Hng dn cho cc nh qun l v lut s p dng CISG (Cng c ca Lin Hp Quc v hp ng mua bn hng ha quc t) Hng dn cho cc nh qun

l kinh doanh v lut s

Hiu nh: thng 11/2009 Tc gi: John P.McMahon [*] PHN I A. Gii thiu B. CISG l g? Mc ch ca CISG v khi no n c hiu lc? C. Nhng quc gia no l thnh vin ca Cng c? Lm th no chng ta bit c l nhng nc no? D. Cng c c hn ch tnh t do ca hp ng? Chng ta c phi giao dch da trn cc iu l c bn ca Cng c hay c th thng lng vi ngi mua v ngi bn ca chng ta v vic s dng nhng iu khon ph hp? E. Chng ta c th khng p dng CISG i vi n t hng, xc nhn t hng hay mu hp ng c khng? Nu chng ta mun khng p dng CISG cho hp ng ca mnh, chng ta phi lm g? F. Vic p dng CISG lm chng ta phi thay i cch thc thng lng vi ngi mua v ngi bn ca chng ta. G. Khc bit ln nht gia lut iu chnh hp ng mua bn hng ha trong nc v cc quy tc trong cng c l g?
1. Tnh hung ca nc M - Quy tc iu chnh qu trnh thng lng . - Thu hi cho hng. - Tnh bt hp l - Vic thiu quy tc li ngh hon ho

H. Bi v cch thc chng ta qun l hng tn kho, qu trnh sn xut, vic bn hng lun ng lc nn s khng c vic giao hng chm hoc giao hng khng ph hp. Chng ta s b CISG iu chnh nh th no?

I. C iu g chng ta nn bit v phng m chng ta cha hi? 1. Tnh hung ca nc M: - Gim gi - Thng bo khng ph hp - Phng nga vi phm hp ng. - Quyn khc phc - Bt kh khng - Thi hn hiu lc - iu khon giao hng. - Ph lut s coi nh l thit hi PHN II: A. Hng dn nghin cu CISG: B. Tin tc CISG: 1. y ban t vn CISG 2. Cc tnh hung lin quan n CISG c la chn 3. Cc ty chn ca y ban t vn CISG 4. Cc bi bo. 5. Sch 6. Hi ngh v cc chng trnh

A. Gii thiu Phn d liu ny trong c s d liu ca Vin Lut thng mi quc t thuc trng i hc Lut Pace cung cp nhng hng dn u tin cho cc nh qun l thu mua v cc nh t vn ca h. S dng cc cu hi v tr li s lm cho h quen vi vic Cng c ca Lin hp quc v mua bn hng ha quc t nh hng nh th no n h. N s em n cho cc nh bun v chuyn gia t vn ca h nhng s pht trin chn lc lin quan n vic gii thch v p dng ca Cng c v cc ngun thng tin lin quan n s pht trin ny. Vin Lut thng mi quc t, tc gi v bin tp ca bi vit ny, khng phi v cng khng nn c coi l cung cp nhng li khuyn hay dch v lut php. Mc ch ca

chng ti l cung cp cho ngi mua, ngi bn v cc nh t vn ca h s tip cn n nhng thng tin chung lin quan n ch nhp khu. xc nh xem iu g l c th p dng c v p dng ng cho trng hp ca bn, bn nn tham kho lut s hoc cc chuyn gia khc. B. CISG l g? Theo ngn ng tp qun, Cng c Lin Hp Quc v mua bn hng ha quc t (Cng c hay l CISG) l mt hip c hay bn hp ng c tnh cht rng buc gia cc nc. N thit lp mt lot nhng quy tc iu chnh nhng mt c th trong vic k kt v thc hin cc hp ng thng mi gia ngi bn v ngi mua m tr s thng mi ca h cc nc khc nhau. Bng vic tha nhn n, mt nc s cam kt vi cc nc khc cng tha nhn Cng c ny s tha nhn cc quy tc ca Cng c nh mt phn ca php lut nc . 1. Mc ch ca CISG

Mc ch ca CISG l to thun li v hiu qu cho vic mua bn nguyn liu th, hng tiu dng, hng ch to trong thng mi quc t. Nu khng c Cng c s c nhiu nguy c dn n s khng chc chn v cc tranh chp. Lut mua bn hng ha cc nc khc nhau th thng l khc nhau. Trong giao dch quc t, thng xy ra vng mc v vn lut nc no s iu chnh. Khi vng mc ny xy ra, cc bn s khng chc chn v quyn v ngha v ca mnh. S khng chc chn ny to nn s khng hiu qu v ch khng tt. CISG cha ng cc quy tc iu chnh qu trnh to lp v gii thch hp ng mua bn hng ha quc t. N cng cung cp cc quy tc iu chnh ngha v v cc bin php khc phc ca cc bn trong giao dch ni trn. CISG khng hn ch s t do ca ngi bn v ngi mua trong vic son tho hp ng cho ph hp vi iu kin ca h. Nhn chung, bn c t do sa i cc quy tc ca Cng c hoc chp nhn c p dng Cng c hay khng. 2. Khi no CISG c hiu lc? Loi hp ng v a im m cc bn c tr s thng mi s xc nh kh nng p dng ca Cng c. CISG c th c p dng cho cc hp ng mua bn gia cc cng ty trong nc nu nh tr s kinh doanh ca chng t ti cc nc tham gia Cng c khc nhau. Xem Asante Technologies, Inc. v. PMC-Sierra, Inc. (United States, Northern District, California, 27 July 2001), vit v hp ng gia hai cng ty Delaware. CISG cng khng p dng vo vic cung cp hng dch v n l. Nhn chung, n khng p dng cho vic bn hng dng vo mc ch c nhn, h gia nh hoc ni tr. V d, thng thng n s khng p dng vo vic bn my chp nh hoc qun o cho

mt du khch nc ngoi. N cng khng p dng cho hp ng mua bn tu thy, my bay hoc cc hp ng mua bn in. Tr phi hp ng ca bn quy nh rng CISG s khng p dng hoc cc bn khc cng ch ra iu , CISG c th c t ng p dng cho giao dch mua bn nguyn liu th, hng tiu dng, hng ch to ca bn vi ngi mua/bn nc ngoi. CISG iu chnh hp ng mua bn hng ha gia ngi mua v ngi bn cho tr s thng mi cc nc khc nhau m cc nc ny cng nhn CISG l mt phn ca lut php nc , hay cn gi l cc nc thnh vin ca Cng c. l quy tc chung ca M. C mt vi tnh hung m CISG khng p dng cho cc giao dch trn. N cng c th iu chnh cc giao dch khc. V d, nc M tuyn b i vi iu 95. Tuyn b ny loi tr iu 1 khon b ca Cng c. i vi cc nc thnh vin ca Cng c m khng c tuyn b i vi iu 95 th CISG s c p dng nu t php quc t c chn lm lut iu chnh c dn chiu n vic p dng lut ca mt nc l thnh vin ca Cng c. bit thm thng tin chi tit v cc quy tc c bn v kh nng p dng Cng c, xem ti Editorial analysis of CISG Article 1 Bn nn lu rng quc tnh ca ngi mua v ngi bn, a im m ngi mua nhn hng hay l vic hng ha di chuyn t mt nc sang nc khc khng quan trng. CISG s p dng khi ngi mua v ngi bn c tr s thng mi cc nc khc nhau l thnh vin ca Cng c. 3. Cng c c iu chnh hp ng mua bn in nng? Vic mua bn in nng b loi tr. 4. CISG c p dng cho hp ng hn hp bao gm c hng ha v dch v? Cng c p dng cho c hp ng hn hp tr phi phn ngha v nng hn ca bn cung cp hng ha bao gm vic cung cp lao ng hoc cc dch v khc. trnh s khng chc chn, cn phi t c mt tha thun v vic p dng lut no v c mt iu khon hp ng quy nh lut iu chnh mi quan h gia cc bn. 5. CISG c p dng cho hp ng mua bn phn mm khng? C v nh CISG iu chnh c hp ng mua bn phn mm c sn. Tuy nhin, Cng c khng cp n phn mm. trnh s khng chc chn, tt nht nn c tha thun v vic p dng lut no v c iu khon hp ng quy nh r lut iu chnh mi quan h gia cc bn. Xem thm S. Green and D. Saidov, Software as Goods v J. Lookofsky, Software and the CISG, v phn gii thch t ng, iu 1 ca Cng c. 6. CISG c p dng khi chng ta bn hng ha cho nh phn phi nc ngoi?

Cng c c th o dng cho vic bn hng ha ca mt tha thun phn phi nhng khng p dng cho c quyn hoc cc kha cnh phi thng mi ca tha thun phn phi. Chng c iu chnh bi lut p dng khc. Xem ti Helen Kaminski v. Marketing Australian Products, Southern District, New York, 21 July 1997). C. Nhng nc no l thnh vin ca Cng c? Lm th no chng ta bit c l nhng nc no? Trong bi vit ny, c 74 nc l thnh vin ca Cng c. bit c cc nc ny, xem bng Cc nc thnh vin Cng c hoc truy cp vo website ca y ban Lin Hp Quc v Lut thng mi quc t (UNCITRAL). B phn Hip c Lin Hp Quc cng b danh snh cc nc thnh vin Cng c trn Internet cho nhng ngi ng k. Cc nc trong danh sch bao gm phn ln cc i tc thng mi ln ca M. Cc nc ny chim ti hn tng s hng ha trong thng mi quc t. Ngoi M cn c Mexico, Canada, Trung Quc, Nht Bn, c, Php v Nga. Nht, Cng c c hiu lc vo ngy 1/ 8/ 2009. Xem iu 1 iu 1 v 100 bit khi no Cng c p dng cho hp ng ca chng ta. D. Cng c c hn ch tnh t do ca hp ng? Chng ta c phi giao dch da trn cc quy tc c bn ca Cng c hay c th thng lng vi ngi mua v ngi bn ca chng ta v vic s dng nhng iu khon ph hp? CISG khng hn ch s t do trong hp ng ca bn v i tc ca bn. Nh mt kha cnh ca thc t, cc iu khon ca n v vn ny t tnh hn ch hn iu khon ca Quy tc thng mi thng nht (UCC). Ta n gii thch vn ny rt r rng trong Ajax Tool Works, Inc. v. Can-Eng Manufacturing (Northern District, Illinois, 29 January 2003). CISG khng chim u th trong mt hp ng t gia hai bn; thay vo n cung cp mt thm quyn theo lut nh m t cc quy nh trong hp ng c gii thch, lp y khong trng trong ngn ng ca hp ng v iu chnh cc vn khng c cp trong hp ng. Theo iu 6 ca Cng c, bn c t do sa i cc quy tc ca Cng c hoc la chn khng p dng Cng c. bit thm thng tin v vn ny, xem phn gii thch t ng ca iu 6 Cng c [*]. Xem thm tp san ca UNCITRAL v tnh hung lut ca iu 6. ___________
* Phn gii thch thut ng trch dn trong Hng dn ny cha ng nhng lin kt lin quan n qu trnh son tho v lch s ca tng iu khon trong cng c; nhng trch dn nhm gii thch tnh hung lut v danh mc tham kho; vn bn ca cc tnh hung v ti liu tham kho; phn tch cc t ng, cm t, khi nim v cc ti liu khc c lin quan.

E. Chng ta c th khng p dng CISG cho n t hng, xc nhn bn hng hoc mu hp ng ca chng ta c khng?

Cu tr li ca cu hi ny ph thuc rt nhiu vo tnh hung ca bn. Bn nn tham kho kin ca chuyn gia t vn chuyn nghip v vn ny. C mt xu hng gia rt nhiu cng ty thng xuyn mua bn vi cc i tc nc ngoi c quy nh rng hp ng ca h khng c CISG iu chnh. Nhn chung, iu ny phn nhiu bi v Cng c vn cn rt mi v cha c th nghim y hn l v cc quy tc ca n khng hiu qu. Cng c khng cn mi na v c hi nh gi cch thc m CISG c th nghim v gii thch th lun sn c. Trong bi vit ny, c hn 2000 lut l ta n v trng ti trong CISG c nh du trn site. Xem thm ti Cases on the CISG (tnh hung v CISG) Ngoi ra cn c rt nhiu bi bnh lun tp ch php lut v CISG. Xem Bibliography (danh mc tham kho). Bi vit ny cha hn 8000 trch dn. Xem thm ti Full Texts of Scholarly Writings. N cha ng hn 1,200 vn bn bao gm c CISG.M v Ph.D m chng ta khng d g c c u .

Bn c th chc chn rng nu mt khc mc hay mt tranh chp pht sinh th liu CISG c khng em n cho bn v khch hng ca bn mt kt cc thun li hn khng? 1. Nu chng ta mun loi tr vic p dng CISG chng ta nn lm g? Cc chuyn gia kin ngh rng ngn ng loi tr vic p dng Cng c nn c th, e.g., lut ca Bc Carolina loi tr CISG hoc iu 2 ca UUC ban hnh ti New York hoc lut ca Php loi tr CISG. L do cho iu ny l bi CISG l lut ca North Carolina, New York v Php. Vn ny c tho lun, rt nhiu cc gi c th c tm thy trong Peter Winship, "Changing Contract Practices in Light of the United Nations Sales Convention: A Guide for Practitioners" (Thay i thc tin hp ng di nh sng ca Cng c v mua bn hng ha ca Lin hp quc: Hng dn cho cc nh kinh doanh) , 29 International Lawyer (1995) 525-554; v B. Blair Crawford, "Drafting Considerations under the 1980 Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods" (Nhng cn nhc trong vic son tho Cng c nm 1980 v hp ng mua bn hng ha quc t) (, 8 Journal of Law and Commerce (1988) 187-205. Xem thm Asante Technologies, Inc. v. PMC-Sierra, Inc. (United States, N.D. California 27 July 2001) v St. Paul Insurance Company v. Neuromed Medical Systems & Support (United States, S.D. NY 26 March 2002). V rt nhiu cc trch dn ca cc tnh hung cc nc khc c cung cp trong tp san ca UNCITRAL v tnh hung lut ca iu 6. F. p dng CISG c ngha l chng ta phi thay i cch thc giao dch vi ngi mua hoc ngi bn ca chng ta? 1. Tnh hung ca nc M: ng vy, p dng CISG c ngha l chng ta phi thay i mt s kha cnh trong vic chng ta giao dch vi ngi mua v ngi bn ca chng ta.

i vi ngi mua v ngi bn ln k hoch cho quy trnh hp ng ca mnh di s p dng ca lut hp ng ni a ca M, CISG s to ra s thay i quan trng. CISG dn n vic d b rng buc bi mt hp ng c th c thi hnh. N khin cho vic tranh lun, sa cha cc t ng r rng ca mt vn bn hp ng c k bi ngi chng kin hoc cc bng chng khc ch ra rng hp ng dng vn bn khng ph hp vi tha thun thc s gia ngi mua v ngi bn tr thnh c th. Xem ti CISG-AC Opinion No. 3. MCC-Marble Ceramic Center, Inc. v. Ceramica Nuova D'Agostina, S.p.A., 144 F. 3rd 1384 (United States, 11th Cir., 29 June 1998), ch ra tm quan trng ca cc kha cnh sau ny ca cc quy tc trong Cng c. i din ca cc bn gp nhau ti mt hi ch thng mi. H thng nht cc iu khon v gi c, cht lng, s lng, giao hng v thanh ton ca mt tha thun mua bn gm s v sinh. i din ca pha ngi mua k ln mt trn ca mu t hng chun ca ngi bn vi nhng iu khon c tha thun. Mt sau ca mu n cha ng cc iu khon m nu c xem xt l mt phn ca hp ng th s dn n mt bn n c li cho ngi bn. Ngay bn di dng ch k ca ngi mua l mt phn c in sn trong i din ca ngi mua nhn thc c rng anh ta thc c v ng vi chng. S nhn thc ny thm ch dn n mt vi iu khon ph hp vi tnh hung theo s. Ngi mua vin dn ra chng c cc bn d nh rng cc iu khon mt sau t tha thun mu s khng phi l mt phn trong cc tha thun ca h. Chng c bao gm bn khai c tuyn th c k bi gim c iu hnh c ca ngi bn, ngi xc nhn li s khng nh ca ngi mua v di s chng kin ca ngi phin dch c ngi bn thu. Ta kt lun rng chng c nh vy phi c xem xt. Ta tuyn b rng lut l ca CISG s khng c ngha l hp ng dng vn bn s lun lun mu thun trong cc tnh hung ca n, bi v tnh hung khng bnh thng ch hai ngi chng kin, nhng ngi thay mt ngi bn trong cuc thng lng, chng thc cho chng c ca ngi mua. Tuy nhin, bn cn nh trong u rng trong Cng c, tn ti kh nng cho cc iu khon vit c u tin bi bng chng ca cc nh khng hp l. Ta gi rng cch dng ca mt loi iu khon hp ng m cc lut s gi l hp nht hay ha nhp. Mc ch ca vic hp nht hay ha nhp iu khon l phn bit bt k hay tt c cc tha thun v bn ghi nh khng c th hin trong vn bn hp ng. Nhng di cc quy nh trc ca ta n, dng nh chng c ca d nh khng ph hp c th c chp nhn cho d c iu khon hp nht gia nhng cu ch c in pha sau mu hp ng ca ngi bn. Nguyn c cho vic ta n ti MCC-Marble kin ngh rng , ph hp vi cc tnh hung ca Cng c, mt iu khon hp nht hay ha nhp nn c u trong cc dng ny: Cc bn tha thun v tuyn b bng nh ca h rng chng t ny cha ng ton b cc tha thun, rng s khng c tha thun, ghi nh hoc xp xp no m khng c quy nh trong , rng tt c mi th m n cha ng u c tha thun

v rng chng c mu thun vi nhng iu trong iu khon ny u khng c tha nhn. bit thm thng tin v cc k thut bo v vic ha nhp vn bn hp ng ca bn, xem E. Allan Farnsworth, The Interpretation of International Contracts and the Use of Preambles, Revue de Droit des Affaires Internationals / International Business Law Journal (2002) No. 3-4, 271-279 G. u l khc bit quan trng gia lut iu chnh hp ng mua bn hng ha trong nc v cc quy tc ca CISG. 1. Tnh hung ca nc M: (a) Gii thiu (b) Lut iu chnh qu trnh thng lng. (c) Xung t form mu (d) Kh nng thu hi ca cho hng. (e) Tnh bt hp l (f) S thiu vng quy tc li ngh hon ho (a) Gii thiu iu 2 ca Quy tc thng mi thng nht (1952) c cng nhn khp nc M ngoi tr 1 bang. N cung cp nhng quy tc v lut php iu chnh vic khi to v thc hin hp ng mua bn nguyn liu th, hng tiu dng v hng ch to trong nc. Trong bi vit ny, vic sa cha iu khon ny vo nm 2003 v 2005 vn cha c ban hnh bi bt c bang no thuc Lin bang d rng n s thay i mt vi phn c vit trong bi hng dn ny. Di y l nhng im khc bit quan trng nht gia iu 2 v CISG m bn nn ch v ghi nh: (b) Quy tc iu chnh qu trnh thng lng. u tin, c s khc nhau v quy tc iu chnh qu trnh thng lng. CISG xa b mt trong nhng thay i ca UCC trong lut hp ng mua bn truyn thng ca M. Nhn chung, di s iu chnh ca CISG nu mt s truyn t v vic vic chp nhn mt cho hng c cha ng nhng iu khon thm vo hoc khc i, s truyn t ny c vai tr nh mt s t chi hn l mt s chp nhn. Cch tip cn

ny kh khc so vi UUC v c th to ra nhng vn dn ng cho vic kinh doanh thng lm. Him khi cc cuc thng lng khng gm hn mt s cho hng c ng mt cch d dng. Thng th bn nhn c cho hng s ng vi mt s nht nh nhng im thay i hay b sung. Hn na, ngi bn v ngi mua c khuynh hng dng hp ng mu hay cc mu t mua hng cha nhng iu khon chi tit c li cho pha mnh trong v mua bn m h tham gia. S trao i ca nhng mu nh vy nh l nhng cho hng v chp nhn hoc l xc nhn dn n vic gia tng ca ci gi l cuc chin ca nhng form mu. Nhng cch kinh doanh thng thng ny to ra kh khn i vi cc quy tc xc nh liu cc cuc thng lng c tr thnh nhng bn hp ng c tnh cht rng buc hay khng. Di ch lut Anh M, nu mt chp nhn cho hng hm cha nhng iu khon khc bit hoc b sung th n c xem nh l mt s t chi v mt hon gi. Do mt chp nhn lm thay i c bn ca cho hng s khng dn n mt hp ng. (C) Cuc chin nhng form mu: Cc nh son tho UCC c gng trnh nhng hc thuyt lut chung chung, cng nhc m thay vo , h thit lp nhng quy tc gii quy vn cuc chin nhng form mu. Di s iu chnh ca UCC, tr khi mt chp nhn c ch ra rng n l iu kin ngi cho hng chp nhn nhng iu khon b sung hay sa cha, mt s truyn t mt chp nhn nh vy, vi nhng iu khon thm vo ngu nhin s tr thnh mt phn ca hp ng tr khi ngi cho hng gii hn chp nhn vi nhng iu khon ca cho hng hoc ch th ca chng. (UCC 2-207). Vic thiu vng i s phn i, cho d l mt iu kin b sung: iu khon trng ti chng hn, l mt phn ca hp hng ty thuc vo vic n c c xem xt l c bn hay khng. Nu iu khon b sung c coi l c bn, n s khng cn l mt phn ca hp ng m n chnh l mt hp ng. iu 19 ca CISG bao gm nhng quy tc iu chnh cho hng v chp nhn cho hng rt gn vi h thng lut Anh M. Quy nh ca iu 19 nh sau: (1) Mt s phc p c khuynh hng chp nhn cho hng nhng cha ng nhng im b sung, hn ch hay cc sa i khc th c coi nh l t chi cho hng v cu thnh mt hon gi. (2) Mc d vy, mt s phc p c khuynh hng chp nhn cho hng nhng cha ng cc iu khon b sung hay nhng iu khon khc m khng lm bin i c bn ni dung ca cho hng th c coi l chp nhn cho hng, tr khi ngi cho hng ngay lp tc khng biu hin bng ming biu th s khc bit hoc gi thng bo v s phn i ca mnh. Nu ngi cho hng khng lm nh vy th ni dung ca hp ng s l ni dung ca cho hng vi nhng chp nhn nu trong cho hng.

(3) Cc yu t b sung hay sa i lin quan n cc iu kin gi c, thanh ton, cht lng, s lng hng ha, a im v thi gian giao hng, n phm vi trch nhim ca cc bn hay n vic gii quyt tranh chp c coi l nhng iu kin lm bin i c bn ni dung ca cho hng. The drafters of the UCC attempted to avoid the strict common law doctrine and establish Theo iu 19 ca CISG, cc iu khon b sung hay nhng iu khon khc ca mt chp nhn cho hng s ngn tr vic hnh thnh hp ng tr phi chng khng phi l nhng sa i c bn v ngi cho hng khng phn i g. i vi UCC, mt s quy nh v trng ti trong mt chp nhn cho hng s khng ngn tr vic hnh thnh hp ng. S c mt hp ng v mt cu hi: l, hp ng c bao gm iu khon v trng ti hay khng? Cu tr li s xoay thnh liu iu khon nh vy c c bn. Nu theo CISG, s khng c hp ng trong trng hp nh vy. Xem phn gii thch t ng ca iu 19 CISG bit thm nhng trch dn v t ng ca cc tnh hung v ti liu in v cuc chin ca nhng form mu (d) S thu hi cho hng Tip n, cn ch rng di s iu chnh ca CISG vic coi cho hng l khng th thu hi l d dng hn so vi UCC. Di h thng lut Anh M, ngi cho hng c t do thu hi cho hng ca mnh mc d anh ta ni rng cho hng s c chp nhn trong mt khong thi gian xc nh. UCC thay i quy nh . Mc d theo UCC, quyn v kh nng thu hi mt cho ca ngi cho hng ch b hn ch nu nh cho hng di dng vn bn c k v nhng iu khon ca n a ra s m bo v vic n s c duy tr c hiu lc v mc d tip thi hn khng th thu hi l khng qu 3 thng. Theo CISG, khng c s yu cu v hnh thc vn bn, khng c gii hn v thi gian, v mt cho hng ch r mt khong thi gian cho vic chp nhn c th c coi nh l khng th thu hi mc d n khng ch r rng n s duy tr c hiu lc trong khong thi gian . Xem iu 16 (2)(a). Mt ngi bn cho hng trn c s l cho hng s ht hn vo ht ngy lm vic ca ngy th Su c th ngh rng c ta ang bo v mnh khi vic thu hi cho hng bng vic cho n khng th c chp nhn vo th Hai. Theo CISG, c ta lm nh vy nhng vn c th t tc ot i quyn thu hi li cho hng trc khi ht ngy lm vic vo th Su. Hn na, di s iu chnh ca CISG mt cho hng l khng th b thu hi nu mt cch hp l ngi nhn coi cho hng l khng th thu hi c v hnh ng theo hng . Xem iu 16(2) (b). Do mt ngi cho hng s thy rng mnh s phi i mt vi khiu ni ca ngi c cho hng, ngi chp nhn cho hng bt chp vic truyn t thng bo ca ngi cho hng v vic thu hi cho hng . bit thm thng tin v vn ny, xem phn gii thch t ng ca iu 16 CISG. (e) Tnh bt hp l

Khng ging nh UCC, CISG khng yu cu hp ng mua bn hng ha phi dng vn bn. Theo CISG, hp ng mua bn bng ming s khng cn c chng thc bng vn bn hay kt hp vi cc ti liu, iu ny c ngha l tha thun thng qua m phn bng in thoi hay gp g u c hiu lc. iu 2 ca UCC bao gm ci m cc lut s goi l trng thi gian ln. Theo 2-201 ca UCC, vi nhng loi tr nht nh c lit k ti 2-201(3), loi hp ng m CISG thng xuyn p dng s khng c hiu lc tr phi c vn bn c k kt bi hoc cho bn m hiu lc p dng v vn bn phi ph hp trong vic ch ra rng hp ng mua bn hng ha c k gia cc bn. Khi mt trong hai nh bun, nu mt bn gi mt vn bn xc nhn hp ng cho bn kia v vn bn xc nhn ny ph hp vi vic rng buc ngi gi v nu ngi nhn khng phn i vn bn trong vng 10 ngy sau khi nhn, trng thi gian ln ca UCC c tha mn. UCC 2201(2). Nhng nhn chung, theo UCC, tr khi s tn ti ca hp ng c tha nhn hoc c vic thanh ton hoc giao hng v chp nhn, hp ng mua bn hng ha vi tr gi hng ln hn hoc bng $500 bng ming l khng c hiu lc. iu 11 ca CISG trnh i nhng th tc hnh thc trn. N quy nh rng mt hp ng mua bn hng ha khng cn phi c k kt hoc c xc nhn li bng vn bn v c th c chng minh bng bt k cch no, k c li khai ca nhn chng. Mc d vy, theo iu 12, iu 11 s khng c p dng nu mt bn ca hp ng c tr s thng mi t ti mt nc thnh vin Cng c m lut php nc quy nh rng hp ng mua bn hng ha phi c k hoc xc nhn li bng vn bn v ng thi nc cng tuyn b bo lu iu 96 ca Cng c ny v vic s khng p dng iu 11. Mt vi nc thnh vin Cng c c tuyn b ny, v d nh Trung Quc, Lin Bang Nga v Ac- hen-ti-na. bit thm thng tin chung v tuyn b ny, xem ti Table of Contracting States (Bng: Cc nc thnh vin ca Cng c. Cng c khng th ngn cn ngi mua v ngi bn trong vic khng tun th hiu lc ca iu 12. Kt qu l, nu mt hp ng bng ming tht bi di CISG, cn phi xc nh xem liu rng iu 12 c ang c thc thi. bit thm thng tin v vn ny, xem phn gii thch t ng ca iu 11, iu 12, iu 96 CISG . (f) S thiu vng ca quy tc li ngh hon ho Chuyn sang vn v cc quy tc ca Cng c iu chnh vic thc hin hp ng mua bn hng ha quc t, s khc bit quan trng nht gia lut ni a ca nc M v CISG l s chm dt ca quy tc li ngh hon ho. y l ni m s khc bit gia CISG v UCC c th to ra nhng rc ri quan trng cho ngi mua khi anh ta c mt hp ng mua hng ha c iu chnh bi CISG v mt hp ng bn li hng ha c iu chnh bi UCC. Ngi mua trong trng hp ny c mt giao dch gip lng c iu chnh bi cc quy tc khc nhau v vn t chi hng v hy b hp ng.

Di s iu chnh ca UCC, ngi mua c quyn t chi mt ngh giao hng theo iu khon giao hng trong mt hp ng mua bn hng ha m vic giao hng khng th ph hp vi hp ng trong bt k iu kin no. Phn 2 -601 v bnh lun 2 n 2-106. y chnh l quy tc ngh hon ho. Theo , ngi mua c th t chi nhn hng v hy hp ng ngay c trong trng hp thiu st trong hng ha hay chng t c giao trc l khng nghim trng v ngi mua s nhn c ng k nhng quyn thc thi v hng ha m anh ta thng lng mua. (UCC thit lp mt tiu chun khc cho vic thc thi hp ng, 2-612 v vic thu hi chp nhn, 2-608. Trong mt vi trng hp, cc quy nh ca n v vic khc phc thiu st, 2-508, s mang n cho ngi bn c hi c khc phc vic giao trc hng ha khng ph hp. Theo UCC 1-203, mi hp ng u phi quy nh ngha v ca cc bn v vic m bo trong vic thc hin v thi hnh hp ng. Trong mt s t cc tnh hung, ta n xem xt ngha v ny nh vic hn ch quyn vin dn quy tc li n ngh hon ho) CISG quy nh mt tiu chun kht khe hn trong vic t chi v hy b hp ng, iu ny nghing nhiu v vic phng nga. Theo nh cc quy nh ca Cng c, ngi mua khng th t chi hng ha c khim khuyt v hy b hp ng tr phi vic khng ph hp loi tr ngi mua khi quyn li m anh ta c quyn mong i t hp ng ny, thm ch, ch khi ngi bn c th tin liu c hoc mt bn khc trong trng hp tng t cng c th tin liu c. iu ny p dng iu 49 (1) trong cho php ngi mua hy b hp ng ch khi mc vi phm hp ng ca ngi bn t n mc vi phm c bn nh thut ng c nh ngha trong iu 25. Xem phn gii thch t ng ca iu 25, iu 49 v CISG Advisory Council Opinion No. 5 The Buyer's Right to Avoid the Contract in Case of Non-Conforming Goods or Documents. (Hi ng t vn CISG ty chn s 5 Quyn ca ngi mua trong vic hy b hp ng trong trng hp hng ha hay chng t khng ph hp vi hp ng) Ngi mua thm ch khng th yu cu hng ha thay th tr khi s khng ph hp ca hng ha to ra vi phm c bn. Xem iu 46 (2). Xem phn gii thch thut ng iu 46 CISG.

Cch khc phc cho ngi mua v ngi bn theo CISG khi h khng mun t chi hng ha v hy hp ng l tn dng iu quy tc t do ca hp ng c ch ra iu 6. V d, ngi bn mun c c vic tun th nghim ngt trong vic thc thi iu khon thanh ton th c th ch ra rng Vic khng tun th bt k quy nh no ca iu khon ny c coi nh l vi phm c bn hp ng. i vi ngi mua m vic giao hng ng thi hn l rt quan trng th phi c cm t thi gian l tuyt i quan trng trong bn hp ng. H. Bi v cch thc chng ta qun l hng tn kho, qu trnh sn xut, vic bn hng lun ng lc nn s khng c vic giao hng chm hoc giao hng khng ph hp. Chng ta s b CISG iu chnh nh th no?

Theo CISG, i vi nhng ngi mua m thi gian hoc vic ph hp tuyt i ca hng ha vi cc tiu chun trong hp ng l rt quan trng th anh ta phi thng lng v iu khon trong hp ng rng anh ta c quyn t chi hay hy hp ng nu c bt k s tr hon hay khng ph hp vi hng ha ca hp ng. H nn dng cc iu khon ch r rng bt c s tr hon no trong vic thc hin hp ng hoc giao hng ha khng ph hp vi hp ng s l vi phm c bn theo ngha ca CISG. Theo ngn ng ca iu 25 CISG, mt iu khon nh vy s ni rng bt k s khng ph hp vi hng ha ca hp ng hay tr hon s c coi nh l gy ra thit hi cho ngui mua trong mt chng mc ng k b mt ci m h c quyn ch i trn c s hp ng v ngi mua c quyn c trnh hp ng . V d, mt ngi mua bn li hng ha theo mt hp ng gip lng (back to- back) c iu chnh bi iu 2 UCC vi vic p dng quy tc ngh hon ho, s mong mun hp ng cn li c iu chnh bi CISG ca mnh s cng ph hp vi ngha v ca anh ta vi ngi mua trong CISG. Di cc quy nh ca Cng c, ngi mua khng th t chi hng ha c thiu st v hy hp ng tr khi vic khng ph hp lm cho ngi mua trong mt chng mc no b mt i ci m anh ta c quyn ch i trn c s hp ng ngay c khi ch nu ngi bn c th tin liu c hoc mt ngi khc cng c th tin liu c nu trong hon cnh tng t. iu ny theo sau quy nh ca iu 49 (1) cho php ngi mua c th trnh c hp ng ch khi ngi bn vi phm c bn, nh c nh ngha iu 25. Ngi mua khng th yu cu hng ha thay th tr phi s khng ph hp to nn vi phm c bnar. Xem iu 46 (2). Nhng nh son tho ra Cng c la chn khng s dng quy tc ngh hon ho ca UCC v mt vi lut iu chnh hp ng ni a khc. I. C iu g m chng ta cn bit hoc cn ch m chng ta cha hi? A. Tnh hung ca nc M (a) Gim gi (b) Thng bo hng khng ph hp vi hp ng (c) phng vi phm hp ng (d) Quyn c khc phc thiu st (e) Bt kh khng (f) Thi hn hiu lc (g) iu khon giao hng (h)Ph lut s coi nh l tn tht (a) Gim gi

Nu bn l ngi mua, bn s thch quy nh v gim gi ca Cng c, cn nu bn l ngi bn, bn rt c th mun sa i li gii hn hin thi ca iu khon trch nhim php l kt thc iu . iu 50 CISG cung cp cho ngi mua trong trng hp anh ta nhn c hng ha khng ph hp vi hp ng mt bin php khc phc c quy nh trong phm vi lut dn s. Khi hng ha khng ph hp vi hp ng, nu ngi mua chp nhn hng nh vy th c th n phng gim gi vi t l cn c vo sai bit gia gi tr thc ca hng ha vo lc giao hng v gi tr ca hng ha nu hng ph hp vi hp ng vo lc giao hng. C nhng tnh hung m khi iu 50 c th to ra nhng nim tin tt hn l ci c th t c bng vic thuyt phc mt khiu ni tn tht. V nh nh trong trng hp mt th trng ang i xung hoc khi khiu ni tn tht b loi tr bi bt kh khng . bit thm gii thch v cc quy nh ca iu 50, xem phn gii thch t ng ca iu ny. N cho php bn tip cn cc tnh hung lut v cc tp ch php lut bnh lun v vn ny. (b) Thng bo hng khng ph hp C mt quy nh ca CISG nhn c s ch ca ngi mua khi anh ta nhn c hng ha khng ph hp vi hp ng. Ngi mua phi gi thng bo v vic hng ha khng ph hp mt cch kp thi v ph hp nu khng h s mt i cc bin php khc phc quy nh trong CISG. Quy nh ph hp ny ca CISG l iu 39. i vi nhng nh kinh doanh M, rc ri tim n vi h v iu khon ny l cc phn ca n dng nh ging vi bn i chiu ca UCC, nhng nhiu phm vi c gii thch cht ch hn. Xem phn gii thch thut ng iu 39 CISG c c s phn tch gn nht i vi 100 tnh hung v im ny v tip cn vi bnh lun php lut v ch ny v CISG Advisory Council Opionion No. 2, Examination of the Goods and Notice of Non-Conformity: Articles 38 and 39. (Hi ng t vn CISG, ty chn s 2: Kim tra hng ha v thng bo hng khng ph hp vi hp ng: iu 38 v 39). V mt iu khon pht cho vic khng ph hp vi iu 39 s chm dt mi s khc phc theo CISG nn c 3 kha cnh trong iu 39 m chng ta nn nhn thc mt cch r rng. H cn phi ch n tnh kp thi ca thng bo hng khng ph hp ca ngi mua, tnh c trng trong thng bo ca ngi mua v khuyt tt tim n. (1) Mc d ngn ng ca n c v ging nh UCC nhng iu 39 (1) yu cu ngi mua phi thng bo cho ngi bn v bt c s khng ph hp ca hng ha vi hp ng trong mt khong thi gian m mt vi ta n gii thch rt cht ch. bit thm chi tit, xem Camilla Andersen, "Reasonable Time in Article 39(1) of the CISG", Pace Review of the Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (Kluwer 1998) 63-176. (Camillia Andersen, Thi gian hp l trong iu 39 (1) ca CISG, Pace Xem xt v hp ng mua bn hng ha quc t (Kluwer 1998) 63 -176.) (2) Thng bo ca ngi mua phi ch r tnh t nhin ca s khng ph hp. Mt vi ta n gii thch yu cu ny rt cht ch. Mt vi tnh hung ca c minh ha:

 Mt tnh hung ca ta n qun v hng thi trang, Landgericht Mnchen 3/07/1989 ( c vn bn bng ting c v bn dch ting Anh). Thng bo ca ngi mua hng s ch n trnh cng nhn km v hng ha sai kch c. Ta n coi vn ny l vic c th ha vn khng tha ng cho tnh cht t nhin ca vic thiu ph hp ca hng ha. Mt quy tc khc lin quan n tht ln mui xng khi ng lnh , Landgericht Mnchen, ngy 20 /03/ 1995 (c sn thng tin thm cho tnh hung ny). Thng bo ca ngi mua ni rng, hng ha b i. Ta n cho rng iu ny cha c th.

Nm cc b mm l thng bo c a ra trong Landgericht Bochum, ngy 24/01/1996 (c sn thng tin b sung v tnh hung ny). Ta n xp thng bo ny vo loi khng ph hp v n c su, mc d l l ca ngi mua rng hu ht cc nh bn nm phi bit rng nm b mm l biu hin ca vic b su. Mt im nhn (high-water mark) c th t c vo nm 1997 khi ta n phc thm t chi mt thng bo ch ra rng 5 cun tm chn axit acrylic b thiu. Oberlandesgericht Koblenz, 31/01/1997 (c sn thng tin b sung v tnh hung ny)/ Ta n cho rng ngi bn khng c th ha rng anh ta mun ngi mua phi khc phc thiu st ny nh th no theo tinh thn ca iu 39. Ta n ch ra rng mc d thng bo ny l ng lc nhng mt thng bo khng c c th ha mt cch tha ng th cng coi nh l khng c thng bo.

Trong mt quyt nh vo thng 11 nm 1999, Bundesgerichtshof, VIII ZR 121/98 (c sn vn bn ca tnh hung v bn dch ting Anh), ta n ti cao c gii quyt mt khiu ni loi tr hiu lc ca iu 39 (1) v vn thng bo. Ta n cp di quyt nh rng ngi mua mt i quyn khiu ni v vic hng ha khng ph hp bi v thng bo ca n theo iu 39 (1) khng c a ra trong khong thi gian hp l sau khi ngi mua buc phi pht hin ra s khng ph hp. Ta n ti cao thy rng, trong nhng tnh hung nh vy, thi hn hp l bao gm c thi gian quyt nh lm iu g tip theo, thi gian tham kho chuyn gia, cn nhc quan im ca chuyn gia v mt khong thi gian thng thng 1 thng. Ta n ti cao c gii quyt vn khng ph hp ca thng bo ca ngi mua bng cch ch ra rng, khi m vn khng ph hp lin quan my mc hoc thit b k thut, ch cn gii thch v cc du hiu, khng cn pha c li gii thch v nguyn nhn gy ra iu trn. Xem phn bnh lun v vn ny ca gio s Peter Schlechtriem, chuyn gia hng u v CISG. ng va tn thnh nhng ng thi cng ph phn phn quyt ny. ng bnh gp vic ta n t chi mt tiu chun vt qu trong vic c th ha cho thng bo theo quy nh ca iu 39 (1). ng t cu hi v s hp l trong vic kt hp thi hn kim tra hng ha ca iu 38 (1) v thi hn gi thng bo hng khng ph hp ca iu 39 thnh mt iu khon. ng ph phn tham

kho ca ta tn i vi thi hn thng thng 1 thng ca iu 39 (1), bng vic ch ra v d rng 1 thng l qu di trong mt vi tnh hung (Xem thm phn tnh hung lut Annex to CISG Advisory Council Opinion No. 2, Examination of the Goods and Notice of Non-Conformity: Articles 38 and 39 and Bundesgericht 4C.198/2003/grl (ph lc CISG AC ty chn s 2, Kim tra hng ha v thng bo hng khng ph hp vi hp ng),thng 11 nm 2003, mt phn quyt ca ta n ti cao Thy S v s khc bit ngha ca vn bn ting Anh v ting Php ca iu 39 (1) v bn dch ting c cho iu 39 (1) s dn n vic p dng nhng yu cu c th ha v cng kht khe trong mt vi phn quyt ca ta n c) (3) Khc vi UCC, iu 39 (2) quy nh mt thi gian c nh tuyt i ngay c trong trng hp c nhng thiu st tim n m ngi mua khng th no pht hin c trong khong thi gian . iu 44 cung cp mt gii php chc chn n b cho ngi mua trong trng hp anh ta c loi tr thch ng cho vic khng cung cp thng bo bt buc v vic hng ha khng ph hp vi hp ng. Nhng v iu 44 li c thm vo Cng c trc s thc gic ca i biu cc nc ang pht trin m ngi mua cc cc nc c v t tinh thng hn, n s khng bo v mt cch chnh ng nhng ngi mua tinh thng trong nhiu trng hp. Xem phn gii thch thut ng iu 44 CISG. iu 40 cung cp mt van an ton na cho thng bo hng khng ph hp. bit thm thng tin v iu khon ny, xem phn gii thch t ng iu 40 CISG. iu 40 c kim tra vo nm 1980 bi trng ti thuc Phng thng mi Stockholm (c sn bn ting Anh v tnh hung ny). l mt qu trnh trong nh t vn M c th t c nim tin t khch hng ca anh ta, ngi m 4000 tn rail press hon ton b mo sau khi thi hn thng bo trong iu 39 kt thc. Tht bi do mt thay i nh v phn cng. Ngi mua vin dn thnh cng iu 40 vi ni dung: Ngi mua khng c quyn vin dn cc quy nh iu 38 v 39 [ iu 38 quy nh v thi hn kim tra hng ha, iu 39 quy nh v thng bo hng khng ph hp vi hp ng] nu nh vic khng ph hp lin quan n cc yu t m ngi bn bit hoc khng th khng bit v h khng thng bo cho ngi mua. (c) phng vi phm hp ng Trong rt nhiu tnh hung thng mi thng thng, ngi bn hoc ngi mua buc phi tin tng rng i phng s thc hin hp ng. Ngi mua s lm g nu anh ta pht hin ra rng ngun cung hng thng xuyn ca ngi bn b ct hoc ngi bn giao hng ha khim khuyt cho nhng ngi khc? Cn ngi bn s lm g nu anh ta pht hin bn bo co rng ngi mua khng nhn hng ha c giao ca mt bn hp ng vi ngi khc hoc nu nh ngn hng quen ca ngi mua hy khon vay v th tn dng (letter of credit facility) hoc ngi mua khng k c hp ng vi i tc chnh ca anh ta? Di s iu chnh ca CISG, vic mt

bn c cn c hp l suy lun rng bn kia khng th thc hin hp ng l kh khn hn so vi quy nh ca iu 2 UCC. iu 71 ca UCC gii quyt vn mt an ton i vi vic m bo thc hin hp ng. Mc d iu 71 quy nh vic tm ngng thc hin hp ng da trn chng c ca s khng m bo i vi vic thc hin hp ng ca bn kia nhng tiu chun cng rt hn ch. Tiu chun l khi mt bn hin nhin khng th thc hin mt phn ng k ngha v ca anh ta. Gio s Honnol khng nh rng iu c ngha l phi c nhng nguyn nhn khch quan ch ra kh nng ca vic khng thc hin hp ng l ln. J. Honnold, Uniform Law for International Sales Under the 1980 United Nations Convention 388 (3rd ed. 1999) (J.Honnol, Lut thng nht cho Cng c Lin hp quc nm 1980 v hp ng mua bn hng ha quc t ). Kt qu l, vic tm ngng thc hin hp ng v quyn c yu cu s m bo thch ng cho vic thc hin hp ng s khng bao gm trong CISG. Mt bn nu mun c yu cu v s m bo trong vic thc thi hp ng trong trng hp anh ta c c nguyn nhn hp l cho vic khng m bo tun th vic thc hin hp ng ca bn kia, s thng lng trong ngn ng hp ng v vic p dng tiu chun ca iu 71. Quan trng hn l, iu 71 khng quy nh rng bn tm hon thc hin hp ng c th hy hay trnh hp ng nu bn kia khng a ra li m bo hp l v vic thc hin hp ng. Vic hy b hp ng c cho php ch khi hin nhin l bn kia l s to ra vi phm c bn. iu 72 (1). Do , mt bn nu mun c quyn c hy hp ng trong trng hp bn kia khng thc thi cam kt tha ng v vic thc hin hp ng ng thi hn th cn phi thng lng iu khon hp ng ch r rng bt k sai tri no trong vic thc thi cam kt tha ng s l vi phm c bn theo ngha ca CISG hoc s c coi nh dn n tn hi ng k cho ngi mua n chng mc m ngn cn iu m anh ta c quyn c ch i trong bn hp ng ny v rng ngi mua s c quyn c hy b hp ng. bit thm thng tin v vn ny, xem Yinhao Yang, Suspension Rules under Chinese Contract Law, the UCC and the CISG: Some Comparative Perspectives, v phn gii thch t ng ca iu 71, 72 CISG. (d) Quyn khc phc thiu st Ph hp vi hng tip cn ca n i vi hu qu ca thiu st trong vic thc hin hp ng, CISG cho ngi bn quyn c khc phc rt nhiu cc dng thiu st trong vic thc hin ngha v ca mnh trong hp ng. Quyn ny phi c thc hin theo mt cch nht nh. Trong mt vi tnh hung, ngi mua b rng buc bi ngh khc phc thiu st ca ngi bn nu anh ta khng c phn ng g trong mt khong thi gian hp l. Ba iu di y ca Cng c gii quyt v quyn khc phc thiu st ca ngi bn:

iu 34 cho php ngi c th trc k hn giao np chng t, khc phc nhng li ca chng t khim khuyt min l vic thc thi quyn ny khng gy cho ngi mua bt k tr ngi hay ph tn bt hp l no. iu 37 gii quyt vic giao hng ha khng ph hp vi hp ng trc thi hn giao hng quy nh trong hp ng. Trong trng hp ny, ngi bn c quyn thay th hng ha khng ph hp hoc khc phc mi s khng ph hp ca hng ha c giao min l n c thc hin trc khi thi hn giao hng v khng gy bt k tr ngi hay ph tn bt hp l no cho ngi mua. iu 48 cho php ngi bn quyn khc phc bt k thiu st no trong vic thc hin quyn ca anh ta ngay c sau khi ht thi hn giao hng nu iu khng ko theo mt s chm tr v l v khng gy cho ngi mua nhng tr ngi phi l hay s khng chc chn v vic ngi bn phi hon tr cc chi ph m ngi mua phi gnh chu. Quyn c khc phc ny p dng cho trng hp vi phm hp ng do li khng giao hng ng thi hn quy nh. iu 48 thit lp mt quy trnh cho ngi bn thc hin nu anh ta mong mun thc hin quyn ny. Ngi bn cn yu cu ngi mua cho bit l ngi bn c chp nhn loi tr khim khuyt trong mt thi hn c th ty vo ngi bn hay khng. Nu ngi mua khng tr li trong mt thi gian hp l nht nh, ngi bn c quyn thc hin quyn ny v ngi mua c ngha v phi chp nhn vic thc hin quyn trong thi hn ch nh trong yu cu ca ngi bn . iu 48 (3) quy nh rng mt thng bo bi ngi bn rng anh ta s thc hin vic loi tr thiu st trong mt khong thi gian n nh bao gm c yu cu ngi mua cho bit h chp nhn vic loi tr thiu st hay khng. Cc bn c t do sa i cc quy tc ca Cng c v quyn khc phc thiu st ca ngi bn. i vi nhng ngi mua m thi gian ca anh ta l rt quan trng th c th thng lng trong ngn ng hp ng v vic chnh sa hoc loi tr iu 48.

bit thm thng tin v quyn khc phc thiu st ca ngi bn, xem phn gii thch thut ng ca iu 34, 37, 48 ca CISG. (e) Bt kh khng iu 79 gii quyt vn Bt kh khng song mc ch ca n vn cha r rng. Cu u tin ca iu 79 (1) cp n vic ngi bn hoc ngi mua khng th thc hin bt k ngha v no ca anh ta. Mc d vy, gio s Honnold kt lun rng, l th ngn ng rt rng khng th p dng cho thiu st trong vic thc hin hp ng v d nh vic giao hng ha khng ph hp vi hp ng J. Honnold, Uniform Law For International Sales under the 1980 United Nations Convention 426 (3rd ed. 1999).). kin ny vn cha thng nht. Nhng quan im khc nhau v vn ny c tho lun bi ta n ti cao c. Xem thm Bundesgerichtshof, VIII ZR 121/98, 24/3/1999 ( c tnh hung, phn dch ting Anh ca n v cc bnh lun lin quan n tnh hung bi Peter Schlechtriem)

 s dng tt iu 79, bn mc nh phi chng minh rng vic khng thc hin hp ng ca mnh l do tr ngi ngoi tm kim sot ca anh ta. Hn na, anh ta cng phi chng minh rng khng th ch i mt cch hp l rng h phi tnh n tr ngi vo lc k kt hp ng hay sau khi b rng buc bi hp ng hoc l trnh c hay khc phc hu qu ca n. Nu nh vic khng thc hin hp ng l do li ca bn th ba, ngi cam kt vi bn vi phm hp ng thc hin ton b hay mt phn ngha v ca hp ng th bn vi phm hp ng phi chng minh rng bn th ba c min trch nhim php l theo cng tiu chun. Gio s Honnold ch ra rng vic min trch nhim php l khng p dng cho vic ngi cung cp ca ngi bn khng thc hin hp ng vi anh ta. Ngi bn phi cam kt buc ngi cung cp thc hin mt phn ngha v hp ng vi ngi mua. Id. at 433-434. bit thm thng tin v bn i chiu ca CISG, xem gii thch t ng ca iu 79 CISG iu 79 loi tr bn mc nh khi trch nhim php l i vi cc tn tht nhng n khng loi b nhng bin php khc phc khc theo CISG nh phng trnh, i.e., hy b vi phm hay gim gi. V d nu nh v mt tr ngi ngoi tm kim sot mnh, ngi mua khng th thanh ton hoc gi th tn dng ng thi hn, ngi bn c th khng c quyn khiu ni v thit hi nhng c th c quyn hy b hp ng nu nh c s vi phm c bn hoc anh ta c th theo quy trnh c quy nh iu 63. iu 63 quy nh rng, ngi bn c th quy nh mt thi hn b sung hp l ngi mua thc hin vic thanh ton. Nu ngi mua khng thanh ton hoc tuyn b s khng thanh ton trong thi hn b sung th theo iu 64(1)b, ngi bn c th tuyn b hy hp ng.Theo iu 47 v 49, ngi mua c quyn tng t i vi trng hp ngi bn khng giao hoc chm giao hng. Xem phn gii thch t ng ca iu 47, 49, 63, 64 ca CISG. (f) Thi hn hiu lc: Khc vi iu 2 ca Quy tc thng mi thng nht, CISG khng cha ng iu khon gii hn thi gian m trong khong thi gian ngi mua phi kin ra ta n hoc trng ti. Mc d vy c mt hip c quy nh thi hn hiu lc p dng cho cc loi hp ng iu c CISG iu chnh: Cng c v thi hn hiu lc trong hp ng mua bn hng ha quc t v Ngh nh th 1980 ca n (Cng c thi hiu). Chng c hiu lc M vo nm 1994. Cng c v thi hiu iu chnh tranh chp pht sinh t hp ng mua bn hng ha gia ngi mua v ngi bn c tr s thng mi cc nc khc nhau l cc bn ca Cng c. Mt vi nc tha nhn CISG nhng vn cha tha nhn Cng c v thi hiu. Cng c v sau thit lp mt thi hiu l 4 nm, thi hiu ny c quy nh ti 2-725 ca UCC. Thi hiu 4 nm c bt u tnh vo ngy pht sinh khiu ni. Hu ht cc khiu ni pht sinh vo ngy m hng ha c thc s giao cho ngi mua. Quy tc ny s p dng cho cc khiu ni c lin quan n vic biu th hay hm v vic bo hnh. iu 11 ca Cng c v thi hiu quy nh

rng, nu c mt biu th v s cam kt lin quan n hng ha m ch ra rng ch c hiu lc trong mt khong thi gian nht nh th thi hn hiu lc s bt u vo ngy sm hn ngy ngi mua gi thng bo khng ph hp hoc ngy m thi hn cam kt ht hn. Cng c cng quy nh khiu ni v gian ln c nu trc khi hp ng ht hn hoc trong khi thc hin hp ng th n s c tnh vo ngy m gian ln v c th b pht hin. Mc d ngi bn v ngi mua c th ,thng qua hp ng, loi tr hon ton s p dng ca Cng c v thi hiu, thi hn 4 nm khng th c rt ngn, tr phi bi mt iu khon thi hnh quy nh rng trng ti phi tin hnh trong mt thi gian ngn hn. Tng t nh vy, cc bn khng th m rng n tr khi c mt tuyn b bng vn bn c k bi ngitrong thi hn hiu lc. Kt qu l dng nh nu nh tin hnh mt mnh th n lc ca ngi bn trong vic sa cha mt vn s khng m rng thi hn hiu lc. Mc d vy, cng cn phi nh rng iu khon ch ca iu 39 CISG, khiu ni b trut quyn v qu hn s c hiu lc trc thi gian c quy nh bi Cng c v thi hiu. iu 39 quy nh: ngi mua s mt quyn khiu ni v vic hng ha khng ph hp hp ng nu ngi mua khng thng bo cho ngi bn nhng tin tc v vic khng ph hp trong mt khong thi gian hp l k t lc ngi mua pht hin ra s khng ph hp Trong mi trng hp, ngi mua b mt quyn khiu ni v vic hng ha khng ph hp vi hp ng nu nh h khng thng bo cho ngi bn bit vic chm nht trong thi hn 2 nm k t ngy hng ha c thc s giao cho ngi mua. Nu tnh ring iu ny c ngha l di s iu chnh ca Cng c, ngi mua s c c s khc phc cho khim khuyt ch khi tha mn iu kin ca iu 39 ngay c trong trng hp khng th kp pht hin ra khim khuyt tha mn thi hn 2 nm. Mc d vy, nh c ch t trc, hai iu khon ca Cng c ci thin tc dng ca iu 39. iu 40 loi tr ngi bn khi vic vin dn quy nh ca iu 39 nu s khng ph hp vi hp ng lin quan n cc yu t m [ngi bn] bit hoc khng th khng bit v h khng thng bo cho ngi mua. iu 44 gii hn tc dng ca iu 39 bng vic bo lu quyn ca ngi mua c gim gi chiu theo iu 50 hay i bi thng thit hi, ngoi tr khon li b l, nu ngi mua c l do hp l gii thch v sao h khng thng bo tin tc cn thit cho ngi bn c yu cu iu 39. bit thm thng tin v Cng c thi hiu, truy cp vo trang c s d liu v Cng c ny. (g) iu khon giao hng i vi nhng thng nhn quc t, Incoterms (iu kin c s giao hng) ph hp hn l iu khon giao hng quy nh trong UCC. CISG khng bao gm nh ngha v iu khon giao hng. Incoterms c th ha nhng thay i v chi tit quan trng m CISG khng iu chnh. Do , bn cnh CISG, vn c Incoterms xc nh s chuyn giao ri ro v iu kin giao hng m bn mun. Trn thc t, nu bn khng mun p dng Incoterms, bn c th loi tr chng. Hai ta n ca M quy nh

rng chng hp nht thng qua iu 9 (2); xem ti BP Oil International v. Empresa Estatal Petroleos de Ecuador, 332 F.3d 333 (5th Cir. 11 June 2003), v St. Paul Guardian Ins. Co. v. Neuromed Medical Systems & Support, GmbH, (S.D.NY 26 March 2002) i vi hng dn v vic s dng ng Incoterms, s nh cuc tt nht cho bn tip tc l nhng n phm ca Jan Ramberg. Xem phn tham kho cng trnh ca ng bn di ti mc Sch (h) Ph lut s coi nh l thit hi Cc thit hi c bi thng trong iu 74 CISG c bao gm ph lut s c bi thng nhng thit hi hay khng? M th dng nh l khng. Xem Zapata Hermanos Sucesores, S.A. v. Hearthside Baking Co., Inc. (United States, N.D. IL 29 August 2001), reversed 313 F.3d 385 (7th Cir. 19 November 2002) cert (n yu cu phc thm) b t chi ngy 1/12/2003. Ta n l lun rng cc nguyn tc xc nh khi no vi phm phi bi hon ph lut s cho bn kia c l mt phn ca th tc ch khng phi l lut nh. Ta cng kt lun rng khng c nn tng h tr cho Cng c hay cc tnh hung c gii quyt da trn Cng c gii thch cho t ng thit hi c d tnh bao gm c ph lut s. V mt khng n, Ta n ti cao mi v Ch tch c vn php lut trnh mt bn tm tt ngn trnh by quan im ca chnh ph lin bang. Trong mt bn tm tt, c vn php lut ca Department of State joined, ch tch c vn php lut khng nh rng ta n phc thm cho rng thut ng thit hi trong iu 74 khng bao gm ph lut s l ng n v ng h s t chi n yu cu phc thm v vn ny v cc nguyn nhn khc. Quyt nh ca c hai ta n cp thp hn v bn tm tt c trnh ln ta n Ti cao c cng b trn c s d liu ny. Xem bn di, phn lch s tnh hung ca cc tnh hung c trnh by. Trong Opinion No. 6 Calculation of Damages under CISG Article 74 (Ty chn s 6 Tnh ton thit hi theo iu 74 CISG), Hi ng t vn CISG t c kt lun tng t nhng vi nhng l do khc. PART II PHN II: A. CISG hng dn nghin cu: Bi nghin cu hng u v CISG l Claire M. Germain, "The United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods: Guide to Research and Literature" (Cng c ca Lin hp quc v hp ng mua bn hng ha quc t: Hng dn nghin cu v ti liu), Review of the Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (Kluwer Law International 1995) 117-145 ( Xem xt Cng c v hp ng mua bn hng ha quc t)

C rt nhiu nghin cu v CISG ni chung v cc kha cnh v cc iu khon ca n ni ring. Bn c th tham kho mt vi trong s chng: Holdsworth, Judith L., Practical Application of the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG) (Thc tin p dng ca Cng c v mua bn hng ha quc t (CISG)) Volumes 4-5, International Contract Manual, S. Eiselen and A. H. Kritzer, Thompson West (2008). (Quyn 4 5, Cm nang Hp ng quc t, S. Eiselen and A. H. Kritzer, Thompson West (2008). Hai tp sch ny cp nht cc Hng dn ca gio s Kritzer v thc tin p dng ca Cng c (1991 1994). Tc phm ny gii thch c UCC v CISG) Guide to the International Sale of Goods Convention (Looseleaf, 2 volumes. (Hng dn v Cng c mua bn hng ha quc t (Loosefeaf, 2 quyn. Su tm cc nghin cu v v s cc ch ca CISG. W. A. Hancock, Editor. Xut bn bi Business Laws.

Ngoi c s d liu ca cisgw3 m hng dn ny l mt phn trong , phn cn li l cc website cha cc thng tin hu ch v Cng c v cc vn lin quan. Mng li cc website CISG c lp vi cc ti liu v CISG c vit bi cc trng i hc v cc hng lut ti cc nc nh Chu Phi, rp, c, o, B, Canada, an Mch, Phn Lan, Php, c, Hy Lp, Israel, Nht Bn, Mexico, Ty Ban Nha, M Latinh v Thy S. Unilex l mt ngun hu ch v cc trng hp tm tt, vn bn ca cc tnh hung v trch dn mc lc tham kho v CISG v Quy tc UNIDROIT v Hp ng thng mi quc t. Dch v ny c trn Internet <http://www.unilex.info/> v bn in bi nh xut bn Transnational Publishers of Ardsley, NY Thm vo : Phng thng mi quc t <http://www.iccwbo.org/>. Trang web ny cha cc quy tc trng ti quc t ca ICC v thng tin v cc n phm, dch v v sn phm ca n bao gm c cc mu hp ng mua bn hng ha quc t cho hng ch to bn li c iu chnh bi CISG. Mu hp ng c trong a. Trang web ca S t php bang <http://www.state.gov/s/l/c3452.htm>. C s d liu ny cha nhng thng tin v nh hng ca s pht trin ca lut quc t n giao dch thng mi v nh hng ca M v vn ny. N cn cha ng nhng vn bn ca CISG, Cng c ca Lin Hp quc v vn chuyn hng ha ng bin (Cng c Hamburg 1978), Cng c v cng nhn v thi hnh phn quyt trng ti nc ngoi v cc hip c khc nh hng n cc vn thng mi v danh sch cc nc l thnh vin ca cc hip c .

Gim st Lut thng mi quc t <http://www.lexmercatoria.org/>, bin tp bi

B. Tin tc CISG Tin tc CISG l bn tin in t nhm phc v s pht trin ca CISG v cc kha cnh php l ca hp ng mua bn hng ha quc t lin quan n n v cc phn khc ca c s d liu cisgw3 thuc Vin lut thng mi quc t, trng i hc lut Pace v cc trang web khc. 1. Hi ng t vn CISG

Vo ngy 26/9/2003, CISG AC (Hi ng t vn v Cng c mua bn hng ha quc t (CISG)) cng b s la chn u tin ca n, truyn thng in t trong quy nh ca CISG. Th k trc ca hi ng, Dr. Loukas Mistelis, trung tm nghin cu lut thng mi, Queen Mary, i hc London, m t CISG AC nh mt t chc t nhn u tin phn ng li vi nhu cu tho lun v nhng vn ang c tranh ci v cha c thng nht lin quan n CISG bng nhng hng dn hu ch v thc y s gii thch thng nht v CISG. Dr.Mistelis ni rng Mc ch chnh ca CISG AC l khi xng cc vn lin quan n vic gii thch v p dng Cng c theo yu cu hoc theo ng nguyn bn ca n. Yu cu c th c trnh ln CISG AC mt cch ring bit bi cc t chc quc t, cc hip hi ngnh ngh v cc t chc xt x. Chn la u tin l s phn ng li yu cu khng chnh thc ca Phng thng mi quc t i vi hi ng v vn truyn thng in t v kh nng ca CISG trong vic phn ng li nhng thch thc . Nhng thnh vin sng lp ca CISG AC bao gm Gio s Dr. Eric E. Bergsten, Emeritus of Pace University, Nguyn Tng th k UNCITRAL, Gio s Dr. Michael Joachim Bonell, University of Rome La Sapienza, Nguyn Tng th k UNIDROIT, c Gio s E. Allan Farnsworth, Columbia University, New York, Gio s Dr. Alejandro Garro, Columbia University, Gio s Sir Roy Goode, i hc Oxford, Gio s Dr. Sergei N. Lebedev, Hc vin quan h quc t Moscow, Gio s Dr. Jan Ramberg, Emeritus, Stockholm University, c Gio s Dr. Dr. h.c. Peter Schlechtriem, Emeritus, i hc Freiburg, Gio s Hiroo Sono, i hc Kyushu and Gio s Dr. Claude Witz, Universitt des Saarlandes and Universit Robert Schuman, Strasbourg. Hi ng bu ra bn thnh vin mi: Gio s. Michael Bridge, London School of Economics (i hc kinh t London) , Gio s John Y. Gotanda, Trng i hc lut Villanova, Gio s Dr. M del Pilar Perales Viscasillas , i hc Carlos III, Madrid, v Gio s. Dr. Ingeborg Schwenzer, i hc Basel. Thng 11/2007, Hi ng bu Gio s Bergsten gi chc ch tch Hi ng v Gio s Sieg Eiselen, Phng t php, trng i hc Nam phi gi chc th k.

2.

Cc tnh hung v CISG c la chn: Bundesgerichtshof VIII ZR 67/04, 2/3/2005, quyt nh ca ta n ti cao Cng ha Lin bang c v vic p dng CISG i vi vic hng ha khng ph hp vi cc lut l chung iu chnh vn tip th ca chng. bit thm thng tin v trng hp ny, xem phn bnh lun ca gio s Schlechtriem (Schlechtriem's commentary.) Bundesgericht 4C.198/2003/grl, 13/11/2003, quyt nh ca Ta n ti cao Thy in ch ra mt s khc bit quan trng gia bn ting Anh, ting Php v bn dch ting c ca iu 39 (1) Amco Ukrservice & Promriladamco v. American Meter Company vn c trnh by l liu CISG c ngn cn cc khiu ni lin quan n hp ng hp danh hay khng bi v loi hp ng ny thiu iu khon v gi c v s lng. Mc d CISG c th ch iu chnh cc hp ng chuyn v mua bn hng ha m cc bn t c tha thun lin doanh, n khng iu chnh bn thn cc tha thun lin doanh Zapata Hermanos Sucesores, S.A. v. Hearthside Baking Co., Inc., 313 F.3d 385 (7th Cir. 2002), reversing 2001 WL 1000927 (United States, N.D. IL 2001), cert. denied, December 1, 2003 lin quan n vic hon tr ph lut s nh l thit hi do vi phm hp ng theo CISG. Bn tm tt ca Ta n ti cao v cc bn ng h ta n ti cao trong c s d liu ny c lin kt vi phn lch s tnh hung ca tnh hung c trnh by. Ta n Ti cao mi Ch tch t vn php lut trnh bn tm lc th hin quan im ca chnh ph lin bang. Trong mt bn tm tt, v t vn lut php ca S . khng nh rng ta n phc thm cho rng thut ng thit hi trong iu 74 khng bao gm ph lut s l ng n v ng h s t chi n yu cu phc thm v vn ny v cc nguyn nhn khc. Bn tm tt ca chnh ph bao gm rt nhiu cc bnh lun v ngha ca iu 7 (1) khi n p dng vo phn quyt ca ta n nc ngoi v ni m phn quyt ny c ra. Chicago Prime Packers, Inc. v. Northam Food Trading Co. p dng iu 38 CISG, kim tra hng ha ca ngi mua, iu 39, thng bo hng khng ph hp vi hp ng v iu 78, tin li v ng tnh vi tuyn b ca Zapata v vn ph lut s khng c tnh l thit hi theo iu 74. Trong BP Oil International v. Empresa Estatal Petroleos de Ecuador, Ta n phc thm lu ng Lin bang s nm cng vi St. Paul Guardian Ins. Co. v. Neuromed Medical Systems & Support, GmbH, ng h vic INCOTERMS gn lin vi iu 9 (2) Chateau des Charmes Wines Ltd. v. Sabate USA, Sabate S.A kim tra nh hng ca cc iu khon trong Cng c ti vic hnh thnh v sa i chp nhn ca ngi bn v iu khon la chn din n l mt phn ca hp ng bng ming.

Chateau des Charmes Wines Ltd. v. Sabate USA, Sabate S.A. xc nh nh hng ca cc bi vit lin quan n vic nh dng v sa cha lun im ca ngi mua rng iu khon la chn din n trong ha n ca anh ta l mt phn ca hp ng bng ming. Chicago Prime Packers, Inc. v. Northam Food Trading Co. bao gm mt bi phn tch su sc v yu cu gim nh ca ngi mua theo iu 38 v yu cu v thng bo khng ph hp vi hp ng ca iu 39. Usinor Industeel v. Leeco Steel Products, Inc., 2002 WL 6555540 (United States, N.D. IL 2002), phn tch iu 4 (b) CISG v cho rng iu 9 ca UCC ch khng phi l CISG iu chnh nh hng ca vic duy tr iu khon m u ca mt hp ng b hy b theo Cng c khi cc quyn ca bn c m bo b vi phm. Trch dn mt tnh hung ca c, ta n Usinor cng mang n s ch v vn ta n xem xt cc phn quyt ca ta n nc ngoi v CISG Asante Technologies, Inc. v. PMC-Sierra, Inc., 164 F. Supp. 2d 1142 (United States, N.D. CA 2001), p dng iu 1 v iu 10 ca CISG vo mt hp ng gia hai cng ty Delaware v gii quyt vn chuyn mt tnh hung v CISG t ta n bang ln ta n lin bang. St. Paul Guardian Ins. Co. v. Neuromed Medical Systems & Support, GmbH, (United States, S.D.NY 2002), ng h li tuyn b rng, chiu theo iu 9 (2) ca Cng c, cc nh ngha ca Incoterms cn c p dng vo hp ng d cho khng c s th hin rng Incoterms c tham chiu trong hp ng. Ta n trch dn hai trong s cc n phm ca c s d liu cisgw3: Neil Gary Oberman, "Transfer of Risk From Seller to Buyer in International Commercial Contracts: A Comparative Analysis of Risk Allocation Under CISG, UCC and Incoterms" (Chuyn giao ri ro t ngi bn sang ngi mua trong hp ng thng mi quc t: Phn tch so snh s phn chia ri ro theo CISG, UCC v Incoterms)a Laval thesis; and Annemieke Romein, "The Passing of Risk: A comparison:etween the passing of risk under the CISG and German Law" (Di chuyn ri ro: s so snh gia vic chuyn giao ri ro theo CISG v lut c), phn dch ting ca Heidelberg thesis. Xem thm phn gii thch t ng iu 9 CISG. Magellan International Corp. v. Salsgitter Handel GmbH , 76 F. Supp. 2d 919 (United States, N.D. IL 1999), lin quan n vn yu cu bin h khi khiu ni vi phm hp ng theo CISG theo mc ch ca Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6), kh nng ca hnh ng c th v vic khng th tr li ti sn tch thu. MCC Marble Ceramic Center, Inc. v. Ceramica Nuova D'Agostina, S.p.A. , 144 F. 3rd 1384 (United States, 11th Cir. 1998). (MCC trung tm gm s cm thch) tnh hung hng u ny gii quyt quy tc bng chng cam kt, tnh tha nhn ca chng c lin quan n d nh khch quan v gii thch iu 8 CISG. bit thm thng tin v ch ny, xem phn gii thch thut ng iu 8 CISG v CISG CA ty chn s 3. Beijing Light Automobile Co., Ltd v. Connell Limited Partnership, Stockholm Chamber of Commerce Arbitration Award of 5 June 1998 , ( c bn dch ting Anh). C khong 250 tnh hung v cc iu khon ca CISG lin quan n

thng bo hng ha khng ph hp vi hp ng, iu 39. Tnh hung hng u ny da trn cc quy nh v thng bo ca Cng c theo iu 40. Bundesgerichtshof, VIII ZR 287/98, 3 November 1999 (c vn bn v bn dch ting Anh cho tnh hung ny). Trong tnh hung ny, ta n ti cao c quyt nh rng thi hn hp l theo iu 39 (1) bao gm c thi gian quyt nh phi lm g tip theo, thi gian tham kho kin t vn, chuyn gia v cn nhc quan im ca cc chuyn gia v mt thi hn thng thng l 1 thng. Xem phn bnh lun v tnh hung ny ca gio s Schlechtriem trong ng va nh gi cao v va ph bnh phn quyt ny v CISG AC ty chn s 2 Kim tra hng ha v thng bo hng khng ph hp vi hp ng: iu 38, 39. Bundesgerichshof, VIII ZR 121/98, 24 March 199 (c sn vn bn tnh hung v bn dch ting Anh). y l phn quyt hng u bi ta n ti cao c v iu 79, bn i chiu ca CISG v bt kh khng. Les Verreries de Saint Gobain, SA v. Martiswerk GmbH, Cour de Cassation,16 July 1998 (c sn vn bn tnh hung v bn dch ting Anh). y l mt phn quyt ca ta n Ti cao Php minh ha cch thc m trn chin gia cc form mu c gii quyt theo CISG. Oberster Gerichtshof, 2 Ob 191/98x, 15 October 1998 (c vn bn tnh hung v bn dch ting Anh). Phn quyt ny ca Ta n ti cao c th hin cch thc gii thch vic tham kho cch dng ca CISG, iu 9. bit thm thng tin v cch dng ca CISG, xem phn gii thch thut ng iu 9 CISG.

y ch l mt vi trong s cc tnh hung c sn. Bn s tm thy hn 1700 tnh hung na ti Cases on the CISG (tnh hung v CISG) 3. Cc ty chn ca Hi ng t vn CIS Thng ip in t trong CISG (2003) Son tho bi gio s Christina Ramberg, ty chn u tin c cng b bi CISG AC vit v vn ng cnh ca thng ip in t trong nhng tnh hung c th v s cc bi vit v CISG. Hi ng ni rng hp ng c th c k hoc c chng thc bng thng ip in t v rng iu khon vn bn trong CISG bao hm bt k thng ip in t c th phc hi li c di hnh thc c th nhn thy c. Ty chn ca hi ng ch ra rng, ch th ca cc tiu chun l tng ng vi nhng tiu chun quy nh trong cc iu khon thch ng ca CISG. Mt thng bo, yu cu hay truyn t khc c th c a ra hoc to tp bng in t nu ngi to lp th hin hoc ch r rng cho php vic nhn thng ip d liu in t loi ny, di hnh thc v a ch . Thut ng gi i tng ng vi thi im m mt thng ip in t nhp vo my ch ca ngi nhn thng ip. Thut ng bng ming bao gm vic truyn m thanh bng phng tin in t vo thi gian thc v thng ip in t vo thi gian thc; v

Trong mt vi bi nghin cu, thut ng thng bo bao gm truyn thng in t nhng mt vi trng hp khc, thut ng ny li tng ng vi vic nhn truyn thng in t di hnh thc , kiu nh dng v a ch .

Examination of the Goods and Notice of Non-Conformity: Articles 38 and 39 (Kim tra hng ha v thng bo hng khng ph hp vi hp ng: iu 38 v 39) ( ngy 7 / 07/ 2004) - Son tho bi gio s Eric E.Bergsten, ty chn th hai c thng bo bi CISG AC xem xt ngun gc, mi quan h gia mc ch v vic tin hnh v gii thch v mt lut php ca iu 38, 39 CISG. N bao gm mt ph lc gm cc bng khng y cc tnh hung trong cc phn quyt c t chc xung quanh cc vn : Kim tra ng?, Tnh c th v ph hp ca thng bo? v Thng bo ng thi hn? Parol Evidence Rule, Plain Meaning Rule, Contractual Merger Clause and the CISG 23 ) Son tho bi gio s Richard Hyland, CISG AC ty chn s 3, trnh by li s khc nhau gia CISG v lut ni a v mt vai tr v t trng ca vn bn hp ng chng c bn ngoi. Contracts for the Sale of Goods to be Manufactured or Produced and Mixed Contracts (Article 3 CISG)(ngy 23 thng 11 nm 2004) Vit bi gio s Pilar Viscasillas, CISG AC ty chn s 4, gii quyt vn phn bit hp ng mua bn hng ha vi hp ng dch v, v mi quan h gia hai phm vi quy nh iu 3 ca CISG. 48 ch thch cui trang hng dn ngi c cc phn ca travaux, cc bnh lun v cc tnh hung lin quan n cc vn c tho lun trong ty chn ny. The Buyer's Right to Avoid the Contract in Case of Non-Conforming Goods or Documents (Quyn ca ngi mua c hy b hp ng trong trng hp hng ha v chng t khng ph hp vi hp ng (ngy 7/05/2005) Son tho bi gio s Dr. Ingeborg Schwenzer, CISG AC ty chn s 5, tp trung vo ci m Hi ng coi l vn quan trng nht lin quan n tnh hung ca cc vn v li ch b tranh chp cn c iu chnh. Calculation of Damages under CISG Article 74 (Xc nh thit hi theo iu 74 CISG) (ma xun nm 2006) Vit bi gio s John Y. Gotanda, CISG AC ty chn s 6, th hin quan im ca Hi ng v rt nhiu cc vn pht sinh t iu 74, bao gm trch nhim chng minh v tiu chun ca chng c, mc thit hi v doanh thu, thit hi v thin ch v nhng thit hi khc. Exemption of Liability for Damages under Article 79 of the CISG (Loi tr ngha v php l i vi thit hi theo iu 79 CISG (12/11/2007) Vit bi Gio s Alejandro M. Garro, CISG AC ty chn s 7, th hin quan im ca Hi ng v cc vn pht sinh t iu khon bt kh khng ca CISG. Calculation of Damages under CISG Articles 75 and 76 (Tnh ton thit hi theo iu 75 v 76 ca CISG (15/11/2008) Vit bi gio s John Y. Gotanda, CISG AC ty chn s 8, th hin quan im ca Hi ng v vn p dng iu 75 v 76, bao gm

s tc ng ln nhau gia chng v gia chng vi iu 74, gii quyt vn v giao dch thay th khng ph hp (iu 75) v cc tnh hung v cn nhc nh hng n vic xc nh gi ti thi im hin ti (iu 76). Consequences of Avoidance of the Contract (Hu qu ca vic hy b hp ng) (15/11/2008) Son tho bi gio s Michael Bridge, CISG AC ty chn s, th hin suy ngh ca Hi ng v hu qu ca vic hy b hp ng, bao gm nhng chi tit khng c gii quyt tuyt i bi CISG, v d nh l a im giao hng v vic thanh ton li gi mua hng v thi gian cho vic bi thng ln nhau. Bao gm c phn bnh gii thch c bn cho tng ty chn. 3. Cc bi vit Cc n phm di v bi bo di y v Cng c c cp n v vn chnh ca chng c bit ng lc v rt th v. bit thm v iu ny, hy xem phn bibliography (danh sch cc cun sch hoc bi bo cng vit v mt ch hay ca mt tc gi) E. Allan Farnsworth, The Interpretation of International Contracts and the Use of Preambles (Gii thch hp ng quc t v cch dng ca Li ta), Revue de Droit des Affaires Internationals / International Business Law Journal (2002) No. 3-4, 271-279. Kho st cch dng ca ton b cc iu khon tha thun, iu khon khng thay i bng ming, iu khon chng t chi, iu khon loi tr chng c ca cc cch dng thng mi, v cc iu khon tha nhn quy tc ng cnh ca vic gii thch nhm thc y gii thch ca cc iu khon vit trong mt hp ng. E. Allan Farnsworth, The Interpretation of International Contracts and the Use of waiver clauses, clauses excluding evidence of trade usage, and clauses adopting the context rule of interpretation to enhance the integrity of a writing expressing the terms of a contract. Patrick C. Leyens, "CISG and Mistake: Uniform Law vs. Domestic Law [Mistake as an interpretive challenge under the "validity loophole" of Article 4(a) of the Vienna Convention 1980" (2003). Patrick C. Leyens, CISG v cc li: Lut thng nht v Lut ni a [ Cc li nh ro cn gi thch [Mistake as an interpretive challenge under the "validity loophole" of Article 4(a) of the Vienna Convention 1980" (2003). Francesco G. Mazzotta, "Commentary on CISG Article 81 and Counterpart Provisions of the Principles of European Contract Law" and "Commentary on CISG Article 82 and PECL Article 9:309" (2003). (Bnh lun v iu 81 CISG v iu khon tng ng trong Cc nguyn tc ca Lut hp ng chu u v bnh lun v iu khon 82 CISG v PECL iu khon 9:309 (2003) Douglas W. Bateson and Dionysios Flambouras, "International Trade Law and the Greek Shipping Sector (2003) (Lut thng mi quc t v lnh vc chuyn

ch bng ng bin ca Hi lp). Kho st tc ng qua li gia CISG v Incoterms 2000. Larry A. DiMatteo, "The CISG and the Presumption of Enforceability: Unintended Contractual Liability in International Business Dealings," 22 Yale J. Int'l L. 111 (1997). (CISG v gi nh v tnh thi hnh: Trch nhim php l ngoi ch nh thuc hp ng trong cc giao dch kinh doanh quc t, Maja Stanivukovic, "Editorial Remarks on the manner in which the Principles of European Contract Law may be used to interpret or supplement CISG Article 8." Article 8 is the Convention's provision on intent of the parties. See the annotated text of this article. (Nhng im nhn mang tnh sa i trong cch m Cc nguyn l ca Lut hp ng Chu u c dng gii thch hay b sung iu 8 CISG) iu 8 l quy nh ca Cng c v nh ca cc bn. Xem phn gii thch t ng ca iu khon ny. Camilla B. Andersen, "Reasonable Time in Article 39(1) of the CISG".(Thi hn hp l theo iu 39 ca CISG) , Pace Review of the Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (Kluwer 1998) 63-176 (Xem xt Cng c ca Lin hp quc v hp ng mua bn hng ha quc t) M. Pilar Perales Viscasillas, " 'Battle of the Forms' Under the 1980 United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods: A Comparison with Section 2-207 UCC and the UNIDROIT Principles", 10 Pace International Law Review 97 (1998). (Trn chin nhng form mu theo Cng c Lin hp quc nm 1980 v hp ng mua bn hng ha quc t: so snh vi phn 2 207 UCC v cc quy tc ca UNIDROIT) Ronald A. Brand, "Professional Responsibility in a Transnational Practice," 17 Journal of Law and Commerce 301 (1999). 4. Sch:

Sch mi xut bn: Son tho hp ng theo CISG, H. M. Flechtner, R. A. Brand and M. S. Walter, eds., Oxford University Press (2007). Quyn sch ny bt ngun t hi ngh chuyn cho mng k nim 25 nm CISG ca Trung tm o to Lut quc t ca i hc Pittsburgh; James Klotz, "International Agreements: An Annotated Drafting and Negotiating Guide," (Hip c quc t: cch vit c ch thch v hng dn thng lng) Canada Law Book, Inc (1997) l mt cun sch thn thin vi ngi dng trong vic nhn thc v CISG. Peter Huber & Alastair Mullis, "The CISG: A new textbook for students and practitioners" (CISG: cun sch bi tp mi cho sinh vin v cc nh thc hnh), Nh xut bn Lut Sellier European (2007) 408 trang Understanding the CISG (Tm hiu v CISG), J. Lookofsky, Kluwer Law International (2008). y l bn hiu nh ln th 3 t bn tho ca gio s Lookofsky. Volumes 4-5, International Contract Manual (Quyn 4,5, Hp ng mua bn bng tay), S. Eiselen and A. H. Kritzer, Thompson West (2008). Hai quyn ny

cp nht hng dn ca Gio s Kritzer v thc tin p dng ca Cng c Lin hp quc v hp ng mua bn hng ha quc t (1991 1994) Sharing International Commercial Law across National Boundaries (Chia s lut thng mi quc t qua bin gii quc gia): Festschrift for Albert H Kritzer, C. B. Andersen, U. G. Schroeter, eds., Wildy, Nh xut bn Simmonds and Hill (2008). Quyn sch ny gm 34 trang vit v CISG bi cc nh hc thut v cc nh kinh doanh trong thc tin, k nim cng trnh ca gio s Kritzer vo dp sinh nht ln th 80 ca ng.

nhiu vng ca chu u, bn ting c ca "Kommentar zum Einheitlichen UNKaufrecht", phin bn 4, bin tp bi gio s Peter Schlechtriem v Ingeborg Schwenzer (Beck 2004) l vn bn v CISG c trch dn thng xuyn bi cc ta n v trng ti. i vi nhng ngi khng th c c ting c c mt phin bn dch ting Anh: Bnh lun v Cng c ca Lin hp quc v hp ng mua bn hng ha (CISG) bin tp bi Peter Schlechtriem v Ingeborg Schwenzer (Oxford University Press 2005). Bi vit hng u v CISG l phin bn th 3 ca cun "Uniform Law for International Sales Under the 1980 United Nations Convention" (Lut thng nht cho vic mua bn hng ha quc t theo Cng c ca Lin hp quc nm 1980) ca gio s Honnold. (Kluwer Law International 1999). Quyn sch ny ca ng hin c trn c s d liu ny nh sau: Cc bnh lun c xut bn trong International Sales: The United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (Mua bn hng ha quc t: Cng c ca Lin hp quc v hp ng mua bn hng ha quc t.) N.M. Galston & H. Smit eds., Matthew Bender (1984),264 trang. Cc bi vit c xut bn trong Commentary on the International Sales Law: The 1980 Vienna Sales Convention (Bnh lun v Lut thng mi quc t: Cng c Vin v mua bn hng ha nm 1980) , C.M. Bianca & M.J. Bonell eds., Giuffr: Milan (1987) 886 trang; v Joseph M. Lookofsky, The United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (Cng c Lin hp quc v hp ng mua bn hng ha quc t), in: Blanpain ed., International Encyclopaedia of Laws - Contracts, Suppl. 29, Kluwer Law International (December 2000) 1-192 Cc nh xut bn, tc gi v bin tp vin rt ng c ca ngi v h lm cho cc cng trnh ny c th n c tay nhng ngi khng th tip cn c vi chng. Gio s Albert Kritzer nh du hai vn bn hi ngh trong Cng c v 2002 vn bn cn ch c bit trong CISG:

Peter Schlechtriem, "Uniform Sales Law: The UN Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods" (Manz 1986). y l bn dch ting Anh ca mt vn bn bng ting c c vit ngn gn sau khi CISG c thng qua nm 1980 ti Vin trong hi ngh ngoi giao. N tn dng nhng lu ca gio s Schlechtriem khi cn gi chc ngi i din. Fritz Enderlein & Dietrich Maskow, "International Sales Law: United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods Convention; Convention on the Limitation Period in the International Sale of Goods" (Oceana 1992). Rt nhiu cc bnh lun c vit bng ting c, Php v cc ngn ng khc sau Hi ngh ngoi giao. Vn bn ny thu ht s ch vo nhng quan im ca cc nh bnh lun u tin v CISG. N cng cung cp mt ci nhn bao qut v Cng c thi hiu.

Cn c th tham kho thm: Jan Ramberg, "ICC Guide to Incoterms 2000- Understanding and Practical Use (Hng dn v Incoterms ca ICC Hiu v s dng), ICC Pub. No. 620 (1999). Phin bn mi nht ca h thng cc nh ngha thng mi thng dng, Incoterms 2000, ICC Pub No. 560, ph hp vi phin bn gii thch mi nht ca gio s Ramberg v cc iu kin c s giao hng v cch s dng chng. Phin bn 2000 ca Incoterms khng to ra s khc bit ln trong cc nh ngha ca phin bn nm 1990, nhng hng dn ca gio s Ramberg cn hn l s m t cc iu kin c s giao hng. V vy phin bn mi ny ca ng rt hu ch mc d s thay i ca cc iu kin mang tnh pht trin hn l cch mng. Gio s Ramberg gii thch, mt cch ngn gn v c hiu qu vi cc minh ha chc nng ca Incoterms trong mua bn hng ha quc t trong bi cnh hin ti v tng lai pht trin v bng cch no vic t dng nhng ngha c bit vo chng li dn n s khng chc chn. ng t Incoterms vo ng cnh ca chng, cp n chng, inter alia, CISG, Hp ng mu mua bn hng ha quc t ca ICC (ICC Pub. No. 556) v kh nng kh nng tng thch ca Incoterms vi pht trin h thng thng mi in t nh "bolero.net". 5. Hi ngh v cc chng trnh: The Seventeenth Annual Willem C. Vis International Commercial Arbitration Moot (Hi ngh thng nin ln th 17 ca Trng ti thng mi quc t Willem C. Vis). Nm 2010, hi ngh Vis s c t chc ti Vin t 26 / 3 n 1 /04. Chng trnh hi tho s c ng ti ln phn ca hi ngh trong c s d liu ny. S thnh vin tham gia tip tc gia tng mi nm. Hng trm ngi tham d l cc lut s, gio s cc trng lut v chuyn gia trng ti n Vin mi nm tham d vi t cch l cc trng ti trong s kin ny. Thng tin v vic tham gia Hi ngh vWillem C.Vis c th c c t gio s Eric E. Bergsten, Schimmelgasse 16/14, A-1030 Vienna, Austria; tel. and fax: +43 1 713-5408; e-mail: <ebergsten@law.pace.edu> or <eric.bergsten@chello.at>. Willem C. Vis International Commercial Arbitration Moot Alumni Association. (Hip hi cu thnh vin Hi ngh trng ti thng mi quc t Willem C. Vis )

Cc sinh vin v cc trng ti tham gia vo hi ngh trng ti thng mi quc t Willem C. Vis c c cch tham gia Hip hi cu thnh vin. Hip hi xut bn Vindobona Journal of International Commercial Law. and Arbitration (Tp ch Vindobona v Lut thng miv v trng ti quc t). Thng tin v thanh vin c th tm thy ti <http://www.maa.net/>. Ch thch * John P.McMachon l mt lut s c cp php hnh ngh ti New York, bc Carolina v nam Carolina. ng nhn bng c nhn lut ti trng i hc lut New York v tin s lut ti Trung tm lut i hc Georgetown. Vn phng ca ng t ti Rock Hill, nam Carolina. Mr. McMahon gi chc ch tch Hi ng Mua bn quc t v cc giao dch lin quan n thng mi thuc ban Lut quc t v Thc tin ca Hip hi lut s bang New York t nm 1995 n 2006, ng cng gi chc ng ch tch vo nm 1989 v 1990. Mr. McMahon l mt thnh vin ca Ban bin tp tp ch Lut Hng hi v thng mi, ng gi chc bin tp (1970 1980), ng bin tp (1989 1990), ph bin tp (1970 1988), bin tp vin tnh hung (1970-1980). Cc bi vit ca ng bao gm: "Forum-Selection and Choice of Law Clauses ( iu khon la chn din n v chn lut p dng) Chng IV, Cruise Ships, 10 Benedict on Admiralty (2008); "Dispute Resolution Clauses for your International Contracts (iu khon gii quyt tranh chp cho hp ng quc t ca bn)," 9 Purchasing Today, no. 3 at 22 (March 1998); When the U.N. Sales Convention Applies and Some of the Reasons Why It Matters to You and Your Clients" (1997). (Khi no Cng c ca Lin hp quc v hp ng mua bn hng ha p dng v mt vi l do ti sao n iu chnh bn v khch hng ca bn (1997)) "The Role of Party-Appointed Arbitrators (Vai tr ca Trng ti do cc bn ch nh), 49 Dispute Resolution Journal of the American Arbitration Association No. 3 at 66 (September 1994).

Pace Law School Institute of International Commercial Law - Last updated October 9, 2009