iinden bazlar, ou, vb. ifadelerini vermek iindir. Some students don't attend classes regularly. (general) Some of the students in this class don't attend classes regularly. (specific) Many children suffer from loneliness in big cities. (general) Many of the children in our street are older than my son. (specific) I don't think any elderly people can bear these conditions, (general) I don't think any of these elderly people can bear these conditions. (specific) Many people can't spend much money on clothing. (general) Much of this money will be spent on food. (specific)

17

A lot/lots'dan sonra bir isim geliyorsa, arada mutlaka of kullanlr. Bu isim general ya da specific olabilir. A lot/lots of people have become unemployed because of the recession. (general) A lot/lots of the people at the demonstration were those who had lost their jobs during the recent economic crisis. (specific) "Of" lu tamlamada oul isimlerin yerine zamir (pronoun) olarak us, you, them, these ve those; saylamaz isimler iin ise it, that ve this kullanabiliriz. Some of us don't want to go there. Oazlanmz.....) Many of them were involved in the case. (Onlarn ou.....) Are any of you coming with us? Some of these are yours. - What did you spend the money on? - Much of it was spent on advertisement.

EXERCISE 10:

Use many or much with the following words, making the words plural if necessary. Example: tree many trees wood much wood 161718192021222324252627282930violence.......... fight ................ company ......... commerce ....... leader ............. leadership ....... chaos .............. lie................... pebble ............. soil ................. generosity ....... conclusion ...... isolation .......... entertainment. park ...............

1- competence ............... 2- child ...................... 3- accident.................... 4- loaf...................... 5- intelligence ................ 6- research .................... 7- report ...................... 8- researcher ................. 9- lecture ...................... 10- computer .................. 11- hatred ...................... 12- crisis ...................... 13- pollution ................... 14- job ...................... 15- work ......................

EXERCISE 11: Add of where necessary.

12345678910Most ............. teenagers rebel against their parents to some ............. degree. Most ............. the teenagers at the party were chatting together in the garden. She spends a lot............. time gossiping on the phone. It will take quite a lot............. my time to fill these forms in. Do any ............. your employees know how to use the Internet? Don't put any ............. drinks on your desk. Some ............. the hysteria was caused by the media. By the statements they used in their articles, some ............. journalists added to the hysteria. Many ............. the explanations given by the product manager were confusing. Much ............. confusion was caused by the product manager's complicated explanations.

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3-2 FEW/A FEW, LITTLE/A LITTLE

Few/a few saylabilir oul isimlerle kuLlaruhr ve birka, az anlamn verir. Little /a little ise saylamaz isimlerle biraz, az anlamnda kullanlr. A few olumlu bir anlam tar. Szn ettiimiz nesnenin sayca az ama yeterli olduunu ifade eder. Few ise olumsuz bir anlam tar. Szn ettiimiz nesnenin sayca ok az olduunu, yeterli olmadm ifade eder. Only a few ve very few, few ile ayn anlamdadr. I have a few close friends in Istanbul, and we have a very good time together. (birka tane ama yeterli) I have few friends in Istanbul, so I feel lonely from time to time. ( very few/only a few friends ok az arkada, yeterli deil) A few ile few arasndaki fark a little ve little iin de geerlidir. We have a little milk. Let's make a pudding. (biraz st, amacmz iin yeterli) We have little milk. We can't make a pudding. (very little/only a little milk, ok az st, amacmz iin yeterli deil) Bu szckleri, ismin nnde the, my, his, this, these, etc. gibi bir szck kullanarak "of" lu bir tamlamada kullanabiliriz. Few people are aware of the dangers of pollution. (general) Few of the people living in big cities try to do anything about pollution. (specific) Only a little of the vocabulary in this text is above your level. (specific) You will have to learn only a little vocabulary for this test. (general) Few/a few of ile us, them, you, these, those; little/a little of ile it, that, this kullanabiliriz. Few of us can be frank in certain situations. (ok azmz...) Very few of them were able to pass the exam. (Onlarn ok az.. ) I can give you only a little of this. (bunun ok azn...) Too/so little ve too/so few, sahip olunan nesnenin ok az olduunu ifade eder. After the war people had too little money/so little money. (ok az para ...) You can't prepare your term paper. There are too few materials/so few materials. (ok az materyal ...)

EXERCISE 12:

Complete the sentences with few/a few, little or a little.

1- There were too ................... big waves today to make surfing fun. 2- ................... flowers in a vase always brightens a room up. 3- I had assumed there would be ................... traffic congestion around the arena during the concert, but I hadn't expected to be stuck in traffic for an hour. 4- If I'm going to bake Susan a birthday cake; I'll need ................... more flour. Will you pick some up from the shop? 5- He may have gone to one of the best schools of the country, but he has ....................idea of how to behave in public.
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6- There is ................... evidence that he is guilty, so I'm sure he will be found innocent by the judge. 7- The charity was able to raise................. money for the cause because ...................people attended the concert. 8- The expensive proposal had so ................ advantages over the cheaper one that we couldn't justify spending such a large amount of money. 9- ................... is known about the origins of the Melungeons of North America, but they are believed to be mixed-race people with Native American and Mediterranean ancestors. 10- I have so ................... chairs that I have to borrow some for my dinner party tonight. 11- I think we'll need ..................... more chairs for the dinner party. Do you think it's okay if I ask our next-door neighbour? 12- We have ................... cake left from the reception. If you would like to take some home, ask me before you go. 13- There is ................... sense in having new business cards printed now, if we are moving premises next month. 14- With only.................... exceptions, such as vitamin D, which can be produced in the skin when the skin is exposed to sunlight, the body is unable to make vitamins, so they must be supplied in the daily diet or through supplements. 15- I don't think she'll be very good at running her own business as she has ................... selfdiscipline.

3-3 MOST, SEVERAL, PLENTY OF, ENOUGH

Most, plenty of ve enough, hem saylabilir oul hem de saylamaz isimlerle kullanlr. Most, pek ok, ou anlamndadr. "Of" lu tamlamada kullanld zaman ismin nnde the, my, his, these, that, this, it, etc. gibi bir szck kullanmak gerekir. Most people are dissatisfied with the life they are leading. (general) Most of the people in Istanbul are those who migrated from Anatolia. (specific) Most of the information in that book is inaccurate. Most of the food we bought last week has gone bad. Much ve many'nin superlative biimi most ile (en ok) miktar sfat most arasndaki kullanm farkna dikkat ediniz. Superlative most bana daima the alr ve isim ile most arasnda of kullanlmaz. Out of all the students in the class. Sally has the most books. (en ok kitap...) Of the three brothers, George has the most money. (en ok para...) Plenty'den sonra isim geliyorsa arada of kullanlr. Plenty of yeterinden fazla, bol bol anlamn verir. Let's drink some coffee before the film starts. We have plenty of time. There were plenty of vegetables at home, so I didn't buy any when I went shopping. Enough'dan sonra normalde of kullanlmaz. Ancak specific bir isim kullanlmsa enough ile ismin arasna of gelir. We have enough money to eat out today. You can take enough of this money, and leave the rest.

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Several, birka, baz anlamn verir ve sadece saylabilir oul isimlerle kullanlr. Eer specific bir isim kullanlrsa, several'dan sonra of gelir. There were several houses in the valley. (Vadide birka ev vard.) He failed for several reasons. (Baz nedenlerden dolay /birka nedenden dolay baaramad.) He borrowed several of my books. Several of the houses in the slum area were pulled down the other day.

EXERCISE 13:
123456789-

Add of where necessary.

There were several.............. objections at the meeting to the proposal to shut some ............... the overseas branches. Most.............. the objections to the closures were related to job losses and employment. When the coach collided with a lorry, several.............. people died instantly, and a few ............ the passengers taken to hospital died later of their injuries. She spends a lot.............. money on perfume and makeup. A lot.............. the money raised was given to the local hospital. I don't know why the children can't find something interesting to watch. Now that we have cable TV, they have plenty ............ channels to choose from. Joe Black got the most.............. support from the voters. Most.............. the crop was destroyed by a disease. My son spends most.............. afternoons playing basketball with his friends, all .............. whom have more ......... free time than he does and play more often.

10- Most.............. politicians are skilled at avoiding answering questions directly. 11- Most.............. the politicians at the meeting voted against the proposed new law. 12- In my opinion, not enough ............. the course was devoted to grammar. 13- Most.............. my wages are spent on bills and food. 14- Do we have enough .............. money to buy Mum a present for her birthday? 15- I didn't find some .............. his jokes funny at all, yet some ............. people from the audience laughed hysterically throughout the show.

3-4 ALL, WHOLE, NONE, HALF

All, saylabilir tekil ve oul ve saylamaz isimlerle kullanlr. Saylabilir oul isimler genel anlamda kullanld zaman direk all 'dan sonra gelebilir. All people are equal by law. All nations want to be independent. All students are afraid of exams.

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Specific bir isimle kullanldnda all'dan sonra of kullanabiliriz. Ancak of kullanmadan da specific bir isim kullanmak mmkndr. zellikle saylabilir tekil isimlerle kullanldnda of genellikle kaldrlr. all of my students = all my students all of this money - all this money all of the information I was given = all the information I was given all of the people in the world = all the people in the world all of the houses in our neighbourhood = all the houses in our neighbourhood all of these = all these all of this = all this all my life, all the book, all the house, etc. All, us, you, them ve it ile kullanldnda of kaldrlamaz. All of us want to live in comfort. All of them were in favour of eating dinner out All of it was spent thoughtlessly. Ancak, personal pronoun+all yapsyla of kullanlmaz. all of us all of you all of them all of it = we all (subject), us all (object) = you all = they all (subject), them all (object) = it all

Bu yapda all cmlenin znesiyle kullanldnda, yardmc fiil yoksa zne ile yklem arasnda, yardmc fiil varsa, yardmc fiille yklem arasnda kullanlr. All of them objected to our proposal They all objected to our proposal. All of them were bought by a German. They were all bought by a German She ate all of it. = She ate it all. I wanted to see all of them. = I wanted to see them all. She invited all of us. = She invited us all. Yardmc fiille biten ksa cevaplarda all, zne ile yardmc fiil arasnda yer alr. We are all willing to help you. Who is willing to help me? We all are. ( Hepimiz.) Whole daha ok saylabilir tekil isimlerle kullanlr ve btn anlamndadr. The, my, his, this gibi szckler all'dan sonra, whole'dan ise nce gelir. the whole house the whole book my whole life this whole chapter = all the house = all the book = all my life = all this chapter

He spent his whole life / all his life in the village. (Btn yaamn....) I read the whole book / all the book in just two days. (Btn kitab...) "A whole ..." yapsn "btn bir ..." anlamnda kullanabiliriz. He ate a whole chicken on his own. (a complete chicken =Btn bir pilici tek bana yedi.)

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All ve whole'un zaman szckleriyle kullanm da farkldr. All zaman szckleriyle kullanldnda the almaz: all day, all year, all night, etc. Whole ise nne the alr: the whole day, the whole year, the whole night, etc. Yesterday, I spent the whole day/all day working at home. She'll spend the whole year/all year preparing for the university exam. All, baz cmlelerde everything ve the only thing anlamna gelebilir. All (that) I want is a little peace and quiet. = The only thing (that) I want is a little peace and quiet. ( Btn istediim ..........) All I've eaten today is a piece of bread. = The only thing I've eaten today is a piece of bread. ( Bugn btn yediim ...............) All you say is true. = Everything you say is true. ( Sylediklerinin hepsi ....... ) None, hibiri, hi demektir; saylabilir oul isimlerle ve saylamaz isimlerle kullanlr. None ksa cevaplarda tek bana kullanlr. Ancak kendinden sonra isim kullanlacaksa, specific bir isim of ile gelir. -How much money do you have? - None. (No money.) -How many applicants arc there? - None. (No applicants.) None of these books are suitable for a child. None of the students were keen on having an exam that day. None of this money belongs to you. None of us/you/them/those/these/it/this/that kullanm mmkndr. There were a lot of applicants, but none of them were suitable for the job. None of these can be eaten. None of it belongs to you. None of kendisi olumsuz olduu iin cmlenin yklemi olumlu olur ancak cmle olumsuz bir anlam tar. Saylabilir oul isimlerle kullanldnda fiil tekil ya da oul olabilir. Saylamaz isimlerle kullanldnda fiil daima tekildir. None of these books are/is mine. None of his relatives were/was helpful enough. None of this information is accurate. None of the fruit was washed. Half, yars anlamndadr ve saylabilir tekil ve oul ve saylamaz isimlerle kullanlr. Half dan sonra specific bir isim kullanlr. Half ile isim arasnda of kullanabiliriz. Ama genellikle of kaldrlr. Us, them, you, it, gibi zamirlerle of kullanlr. half of the students = half the students = half of them half of the money = half the money = half of it half of the book = half the book = half of it Half saylabilir tekil ve saylamaz isimlerle kullanldnda tekil fiil; oul isimlerle kullanldnda oul flil alr. Half (of) this money is yours. Half (of) the work has been completed. Half (of) the film was censored. Half (of) the students were against taking the exam that day. Half (of) these books are my friend's. Not all the books here are mine. Half of them belong to my friend. Half (of) the money was spent on clothing, and half of it was spent on food.
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EXERCISE 14: Complete the sentences with all or whole.

123-

Who left the door of the freezer open? .............. the ice-cream has melted. We had to listen to the driver's dreadful music the .............. journey. Anyone who spends his .............. life caring for animals must have a compassionate character.

456-

Seeing .............. these ants must mean there is an ants' nest in the garden. The supervisor will give you .............. the help you need while you are training. I couldn't believe my eyes when my son ate a/an .............. watermelon on his own after dinner.

789-

The.............. class expected Brenda to pass the examination. Virtually .............. the students in the class expected Brenda to pass the examination. It has been really quiet. I've only had two customers in the shop .............. day.

10- His .............. family, including his cousins, nieces and nephews, attended his wedding.

EXERCISE 15:

In some of the following sentences, of is necessary. It is not possible in some, and optional in some others.

Examples: All _______living things require food to survive. (of is not possible here) All ___(of)_the plants in my living room need to be watered today.( of is optional) All ___(of)_ them must be watered today, (of is necessary)

123-

Please help yourself. All ............ this food has to be eaten today. None ............ the plants on this stall look very healthy. Let's go to the garden centre. She spends half............ her time on the telephone to friends. No wonder she gets nothing done.

45678-

All ............ we could think of was leaving the hotel. None ............ the rooms in the hotel had a balcony. All ............ mountain rescue volunteers have to be dedicated and brave. Three men were arrested, but none ............ them has been charged. Our local football team won all ............ their home matches, but few ............ their away ones.

910-

We worked all ............ night to finish our project. Mr. Brown knows about half ............ his customers by name.

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11-

Due to an accident, the MI between Coventry and Northampton is closed and all ............ the traffic has been diverted.

12-

I used to think that all .......... children liked ice-cream until I witnessed my niece refuse one.

131415-

If I had half............ her talent. I wouldn't be performing in a small town like this. You will be pleased to hear that all............ our products come with a two-year guarantee. I don't think I can eat all ........... this sandwich on my own. Would you like half ............ it?

3-5 BOTH, EITHER, NEITHER

Both, either ve neither daima iki eyden sz ederken kullanlr. Both, her ikisi; either, ikiden ya o ya dieri; neither ise ikiden hibiri anlamn verir. de yalnzca saylabilir isimlerle kullanlr. Both, oul bir isim ve oul bir fiille kullanlr. Both tek bana kullanlabilir, kendinden hemen sonra isim de alabilir. There were two girls in the classroom. Both were reading something. = Both girls were reading something. Both ile isim arasnda the, my, these, etc. gibi bir szck varsa of kullanabiliriz. Both of my parents/Both my parents are in Germany. I have met both of your brothers/both your brothers. Both of us/you/them yapsyla of mutlaka kullanlr. Bu anlam personal pronoun + both biiminde de verebiliriz. both of us both of you both of them = we both (subject) us both (object) = you both = they both (subject) them both (object)

Cmlenin znesi ile bu ekilde kullanldnda both'un cmle iindeki yeri, eer yardma fiil yoksa zne ile yklem arasnda; yardmc fiil varsa yardmc fiille yklem arasndadr. Both of us want to help you Both of them were injured Both of you can help him = We both want to help you. = They were both injured. = You can both help him.

-Which of these pullovers would you like to buy? -I'll buy both of them/I'll buy them both. She invited both of us/She invited us both.

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Yardmc fiille biten ksa cevaplarda both, zne ile yardmc fiil arasnda yer alr. - Which of you can speak English? - We can both speak English. OR We both can. Either ve neither tek bana kullanlabilir ya da kendilerinden sonra saylabilir tekil isim alabilirler. Bu durumda fiil daima tekildir. - Which of these apples would you like? - I can take either / either apple. (It doesn't matter, this or that apple.) - Which of those two girls is your friend? - Neither is my friend. / Neither girl is my friend. Either of ve neither of dan sonra specific oul bir isim gelir. Bu durumda fiil tekil ya da oul olabilir. Either of ve neither ofdan sonra us, you, them, these, those gibi pronoun'lar kullanabiliriz. Either of those dresses is (are) suitable for the party. Neither of my parents approves (approve) of my smoking. Neither of them knew the way to our house. We both know English. Either of us can translate the letter for you. I think neither of them is (are) married. Either, olumsuz bir cmlenin znesi durumunda kullanlamaz. Ancak olumlu bir cmlenin ya da soru cmlesinin znesi olarak kullanlabilir. Either of these solutions will work. Can either of you speak English? Either, olumsuz bir cmlenin nesnesi durumunda kullanlabilir. Bu durumda olumsuz bir fiil+either ile olumlu bir fiil+neither ayn anlam verir. I will invite neither of them. = I won't invite either of them. I have read neither of those books. = I haven't read either of those books.

NOTE:

Both ve neither ile all ve none arasndaki ayrma dikkat ediniz. Both ve neither daima iki eyden sz ederken kullanlr. All ve none ise, saylabilir isimlerle kullanldnda, en az ya da daha fazia eden oluan bir gruptan sz eder. They have two daughters. Both of them are attending university. Neither of them is (are) a graduate yet. They have three daughters. All of them are single. None of them is (are) married yet.

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EXERCISE 16: Complete the sentences with both, either, neither, all or none.
1Aunt Victoria was really upset because someone had broken into her house and stolen ................. of her jewellery. 2You could send your daughter to a course preparing students for the University Entrance Exam, or pay for her to have private lessons. ................. option guarantees that she will pass the exam, of course, but................ will enhance her chances of success. 345Apparently, ................. of the audience understood the joke because nobody laughed. I'm short-sighted in ................. eyes, but the left is much worse than the right. We were given two prices for the night to Thailand: economy and business. Unfortunately, ................. price was within our budget. 6The museum is open to me public on Tuesdays, Thursdays and Saturdays, but I'm afraid .................. of these will be very suitable for me to go there this week. 7Our history teacher has decided to give us another exam because .................. of us, except Sandra, who is very hard-working, got rather low marks. 8Because ................... of the students except Sandra, who scored a high grade, managed to get a good mark, the teacher made them retake the exam. 91011My mother has an original Elvis record, but regrettably, ................. sides are scratched. Thus, ................. side of the record plays all the way through without getting stuck. Why don't you come over on Sunday? I will be at home working in the garden ................. day, so we'll have a lot of time for chatting. 12The Shrewsbury Flower Show is held on the second Friday and Saturday iri August-................. days are quite spectacular with show-jumping, music and fireworks. 13There were about eight patients in the ward, but Morag felt lonely because ................. the others were much older than her. 1415Unlike all other species of deer, ................. male and female caribou have antlers. ................. of the garden was in the shade, so we thought it inadvisable to sit outside in the strong afternoon sun.

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3-6 QUANTIFIERS USED WITH SINGULAR NOUNS: ONE, EACH, EVERY

One, each ve every saylabilir tekil isimlerle kullanlan szcklerdir. One/only one, szn ettiimiz ismi say asndan vurgulamak istediimiz zarnan kullanlr. u iki rnei inceleyelim: There is a man at the corner. I ihink he is waiting for someone. (herhangi bir adam, birisi) You said two men would be waiting for me, but there is one man (only one man) at the corner, (bir tane adam, bir kii) Give me an apple, (herhangi bir elma) Give me one apple, (bir tane elma, iki ya da daha fazla deil) One zamir olarak kii, insan, anlamnda da kullanlr. Naturally, one faces difficulties when adapting to a foreign culture. (Doal olarak insan yabanc bir kltre uyum salamada zorluklarla karlar.) Each, hem sfat hem de zamir olarak kullanlr. Every ise sadece sfattr ve kendinden sonra mutlaka bir isim gelmelidir. Each, herbiri anlamn verir ve szn etliimiz gruptaki her bir eyi tek tek dndmz ifade eder. Every de buna yakn bir anlam ifade eder ancak every, eleri tek tek deil, bir btn olarak dndmz vurgular. Bu adan every, hepsi anlamna daha yakndr. Each student has to prepare a term paper. Every student has to prepare a term paper. We talked about the picnic with the students. Each will bring something to eat. (each tek bana kullanlabilir.) One/only one, each ve every specific bir isimle 'of lu tamlamada kullanlabilir. Bir grubun iinden biri, herbiri ifade edildii iin bu isim mutlaka saylabilir oul bir isimdir. Ancak fiil yine tekildir. One of the students was late today. Only one of my students got a low grade in the exam. Each one of the children is going to be given a prize. (Each of the children is) Every one* of the students has to take this exam. * Bitiik yazlan everyone ile every one of + plural noun arasndaki aynma dikkat ediniz. Everyone, herkes anlamna gelen belgisiz zamirdir. Everyone wants to live in comfort. (Herkes rahat yaamak ister.) Every one of the exam papers was checked carefully. (Snav katlarnn her biri dikkatle kontrol edildi.) One/only one, each (one) ve every one szcklerini of + us, them, you, these, those biiminde kullanabiliriz. There are many contestants. One of them is going to be the winner. Each (one) of you is responsible for the situation. Every one of us must help him.

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Each of us/you/them yerine we/you/they each kullanabiliriz. Bu durumda fiil oul olur. Yardmc fiil yoksa each, zne ile yklem arasnda; yardmc fiil varsa, yardmc fiil ile yklem arasnda yer alr. Each of us has a duty. = We each have a duty. Each of you has a duty. = You each have a duty. Each of them has a duty. = They each have a duty. Each of them has received a prize. = They have each received a prize. Every zaman szckleriyle de kullanlr: every day, every year, every summer, every two hours, every four years, etc. Most people buy a newspaper every day. We try to go to the cinema every week. Elections are held every four years in Turkey. (her drt ylda bir...) These tablets should be taken every six hours. (her alt saatte bir)

EXERCISE 17:
123456789-

Choose the correct one of the words given in parentheses.

Each (zone/zones) at the Millennium Dome, in London, (has/have) a different theme. The teacher gave (each/every) of the groups a subject related to China to research. According to astrologers. (every/all) one of the signs of the zodiac (influence/influences) human behaviour differently. The Earth turns on its axes once (each/every) 24 hours. (All/Every) banana (tree/trees) produces a single bunch of fruit. One of the (actor/actors) in the play (is/are) the son of a friend of mine. We (each/every) (has/have) to be very supportive during this sad time for her. (Each/Every) of us (has/have) to be supportive to help her through this difficult time. Did they (each/every) realise the full implications of their actions?

10- It seems as if (each/every) other day a catastrophe happens somewhere in the world.

3-7 OTHER EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY

a) With countable plural nouns: a number of, a great/large/small number of, a great/good many, and numbers (two, three, etc.) A number of (a group of), bir grup ... anlamndadr. Great, large, small gibi szcklerle bu grubun bykln ifade edebiliriz. A number of students are waiting to see you. (Bir grup renci ...) A small number of people live in luxury in Turkey. (Az sayda insan ...) A large/great number of people live in poverty. (ok sayda insan ...)

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A great / a good many, bir hayli, olduka ok anlamndadr. A great/good many people are in danger of being infected by the bacteria in the polluted water. They have spent a great/good many years abroad, and now they have difficulty adapting to the customs here. ki ve ikiden byk rakamlarn hepsini saylabilir oul isimlerle kullanabiliriz. Eer specific bir isim kullanyorsak, rakamdan sonra of gelir. Three students were late for the class this morning. Three of my students were late for the class this morning. b) With uncountable nouns: a large/a great/a small amount of, a good/a great deal of A large amount of / a large quantity of, ok miktarda; a small amount of, az miktarda anlamnda kullanlr. A good/great deal of ise bir hayli, olduka ok anlamn ifade eder. Try to put a small amount of money aside every month for the future. A great amount of money is bring spent on arms. To start a new business in these economic situations takes a great/good deal of courage. c) With both countable plural and uncountable nouns: Hardly any ve almost no "hemen hemen hi" anlamna gelir. There were hardly any/almost no objections to our proposal. She had hardly any/almost no money on her, so she couldn't eat lunch out. d) A friend of mine, some relatives of hers, etc. gibi yaplarda, of dan sonra possessive noun/pronoun (mine, yours, hers, ours, his, Aye's, my father's, my sisters', etc.) kullanlr. An old friend of mine is coming to see me tomorrow. (Eski bir arkadam...) Some students of hers are very clever. (Onun baz rencileri...) Many friends of his are living abroad. (Onun pek ok arkada...) A friend of my brothers' is helping them in the shop. (Kardelerimin bir arkada) a friend of mine = one of my friends two relatives of hers = two of her relatives some friends of my sister's = some of my sister's friends a friend of my brothers' = one of my brothers' friends

3-8 COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE WITH QUANTIFIERS

Much ve many'nin comparative biimi more, superlative biimi most'dur. Few dzenlidir ve fewer, fewest biiminde ekimlenir. Little ise less ve least biiminde ekimlenir. The government should spend more money on the housing problem. I expect more members will be present at this meeting than were at the previous one. Fewer tourists are expected this year because of the terrorist attacks in the seaside resorts. Of all the students, she had the fewest mistakes in the exam. There would be less pollution if the government imposed some regulations on

30

the factories. Daha nce, sfat ve zarflarda karlatrma yaparken, karlatrmann derecesini arttrmak iin much, azaltmak iin a little kullanldn grmtk. She is more hardworking than me. She is a little more hardworking / much more hardworking than me. (Benden biraz daha alkan/benden ok daha fazla alkan...) Bu derecelendirmeyi isimlere ilikin yaparken, ismin saylabilir ya da saylamaz olduuna dikkat etmemiz gerekir. Saylabilir isimlerle a few more/many more; saylamaz isimlerle a little more/much more kullanabiliriz. I have bought some books on this subject, but I need a few more (books). (birka kitaba daha...) Some people have become unemployed since the economic crisis, but we fear that many more people will lose their jobs if the situation doesn't improve, (daha pek ok insan...) I don't think this money will be enough to buy that shirt. I need a little more money. (biraz daha para...) There will be much more pollution if we continue to be indifferent to the problem. (ok daha fazla kirlilik...) Any more, some more, no more gibi szcklerin kullanmna dikkat ediniz. u rnekleri inceleyelim: Can I have some rice, please? (sofrada ilk kez pilav isterken) Can I have some more rice, please? (tekrar isterken: biraz daha pilav) We don't have any money. (hi yok) We don't have any more money. = We have no more money. (Daha fazla paramz yok. Vard, bitti.) Do you have any books on this subject? (Hi var m?) Do you have any more books on this subject other than these? (Bunlarn dnda, daha var m?) Any more'un bir anlam da "artk demektir. Bir eylemi gemite yaptmz ama artk yapmadmz ifade etmek iin any longer ile ayn anlamda kullanabiliriz. Her ikisi de olumsuz cmlede kullanlr. She used to be interested in football, but she isn't interested in it any more/any longer. They used to live in Ankara, but they don't live there any more/any longer. Olumsuz fiil + any longer yerine olumlu fiil + no longer kullanabiliriz. (No more, bu ekilde fiillerle kullanlmaz; isimlerle kullanlr: (no more tears, no more food, etc.) She used to smoke a lot, but she doesn't smoke any more/any longer. = She no longer smokes. (Artk sigara imiyor.) No longer, yardmc fiil bulunan cmlelerde, yardmc fiilden sonra gelir. She isn't interested in music any more /any longer. = She is no longer interested in music.

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TEST YOURSELF 1
1- The instructor told the young climbers to hold on to the rope with ......... hands. A) both C) all E) either 2- The noise of the gunshot rang through the trees and the birds flew off in ......... directions. A) all C) either E) whole 3- This train doesn't stop at .......... station along the way, but it stops at........ of the main ones. A) all/either B) every/most C) each/much D) both/some E) few/all 4- Unfortunately, our local library had .........books on the subject, so I'm going to the city library tomorrow hoping to find ........ more. A) much/a little B) a little/a lot C) little/many D) a few/much E) few/some 5- There has been ....... fruit on the pear tree in our garden this year, so we won't be giving ........ away. A) a little/many B) all/each C) little/much D) every/some E) much/either 6- ........ players have won this competition before, so ........ of them could win today. A) A few/all B) Each/ every C) Every/no D) Both/either E) None/neither 9- He thought he would get the contract, but a business competitor of ......... got......... . A) he/itself B) his/it C) us/his D) yours/its E) him/them 10- They gave the idea ......... consideration before accepting it. A) several B) only a few C) a great deal of D) much of E) a good many 11- Look! One of ....... in the race....... . A) stallion/have fallen B) the athletes/had fallen C) the horses/has fallen D) children/are falling E) the competition/was falling 12- My daughter got a better mark for her last French written composition because there were ........ mistakes in it. A) little C) many B) much D) fewer E) the least B) each D) every B) every D) each 7- A lot of people rushed to the area, but most of ........ failed to find ........ gold. A) them/any B) they/much C) theirs/many D) him/some E) his/none 8- The children have had quite ....... excitement for one day. I think it's time they went to bed. A) few C) more B) all D) little E) enough

13- In the USA, the number of representatives in government varies according to the population o a state, but there are two senators for .......... state.

32

A) both C) neither

B) some D) each

20- The best goal of the match was ......... but ........ was pretty spectacular as well. A) my/theirs B) my brother/I C) him/mine D) the forward's/your E) Simon's/yours

E) all 14- ......... employees voted against the strike even though they were dissatisfied with the pay rise. A) Several of B) Plenty C) Much of D) Half E) A good many 15- After ........ wins at amateur level, he'll be ready to race professionally. A) almost none B) any longer C) a few more D) much E) plenty 16- Tea and coffee contain caffeine, which is harmful, so the doctor told me to avoid drinking ........ . A) both of them B) much of it C) all of them D) some of it E) neither of them 17- Decades ago the notion of landing a spacecraft on ......... moon would have seemed .......... impossible feat. A) a/ C) the/an E) /the 18- If there is ......... food in the world for everyone, why do so .........people die of starvation? A) little/much B) enough/many C) much/few D) any/a lot of E) less/more 19- Of the two shops in the village, ......... sold sun cream, so he had to keep a longsleeved shirt on all day. A) no C) none E) either B) both D) neither B) some/a D) -/-

21- The new dress my sister bought didn't fit ......... so she gave it to A) she/you B) her/me C) hers/mine D) mine/hers E) herself/ours

22- He felt as if ......... world was watching and waiting for him to make a mistake in the play, but in fact, it was only the village boy scout club. A) all C) most B) every D) a lot of E) the whole

23- She had .......... reasons to dislike her job, but I don't know exactly why she left. A) a little B) much C) a whole D) some of E) plenty of

24- The company is so stable that you can buy shares in it with almost .......... risk of losing any money. A) any C) no E) much B) none D) few

25- Two smartly dressed doormen stood at ........ side of the hotel's entrance.

33

A) either C) all

B) whole D) every

E) both 26- We rang .......... hotels before we found ......... with vacant rooms. A) several/one B) much/a little C) each/some D) every/any E) the whole/much 27- The teacher said that we could write on .......... sides of the paper, but to start a new page for .......... question. A) either/every B) both/each C) some/all D) all/some E) the whole/any 28- .......... of seagulls followed the tractor as the farmer ploughed the field. A) Many more B) Almost all C) Only some D) A large number E) Hardly any 29- It takes ......... of dedication to become a top class athlete. A) enough B) nearly every C) a great deal D) many more E) each one 30- If Richard had ......... patience, he would have .......... arguments with the manager. A) little/much B) enough/little C) less/plenty D) more/fewer E) a few/less 31- .......... cashier underwent the company's training scheme before starting to work here. A) A great many B) Several C) Both D) All E) Every 32- Up until recent years, blacks in tie Southern USA suffered ........injustice.

A) several B) plenty C) a lot of D) a great marry E) fewer 33- After the oil spill from the huge tanker, the ......... beach was covered in thick black oil. A) whole C) many E) much 34- We can see Shrewsbury Town football pitch from the window of our shop. Yesterday, I was watching ......... team play through the window, but stopped when ........customer came in. A) any/a C) a/ E) /the 35- In 1991, the remains of ........Neolithic hunter, which were 5,300 years old, were discovered high in ........ Alps. A) the/ C) /a E) a/the 36- Do you know ......... name of ......... American author Bill Bryson's latest book? A) a/ C) the/the E) /an 37- Celebrating the end of one year and the start of a new one is an age-old religious, social, and cultural observance in almost ........ part of the world. A) all C) either E) whole 38- .......... albatross, .......... largest and most majestic seabird, has .........wing span of over nine feet. B) every D) neither B) a/an D) the/ B) a/some D) a/an B) a/the D) the/a B) all D) every

34

A) /the/ B) The/a/the C) An/ /the D) The/the/a E) An/a/a 39- If I had ......... fabric left, I could make a dress, but I think I've only got........ to mate a skirt. A) a great deal/one B) plenty/a few C) a few more/much D) a number of/some E) a little more/ enough 40- Cyanide leaked into ........ Mersey Canal, and ........ nine-mile stretch of ........ canal was affected A) the/the/a C) a/a/E) the/a/the B) //a D) /the/

the obvious use in jewellery, they have ......... number of industrial applications. A) much/any B) many/a C) plenty of/the D) some/each E) more/every 45- ........ the painters have achieved so far is to make the office look more of a mess than it did this morning. A) The whole B) Some C) All D) None E) A little 46- Let's go somewhere for a cup of tea. I don't want to go in any more shops as I've spent ....... already. A) several B) a lot of C) a few D) many more E) too much 47- Despite all ......... efforts, neither Susan's composition nor ........ was good enough to impress the teacher. A) ourselves/me B) us/myself C) ours/my D) our/mine E) us/ourselves 48- The richness of Asia's cultures is reflected in ......./arts and literature. A) theirs C) its E) itself 49- The teacher said that if Joseph caused ........ trouble in class, she would send his mother a letter. A) any more B) far fewer C) a number of D) so many E) several 50- Herman Melville's book 'Moby Dick' tells of the adventures of captain Ahab, who loses ........ leg in his struggle with ........ whale. B) it D) them

41- I went into town specially to buy a jacket for the Christmas party, but I didn't see ......... that I liked. A) a few C) all E) some 42- As ........ British athlete in this discipline reached the qualifying time, Britain won't be represented in this event at the Olympics. A) no C) little E) fewer 43- Throughout the history of the country, ........ French, along with most of the other peoples of the world, have paid little attention to the quality of ......... natural environment. A) some/ B) a/them C) the/their D) /its E) many /theirs 44- Diamonds have ......... uses. In addition to B) few D) hardly any B) any D) much

35

A) the/the C) /any

B) a/a D) any/the E) some /a

51- A: Which of these wallpaper designs would you like in the living room? B: ........... . ........... look horrible. Why can't we just paint the walls?' A) All/None B) Neither/Both C) Either/Whole D) None/Some E) Every/Each 52- I wonder if ........ of our neighbours would look after our cat while we are away. A) the whole B) few C) little D) either E) every 53- .......... of the competitors was badly affected by the extreme heat and passed out. A) Some C) A few E) All 54- I would like her better if she showed .......... consideration for others. A) fewer C) a little E) many 55- I'm glad we bought the new lawn mower. Now I can mow the lawn using ......... the effort. A) fewer C) much E) half B) none D) all B) several D) too much B) No D) One

56- Smog may appear brownish in colour when it contains high concentrations of nitrogen dioxide, or it may look blue-grey when it contains large amounts of ozone. In ........ case, prolonged exposure will damage lung tissue. A) both C) none E) some 57- In ........... mid-1970s, people became aware of the phenomenon called .......... acid rain. A) the/ C) a/an E) the/an 58- The word deafness is used to describe .......... degree of hearing loss, though it is most commonly used where there is ......... total inability to hear. A) some/much B) the/some C) a/many D) every/none E) any/a 59- Although the Australian author Peter Carey's first three novels were well received, his fourth book received ......... criticism than acclaim. A) too many B) any longer C) far more D) plenty of E) so much 60- Despite the scarcity of arable land, .......... the population in the Middle East is engaged in farming. A) a lot more B) almost none C) so much D) a good deal of E) a great many of B)/an D) a/the B) either D)all

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4- INDEFINITE PRONOUNS
Person someone anyone no one everyone somebody anybody nobody everybody Thing something anything nothing everything

-one ve -body ile biten szckler arasnda anlam fark yoktur. Her iki grup da insanlar iin kullanlr. -thing ile biten szckler cansz varlklar iin kullanlr. zne olarak kullanldklarmda bu szcklerin hepsi tekil fiil alr. Everybody needs love. Everything is in order. I think something is wrong with him. Some ve any'nin kullanmyla ilgili kurallar someone, anybody, something, etc. gibi szckler iin de geerlidir. We need someone/somebody to help us. (affirmative) Does anybody/anyone here speak French? (interrogative) She doesn't want anyone /anybody to learn her secret. (negative) Something must be doing without delay. (affirmative) Has anything been dome about it? (interrogative) I don't want to hear anything about it. (negative) kramda ya da ricada bulunurken ya da yantn byk bir olaslkla "evet" olacan talimin ettiimiz sorularda something/someone kullanabiliriz. Why are you looking in my purse? Are you looking for something? (Bir ey mi aryorsun?) Would you like something to drink? No, thanks. I don't want to drink anything. Can you give me something to read? No ile balayan szckler olumlu fiille kullanlr. Ancak cmlenin anlam olumsuzdur. She didn't tell me anything. - She told me nothing. I didn't see anyone/anybody there. - I saw no one/nobody there. Anyone/anybody ve anything olumsuz cmlede zne olarak kullanlmaz. Bunun yerine no one/nobody ve nothing ile olumlu bir fiil tercih edilir. Nobody/no one wants to be in his position. Nothing has been done so far. Anyone/anybody ve anything olumlu cmlede kullanld zaman herhangi biri, herkes, herhangi bir ey, her ey anlamn verir. Anyone/anybody can do that. (Onu herkes/herhangi bir insan yapabilir.) - What shall I buy for him?

37

- Well, it doesn't matter. You can buy anything. (Herhangi bir ey alabilirsin.) Somewhere, anywhere, nowhere ve everywhere gibi zarflar da bu grupta inceleyebiliriz. I can't find my glasses. I put them somewhere, but I don't remember where. (affirmative) Have you seen my glasses anywhere? (interrogative) I don't want to go anywhere tonight. (negative) You can't find such a cheap restaurant anywhere. = You can find such a cheap restaurant nowhere. Hand-made rugs are found in abundance in Turkey. You can find them everywhere. Nobody, nothing vb, olumsuz bir zneyie balayan bir cmlenin devamnda any, anybody, anything vb. bir szck kullanabiliriz. Nobody, nothing gibi szckler kullanamayz. nk, zne cmleyi olumsuz yapmtr ve bir cmlede iki tane olumsuzluk kullanlmaz. Nobody did anything. (nothing kullanamayz.) Nothing was given to anyone. (no one kullanamayz) Nobody wants to go anywbere. (nowhere kullanamayz.) No one had any money. (no money kullanamayz.) Without da olumsuz bir anlam tad iin kendinden sonra gelen szck olumsuz olamaz. He must have entered the house without anybody seeing him. He left home without saying anything. Something, nothing, someone, everyone, nowhere, etc. gibi szckleri "else" ile birlikte kullanabiliriz. I don't think Alice can help us. We must find someone else. (Baka birini bulmalyz) We didn't like the place where we spent our holiday last year. We want to go somewhere else this year. (Baka bir yere...) She only said she was going. Nothing else.

EXERCISE 18: Complete the sentences with someone, anyone, anything, nothing, anywhere, etc.
1234567We are looking for ................................. in Cornwall to spend our holiday. Can your parents suggest ................................. nice there? There is .................................for .............................. to do at Centre Parks, but if there is ........................ you particularly need, please enquire at our customer service desk. They recorded ........................ he said, but they didn't find........................ on the tape which could help them convict him. We weren't in a hurry, so we let ....................... else disembark before we did. I don't think you'll find a shop that sells Russian caviar ........................ in this city. Don't believe ........................ you read in that newspaper. They just make all their stories up. ....................... in the Senegalese village spoke English, but fortunately, we found
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891011-

12131415-

........................ who spoke French, which my husband speaks fluently, and the man explained the way to the waterfall. You must list ........................ you worked during the past ten years on the application form. The worst thing about our neighbourhood is that there is ........................ for the children to play, but the council have promised to do ........................ about it next year. He is extremely competitive. He hates ........................ getting a better mark than his. I really like visiting my grandparents. ........................ in the world are visitors so warmly welcomed, and they expect absolutely ........................ from us in return. In addition, ....................... can make a tastier cheesecake than my grandmother. I looked at ........................ in their file, but I couldn't find ........................ that mentioned an agreement about interest rates. You need to ask ............................ you trust, perhaps a friend or a relative, for an opinion. There was ........................ the rescue team could do to save the sailors trapped in the submarine. A: Didn't ........................ do ...................... to help the injured cat? B: No, ........................ bothered to stop and help. ........................ just walked past and looked in the opposite direction in order not to see it.

5- REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS
Singular I You He She It myself yourself himself herself itself We You They Plural ourselves yourselves themselves

Indefinite pronouns

one

oneself

Bir yklemin znesi ile nesnesi ayn ise vani eylemi yapanla, eylemden etkilenen kii ayn ise reflexive pronoun kullanlr. Tekil you iin yourself, oul you iin yourselves kullanldna dikkat ediniz. Janette cut the bread. (Janette, subject; the bread, object) Janette cut herself. (Janette, subject; herself, object; the same) We enjoyed ourselves very much at the party. I blamed myself for the fight. Reflexive pronoun bir preposition'dan sonra gelebilir. Look at that woman over there. She is talking to herself. (Kendi kendine konuuyor.) Take goad care of yourselves. (Kendinize iyi bakn.)

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Ancak preposition, znenin eylemden etkilenmesini deil de yer ifade ediyorsa, object pronoun (me, you, him, etc.) kullanlr. She must take plenty of money with her. We'll keep it as a secret between us. I don't think he has enough money on him. Feel ve relax fiillerini Trkeye kendini (iyi) hissetmek, kendini rahatlatmak biiminde eviriyoruz. Ancak bu fiiller ngilizcede reflexive pronoun ile kullanlmazlar. I felt better after I took some medicine. (la aldktan sonra kendimi daha iyi hissettim.) You must know how to relax. (Kendini rahatlatmasn bilmelisin.) Wash, dress ve shave (ykanmak, giyinmek, tra olmak) fiilleri normalde reflexive pronoun ile kullanlmaz. Ancak dry (kurulanmak) reflexive pronoun ile kullanlr. I washed and dressed quickly. (abucak ykanp giyindim.) Dry yourself thoroughly before you put on your clothes. (Giysilerini giymeden nce iyice kurulan.) Reflexive pronoun, zneyi ya da nesneyi vurgulamak iin de kullanlr. zneyi vurgularken, reflexive pronoun zneden hemen sonra ya da fiilden sonra (eer varsa nesneden sonra) gelebilir. She herself told me the news. = She told me the news herself. Haberi bana kendisi verdi. Jack himself came. = Jack came himself. Jack kendisi geldi. Reflexive pronoun nesneyi vurgularken nesneden hemen sonra gelir. I spoke to Jack himself. (Jack'in kendisiyle konutum.) She demanded to see the manageress herself. (Yneticinin kendisini grmek istedi.) Nesneyi ya da zneyi vurgularken reflexive pronoun'un yerine dikkat ediniz. nk anlam deiikliine yol aar. u rnekleri inceleyelim. I spoke to Jack himself. (Jack'in kendisiyle konutum.) I myself spoke to Jack. (Jack ile kendim konutum.) By myself, herself, etc. "kendi bana, tek bana, yardmsz" anlamn verir. u iki cmle arasndaki ayrma dikkat ediniz: I myself cleaned the house. = I cleaned the house myself. Evi kendim temizledim. (Not someone else; bir bakas deil.) I cleaned the house by myself. Evi tek bama/yalnz temizledim. (I cleaned the house alone/without help.) By myself, herself, etc. anlamnda on my own, on her own, etc. kullanabiliriz. He lost his wife last year and he has been living by himself/on his own/alone since. (O zamandan beri tek bana/yalnz yayor.) I was sitting by myself/on my own/alone in a corner. (Bir kede tek bama yalnz oturuyordum.)

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EXERCISE 19:

Complete the sentences with myself, himself, ourselves, etc. or with my own, his own, our own, etc.

1-At Christmas, we always buy a large box of Belgium chocolates. I particularly enjoy the ones with nutty centres, while my sister has .......................... favourities. She loves the strawberry and orange creams. 2-The plan put forward by the residents committee has .......................... problems. It is very expensive and may not offer a long-term solution. 3-We supervise the construction .......................... to ensure that the work is carried out to the highest specifications. 4-The children seem to be enjoying .......................... in the sand. It was a good idea to bring them here. 5-I didn't want to go down the hillside on the toboggan by ........................... so my friend and I rode together on the same sledge. 6-The camera .......................... is quite reasonably priced, but the replacement films are much more expensive than standard films. 7-If only she hadn't gone to Thailand on .......................... . It is a dangerous country to wander around alone in. 8-My cousins have .......................... tennis courts, so we are always round their house in the summer. 9-My sister built this wardrobe all by .......................... by following the instructions in a library book. 101112131415If you don't believe me, why don't you ask her ..........................? In his autobiography, he describes .......................... as a man who happened to be in the right place at the right time. Instead of listening to what others said, I spoke to him .......................... in order to understand how he was feeling. My mother told my friends to make .......................... at home and to consider .......................... one of the family while they were with us. I expect that you'll all do your homework by ........................... without getting any help from anyone. Because his advertising budget is very limited, he designs .......................... advertisements.

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6- SUBJECT - VERB AGREEMENT

Bir cmlenin znesiyle yklemi arasnda, tekillik-oulluk asndan bir uyum olmas gerekmektedir. Tekil zne tekil bir fiil, oul zne oul bir fiille kullanlr. The child was very excited about going to the zoo. (singular) The children were very excited about going to the zoo. (plural)

6-1 BASIC SUBJECT - VERB AGREEMENT

a) zne, and ile balanm isimlerden oluuyorsa, oul fiil alr. Ali is coming with us. Ali and Aye are coming with us. Water is vital for humans. Water and bread are vital for humans. Or ile balanm znelerde, ykleme yakn alan isim temel alnr. His sister or his parents are going to help him. His parents or his sister is going to help him. zneden sonra iki virgl arasnda gelen aklamalar zneyi etkilemez. The president, with two of his guards, has now entered the room. The Smiths, without their naughty son, are coming to ours. b) zne szck beinden oluuyorsa, bu bekteki temel isim yklemi belirler. The students in the canteen seem to have forgotten the time. The results of the research are going to be published soon. Your method of solving problems is quite different from mine. The article about the increase in crimes of violence was written by a wellknown writer. The use of computers has increased rapidly in recent years. c) zne gerund ise tekil fiil alr. Ancak iki gerund and ile balanyorsa, oul fiil alr. Swimming is my favourite sport. Swimming and running are my favourite sports. Washing vegetables with this polluted water is dangerous. Bazen bir gerund'dan sonra and ile balanm iki isim gelebilir. Bu durumda gerund tek olduu iin fiil yine tekildir. Making pies and cakes is my mother's hobby. Putting his toys and stuff away was my son's responsibility. d) Someone, something, nothing, anybody, etc. gibi zneler tekil fiille kullanlr. Has anybody applied for the job? Nothing has been done yet

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6-2

SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT WITH EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY

a) Saylabilir oul ve saylamaz isimler iin ortak kullanlan some, any, a lot of, etc. gibi szcklerle, saylabilir oul bir isim oul fiil, saylamaz isim ise tekil fiil gerektirir. A lot of money was spent on this project. A lot of people have become unemployed. Bu szckler "of" lu tamlamada kullanldnda da ayn kural geerlidir. Some of this money is yours. Some of my students are working in part-time jobs. All (of) the fruit was eaten. All (of) the students were waiting excitedly for the results of the university exam. None of + saylamaz isim tekil fiille, none of + saylabilir oul isim tekil ya da oul fiille kullanlr. None of this information is accurate. None of the students is/are eager to have an exam today. b) Every, each, either ve neither kendinden sonra saylabilir tekil isim ve tekil fiil alr. Every student has to write a composition. Each child was given a present. Either method is suitable. Neither method was suitable for our aim. Either of ve neither of dan sonra oul isim gelir. Fiil tekil ya da oul olabilir. Either of the methods is/are suitable. Neither of the methods was/were suitable for our aim. Every one of ve each (one) of dan sonra, da oul isim gelir. Ancak fiil tekildir. Every one of the students has to write a composition. Each (one) of the children was given a present. Each ve every ieren zneler, and ile balanm birden fazla isimden de olusa, yine tekil fiil alr. Each chair and table in the cafe was counted carefully. Almost every businessman and employee was affected by the economic crisis.

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c) One-third (te biri), two-thirds (te ikisi), fifty per cent (yzde ellisi), etc. gibi ifadeler oul isimle kullanldnda oul fiil, saylabilir tekil ya da saylamaz isimle kullanldnda ise tekil fiil alr. Almost one-third of the students have passed the exam. Two-thirds of the earth's surface is covered with water. Three-fourths (three-quarters) of the money was wasted thoughtlessly. About forty per cent of the students have passed the exam. More than fifty per cent of the world's population is living in terrible conditions. d) The number "say" anlamndadr ve tekil fiille kullanlr. A number "bir grup, ok sayda" anlamndadr ve oul fiil gerektirir. The number of students taking the university exam is increasing with each year. (niversite snavna giren rencilerin says her yl artmaktadr.) A number of students want to see you. (Bir grup renci sizi grmek isyor.)

6-3 SUBJECT - VERB AGREEMENT WITH THERE IS / THERE ARE

Saylabilir tekil ve saylamaz isimlerle there is/was/has been, oul isimlerle there are/were/have been kullanlr. There have been many advances in computer technology recently. There has been great progress in computer technology recently. There was a little boy at the comer crying.

6-4 COLLECTIVE NOUNS (TOPLULUK SMLER)

Common collective nouns are: cast class committee crew crowd family gang government group jury public stall school team audience

a) Topluluk isimleri, topluluk bir btn olarak dnldnde tekil fiil; topluluu oluturan bireyler dnldnde ise oul fiil alr. Ancak American English bu anlamda da daha ok tekil fiil kullanr. A football team consists of eleven players. The team seems/seem happy with the result (Takmdaki oyuncular dnlyor.) The class is too large. We have to divide it into two. Our class is/are going on a picnic next week. (Snftaki renciler kastediliyor.) b) People, police ve cattle daima oul fiille kullanlr.
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Those people are waiting to see the manager. The police are trying to catch the leader of the gang. Those cattle belong to ray grandfather.

6-5 NOUNS THAT ARE ALWAYS PLURAL

Glasses, pants, pyjamas, jeans, shorts, tights, trousers, scissors, tweezers, tongs gibi szckler daima oul olarak kullanlr ve oul fiil gerektirir. My jeans have worn out. I need a new pair. Those trousers are really nice. Bu isimleri a pair ile kullandmzda tekil fiil gerekir. A pair of jeans costs more than three million liras.

6-6 SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT WITH SOME IRREGULARITIES

a) Baz isimler, sonunda -s olmasna karn, tek bir nesneyi ifade ettikleri iin tekil fiille kullanlrlar. The United States is very attractive for some people. The United Nations hasn't dne much to help the Bosnians. Mathematics was my favourite subject in high school. News sonunda -s olmasna karn, saylamaz bir isimdir ve tekil bir fiille kullanlr. The news was rather disappointing. b) Zaman, para miktar ve mesafe bildiren szckler zne olarak kullanldklarnda genellikle tekil fiil alrlar. Twenty million liras is too much for that house. Four hours of study is enough for one day. Six-hundred kilometers is too far to drive without stopping. c) Ulus ismi ve lisan biimi ayn olan isimler the ile kullanldnda ulusu ifade eder ve oul bir fiille kullanlr. Lisan isimleri ise the almaz ve tekil fiille kullanlr. Japanese is becoming popular in Turkey. [Japonca ...) The Japanese are warm people. (Japonlar...) d) Baz sfatlar bana the alarak, oul bir anlam kazanr ve o zellii tayan btn bir grubu ifade eder: the poor, the rich, the disabled, the handicapped, etc. Bu szckler zne olduunda oul fiil gerektirirler. The poor don't have any social security in Turkey. The old usually fail to tolerate the young. (Yallar ... genler ...)

EXERCISE 20: Use is or are for the given subjects.

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1- The taxi drivers ........ 2- These scissors ...... 3- Each of the wheels .......... 4- Either design ......... 5- Nobody at our office ........ 6- Pathology ......... 7- Dutch .......... 8- The Dutch .......... 9- The unemployed ...... 10- Either of the goalkeepers ....... 11- Neither photocopier ......... 12- One-third of the voters ...... 13- Two days .......... 14- Half of the pencils .......... 26- Fifteen percent of the land ....... 27- One hundred and fifty pounds ...... 28- My daughter's shoes .......... 29- Their children's playground ........ 30- This morning's news ....... 31- Pollution these days .......... 32- Every athlete and coach .......... 33- My children arid their cousin .......... 34- The owner or the managers .......... 35- The style in handbags .......... 36- The teachers or the headmaster ........... 37- The minority of builders ............ 38- The architect, with his technical advisors, 39- The architect, the chief builder and the carpenter .......... 15- Half of the paint .......... 16- The number of students .......... 17- A large number of elephants ....... 18- These deer ........... 19- The craftsman and his apprentice ...... 20- Their father's job .......... . 21- The procedures she followed .......... 22- The aim of these regulations ............ 23- One of the supermarkets .......... 24- The student whom we admired .......... 25- Both of his legs .......... 40- The findings of the committee.......... 41- Irrigation of the fields in the area .......... 42- Our report .......... 43- My reports .......... 44- None of this research .......... 45- None of these surveys ........... 46- The wealthy .......... 47- A lot of money ........... 48- Four-fifths of their production 49- His desire for his son .......... 50- Our desires in life..........

EXERCISE 21:
1-

Choose the correct answer in parentheses.

His opinion about the company's new products (wasn't/weren't) considered by the

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committee. 234567891011121314151617181920Most of the competitors, including the world champion, (was/were) angry about the decision. The grief of losing a loved one in such a tragic accident (was/ were) felt by everyone with relatives on board the submarine. When Norman is painting, nothing (distract/distracts) him from his work. The owner of the boat yard, with some of his sales representatives, (is/are) making a presentation at the boat show. Everyone attending the opening (was/were) impressed with the restoration. The number of fans who (was/were) waiting for Brad Pitt to arrive (was/were) unbelievable. Outfits made from ile cheesecloth, which (is/are) produced on hand looms, (is/are) paraded on famous models during the ile Festival. The tiles on the wall of Rstem Paa Mosque (was/were) applied in 1561. Every applicant who (was/were) successful in the first interview (was/were) given a final interview. Copying and other forms of cheating (is/are) taken very seriously by the examination committee. Each contestant in the hairdressing competition (was/were) given forty-five minutes to create a style. Sarah, as well as her sisters, (attend/attends) private music lessons. Britain seems a small, crowded island, but, according to statistics, 93 percent of the land (is/are) rural. Two-thirds of the employees (work/ works) full-time and the remainder (work/works) on a part-time basis. There (remain/remains) a lot of racial prejudice in the country. There (remain/remains) a lot of measures which could be taken to prevent racial prejudice. There (was/were) at one time, a lot of fish in this river. Over half the players in the national team (is/are) from the same league club. Some of the old inns where travelling merchants stopped in this region, which (is/are) situated on the old silk road from China to Europe, (is/are) open for tourists.

7- PRONOUN AGREEMENT
Bir cmlenin znesiyle devamndaki zamirler arasnda bir uyum olmas gerekir. Aye brought her book.

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Ali brought his book. Ali and Aye brought their books. 7-1 Baz fiiller* kendilerinden sonra object pronoun (me, him, etc.) alr. I saw Ali. / I saw him. She promised her parents she'd pass the exam. / She promised them she'd pass the exam. Bu fullerin znesiyle nesnesi ayn kii olduunda, nesne iin reflexive pronoun (myself, herself, etc.) kullanlr. She promised herself she'd pass the exam. 7-2 Bir preposition'dan sonra normalde object pronoun kulianihr. Ancak zne-nesne ayn ise reflexive pronoun kullanlr. I looked at the children. / I Hooked at them. I looked at myself in the mirror. I was talking to my brother. / I was talking to him. I was talking to myself. Preposition yer bildiriyorsa, zne-nesne ayn bile olsa, object pronoun kullanlr. He looked around him, a bit surprised. I haven't got enough money on me. Comparative yaplarda than ve as'den sonra iki kullanm vardr. My sister is shorter than me. My sister is shorter than I am. (I, ikinci cmlenin znesi durumunda) I like children as much as him. I like children as much as he does. 7-3 Someone, nobody, etc. gibi szckler tekil kabul edilir ve daima tekil fiille kullanlr. Ancak devamndaki pronoun tekil ya da oul olabilir. Everybody has his own ideas/their own ideas. Someone has forgotten his/their wallet. Bu szckler tag question yapsyla kullanldnda question tag blmnde they kullanlr. Ancak, something, nothing gibi szckler iin tag blmnde it kullanlr. Someone is going to help you, aren't they? Nobody has done the homework, have they? Something is wrong with him, isn't it? Nothing has been done yet, has it?
* Kendinden sonra object pronoun alan fiilleri 7. saymzda Gerund-Infinitive konusunda ayrntl olarak bulabilirsiniz.

8- FORMS of "OTHER"
Other, "baka, dier" anlamna gelir.

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8-1 WITH SINGULAR NOUNS

Another, sfat ya da zamir olarak, belirtisiz nesne durumundaki tekil isimler iin kullanlr ve "herhangi bir baka, bir dieri" anlamn verir. Tomorrow is not suitable for me. Cone another day please. (baka bir gn ....) This sweater is a bit too big. Can you show me another (one) please? (baka (bir tane) ....) The other, belirtili nesne durumundaki tekil isimler iin sfat ya da zamir olarak kullanlr. There are two books on the table. One is mine, and the other book is yours. (Geriye bir kitap, belli bir kitap kald.) Dier kitap senin. Do you see those three girls at the comer? Two of them are from England. The other is German. Dieri Alman. Adjective another book the other book Pronoun another the other

8-2 WITH PLURAL NOUNS

Belirtisiz nesne durumundaki oul isimlerle other sfat, others zamir olarak kullanlr. Belirtili nesneler iinse the other sfat, the others zamir olarak kullanlr. Antalya and Alanya are attractive summer resorts in the south. Other summer resorts in the south are Kemer and Ka. Says belli bir grubun iinde geri kalan btn eleri sayyorsak, the other + plural noun ya da the others kullanlr. She has visited five European countries. One is Germany. Another is England and the other countries/the others are Italy, France and Switzerland. Adjective other books the other books Pronoun others the others

8-3 Other, some, any, many gibi szcklerle de kullanlr.

This book on women's liberation is very good.
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Do you have any other books/any others on this subject? Bu konuda baka kitaplarn var m? Besides this financial problem, we have many other problems /many others. In addition to this, we hare to consider some other factors.

8-4 EACH OTHER and ONE ANOTHER

Each other and one another, "birbirimize, birbirinize" anlamn verir. When we met on the street, we greeted each other/one another. (Birbirimizi selamladk.) They are a happily-married couple. They love each other/one another. (Birbirlerini seviyorlar.)

8-5 EVERY OTHER + A SINGULAR NOUN

Every other, periyodik olan bireyin bir atlayarak devam ettiini ifade eder: every other day (gn an), every other line (bir satr atlayarak), every other week (iki haftada bir), etc. I wash my hair every other day. (= every two days) He comes to Istanbul every other month. (= every two months) This meeting is held every other year. (= every two years)

8-6

Zaman, mesafe ve para miktar bildiren szckler another ile kullanlr ve bu szckler oul olabilir : another ten minutes (bir on dakika daha), another ten kilometers (bir on kilometre daha), another ten dollars (bir on dolar daha).
I haven't finished writing my report yet. I need another half hour. This money is not enough for a pair of jeans. You should give me another five hundred thousand liras. I'm not feeling tired. I can walk another two miles.

EXERCISE 22:
1-

Complete the sentences with a form of other.

Johnny enjoyed the roll coaster so much that he wanted ....................... ride on it

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immediately. 234567One shop owner in the shopping centre wanted to open on the public holiday, but ........................ didn't. My mother doesn't trust the doctor who is treating her, so she is going to visit ....................... one. I'm anxious about my exam results, but I have to wait....................... two weeks before they are released. I didn't spend as much as ..................... in the group on souvenirs, so I brought some money back with me from my holiday. Some aromatherapy oils hav a calming effect on the mind and body, whereas ........................ such as rosemary oil, are invigorating. I think this washing machine will suit our needs better than ....................... in the shop because, in addition to normal washing programmes, it has ....................... features, such as a programme for delicate clothes and a 'quick-wash' cycle. 891011Have you had any .................. ideas about where you would like to go for your holidays? The two divers relied completely on ....................... . If one's air tank failed, ....................... would have to share his. I had never heard such disgusting language. Every ....................... word he used was a swear word. There are two airports in the Midlands. One is used mainly for charter flights by holiday companies and domestic flights, and ....................... is used for scheduled international flights. 12131415He took the job with the electricity company in the end because ....................... one he applied for involved working unsociable hours. Vandalism is one problem, among many ........................ which seems to be a result of urbanisation. I don't know whether to get....................... book from the library in case I finish this one before next week. I'm going to fail my art history exam. I can remember a lot about one impressionist painter, Renoir, but I can hardly remember anything about....................... artists the same movement.

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EXAMPLES FROM YS/YDS

1One of................. has to take the responsibility for setting up the experiment. A) their C) us E) me (YS 1991) 2I spent the ...... summer working to save money for my school fees. A) rest C) most E) all (YS 1991) 3We can, if you agree, watch the sunset .......... time when Jane and Mary are free, too. A) other C) rather E) certain (YS 1991) 4I have bought ........ new shirt which matches .......... jacket I bought last week. A) some/a C) a/the E) an/some 5B) the/a D) some/the (YS 1992) We have already filled in ............... application forms but Mary is still trying to complete......... . A) my/her B) ours/his C) her/your D) our/hers E) us /theirs (YS 1992) 6You can take........... of these two elective courses; they are .......... very interesting. A) both/either B) both/all C) either/both D) one/either E) neither/all (YS 1992) 7........... of the candidates ......... an opportunity to discuss his point of view. B) another D) such B) every D) whole 9B) him D)your A) All/wants B) Each/wants C) Every/want D) Whole/want E) Many/wants (YS 1992) 8Could you lend me ........... more? I've spent ........ money you gave me yesterday. A) any/some C) the/the E) some/ B) some/the D) /some (YS 1993) I am so lonely and bored in this town; ......... ever invites me ......... . A) nobody/anywhere B) no one/nowhere C) anyone/nowhere D) anybody/somewhere E) everyone/anywhere (YS 1993) 10- Don't blame ........... for keeping you waiting. It was entirely .......... fault. A) ours/his B) mine/their C) her/them D) him/my E) them/ours (YS 1994) 11- Your bicycle goes much faster than .......... because it's a lot lighter. A) mine C) us E) our (YS 1995) 12- I had to pay ........ for these shoes than I expected to. A) the most C) very much E) fewer B) far more D) too many (YS 1995) B) him D) their

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13- I can remember the main plot of the novel but almost ........ of the details. A) none C) little E) all (YS 1995) 14- No one knows exactly how people learn a language although a great deal of research has been carried out on the subject. A) nsanlarn nasl dil rendie konusunda aratrma yapanlarn hibiri konuyu tam olarak bilmemektedir. B) nsanlarn dil renme becerileri konusunda pek ok aratrma yaplmtr, ancak hi kimsenin konuyla ilgili kesin bir yargus bulunmamaktadr. C) nsarlann nasl dil rendii tam olarak bilinmedii iin aratrmalarn ou bu konu zerine yaplmaktadr. D) Hi kimsenin, insanlarn nasl dil rendii konusunda yaplan aratrmalardan haberi yok E) Konuyla ilgili birok aratrma yaplmasna ramen, hi kimse insanlarn nasl dil rendiini kesin olarak bilmiyor. (YS 1996) 15- ......... car is out of order, so they want to come with us in . . A) Their/ours B) His/my C) Hers/theirs D) Her/your E) They/yours (YS 1997) 16- I don't like to go to the cinema twice on ......... day. A) such C) the other E) many B) same D) the same (YS 1997) 17- He was an extremely entertaining speaker, so we all enjoyed ..... even more than we had expected to. A) ourselves C) himself E) them B) us D) themselves B) anything D) less

(YS 1998) 18- John has told me that one of ........articles and two of ........ have been accepted for publication in the journal. A) theirs/her B) mine/their C) your/my D) his/yours E) hers/ours (YS 1998) 19- Our side won, but only because ...... on the other team was playing at all well. A) some C) everyone E) nobody B) anybody D) someone (YS 1998) 20- Though the cloakroom was very crowded, she managed to find ..... coat fairly quickly, but it took me a long time to find ...... . A) theirs/our B) his/its C) our/us D) her/mine E) hers /theirs (YDS 1999) 21- He turned down the offer on grounds of health, but I think there were ...... reasons behind his decision. A) any C) such E) any other (YDS 1999) 22- ........ bicycles are all red, ....... is the only blue one. A) Theirs/yours B) Others/his C) Ours/hers D) The other/mine E) Your/him (YDS 2000) 23- If Clara says she won't lend, you ...... calculator, then I'll lend you. A) hers/ours C) her/mine E) your/his B) his/me D) their/him (YDS 2001) B) another D) some other

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TEST YOURSELF 2
1-40. sorularda, cmlede bo braklan yerlere uygun den kelime ya da ifadeyi bulunuz. 1- I always use King Edward potatoes for roasting, but......... other quality potatoes will be fine for salads. A) any C) a little E) none 2- ........ who enjoys spicy food will love Indian cuisine and there are .......very nice Indian restaurants in Birmingham. A) No one/each B) Everyone/all C) Someone/any D) Anyone/some E) One/none 3- 'Sunny Delight' looks like real orange juice, but there is actually very .......... natural juice in it. A) much C) more E) little 4- ......... other month, the managers of the overseas branches meet to assess the firm's situation. A) All C) Every E)Any B) Some D) Each B) less D) fewer B) the whole D) much E) so many/the whole 7- We bought the wardrobe in kit form and assembled it........ because it was much cheaper that way. A) ours C) our own E) itself B) ourselves D) its own

8- He managed to open his parachute, but broke his leg on .......... branch before he hit.......... ground. A) a/the C) the/a E) /other 9- .......... the relatives of the passengers could do was sit and wait for further news of the accident. A) The whole C) Every E)Any B) Each D) All B) some/ D) the/some

10- Although .......... in the team expected to win the tournament, .......... was really excited, and was looking forward to competing in the event. A) someone/anything B) no thing/ everything C) anything/anybody D) no one/everyone E) nowhere/someone 11- Except for a century of Christian dominance during the Crusades, Palestine remained under Muslim control, .......... Arab or Turkish, from the 7th to the 20th century. A) both C) neither E) either B) none D) some

5- Witnessing the impact of an asteroid was something the scientist had dreamt of for ......... of his professional career. A) a few C) most E) any 6- On that night during WW II there were ......... fires in the London docks that......... sky over London glowed red. A) both/some B) too much/any C) several/each D) a few/every B) many D) several

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12- .......... ever appreciates .......... the hard work I do to ensure that this office runs smoothly. A) Everyone/every B) No one/whole C) Nobody/all D) Someone/each E) Anyone/some 13- Doris mentioned this morning that she had renewed ......... house insurance, which reminded me to renew ........ . A) its/your B) herself/mine C) itself/hers D) her/ours E) hers/myself 14- Peter's subject was much more interesting than .......... but your posters were better than ......... . A) yours/his B) himself/our C) his own/him D) mine/he t E) them/myself 15- Once bought mainly by youngsters, ......... motorcycles these days are purchased by mature adults. A) almost half B) many more C) much more D) plenty E) any longer 16- .......... of the scheduled ferries will be leaving for Calais today, but .......... extra services have been arranged to Zeebrugge in Belgium. A) All/whole B) None/a few C) Much/many D) A few/plenty E) The whole/all 17- ......... front of the car is smashed including ........ front head lamps, so it is unsafe to continue to drive. A) Every/either B) Each/some C) Another/all D) All/neither E) The whole/both 18- There is unrest in ......... African countries at the moment, such as Sierra Leone and Ethiopia.

A) the whole B) every C) a number of D) a little E) a large amount 19- The book about the married life of the footballer David Beckham and .......... wife, Victoria, a singer, will probably be a best seller, despite the couple ........ being against its publication. A) his/themselves C) himself/them E) its/itself B) him/himself D) his own/their

20- I can smell ........... gas in .......... kitchen. A) a/a C) any/ E) some/ 21- You have made a great start. Don't let .......... stop you now! A) nowhere B) nothing C) anything D) no one E) somewhere 22- I wish I had .......... more free time to spend with my family. A) a little C) a lot of E) a few 23- Creative subjects form .......... essential part of .......... children's education. A) an/ C) the/a E) /some 24- If .......... player acts violently towards ........... the referee has the right to dismiss the offender. A) anyone/one B) others/him C) another/themselves D) one/another E) somewhere/each other B) any/a D) /the B) enough D) several B) /the D) /a

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25- With the new system, .......... time is used more efficiently, allowing the company to focus on strategic issues. A) anyone B) something C) no one's D) everywhere E) everyone's 26- As .......... of the waiters who work there wants to take the responsibility of managing the restaurant, we will have to advertise for .......... A) both/anyone B) all /everywhere C) the whole/anything D) none/everyone E) neither/someone 27- All the recommendations in the proposal ......... to save ......... money. A) is/its C) was/your E) is /ours B) are /you r D) were/itself

31- ......... American state has .......... motto. For example, Idaho's motto is, "It is Forever." A) Every/Itself B) Each/its own C) All/theirs D) Most/them E) Some/their 32- At the beginning of the 20th century, some plastics were made with milk protein, casein, but apart from by button-makers, casein plastics are .......... use today. A) plenty of C) every E) a few B) a number of D) of little

33- Only ........ of Ottawans can claim Canadian origins. Most are of British or French ancestry, or a combination of .......... . A) a great deal of/neither B) a little/all C) some/the whole D) a minority/both E) a few/none 34- He fell and broke bis leg when skiing off the marked piste, but fortunately, he was spotted, quite by chance, by .......... skier, who informed the rescue service immediately. A) himself C) anywhere E) another B) any more D) several

28- As the manager ......... won't he here this week, I expect we'll have to sort this problem out on ....... . A) him/ourselves C) himself/our own E) he/our B) his/ours D) his own/us

29- 'Boeuf en Croute', which means beef in a crust in ......... French, is very similar to ......... English dish called. Beef Wellington. A)/an C)a/E) the/ 30- It was such a shame! My mother-in-law put ......... food on the table, but because I was recovering from the flu, I ate hardly ......... of it. A) all/much B) several/little C) plenty of/none D) a lot of/any E) a little/some B) the/an D) a/the

35- Of all the athletes in the world, only a small percentage ......... for the Olympics. A) qualifies B) is qualifying C) qualify D) has qualified E) is going to qualify 36- Mismanagement of land created the worst drought in United States history. Farmers from North Dakota to Texas suffered during the 'Dust Bowl' and ......... left the region. A) half of them B) one another C) everywhere D) much of it E) a great deal

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37- The landlord of the bar whose customers raised the money for charity .......... the cheque to the hospital. A) is awarding B) are awarding C) have awarded D) is being awarded E) has been awarded 38- Would you like .......... packed lunch to take with you on ........ journey? A) the/a B) a/the C) /some D) the/any E) some/ 39- ......... new record brings the band more success. They have become ......... of the most successful American rock bands ever. A) All/every B) Both/some C) Each/one D) Some/another E) Most/the whole 40- ......... language is hard for a child. Children of ......... cultures learn their own language easily by listening and talking. A) All/none B) Others/both C) No /an D) A few/most E) Every/either

alternately, one high and light, and the other low and full. E) Swiss folk musicians in Alpine regions are known for their yodelling, which combines a number of dill eren t tones. 42- She does her best to protect her sons from the press as they both dislike publicity. A) Because she is so famous, the press also show an interest in her sons, but they both hale publicity. B) Because neither of her sons enjoy public attention, she tries her utmost to shield them from the press. C) Despite her great efforts to safeguard her sons from the media, they have both received a lot of unfair publicity. D) Both her sons hate the publicity they have been getting from the press, so they have asked her to try and stop it for them. E) She does her best to encourage publicity for herself, but her sons don't like press coverage. 43- We use plant oil in the kitchen for several purposes, of which enriching pastry is one and frying foods is another. A) Plant oil has many more uses besides the culinary ones, such as making cakes and pastries richer. B) Plant oil has a lot of uses, the most common of which are culinary uses, such as enriching pastry and frying foods. C) Our use of plant oil for several culinary functions includes adding richness to pastry and frying foods. D) Frying food and enriching pastry are the two most important functions plant oil can serve. E) We most commonly use plant oil to enrich pastry, but it has many other uses, such as for frying foods.
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41-50. sorularda, verilen cmleye anlamca en yakn olan seenei bulunuz. 41- In the Swiss yodelling style of singing, a high, light tone is sung alternately with a low, full tone. A) Swiss yodelling is different from other techniques of singing because low, full tones are sung alternately with high, light ones. B) Each Swiss yodel consists of some low full tones and a number of high light ones. C) Yodelling, a kind of singing marked by the speed of tone changes, is a traditional Alpine music. D) The technique of singing known as Swiss yodelling consists of two tones being sung

44- Before a railroad is built, the builders usually consider several alternative routes and carefully study each route. A) The builders of a railroad normally consider various possible routes, which are all given careful consideration, prior to starting construction work. B) The builders of the railroad considered the features of every possible alternative route before they did any physical work. C) Considering the number of alternative routes that are possible, it will take careful consideration to decide where to start the construction. D) Before a route for the railroad is chosen, the builders ought to give every alternative route their careful consideration. E) In order to choose the best route, the builders should have carefully considered al the alternatives and opted for the one with the best features. 45- I think the garden looks fine, but Jo believes it needs a little more colour. A) Do you agree with Jo that the ' garden looks fine, or do you think it needs slightly more colour? B) Although Jo thought the garden needed a little more colour, we were generally satisfied with the way it looked. C) Jo and I agree about just how much colour we should have in the garden. D) If I were doing this job, I would use more colour in the garden, while Jo would use less. E) While Jo thinks the garden requires slightly more colour, I am happy with the way it looks. 46- Little of our class time was taken up with administrative tasks. A) We used too much time during the lesson dealing with administration. B) You shouldn't use a lot of class time to deal with administrative issues. C) We used a small amount of class time dealing with administration.

D) We shouldn't have dealt with administration tasks during the lesson. E) The majority of class time was taken up doing administration, 47- During the course, you will be able to borrow books from the university library, but as a professional teacher, you will be expected to buy your own copy of important texts. A) While studying on this course, you can either borrow books from the university library or buy your own personal copy, which is more professional. B) It is best to borrow books for this course from the university library, but, if you wish, or feel it more professional, you can buy the most important books. C) The university library has most professional leaching books that you will need while studying this course, but there are one or two that, you will have to buy yourself. D) Books will be available to you on loan from the university library during the course, but as a professional teacher, you should own a personal copy of key texts. E) The university keeps a limited number of the important books for this professional teaching course, so if a book is not available for loan, you will be expected to buy it yourself. 48- The destruction caused by the first atom bomb was unlike anything seen in the world before. A) The kind of devastation the first atom bomb produced had never before been seen on the Earth. B) The most powerful bomb which has ever been exploded on the Earth was the atom bomb. C) The first atom bomb caused more devastation than the total of all the bombs which had been dropped previously. D) Nobody thought the first atom bomb would cause as much devastation to the Earth as it did. E) The first atom bomb caused more devastation than everyone in the world had expected.

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49- Each of our hotel rooms contains its own bathroom, a colour television and air conditioning.

51-55. sorularda, verilen Trke cmlenin ngilizce dengini bulunuz. 51- ark syleyerek, dans ederek ve tylerini tehir ederek erkek ku, e olarak kendisini semesi konusunda dii kuu ikna etmek iin gsteri yapar. A) The male bird sings, dances and displays his plumage in order to persuade the female that she should select him as her mate. B) The male bird attracts a suitable female mate by displaying his plumage in an elaborate dancing and singing routine. C) The female chooses a mate from the male birds which show off their plumage during a courting dance, during which they also sing. D) The male bird attempts to attract a female by singing, dancing and showing off his plumage in a ritual fashion. E) By singing, dancing and displaying t his plumage, the male bird shows off in order to persuade the female to choose him as her mate.

A) Our hotel room has its own bathroom, a colour television and air-conditioning. B) There is a bathroom, a colour television and air-conditioning in all of our hotel rooms. C) Not every room in the hotel has its own bathroom, but they all have a colour television and air-conditioning. D) There is a bathroom, a colour television and air-conditioning in most of the rooms in our hotel. E) Our hotel is equipped with a colour television, air-conditioning and a luxury bathroom.

50- Many people believe that no book has had a more powerful influence on American history than "Uncle Tom's Cabin". A) The book "Uncle Tom's Cabin" bas had a most powerful influence on many of the characters in American history. B) It is thought by many that "Uncle Tom's Cabin" has had the strongest influence of any book on the history of America. C) There are few books in the history of American literature that have had such a powerful effect on people as "Uncle Tom's Cabin". D) Nobody would dispute the fact that the most powerful influence of any book on American history was created by the novel "Uncle Tom's Cabin". E) In my opinion, the book which has had the most powerful influence on American history is the novel "uncle Tom's Cabin".

52- Okyanusa olan tutkusuyla Jacques Cousteau, denizin dibindeki gizli evreni dnyann gzleri nne sermitir. A) Until Jacques Cousteau, with his passion for the ocean, revealed the underwater world, this was largely unknown to us. B) With his passion for the ocean. Jacques Cousteau revealed to the world the hidden universe under the sea. C) Jacques Cousteau succeeded in revealing the hidden universe that lies under the sea through his passionate love for the ocean. D) Jacques Cousteau's passionate descriptions of underwater life helped us understand the hidden depths of the oceans: E) Thanks to Jacques Cousteau's passionate love for underwater life, the world now knows more about the hidden universe under the sea. 53- Yalboyalaryla tannmasna ragmen Turner, ngiliz suluboya manzara resminin kurucularndan biri olarak
59

kabul edilir.

pek ok iekli bitkilerle kapldr.

A) There are hardly any trees on the Aleutian A) Although he himself usually pained Islands, but they are covered with a rich landscapes in oils. Turner was growth of ' grasses and many flowering instrumental in founding the English plants. B) The Aleutian Islands have very few trees, watercolour movement. yet they have many flowering plants and B) In addition to painting works of art in oil. an abundant covering of grasses. Turner also painted some notable English C) The Aleutian Islands are covered with a landscapes in watercolour. rich growth of grasses and many flowering C) After Turner, whose English landscapes plants, in addition to the many trees. were mainly painted in oils. English artists D) The vegetation of the Aleutian Islands is began to use watercolour. made up of many flowering plants, several D) Although known for his oils, Turner is grasses, but hardly any trees, regarded as one of the founders of English E) There is almost no vegetation on the watercolour landscape painting. Aleutian Islands, except for some E) Apart from being one of the most wellflowering plants and a covering of grasses. known oil painters of his day. Turner was involved in early watercolour landscape painting. 56-60. sorularda,verilen ngilizce cmlenin Trke dengini bulunuz. 54- Okuma-yazma orann arttrmak iin hkmet, ilkretim sistemini tm. lkeye yaymaya alyor. A) The rate of literacy in the country will be increased once the government has extended the elementary education system. B) The government hopes that extending primary school education to the whole country will improve the rate of literacy. C) In order to increase the rate of literacy, the government is trying to extend the elementary education system to the whole country. D) The government is increasing the rate of literacy in the whole country by extending the primary school system. E) The government could extend the primary school system to the entire country in order to improve the rate of literacy. 55- Aleut Adalar'nda neredeyse hi aa yoktur ama adalar gr yetimi otlar ve 56- Arabic, a Semitic language originally spoken only in the Arabian peninsula, spread with Islam. A) Islamiyetle birlikte yaylan Arapa, nceleri sadece Arap yanmadasmda konuulan Sami dillerinden biriydi. B) Balangta sadece Arap yarmadasnda konuulan bir Sami dili olan Arapa, slamiyetle birlikte yayld. C) Arap yarmadasnda konuulan ve Sami dillerinden olan Arapa, slamiyetin etkisiyle ok yaylmtr. D) slamiyet, sadece Arap yarmadasnda konuulan Sami dillerinden biri olan Arapanm yaylmasn salamtr. E) Arap yarmadasnda konuulan Sami dillerinden biri olan Arapanm yaylmasnda slamiyetin etkisi byktr. 57- Since they have few natural enemies to fear, elephants are usually peaceful and easygoing. A) Fillerin genel olarak sakin ve uysal

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olmalar, doal ortamlarnda onlar korkutan dmanlarnn olmamasndan kaynaklanr. B) Genel olarak sakin ve uysal bir yapya sahip fillerin, doal ortamlarnda onlar korkutabilecek ok az dman vardr. C) Doal olarak, sakin ve uysal yaradllarndan dolay fillerin pek fazla dman yoktur. D) Filler ancak kendi doal ortamlarnda

kokusundan da anlarlar. B) l bir hayvann grnts kadar kokusunun da akbabalarn onu bulmasna yardmc olduu dnlmektedir. C) Akbabalar bir hayvann l olduundan byk oranda grntsnden, ama bir lde de kokusundan emin olurlar. D) Akbabalarn l hayvanlar grntden, bir lde de kokudan tandklarna inanlr.

TEST YOUR VOCABULARY

sakin ve uysaldrlar nk orada onlar korkutan dmanlar pek fazla deildir. E) Korkmalarn gerektiren ok az doal dmanlar olduu iin filler genellikle sakin ve uysaldrlar. 58- Sign language is a means of communicating through body movements, especially through the hands and arms. A) Bir iletiim kurma arac olan iaret dilinde vcut hareketleri, zellikle de eller ve kollar kullanlr. B) Eller ve kollarla yaplan vcut hareketleriyle iletiim kurma aracna iaret dili denir. C) zellikle eller ve kollarn ok kullanld iaret dilinde, eitli vcut hareketleriyle iletiim kurulur. D) aret dili vcut hareketleriyle, zellikle eller ve kollarla, ileim kurma aracdr. E) Vcut hareketleriyle iletiim kurulan iaret dilinde, zellikle eller ve kollarn nemi byktr. 59- Vultures are believed to recognise dead animals by sight but also to some degree by smell. A) Akbabalar bir hayvann l olup olmadn sadece grntsnden deil E) Anlalan o ki, akbabalar l hayvanlar grntsnden, ama byk lde de kokusundan tanmaktadrlar. 60- Although Freud's theories were at first disputed, his work formed the foundation for treating psychiatric disorders by psychoanalysis. A) Freud'un teorilerine balangta kar kldysa da, onun almalar psikiyatrik bozukluklar psikoanalizle tedavi etmenin temelini oluturmutur. B) Psikiyatrik bozukluklarn psikoanalizle tedavi edilmesinin temelini atm olan Freud'un bu teorileri ilk zamanlar ok tartlmtr. C) Freud'un, psikiyatrik bozukluklarn psikoanalizle tedavi edilebilecei teorisi balangta ok tartld halde, bugn temel tedavi yntemi budur. D) lk zamanlar ok tepki almasna ramen Freud, psikiyatrik bozukluklarn psikoanalizle tedavi edilebilecei teorisinde srar etmi ve almalarn srdrmtr. E) Psikiyatrik bozukluklarn psikoanalizle tedavi edilebilecei teorisini ilk kez Freud ortaya atm ve tepkilere ramen bu ekoln temelini oluturmutur.

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1- Sasha's pet dog has just had six .... She is looking for people who can offer them good homes. A) lambs C) kids E) calves 2- Cameron fell off his bicycle and .......... both of his knees. A) grazed C) ground E) sliced 3- The deer hunters saw some ........ marks in the snow and followed them. A) heel C) hoof E) nail 4- The crime squad have meticulously gathered the ......... that proved Mr. Swindle was running a drugs operation. A) justice B) provision C) prejudice D) evidence E) assumption 5- The receptionist loves .......... about the private lives of other members of staff. A) to counsel B) to witness C) to dispute D) to confide E) to gossip 6- A mass of correspondence was exchanged between the two companies, but the finance manager of the supplier was ........ and would not reduce or cancel any of the charges. A) academic B) inestimable C) sympathetic D) aggressive E) uncompromising 7- I remember my father best with a ......... but he didn't always have one. He grew one when he was about forty. A) lens C) pipe B) beard D) limp B) elbow D) flipper B) splashed D) grated B) puppies D) kittens

that the children will enjoy. Of course ......... is also a high priority. A) cultivation C) nutrition E) hunger B) growth D) famine

9- Sally told the policeman that she didn't recognise the man. He was a complete .......... to her. A) newcomer B) partner C) relative D) stranger E) acquaintance 10- He was nominated to become deputy head teacher because of his enthusiasm and his .......... as a teacher. A) arrogance B) ignorance C) ancestry D) competence E) snobbery 11- It was his .......... of his health that led him to discover his lung cancer at such an advanced stage. A) stupidity B) mentality C) ignorance D) intelligence E) inferiority 12- The Vikings first came to the shores of Britain to rob coastal villages, but later a fair amount of .......... took place between them and the Angles and Saxons. A) manufacturing B) commerce C) earning D) cultivation E) relaxation 13- ......... is about getting the best possible performance out of those you are in charge of and encouraging them to succeed. A) Ownership B) Fashion C) Selfishness D) Apprenticeship E) Leadership 14- The arrival of the pop star caused .......... among the awaiting crowd of fans. A) madness B) insanity C) violence D) fever E) hysteria 15- Tina worked as a reporter for a local

E) scar 8- The Kindergarten tries to prepare dishes

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newspaper before she was ........ by the TV Channel to read the news. A) dismissed B) fined C) disappointed D) hired E) broadcast 16- Their ......... of the price increase in the holiday was that currency fluctuations had caused it. A) explanation B) construction C) illumination D) exhibition E) destination 17- There is always a significant amount of ......... in and around Birmingham between seven and nine in the morning, which causes commuters to waste a lot of time in traffic. A) destruction C) construction E) obstacle B) congestion D) blockage

next month's team trip to Poland. A) Voluntarily B) Regrettably C) Apologetically D) Occasionally E) Operationally 23- Her parents have been very ......... while she has been at medical school, which she has really appreciated. A) destructive B) critical C) supportive D) spiteful E) dependent 24- One of the ......... of introducing the Euro as a currency in the UK is that the national government loses some control over the money used within the country. A) affections B) injuries C) implications D) imprints E) appearances 25- One of the best .......... of this mobile telephone is that it can be connected to the Internet. A) marks C) tools E) utensils 26- There has been a lot of .......... in the city centre recently. Telephone boxes have been destroyed, bus shelters are covered in graffiti and litter bins have been set on fire. A) vandalism B) paganism C) trash D) congestion E) pollution 27- Alaska is so ......... populated that there is still about 2.6 square kilometres of land per person. A) gloomily B) closely C) abundantly D) nearly E) thinly 28- I bought a selection of cream and brown B) features D) implements

18- My ........ to planning a picnic without planning any alternative was that, in September, the weather could be awful. A) revelation B) objection C) grievance D) proposal E) confirmation 19- The captors were ......... with the prisoners of war and treated them kindly. A) jealous C) compassionate E) greedy B) selfish D) extravagant

20- The High Street is closed while the gas pipes are repaired, and traffic is being .......... around the outskirts of ... the town. A) deterred C) influenced E) avoided B) distracted D) diverted

21- The fingerprints left at the scene of the crime revealed the .......... of the murderer. A) personality B) emotion C) perception D) identity E) appearance 22- ........ we have been forced to cancel our

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clothes so that I would have a number of .......... from relatively few garments. A) collars C) uniforms E) sleeves B) overalls D) outfits

their official jet, they were met by the Ambassador and his wife. A) ascended C) boarded E)escaped B) jumped D) disembarked

29- Elephants, which are normally quite peaceful, become aggressive when their young are .....,.. as by lions. A) threatened B) planted C) deterred D) declared E) publicised 30- Mark was disqualified from the examination because he had been caught ...... . He was copying his answers from the student sitting in front of him. A) lying C) stealing E) spying B) cheating D) glancing

35- You shouldn't have any problems understanding Onur because he can speak English ........ now. A) fluently C) mercifully E) dutifully B) gracefully D) swiftly

36- Upon her arrival, Maria was .........warmly by the family at the house where she would stay during her holiday in France. A) placed C) situated E) supplied B) greeted D) nourished

31- Lorenzo Piper Davis was the fest African American to play for the 'Boston Red Sox', but he was dropped from the team because of racial ......... . However, he s till became a star playing for the Birmingham Black Barons. A) development B) aggression C) feature D) horror E) prejudice 32- Diving has been a/an ........ sport since 1880, and it was included in the Olympics for the first time in 1904. A) constant B) violent C) aggressive D) excessive E) competitive 33- A film I have been wanting to see for ages is on television tomorrow, but as I will be in my German class, I will have to ........ it and watch it later. A) trace C) record B) duplicate D) photocopy

37- Tougher gun laws would be ........ by a large proportion of the American population, especially school teachers and concerned parents. A) positioned C) frightened E) saluted B) widened D) welcomed

38- An experienced and qualified dressmaker will......... the trainees so that any mistake they may make will be noticed and rectified. A) design C) conduct E) fashion B) supervise D) divert

39- She was absolutely delighted at her results and couldn't hide her ........ . In fact, she burst into tears of joy. A) moods C) emotions E) dreams B) tones D) melodies

40- We didn't have a particular aim for the afternoon, so we just .......... around the side streets of Bath, which is a beautiful town. A) attended B) hopped C) skipped D) crawled E) wandered

E) project 34- When the President and his wife ........ from

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ANSWER KEY
Ex. 1 (pg.2). 1.Devices operated by electricity or gas and found in the home are called home appliances. 2.Puppies like to sleep in baskets. 3. Balls are more popular with boys than they are with girls. 4.Dentists work in surgeries. 5.These waxes were used to make candles. 6. The soldiers dug trenches. 7.Fezzes usually have tassels. 8.Obstinate and slow asses are a symbol of stubborn stupidity. 9. Small bakeries will find these new regulations difficult to adapt to. 10.Pearls form in oysters. Ex. 2 (pg.3) 1.faces 2.rushes 3.trips 4.keys 5.princes 6.wedges 7.branches 8.voices 9. foxes 10.taxis 11.pies 12.beams 13.classes 14.horses 15.dyes 16.patches 17.grazes 18.toys 19.axes 20.passes Ex. 3(pg.4) 1.handkerchiefs 2.wolves 3. stadiums (or stadia) 4.oxen 5.policewomen 6.reindeer 7.feet 8.shoots 9.patios 10.fish 11.sheriffs 12.1oaves 13.crises 14.phenomena 15.bows 16. hoods 17.booths 18.hoofs (or hooves) 19.demos 20.mice Ex. 4 (pg.6) 1.scenery/bridges/valleys/villages/food 2.petrol/luggage/suitcases/rucksacs/equipment 3.biscuits/flour/eggs/apricots/sugar/butter 4.evidence/fingerprints/hairs/blood 5.games/handball/basketball 6.garbage/cans/bottles/newspapers 7.clothing/sweaters/socks/coats 8.courage/opportunities/luck 9.fruit/apples/bananas/grapes/oranges 10.energy/lights/shower/bath/heating Ex. 5(pg.7) 1.materials 2.material 3.times 4.time 5.works 6.work/noise 7.noises/country 8.lamb 9.lambs 10.light/lights 11. Irons 12.experience 13.experiences 14.countries 15.iron Ex. 6(pg.9) 1.the floor of the cage 2.a month's holiday 3.Noel's cousin's wife 4.Noel's cousins wives 5.the deer's antlers 6.the bracket of the mirror 7.the children's books 8.two minutes' silence 9.the cockpit of the aeroplane 10.the subject of the essay 11.Turkey's mountains/the mountains of Turkey 12.the telephone company's service charges (the service charges of the telephone company 13.the umbrella of the customer who's just left 14.the doctor's surgery 15.the wish of the population (the population's wish) 16.the result of my colleagues' efforts 17.the consequences of last night's decision 18.the dolphins' tricks 19.the cover of the sofa 20. the tops of the trees Ex. 7(pg.11) 1. An/a/a 2.a/ 3.an/a/a 4./ 5./a 6.An/a 7.a/ 8.a/a 9.a/a 10./an/a 11.an/a 12.a/a 13.//a 14.an//a/a 15./a/a Ex. 8(pg.11) 1. some/a 2.a/some 3.some 4.Some 5./some 6.some () 7.a/a/a 8.Some//a./an 9.a/some 10.some// 11./some 12.a/ 13.some/a 14.some/some/a/a 15.a/some/a Ex.9 (pg.l5) 1.the//the 2.the/an/the/the 3.a/the/the/the/a 4.some/the/the/the (a)/the 5A/a/the/the 6.the/the/a/the 7.The/a/an/ 8.some/the/a 9.a/a//the/the/a 10.a/a/the 11.some//the/the/the 12.the/the/a/the 13./the//the 14.a/the/the ()/The/some 15.The/the/ 16.a/the 17.a/a/the 18.Some/the/an 19./the//the 20.some/an 21.// 22./a 23.the/the/the/the/ 24.the/a/ (some) 25.the (some)/the (some)/the Ex. 10(pg.l8) 1.much competence 2.many children 3.many accidents 4.many loaves 5.much intelligence 6.much research 7.many reports 8.many researchers 9.many lectures 10.many computers 11.much hatred 12.many crises 13.much pollution 14.many jobs 15.much work 16.much violence 17.many fights 18.many companies 19.much commerce 20.many leaders 21.much leadership 22.much chaos 23.many lies 24.many pebbles 25.much soil 26.much generosity 27.many conclusions 28.much isolation 29.much entertainment 30.many parks Ex. 11 (pg. 18) 1./ 2.of 3.of 4.of 5.of 6. 7.of 8. 9.of 10. Ex. 12 (pg.19) 1.few 2.A few 3. a little 4.a little 5.little 6.little 7.1ittle/few 8.few 9.Little 10. few 11.a few 12.a little 13.little 14.a few 15.little Ex. 13 (pg.21) 1./of 2.of 3./of 4.of 5.of 6.of 7. 8.of 9./of/ 10. 11.of 12.of 13.of 14. 15.of/ Ex.14 (pg.24) 1. All 2.whole 3.whole 4.all 5.all 6.whole 7.whole 8.all 9.all 10.whole Ex.15 (pg.24) 1.(of). 2.of 3.(of)4.5.of 6. 7.of 8.(of)/of 9.10.(of) 11.(of) 12. 13.(of) 14.(of) 15.(of)/of . Ex.16 (pg.27) 1.all 2.Neither/both (either) 3.none 4.both 5.neither 6.none 7.all 8.none 9.both 10.either 11.all 12.Both 13.all 14.both 15.None Ex.17 (pg.29) 1.zone/has 2.each 3.every/influences 4.every 5.Every/tree 6.actors/is 7.each/have 8.Each/has 9.each 10.every Ex.18 (pg.38) (NOTE: -one ve -body ile biten szckler birbirlerinin yerine kullanlabilirler.) 1.somewhere/anywhere 2.something/anyone/anything 3.everything/anything 4.everyone 5.anywhere 6.anything 7. Nobody /someone 8. everywhere 9.nowhere/somethig 10.anyone (everyone) 11.Nowhere/nothing/no one 12.everything/anything 13.someone 14.nothing 15.anyone/anything/no one/Everyone

Ex.19 (pg.41). 1.her own 2.its own 3.ourselves 4.themselves 5.myself 6.itself 7.her own 8.their own 9.herself 10.yourself 11.himself 12.myself 13.themselves/themselves 14.yourselves 15.his own Ex.20 (pg.46) 1.are 2.are 3.is 4.is 5.is 6.is 7.is 8.are 9.are 10.is (are) 11.is 12.are 13.is 14.are 15.is 16.is 17.are 18.are 19.are 20.is 21.are 22.is 23.is 24.is 25.are 26.is 27.is 28.are 29.is 30.is 31.is 32.is 33.are 34.are 35.is 36.is 37.are 38.is 39.are 40.are 41.is 42.is 43.are 44.is 45.is (are) 46.are 47.is 48.is 49.is 50.are Ex.21 (pg.47) 1.wasn't 2.were 3.was 4.distracts 5.is 6.was 7.were/was 8.is/are 9.were 10.was/was 11.are 12.was 13.attends 14.is 15.work/work 16.remains 17.remain 18.were 19.are 20.is/are Ex.22 (pg.51) 1.another 2.the others 3.another 4.another 5.the others 6.others 7.the others/other 8.other 9.each other (one another)/the other 10.other 11.the other 12.the other 13.others 14.another15.the other

TEST YOURSELF 1
1.A 11.C 2l.B 31.E 41.B 51.B 1.A 11.E 21.C 31.B 41.D 51.E 1.B 11.C 21.D 31.E 2.A 12.D 22.E 32.C 42.A 52.D 2.D 12.C 22.A 32.D 42.B 52.B 2.A 12.B 22.B 32.E 3.B 13.D 23.E 33.A 43.C 53.D 3.E 13.D 23.A 33.D 43.C 53.D 3.C 13.E 23.C 33.C 4.E 14.E 24.C 34.D 44.B 54.C 4.C 14.A 24.D 34.E 44.A 54.C 4.D 14.E 24.C 34.D 5.C 15.C 25.A 35.E 45.C 55.E 5.C 15.B 25.E 35.C 45.E 55.A 5.E 15.D 25.B 35.A 6.D 16.A 26.A 36.C 46.E 56.B 6.E 16.B 26.E 36.A 46. C 56.B 6.E 16.A 26.A 36.B 7.A 17.C 27.B 37.B 47.D 57.A 7.B 17.E 27.B 37.A 47.D 57.E 7.B 17.B 27.E 37.D 8.E 18.B 28.D 38.D 48.C 58.E 8.A 18.C 28.C 38.B 48.A 58.D 8.C 18.B 28.D 38.B 9.B 19.D 29.C 39.E 49.A 59.C 9.D 19.A 29.A 39.C 49.B 59.D 9.D 19.C 29.A 39.C 10.C 20.E 30.D 40.E 50.B 60.D 10.D 20.B 30.D 40.C 50. B 60.A 10.D 20.D 30.B 40.E

TEST YOURSELF 2

TEST YOUR VOCABULARY

EXAMPLES FROM YS/YDS ANSWER KEY

1.C 2.D 14.E 15.A 3.B 16.D 4.C 5.D 17.A 18.D 6.C 7.B 19.E 20.D 8.B 21.D 9.A 22.D 10.D 23.C 11.A 12.B 13.A