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LUYN THI VO LP 10
WWW.ToanTrungHocCoSo.ToanCapBa.Net
Trang 1
Chuyn 1:
Bin i ng thc - Phn tch a thc thnh nhn t
A. bin i ng thc
I. Cc hng ng thc c bn v m rng
(a t b)
2
= a
2
t 2ab + b
2
a
2
- b
2
= (a + b)(a - b)
(a t b)
3
= a
3
t 3a
2
b + 3ab
2
t b
3
a
3
- b
3
= (a - b)(a
2
+ ab + b
2
)
a
3
+ b
3
= (a + b)(a
2
- ab +b
2
)
(a + b + c)
2
= a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
+ 2ab + 2ac + 2bc
(a - b - c)
2
= a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
- 2ab - 2ac + 2bc
a
n
- b
n
= (a - b)(a
n-1
+ a
n-2
b + ... + ab
n-2
+ b
n-1
), mi n l s t nhin
a
n
+ b
n
= (a + b)(a
n-1
- a
n-2
b + ... - ab
n-2
+ b
n-1
), mi n l
II. Bi tp
Bi 1
So snh hai s A v B bit: A = 2004.2006 v B = 2005
2
Gii
Ta c A = (2005 - 1)(2005 + 1) = 2005
2
- 1 < 2005
2
=B. Vy A < B.
Bi 2
So snh hai s A v B bit: A = (2 + 1)(2
2
+1)(2
4
+ 1)(2
8
+ 1)(2
16
+ 1) v B = 2
32
Gii
Ta c A = (2 - 1)(2 + 1)(2
2
+1)(2
4
+ 1)(2
8
+ 1)(2
16
+ 1) = 2
32
-1 < 2
32
= B. Vy A <
B.
Bi 3
So snh hai s A v B bit: A =(3 + 1)(3
2
+1)(3
4
+ 1)(3
8
+ 1)(3
16
+1) v B =3
32
-1
Gii
Ta c 2A = (3 - 1)(3 + 1)(3
2
+1)(3
4
+ 1)(3
8
+ 1)(3
16
+1) = 3
32
- 1 = B. Vy A < B.
Bi 4
Chng minh rng: (m
2
+ m - 1)
2
+ 4m
2
+ 4m

= (m
2
+ m + 1)
2
, vi mi m.
Gii
VT: (m
2
+ m - 1)
2
+ 4m
2
+ 4m

= m
4
+ m
2
+ 1 + 2m
3
- 2m
2
- 2m + 4m
2
+ 4m =
m
4
+ 2m
3
+ 3m
2
+ 4m + 1.
VP: (m
2
+ m + 1)
2
= m
4
+ m
2
+ 1 +2m
3
+ 2m
2
+ 2m = m
4
+ 2m
3
+ 3m
2
+ 2m
+1.
Trang 2
Bi 5
Chng minh rng: a
3
+ b
3
+ c
3
-3abc = (a + b + c)(a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
- ab -ac -bc).
Gii
Ta c a
3
+ b
3
= (a + b)
3
- 3ab(a + b) thay vo VT
VT = (a + b)
3
- 3ab(a + b) + c
3
-3abc = [(a + b)
3
+ c
3
] - 3ab(a + b +c) = (a + b
+c)[(a + b)
2
+ c
2
- c(a + b) -3ab] = (a + b +c)(a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
+ 2ab - ac - bc - 3ab)
= (a + b + c)(a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
- ab - ac - bc) = VP.
Bi 6
Cho ab = 1. Chng minh rng: a
5
+ b
5
= (a
3
+ b
3
)(a
2
+ b
2
) - (a + b)
Gii
(a
3
+ b
3
)(a
2
+ b
2
) - (a + b) = a
5
+ a
3
b
2
+ a
2
b
3
+ b
5
- (a - b)= a
5
+ b
5
+a
2
b
2
(a + b) -
(a - b) = a
5
+ b
5
Bi 7
Cho a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
- ab - ac - bc = 0. Chng minh rng: a = b = c
Hng dn
T: a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
- ab - ac - bc = 0 2a
2
+ 2b
2
+ 2c
2
- 2ab - 2ac - 2bc = 0 (a -
b)
2
+(a - c)
2
+ (b - c)
2
= 0 a = b = c.(pcm)
Bi 8
Cho a, b, c i mt khc nhau, tho mn: ab + bc + ca = 1. CMR
+ + +
+ + +
2 2 2
2 2 2
(a b) (b c) (c a)
1
(1 a )(1 b )(1 c )
Hng dn
Ta c: 1 + a
2
= ab + bc + ca +a
2
= b(a + c) + a(a + c) = (a + c)(a +
b).
Tng t: 1 + b
2
= (b + a)(b + c).
1 + c
2
= (c +a)(c + b). Thay vo trn suy ra (pcm).
Bi 9
Cho a > b > 0, tho mn: 3a
2
+ 3b
2
=10ab. Chng minh rng:
+
a b 1
a b 2
.
Gii
t P =
b a
b a
+
th P > 0 nn P =
2
P
.
Ta c P
2
=
+ +

+ + + +
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
a b 2ab 3a 3b 6ab 10ab 6ab 1
a b 2ab 3a 3b 6ab 10ab 6ab 4
. Vy P = 1/2.
Trang 3
Bi 10
Cho a + b + c = 1 v + +
1 1 1
0
a b c
. Chng minh rng: a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
=1.
Gii
T: a + b + c = 1 a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
+ 2(ab + ac + bc) = 1 a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
= 1- 2(ab +
ac + bc) .
Mt khc:
+ +
+ + + +
1 1 1 ab ac bc
0 0 ab ac bc 0
a b c abc
. Vy: a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
=1.
Bi 11
Cho + +
1 1 1
2
a b c
(1)
v a + b + c = abc. Chng minh rng: + +
2 2 2
1 1 1
2
a b c
Gii
(1)

+ +
+ + + + + + + +
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 a b c
2( ) 4 2( ) 4
a b c ab ac bc a b c abc
.
Thay a + b + c = abc vo ta c + + + + +
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1
2 4 2
a b c a b c
.
Bi 12
Cho + +
x y z
1
a b c
(1)
, v
+ +
a b c
1
x y z
(2)
. CMR: + +
2 2 2
2 2 2
x y z
A 1
a b c
Gii
+ +
+ + + + + + +
2 2 2
2 2 2
x y z xy xz yz xy xz yz cxy bxz ayz
2( ) 1 A 1 2( ) 1 2( )
a b c ab ac bc ab ac bc abc
(2)
:
+ +
cxy bxz ayz

0
xyz
. Vy A = 1.
Bi 13
Cho + +
1 1 1
0
a b c
.
(1)
Chng minh rng: + +
3 3 3
1 1 1 3
a b c abc
.
Gii .
(1)
+ + + + + +
3 3 3 3 3 3
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
( ) ( 3 ( ) [ 3 ( )]
a b c a b c bc b c a b c bc a
Vy + +
3 3 3
1 1 1 3
a b c abc
.
Bi 14
Cho a + b + c = 0 v a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
=14. Chng minh rng: a
4
+ b
4
+ c
4
= 98.
Gii
Trang 4
T: a + b + c = 0 a = -(b + c) a
2
= (b + c)
2
a
2
= b
2
+ c
2
+2bc
a
2
- b
2
- c
2
= 2bc (a
2
- b
2
- c
2
)
2
= 4b
2
c
2
a
4
+ b
4
+ c
4
- 2a
2
b
2
- 2a
2
c
2
+ 2b
2
c
2
=
4b
2
c
2
a
4
+ b
4
+ c
4
= 2a
2
b
2
+ 2b
2
c
2
+ 2a
2
c
2
2(a
4
+ b
4
+ c
4
) = a
4
+ b
4
+ c
4
+
2a
2
b
2
- 2b
2
c
2
+ 2a
2
c
2
2(a
4
+ b
4
+ c
4
) = (a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
)
2
= 14
2
=196.
Vy a
4
+ b
4
+ c
4
= 98.
Bi 15
Cho xyz = 1, Chng minh rng:
+ +
+ + + + + +
1 1 1
1.
1 x xy 1 y yz 1 z zx
Gii
Ta c:
+ + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + +
1 1 1 z x 1
1 x xy 1 y yz 1 z zx z xz xyz x yx xyz 1 z zx
=
+ +
+ + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + +
z x 1 z 1 x z 1 xz
z xz 1 x yx 1 1 z zx 1 x xz x xy 1 1 x xz xz xyz z
+ + +
+
+ + + + + +
z 1 xz z 1 xz
1.
1 x xz xz 1 z 1 x xz
B. Phn tch a thc thnh nhn t
Bi 1
Phn tch tam thc bc hai x
2
- 6x + 8 thnh nhn t.
Gii
Cch 1: Tch hng t khng i thnh hai hng t ri a a thc v dng hiu
ca hai bnh phng.
x
2
- 6x + 8 =(x - 3)
2
- 1 = (x - 3 - 1)(x - 3 + 1) = (x - 4)(x - 2).
Cch 2: Tch hng t bc nht thnh hai hng t ri dng phng php nhm cc
hng t v t nhn t chung.
x
2
- 6x + 8 = x
2
- 2x - 4x + 8 = x(x - 2) - 4(x - 2) = (x - 2)(x - 4).
Bi 2
Phn tch a thc x
3
+ 3x
2
- 4 thnh nhn t.
Gii
Nhm thy x = 1 l nghim a thc cha nhn t x - 1 ta tch cc hng t
ca a thc lm xut hin nhn t x - 1.
C
1
: x
3
+ 3x
2
- 4 =x
3
-x
2
+4x
2
- 4=x
2
(x - 1)+4(x
2
-1)=(x-1)(x
2
+ 4x + 4)=(x-1)(x+2)
2
.
C
2
: x
3
+3x
2
- 4 =x
3
-1+3x
2
- 3 = (x-1)(x
2
+x+1)+ 3(x-1)(x+1) = (x-1)(x
2
+ 4x + 4).
Bi 3
Trang 5
Phn tch a thc (x+1)(x+3)(x+5)(x+7)+15 thnh nhn t.
Gii
(x +1)(x +3)(x +5)(x +7) +15 = [(x +1)(x +7)][(x +3)(x +5)] +15 = (x
2
+8x+7)
(x
2
+8x +15) +15
t: t = x
2
+8x+7 x
2
+8x+15 = t + 8 ta c: t(t + 8) +15 = t
2
+ 8t +15 =(t +
4)
2
- 1 = (t + 4 + 1)(t + 4 - 1) = (t + 5)(t + 3).
Vy: (x + 1)(x + 3)(x + 5)(x + 7) + 15 = (x
2
+ 8x + 12)(x
2
+ 8x + 10) = (x
2
+ 6x
+ 2x + 12)(x
2
+ 8x +10) = (x + 6)(x + 2)(x
2
+ 8x + 10).
BTVN.
Bi 1
Cho x > y > 0 v 2x
2
+ 2y
2
= 5xy, Tnh:
x y
P
x y
+
. (tng t bi 9)
Bi 2
Cho x + y + z = 0, Chng minh rng: x
3
+ y
3
+ z
3
= 3xyz. (tng t bi 13)
Bi 3
Cho a + b + c = 0, Chng minh rng: a
4
+ b
4
+ c
4
=
2
1
(a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
)
2
. (tng t
bi 14)
Bi 4
Cho a, b, c khc khng v a + b + c = 0.
Chng minh rng: + +
+ + +
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1
0.
a b c b c a a c b
T: a + b + c = 0 a = - (b + c) a
2
= (b + c)
2
a
2
=b
2
+ c
2
+ 2bc b
2
+ c
2
-
a
2
= - 2bc
Bi 5
Phn tch cc a thc sau thnh nhn t.
a/ 4x
2
- 3x - 1
b/ x
3
+ 6x
2
+ 11x +6
c/ (x-y)
3
+ (y-z)
3
+ (z-x)
3
Hng dn: x + y + z = 0 x
3
+ y
3

+ z
3
= 3xyz
Trang 6
Chuyn 2:
Bt ng thc - Gi tr ln nht, nh nht
A. Bt ng thc
I. Mt s tnh cht ca bt ng thc
1/ a > b v b > c a > c (t/c bc cu)
2/ a > b a + c > b + c (t/c cng vo hai v cng mt s)
3/ a > b
> >
'
< <
ac bc nuc 0
ac bc nuc 0
(t/c nhn hai bt vi mt s m, dng)
4/ a > b v c > d a + c > b + d (t/c cng hai bt ng thc cng chiu)
5/
> >
>
'
> >
a b 0
ac bd
c d 0
(t/c nhn hai bt ng thc dng cng chiu)
6/ a > b > 0
>
'
>
n n
n n
a b
a b
(n nguyn dng)
7/
+
>
+ + +
a a
a,b,c R
a b a b c
8/
+
+
> > >
+
a c a a c c
a,b,c,d R
b d b b d d
9/ Nu a, b, c l 3 cnh ca tam gic th ta c:
*/ a > 0, b > 0, c > 0.
*/ |b - c |< a < b + c; |a - c |< b < a + c; |a - b |< c < a + b
*/ Nu a > b > c th A > B > C
II. Bi tp
Bi 1
Cho 5 s a, b, c, d, e bt k. CMR: a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
+ d
2
+ e
2
a( b + c + d +
e)
(1)
.
Gii
(1)
4a
2
+ 4b
2
+ 4c
2
+ 4d
2
+ 4e
2
- 4ab - 4ac - 4ad - 4ae 0
(a - 2b)
2
+ (a - 2c)
2
+ (a - 2d)
2
+ (a - 2e)
2
0. (pcm)
Bi 2
Cho a + b = 1,Chng minh rng: a/ a
2
+ b
2
1/2, b/ a
3
+ b
3
1/4, c/ a
4
+
b
4
1/8
Gii
a/ T (a - b)
2
0 a
2
+ b
2
2ab 2(a
2
+ b
2
) a
2
+ b
2
+ 2ab = (a + b)
2
= 1.
Trang 7
Vy a
2
+ b
2
1/2.
b/ Ta c a
3
+ b
3
= (a + b)(a
2
- ab + b
2
) = a
2
- ab + b
2

2(a
3
+ b
3
) = 2a
2
- 2ab + 2b
2
= (a - b)
2
+ a
2
+ b
2
a
2
+ b
2

m a
2
+ b
2
1/2 2(a
3
+ b
3
) 1/2 a
3
+ b
3
1/4. (pcm)
c/ T (a
2
- b
2
)
2
0 a
4
+ b
4
2a
2
b
2
2(a
4
+ b
4
) a
4
+ b
4
+ 2a
2
b
2
= (a
2
+ b
2
)
2
a
4
+ b
4

1
2
(a
2
+ b
2
)
2 (1)
.
Mt khc: (a - b)
2
0 a
2
+ b
2
2ab 2(a
2
+ b
2
) a
2
+ b
2
+ 2ab = (a + b)
2
= 1
a
2
+ b
2
1/2 (a
2
+ b
2
)
2
1/4 thay vo
(1)
ta c a
4
+ b
4

1
8
.
Bi 3
Cho a,b > 0, v a + b = 1. Chng minh rng:
a/ + +
1 1
(1 )(1 ) 9
a b
; b/ +
+ +
1 1 4
a 1 b 1 3
Gii
a/
+ + + + +
+ + +
1 1 a 1 b 1 ab a b 1 2
(1 )(1 ) 9 ( )( ) 9 9 1 9
a b a b ab ab

1 4ab (a + b)
2
4ab ng (pcm).
b/ +
+ +
1 1 4
a 1 b 1 3
3(a + 1 + b +1) 4(a + 1)(b + 1) 9 4(ab + a + b + 1)
9 4ab + 8 1 4ab (a + b)
2
4ab ng (pcm)
Bi 4
Cho a, b, c R
+
. Chng minh rng: < + + <
+ + +
a b c
1 2
a b b c c a
Gii
>
+ + +
>
'
+ + +
>
+ + +
a a
a b a b c
b b
b c a b c
c c
c a a b c
+ + >
+ + +
a b c
1
a b b c c a
.
Mt khc:
Trang 8
+
< <
+ + + +
+
< <
'
+ + + +
+
< <
+ + + +
a c a a c
a b c a b a b c
b a b b a
b c a b c a b c
c b c b c
c a b c a a b c
+ + <
+ + +
a b c
2
a b b c c a
.
Vy: < + + <
+ + +
a b c
1 2
a b b c c a
Bi 5
Cho a, b, c, d R
+
. CMR: < + + + <
+ + + + + + + +
a b c d
1 2
a b c b c d c d a d a b
Gii

< <
+ + + + + +
< <
+ + + + + +
'
< <
+ + + + + +
< <
+ + + + + +
a a a
a b c d a b c a c
c c c
1
a b c d c d a c a
b b b 2
a b c d b c d b d
d d d
a b c d d a b d b
< + + + <
+ + + + + + + +
a b c d
1 2
Bi 6
Cho a,b,c l 3 cnh tam gic, CMR: ab + bc + ca a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
< 2(ab + bc
+ ca)
Gii
*/ CM: ab + bc + ca a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
, nhn c hai v vi 2 ta c:
2ab + 2bc + 2ca 2a
2
+ 2b
2
+ 2c
2
(a-b)
2
+ (a-c)
2
+ (b-c)
2
0, ng (pcm)
*/ CM: a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
< 2(ab + bc + ca), Do a, b, c l ba cnh tam gic nn ta c:
a < b + c a
2
< ab + ac
b < a + c b
2
< ab + bc
c < a + b c
2
< ac + bc
a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
< 2(ab + bc + ca).
Vy: ab + bc + ca a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
< 2(ab + bc + ca).
Bi 7
Chng minh rng:
+
4
2 ab
ab
a b
vi a > 0, b > 0.
Gii
Trang 9
( )
+
+ +
2
4 4 4 4
4
2 1 2 ab
a b 0 a b 2 ab ab
a b ab a b
.
III/ Bt ng thc Csi (trung bnh cng ln hn hoc bng trung bnh
nhn)
*/ Vi 2 s thc a, b khng m ta c:
+
a b
ab
2
, du bng xy ra a = b.
*/ Vi 3 s thc a, b, c khng m ta c:
+ +
3
a b c
abc
3
, du bng xy ra a = b = c.
*/ Vi n s thc a
1
, a
2
, ... a
n
khng m ta c:
+ + +
1 2 n
n
1 2 n
a a ... a
aa ...a
n
, du bng xy ra a
1
= a
2
= ... = a
n
.
IV/ Bt ng thc Bunhiacpxki
*/ vi 4 s thc a, b, c, d ta c:
(ab + cd)
2
(a
2
+ c
2
)(b
2
+ d
2
), du bng xy ra
a c
b d
.
*/ Vi 6 s thc a, b, c, d, e, f ta c:
(ab + cd + ef)
2
(a
2
+ c
2
+ e
2
)(b
2
+ d
2
+ f
2
), du bng xy ra
a c e
b d f
.
*/ vi n cp s thc a
1
, a
2
, ... a
n
, b
1
, b
2
, ... b
n
ta c:
(a
1
b
1
+a
2
b
2
+ ... + a
n
b
n
)
2
(a
1
2
+ a
2
2
+ ... + a
n
n
)(b
1
2
+ b
2
2
+ ... + b
n
n
).
Du bng xy ra

1 2 n
1 2 n
a a a
...
b b b
.
Bi 8
Cho x, y, z l cc s dng, Chng minh rng:
a/ (x + y)(y + z)(z + x) 8xyz.
b/
+
+
1 1 4
x y x y
.
c/
+ +
+ +
1 1 1 9
x y z x y z
.
Gii
Trang 10
a/
+
'
x y 2 xy
y z 2 yz
z x 2 xz
(x + y)(y + z)(z + x) 8xyz.
b/
+ + +
+
1 1 4 1 1
(x y)( ) 4
x y x y x y
m
'
+
x y 2 xy
1 1 2
x y
xy

+ +
1 1
(x y)( ) 4
x y
.
c/
+ + + + + +
+ +
1 1 1 9 1 1 1
(x y z)( ) 9
x y z x y z x y z
. (lm tng t)
B/ Gi tr ln nht, nh nht
Bi 1
Tm gi tr ln nht ca: P =
+
+
2
2
2x 4x 5
x 2x 2
Gii
Ta c:
P =
+ + +
+ +
+ + + +
2 2
2 2 2 2
2x 4x 5 2(x 2x 2) 1 1 1
2 2
x 2x 2 x 2x 2 x 2x 2 (x 1) 1
P ln nht
+
+
2
1
2
(x 1) 1
ln nht, mun vy (x

- 1)
2
+ 1 phi nh nht
m (x

- 1)
2
+ 1 1 (x

- 1)
2
+ 1 nh nht bng 1 x = 1. Khi P = 3
Vy P
max
= 3 x = 1.
Bi 2
Cho x
2
+ y
2
= 1, tm gi tr ln nht v gi tr nh nht ca biu thc: p
= x + y
Gii
T (x - y)
2
0 x
2
+ y
2
2xy 2(x
2
+ y
2
) x
2
+ 2xy + y
2
= (x + y)
2
Vy 2 (x

+ y)
2
+ 2 x y 2
P
max
=
2
x = y =
2
2
; P
min
= -
2
x = y = -
2
2
Bi 3
Cho x, y > 0 v x + y = 1, Tm gi tr nh nht ca: P =

2 2
1 1
(1 )(1 )
x y
Gii
P =
+ + + +

2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1 (x 1)(y 1) (x 1)(x 1)(y 1)(y 1) xy(x 1)(y 1)
(1 )(1 )
x y x y x y x y
Trang 11
=
+ + + + + + +
+
2 2
xy(x 1)(y 1) (x 1)(y 1) x y xy 1 2
1
x y xy xy xy
. (thay x - 1 = - y, y - 1 = - x)
ta c P nh nht
xy
2
nh nht xy ln nht.
M xy = x(1 - x) = - x
2
+ x = -(x - 1/2)
2
+ 1/4 1/4 xy ln nht = 1/4 khi x = 1/2
y = 1/2
Vy P
min
=
+
2
1 9
1 1
.
2 2
khi x = y = 1/2.
Bi 4
Tm gi tr ln nht v gi tr nh nht ca: P =
+
+
2 2
4
(x 1)
x 1
Gii
P =
+ + +
+
+ + +
2 2 4 2 2
4 4 4
(x 1) x 2x 1 2x
1
x 1 x 1 x 1
Do (x
2
- 1)
2
0 x
4
+ 1 2x
2

+
2
4
2x
1
x 1
P 2 P
max
= 2 x = t 1.
Do 2x
2
0, x
4
+ 1 1
+
2
4
2x
0
x 1
P 1 P
min
= 1
+
2
4
2x
0
x 1
x = 0.
Bi 5
Cho a, b > 0. Tm gi tr nh nht ca; P =
+ + (x a)(x b)
x
, vi x > 0.
Gii
Ta c:
P =
+ + + + +
+ + + +
2
(x a)(x b) x ax bx ab ab
a b x P a b 2 ab
x x x
.
Vy P
min
=
+ + a b 2 ab
, du bn xy ra
ab
x x ab
x
.
Bi 6
Tm gi tr nh nht ca: P =
+ + + +
2 2
1 4x 4x 4x 12x 9
Gii
Ta c:
P =
( ) ( )
+ + + + + + + +
2 2
2 2
1 4x 4x 4x 12x 9 1 2x 3 2x 1 2x 3 2x
|(1 + 2x) + (3 - 2x)| = 4
p dng |a| + |b| = |a + b| ab 0. Vy P
min
= 4 (1 + 2x)(3 - 2x) 0
Trang 12
-1/2 x 3/2.
BTVN
Bi 1
a/ Tm gi tr ln nht ca: P = 5 - 8x - x
2
.
b/ Tm gi t nh nht ca: P = 4x
2
- 4x + 11.
c/ Tm gi tr nh nht ca: P = |x - 5| + |x- 10|.
Hng dn
Ta c: P = |x - 5| + |x - 10| = |x - 5| + |10 - x| |(x - 5) + (10 - x)| = 5
p dng |a| + |b| = |a + b| ab 0. Vy P
min
= 5 (x - 5)(10 - x) 0
5 x 10.
Bi 2
Cho x, y R, Chng minh rng: x
2
+ y
2
+ 1 xy + x + y.
Bi 3
Cho a, b, c, d R
+
.
Chng minh rng :
+ + + +
< + + + <
+ + + + + + + +
a b b c c d d a
2 3
.
Trang 13
Chuyn 3:
Bin i cn thc
A/ Bin i cn thc
I/ Kin thc c bn
*/

'
<
2
A nuA 0
A A
A nuA 0
*/
1 2 n 1 2 n
ab a. b (a 0,b 0) / aa ...a a a ... a
*/ >
a a
(a 0,b 0)
b
b
*/
2
a b a b (b 0)
Trc cn thc mu
*/
a a b
b
b
, (b > 0).
*/
+

+
m m( a b) m m( a b)
,
a b a b
a b a b
II/ Bi tp
Bi 1
Tnh gi tr cc biu thc sau:
a/ A =
6 48 2 27 4 75
b/ B =
+
1
48 2 75 108 147
7
Gii
a/ Ta c: A = 6 48 2 27 4 75 6 16.3 2 9.3 4 25.3 24 3 6 3 20 3 2 3
b/ Ta c: B = + +
1 1
48 2 75 108 147 4 3 2.5 3 6 3 .7 3 3
7 7
Bi 2
Trc cn thc mu:
a/ A =
+
+
1 1
5 2 5 2
b/ B =
+ + +
4
3 5 2 2 5
c/ C =
+ +
3 3
2
2 2 2 4
Gii
Trang 14
a/ A =
+
+ +
+
1 1 5 2 5 2 2 5
3 3 3
5 2 5 2
b/ B =
+ + + +

+ + +
+ + +
2
4 4(3 5 2 2 5) 3 5 2 2 5
(3 5) (2 2 5) 3 5
3 5 2 2 5

+ + +

2
(3 5)(3 5 2 2 5) 4 (3 5) (2 2 5)
4 4
c/ t
3
2 a
C =

+ + + +
+ +
3 2
3 3
4 3 2 2 3
3 3
2 a a a(a 1) a a
4 2
a a a a a 1 a 1 2 1
2 2 2 4
Bi 3
Rt gn biu thc cha cn:
a/ A =
+ 15 6 6 33 12 6
b/ B =
+ 8 2 15 8 2 15
c/ C =
+ 4 7 4 7
d/ D =
+ + + + 4 10 2 5 4 10 2 5
e/ E =
+ +
4 4
49 20 6 49 20 6
f/ F =
+ + + +
+ + + +
1 1 1 1
...
1 5 5 9 9 13 2001 2005
Gii
a/ A =
+ + + + 15 6 6 33 12 6 9 6 6 6 9 12 6 24
+ + + +
2 2
(3 6) (3 2 6) 3 6 2 6 3 3 6.
b/ B =
+ + + + 8 2 15 8 2 15 5 2 15 3 5 2 15 3
+ +
2 2
( 5 3) ( 5 3) 5 3 ( 5 3) 2 3.
c/ C =
+ + + +
+
8 2 7 8 2 7 7 2 7 1 7 2 7 1
4 7 4 7
2 2 2 2
+ +

2 2
( 7 1) ( 7 1) 7 1 7 1
2.
2 2
2 2
d/ Do D > 0 nn D =
2
D
D
2
=
_
+ + + + + + + +

,
2
4 10 2 5 4 10 2 5 8 2 (4 10 2 5)(4 10 2 5)
Trang 15
+ + + + + +
2
8 2 6 2 5 8 2 5 2 5 1 8 2 ( 5 1) 8 2 5 2 6 2 5
Vy: D =
+ + +
2
6 2 5 ( 5 1) 5 1
e/ Ta c: + + + + + +
2 2 2 4
49 20 6 25 20 6 24 (5 2 6) [( 3 2) ] ( 3 2)
+
2 2 2 4
49 20 6 25 20 6 24 (5 2 6) [( 3 2) ] ( 3 2)
Vy E =
+ + 3 2 3 2 2 3.
f/ F =

+ + + +
5 1 9 5 13 9 2005 2001 2005 1
...
4 4 4 4 4
.
Bi 4
Rt gn cc biu thc sau:
a/ A =
+ + x 4 x 4 x 4 x 4
b/ B =
+
2 2 2 2
x 2 x 1 x 2 x 1
c/ C =
+ +
2 2
2x 1 2 x x 2x 1 2 x x
Gii
a/ A =
+ + + + + + x 4 x 4 x 4 x 4 x 4 4 x 4 4 x 4 4 x 4 4
+ + + +
2 2
( x 4 2) ( x 4 2) x 4 2 x 4 2
Nu
x 4 2 x 4 4 x 8
th A =
+ x 4 2
+
x 4 2 2. x 4
.
Nu
< < < < < < 0 x 4 2 0 x 4 4 0 x 8
th A =
+ x 4 2
-
+ x 4 2 4
.
Vy: A =

'
< <
2. x 4 nu x 8
4 nu 0 x 8
.
b/ B =
+ + +
2 2 2 2 2 2
x 2 x 1 x 2 x 1 x 1 2 x 1 1
-
+
2 2
x 1 2 x 1 1
- + +
2 2 2 2 2 2
( x 1 1) ( x 1 1) x 1 1 x 1 1
Nu

2 2
x 1 1 0 x 2 x 2 x 2
th B = 2.
Nu
< < < <
2 2
x 1 1 0 x 2 2 x 2
th B = 2.

2
x 1
.
Vy: B =
'
< <
2
2 nu x 2 x 2
2. x 1 nu 2 x 2
.
c/ C =
+ +
2 2
2x 1 2 x x 2x 1 2 x x
=
+ + + +
2 2
x 1 2 x x x x 1 2 x x x
=
+ + + +
2 2
( x 1 x) ( x 1 x) x 1 x x x 1 2 x.
Trang 16
Bi 5
Tm iu kin cc biu thc sau c ngha v rt gn:
a/
+ +

2
x 2 x 1 x 2 x 1 1
(1 )
x 1
x 4(x 1)
b/

+
3
1 1 x x
x x 1 x x 1 1 x
c/
+
+ +
2
1 x 1
:
x x x x x x
d/
+ +
+ +
2 x x 1 x 2
( ):
x x 1 x 1 x x 1
e/
+
+ +
+ +
x 2 x 1 x 1
( ):
2
x x 1 x x 1 1 x
Gii
a/ K:
> > >

' ' '
+ > >

2 2
x 1 x 1 x 1
x 2 x 4x 4 0 (x 2) 0
.
A =
+ + + +

2 2
2 2
x 2 x 1 x 2 x 1 1 ( x 1 1) ( x 1 1) x 2
(1 ) .
x 1 x 1
x 4(x 1) (x 2)
2
2 x 2
.
x 1
(x 2)
.
Nu x > 2 A =
2
x 1
Nu 1< x < 2 A =
2
1 x
Vy: A =
>

'
< <

2
nu x 2
x 1
2
nu 1 x 2
1 x
b/ K:

>
'

x 1
x 1
x 1 0
.
B =
+

+
3
1 1 x x x x 1 x x 1 x( x 1)
1 1
x x 1 x x 1 1 x 1 x
=
+ 2 x 1 x x 2 x 1
.
Trang 17
c/

>
' '
+ +

2
x 0
x x 0
x 0
x 1
x x x x 0
x 1 0
.
t

2
x a x a
C =
+ + + + +

+ +
+ +
3 2 2
4 3
2
1 x 1 1 a a a a(a a 1)
:
a a a 1 a(a 1)(a 1)
x x x x x x
=
+ +

+ + +
2
2 2
a a 1 1 1
(a 1)(a a 1)(a 1) a 1 x 1
.
d/ K:

' '
x 0
x 0
x 1 0
x 1
x x 1 0
.
t

2
x a x a
D =
+ + + + +

+
+ +
2 2
3
2 x x 1 x 2 2a a 1 a a 1
( ): ( )( )
a 1 a 1 a 2
x x 1 x 1 x x 1
=
+ + + + + +

+ + + + +
+
2 2
2
a(a 2) (a a 1) a a 1 a 1 1 1
.
(a 1)(a a 1) a 2 (a 1)(a 2) a 2
x 2
.
e/ K:

' '
x 0
x 0
x x 1 0
x 1
1 x 0
t

2
x a x a

E =
+ +
+ + +
+ +
+ +
2
3 2
x 2 x 1 x 1 a 2 a 1 2
( ): ( )
2 a 1 a a 1 a 1 a 1
x x 1 x x 1 1 x
=
+ + + + +

+ + + + + +
+ +
2 2 2
2 2 2
a 2 a(a 1) (a a 1) 2 a 2a 1 2 2 2
(a 1)(a a 1) a 1 (a 1)(a a 1) a 1 a a 1
x x 1
.
Bi 6
Chng minh rng cc biu thc sau l mt s nguyn.
a/ A =
+ + + 4 5 3 5 48 10 7 4 3
b/ B =
+ + + ( 3 1) 6 2 2 3 2 12 18 128
Trang 18
c/ C =
+ +
2 3 5 13 48
6 2
Gii
a/ Ta c:
+ + + +
2
7 4 3 (2 3) 10 7 4 3 10(2 3) 20 10 3
+
+
2
48 10 7 4 3 48 20 10 3 28 10 3 (5 3)
5 48 10 7 4 3 5(5 3) 25 5 3
Vy A =
+ 4 5 3
.
b/ Ta c:
2
18 128 18 8 2 (4 2)
+ + + + + +
2
2 12 18 128 2 12 4 2 4 2 3 ( 3 1)
+ + + + + + 6 2 2 3 ( 3 1) 6 2 4 2 3 6 2( 3 1) 4 2 3 3 1
Vy: B = + ( 3 1)( 3 1) 3 1 2.
c/ Ta c:
+ + + + + + +
2
13 48 13 4 3 12 4 3 1 (2 3 1) 13 4 3 2 3 1
+ +
2
5 13 48 5 2 3 1 4 2 3 ( 3 1) 5 13 48 3 1
+ + + + + + + 3 5 13 48 3 3 1 2 3 2 3 5 13 48
+ + +
2
2 2 3 8 4 3 ( 6 2) C 1.
BTVN
Bi 1
Rt gn biu thc cha cn.
a/ A =
+ 4 15 4 15 2 3 5
b/ B =
5 3 29 12 5
c/ C =
+
(5 2 6)(49 20 6) 5 2 6
9 3 11 2
d/ D =
+ + +
+ + +
1 1 1
...
2 3 3 4 1998 1999
Bi 2
Trc cn thc mu.
a/ A =
+
3 3
6
2 2 2 4
b/ B =
+ +
3 3
2
4 2 2
Trang 19
Chuyn 4
Phng trnh bc nht - th hm s bc nht - H phng trnh bc
nht
I/ Phng trnh bc nht
N: L phng trnh c dng: ax + b = 0, trong a, b l cc s thc, x l n.
Cch gii:
Phng trnh ax = -b.
Nu a 0 x = -b/a
Nu a = 0 0x = -b
Nu b = 0 PT v s nghim
Nu b 0 PT v nghim
II/ Bi tp
Bi 1
Gii v bin lun cc phng trnh sau:
a/ mx + 2(x - m) = (m + 1)
2
+ 3 (1) b/ 3(m + 1)x + 4
= 2x + 5(m + 1) (2)
c/ m
2
(x + 1) = x + m (3) d/

+
x m x 3
2
x 2 x

(4)
Gii
a/ (1) (m + 2)x = m
2
+ 4m + 4 (m + 2)x = (m + 2)
2
Nu m + 2 0 m -2 phng trnh c nghim: x = m + 2.
Nu m + 2 = 0 m = -2 0x = 0 0 phng trnh c v s nghim x R.
b/ (2) (3m + 1)x = 5m + 1
Nu 3m + 1 0 m -1/3 phng trnh c nghim:
+
+
5m 1
x
3m 1
Nu 3m + 1 = 0 m = -1/3 phng trnh c dng: 0x = -2/3 PTVN.
c/ (3) (m
2
- 1)x = m - m
2
(m
2
- 1)x = m(1 - m).
Nu m
2
- 1 0 phng trnh c nghim:
+
m
x
m 1
Nu m
2
- 1 = 0 m = t 1.
Nu m = 1 PT c dng: 0x = 0 PT c VSN
Nu m = -1 PT c dng: 0x = -2 PTVN
Trang 20
d/ K: x 0 v x 2.
(4) x(x - m) + (x - 2)(x - 3) = 2x(x - 2) (m + 1)x = 6
Nu m + 1 = 0 m = -1 (4) c dng: 0x = 6 PTVN
Nu m + 1 0 m -1 (4)
+
6
x 0
m 1
(Do K m 2
+
6
2 m 2
m 1
)
Kt lun: Nu m -1 m 2 phng trnh c nghim:
+
6
x
m 1
Nu m = -1 m = 2 phng trnh v nghim.
Bi 2
Cho phng trnh: (m + 1)
2
x + 1 - m = (7m - 5)x. (1)
a/ Tm m phng trnh v nghim b/ Tm m
phng trnh c nghim
Gii
(1) ( m
2
- 5m + 6)x = m - 1 (m - 2)(m + 3)x = m - 1.
a/ Phng trnh v nghim
+

'

(m 2)(m 3) 0
m 2 m 3.
m 1 0
b/ phng trnh c nghim (m - 2)(m + 3) 0 m 2 m -3.
III/ H phng trnh bc nht
Bi 3
Cho h phng rnh:
+
'
+
2x my 1 (1)
mx 2y 1 (2)
.
a/ Gii h khi m = 1
b/ Gii v bin lun h phng trnh
c/ Tm cc s nguyn m h c nghim duy nht (x ; y) vi x, y l cc
s nguyn
d/ Tm cc s nguyn m h c nghim (x ; y) vi x, y l cc s nguyn
dng
Gii
a/ khi m = 1 ta c h
+ +

' ' ' '
+ + +

2x y 1 4x 2y 2 3x 1 x 13
x 2y 1 x 2y 1 x 2y 1 y 13
b/ T (1) v (2) 2x + my = mx + 2y (m - 2)(x - y) = 0.
Nu m = 2 h v s nghim
Nu m 2 x = y thay vo phng trnh (1) ta c: (m + 2)x = 1.
Trang 21
Nu m = -2 h v nghim
Nu m -2 h c nghim duy nht: x = y = 1/(m + 2)
c/ khi m 2 v m -2 th h c nghim duy nht: x = y = 1/(m + 2). Nghim
ny l s nguyn 1/(m + 2) l s nguyn
+

+

m 2 1 m 1
m 2 1 m 3
.
d/ / khi m 2 v m -2 th h c nghim duy nht: x = y = 1/(m + 2). Nghim
ny l s nguyn dng 1/(m + 2) l s nguyn dng m + 2 l c s nguyn
dng ca 1 m + 2 = 1 m = -1.
Bi 4
Cho h phng rnh:

'
+
(m 1)x my 3m 1 (1)
2x y m 5 (2)
a/ Tm m h c nghim duy nht (x ; y) m S = x
2
+ y
2
t gi tr
nh nht.
b/ Tm m h c nghim duy nht (x ; y) m P = xy t gi tr ln
nht.
Gii
T (2) y = 2x - m - 5 thay vo (1) (m - 1)x - 2mx + m
2
+ 5m = 3m -1
(m + 1)x = m
2
+ 2m + 1 (m + 1)x = (m + 1)
2
.
H c nghim duy nht m -1, khi : x = m + 1, y = m - 3.
a/ S = x
2
+ y
2
= (m+1)
2
+ (m-3)
2
= 2m
2
- 4m + 10 = 2(m - 1)
2
+ 8. S
min
= 8
m = 1.
b/ P = xy = (m + 1)(m - 3) = m
2
-2m -3 = (m - 1)
2
- 4. P
min
= -4 m = 1.
Bi 5
Gii h phng trnh:
+
+
'
+
x y 2x y
7 (1)
7 17
4x y y 7
15 (2)
5 19
Gii
(1) 17(x - y) + 7(2x + y) = 7.7.17 31x - 10y =833.
(2) 19(4x + y) + 5(y - 7) = 19.5.15 19x + 6y = 365.
Vy h phng trnh

' ' '
+ +

31x 10y 833 93x 30y 2499 x 23
19x 6y 365 95x 30y 1825 y 12
.
Bi 6
Trang 22
Gii h phng trnh:
+ +
+ +
'
+ +
x y z 1 (1)
x 2y 4z 8 (2)
x 3y 9z 27 (3)
Gii
H:
+ + + + + +

+ + + +
' ' ' '

+ + +

x y z 1 x y z 1 x y z 1 x 6
x 2y 4z 8 y 3z 7 y 3z 7 y 11
x 3y 9z 27 y 5z 19 2z 12 z 6
IV/ th hm s bc nht
th hm s y = ax + b (a 0) l ng thng i qua hai im A(0;b) v
B(-b/a; 0).
Bi 7
V th cc hm s sau:
a/ y = 2x - 1 b/ y =
x 1
c/ y =
+
2
2 x 2x 1
d/ y =
+ + x 1 x 2

e/
+ x y 1
BTVN
Bi 1 Gii v bin lun cc phng trnh sau:
a/ m
2
x = 9x + m
2
- 4m + 3 b/
+
+
+
x m x 2
2
x 1 x
Bi 2 Cho h phng trnh:
+
'

x my 2
mx 2y 1
.
a/ Gii h khi m = 2
b/ Tm s nguyn m h c nghim duy nht (x ; y) vi x, y l cc s nguyn
c/ Tm s nguyn m h c nghim duy nht (x ; y) m x > 0 v y < 0
Bi 3 V th cc hm s: a/ y = 2x - x + 3 b/ y = x - 1 - x + 2
Bi 4 Gii h phng trnh:
+ +
+ +
'
+ +
x 2y 3z 11
2x 3y z 2
3x y 2z 3
Hng dn Cng 3 phng trnh ta c: x + y + z = 2. x = -2, y = -1, z = 5.
Trang 23
Bi 5 Gii h phng trnh:

'
3
z 2 (1)
2x y
2y 3z 4 (2)
2 3
y (3)
2x y 2
Hng dn t t =
+
1
2x y
thay vo (1) v (3) ta c:
+
'

3t z 2
3
2t y
2
2z + 3y = -1/2 (4).
T (2) v (4) ta c: x = 1/4, y = 1/2, z = -1.
Trang 24
Chuyn 5
Phng trnh bc 2, nh l vit - Phng trnh bc cao
I/ Phng trnh bc 2
N: Phng trnh bc 2 l phng rnh c dng: ax
2
+ bx + c = 0. (a 0)
Trong : a, b, c l cc s thc, x l n.
Cch gii:
Tnh bit thc = b
2
- 4ac
Nu < 0 phng trnh v nghim.
Nu = 0 phng trnh c nghim kp: x = -b/2a.
Nu > 0 phng trnh c 2 nghim phn bit:
+

1 2
b b
x ; x
4a 4a
Ch : Nu b = 2b
'
th c th tnh
'
= b
'2
- ac
Nu
'
< 0 phng trnh v nghim.
Nu
'
= 0 phng trnh c nghim kp: x = -b
'
/a.
Nu
'
> 0 phng trnh c 2 nghim phn bit:
+

' ' ' '
1 2
b b
x ; x
2a 2a
II/ nh l Vit
Nu phng trnh bc 2 c hai nghim phn bit hoc khng th ta c:
S = x
1
+ x
2
= -b/a; P = x
1
x
2
= c/a.
Ch :
Nu phng trnh bc 2 c a + b + c = 0 th x
1
= 1; x
2
= c/a.
Nu phng trnh bc 2 c a - b + c = 0 th x
1
=-1; x
2
= -c/a.
III/ Bi tp
Bi 1
Cho phng trnh: x
2
- 4x + m + 1 = 0.
a/ Gii phng trnh khi m = 2
b/ Tm m phng trnh c nghim
c/ Tm m phng trnh c 2 nghim x
1
, x
2
tho mn: x
1
2
+ x
2
2
= 10
d/ Tm m phng trnh c 2 nghim x
1
, x
2
tho mn: x
1
3
+ x
2
3
= 34
Gii
a/ Khi m = 2 PT x
2
- 4x + 3 = 0 do a + b + c = 0 x
1
= 1, x
2
= 3.
b/
'
= 4 - m - 1 = 3 - m, phng trnh c nghim 3 - m 0 m 3.
c/ phng trnh c 2 nghim th phi c 0 m 3.
Trang 25
Khi : x
1
2
+ x
2
2
= 10 (x
1
+ x
2
)
2
- 2x
1
x
2
= 10 16 - 2(m + 1) = 10 m = 2
d/ phng trnh c 2 nghim th phi c 0 m 3.
x
1
3
+ x
2
3
= 34 (x
1
+ x
2
)[(x
1
+ x
2
)
2
-3x
1
x
2
] =34 4[16 -3(m + 1)] =34 m +1
=10 m = 9
Bi 2
Cho phng trnh: x
2
- 2(m - 1)x - 3 - m = 0.
a/ Chng minh rng phng trnh lun c nghim vi mi m.
b/ Tm phng trnh c mt nghim x = 2, tm nghim kia
c/ Tm m phng trnh c 2 nghim x
1
, x
2
tho mn x
1
2
+ x
2
2
10
d/ Tm m phng trnh c nghim x
1
, x
2
sao cho P = x
1
2
+ x
2
2
t gi
tr nh nht
Gii
a/
'
= m
2
- 2m + 1 + m + 3 = m
2
- m + 4 = (m- 1/2)
2
+ 15/4 > 0 vi mi m
th phng trnh lun c nghim.
b/ x = 2 thay vo phng trnh ta c: 5m = 5 m = 1. Khi phng trnh c
dng: x
2
- 4 = 0 x = 2 x = -2.
c/ x
1
2
+ x
2
2
10 (x
1
+ x
2
)
2
- 2x
1
x
2
10 [2(m - 1)]
2
+ 2(m + 3) 10
4m
2
-8m + 4 + 2m + 6 10 4m
2
- 6m 0 m(2m - 3) 0 m 3/2 m
0.
d/ P = x
1
2
+ x
2
2
= (x
1
+ x
2
)
2
- 2x
1
x
2
= [2(m - 1)]
2
+ 2(m + 3) = 4m
2
- 6m + 10 =
(2m - 3/2)
2
+ 31/4 P
min
= 31/4 m = 3/4.
Bi 3
Cho phng trnh: x
2
- 2mx + 2m -1 = 0.
a/ Chng minh rng phng trnh lun c nghim vi mi m.
b/ Tm m phng trnh c 2 nghim x
1
, x
2
tho mn 2x
1
2
+ 2x
2
2
-
5x
1
x
2
= 27.
c/ Tm m sao cho phng trnh c nghim ny bng hai nghim kia.
d/ Tm m phng trnh c 2 nghim x
1
, x
2
tho mn: x
1
= x
2
2

Gii
a/
'
= m
2
- 2m + 1 = (m + 1)
2
0 vi mi m phng trnh lun c nghim.
b/ 2x
1
2
+ 2x
2
2
- 5x
1
x
2
= 27 2[(x
1
+ x
2
)
2
- 2x
1
x
2
] - 5x
1
x
2
= 27 2(x
1
+ x
2
)
2
- 9x
1
x
2
= 27 8m
2
- 9(2m + 1) = 27 8m
2
- 18m - 18 = 0 4m
2
- 9m - 9 = 0
m = 3 m = -3/4.
Trang 26
c/ Gi s phng trnh c 2 nghim: x
1
= 2x
2
ta c:
x
1
+ x
2
= 3x
2
=2m x
2
=2m/3 (1) v x
1
x
2
= 2x
2
2
= 2m - 1x
2
2
= (2m - 1)/2 (2).
T (1) v (2) 4m
2
/9 = (2m - 1)/2 8m
2
- 18m + 9 = 0 m = 3/4 m = 3/2
d/ Ta c: x = m + m + 1 = 2m + 1 x = m - m - 1 = -1
Nu x
1
= 2m + 1, x
2
= -1 th ta c: 2m + 1 = 1 m = 0
Nu x
1
= -1, x
2
= 2m + 1 th ta c: -1 = (2m + 1)
2
v l. Vy m = 0.
Bi 4
Cho phng trnh: (m - 1)x
2
+ 2(m - 1)x - m = 0.
a/ Tm m phng trnh c nghim kp, tm nghim kp ny
b/ Tm m phng trnh c 2 nghim phn bit tri du
c/ Tm m phng trnh c 2 nghim phn bit u m
d/ Tm m phng trnh c 2 nghim phn bit u dng
Gii
a/ Phng rnh c nghim kp m 1 v
'
= 0 m
2
- 2m + 1 + m
2
- m = 0
2m
2
- 3m + 1 = 0 (m - 1)(2m - 1) = 0 m = 1 m = 1/2
Vy m = 1/2 th phng trnh c nghim kp: x = 1.
b/ Phng trnh c 2 nghim phn bit tri du

>

<
<
> >
' ' '

> <

<

<
>

'
1 2
m 1
m 1
m 1
m 1/ 2
m 0
0 (m 1)(2m 1) 0
m 1 m 0
x x 0 m
0
m 1
m 1
.
c/ Phng trnh c 2 nghim phn bit u m

>
>
>

< < <

' ' ' >
>

< <

+ <
<

'
1 2
1 2
m 1
m 1
(m 1)(2m 1) 0
m 1
0
m
0 m 1/ 2 m 1/ 2
0
x x 0
m 1
0 m 1
2(m 1) x x 0
0
m 1
.
d/ Phng trnh c 2 nghim phn bit u dng
Trang 27

>

>
<

>

< <
' ' ' >
>

>

+ >
>

'
1 2
1 2
m 1
m 1
m 1
(m 1)(2m 1) 0
m 1/ 2
0
m
0 m 1
0
x x 0
m 1
2 0
2(m 1) x x 0
0
m 1
Loi
Vy khng tn ti m phng trnh c 2 nghim phn bit u dng.
Bi 5
Cho phng trnh: x
2
- (2m - 3)x + m
2
- 3m = 0.
a/ Chng minh rng phng trnh lun c 2 nghim khi m thay i.
1
, x
2
tho mn: 1 < x
1
< x
2
< 6.
Gii
a/ = 4m
2
- 12m + 9 - 4m
2
+ 12m = 9 > 0 phng trnh lun c 2 nghim.
b/ x
1
=

2m 3 3
m 3
2
; x
2
=
+
2m 3 3
m
2
Vi mi m ta lun c: m - 3 < m 1 < m - 3 < m < 6 4 < m < 6.
Bi 6
Cho phng trnh: 3x
2
- mx + 2 = 0. Tm m pt c 2 nghim tho mn:
3x
1
x
2
= 2x
2
- 2.
Gii
K:

' ' '

+ +

2
1 2 2 2 2
1 2 1 2 1
1 2 1 2
m 24 0 m 2 6 m 2 6 m 2 6 m 2 6
3x x 2x 2 2 2x 2 x 2
x x 2/ 3 x x 2/ 3 x 1/3
x x m/ 3 x x m/ 3 m 7
Bi 7
Gi a, b l nghim ca phng trnh: x
2
+ px + 1 = 0
c, d l nghim ca phgn trnh: x
2
+ qx + 1 = 0
a/ Chng minh rng: (a - c)(a - d)(b - c)(b - d) = (p - q)
2
b/ Chng minh rng: (a - c)(b - c)(a + d)(b + d) = q
2
- p
2
Gii
Theo nh l Vit ta c:
+ +
' '

a b p c d q
ab 1 cd 1
.
a/ VT = (a - c)(a - d)(b - c)(b - d) = (a
2
- ad - ac + cd)(b
2
- bc - bd + cd) =
[a
2
- a(c + d) + cd][b
2
- b(c + d) + cd] = (a
2
+ aq + 1)(b
2
+ bq + 1) =
a
2
b
2
+ a
2
bq + a
2
+ab
2
q + abq
2
+ aq + b
2
+ bq + 1 =
Trang 28
1 + aq + bq + q(a + b) + [(a + b)
2
- 2ab] + q
2
+ 1 =
2 + q(a + b) - pq + p
2
- 2 + q
2
+ 1 = p
2
- 2pq + q
2
= (p - q)
2
= VP.
b/ VT = (a - c)(b - c)(a + d)(b + d) = [ab - c(a + b) + c
2
][ab + d(a + b) + d
2
] = (1
+ cp + c
2
)(1- dp + d
2
) = 1- dp + d
2
+ cp - cdp
2
+ cd
2
p + c
2
- c
2
dp + c
2
d
2
=
= 1- dp + d
2
+ cp - p
2
+ dp + c
2
- cp + 1 = (c + d)
2
- 2cd - p
2
+ 2 = q
2
- p
2
= VP.
IV/ Phng trnh bc cao
Bi 8
Gii cc phng trnh sau:
a/ x
3
- 2x
2
- x + 2 = 0
b/ x
4
- 3x
3
+ 6x
2
+ 3x + 1 = 0
c/ x
4
+ 2x
3
- 6x
2
+ 2x + 1 = 0
d/ (x
2
- 3x + 1)(x
2
- 3x + 2) = 2
e/ (x + 9)(x + 10) (x + 11) - 8x = 0
f/ (x + 2)
2
+ (x + 3)
3
+ (x + 4)
4
= 2
Gii
a/ Nhm thy x = 2 l nghim phn tch VT lm xut hin x - 2
x
3
- 2x
2
- x + 2 = 0 x
2
(x- 2)- (x- 2) = 0 (x- 2)(x
2
- 1) = 0 x = 0 x = t1.
Cch khc:
x
3
- 2x
2
- x + 2 = 0 x
3
- 8 - (2x
2
- 8) - (x - 2) = 0 (x - 2)(x
2
+ 2x + 4 - 2x - 4 -
1) (x - 2)(x
2
- 1) = 0 x = 0 x = t1.
b/ Do x = 0 khng phi l nghim chia c hai v cho x
2
0 ta c:
_ _
+ + +

, ,
2 2
2 2
3 1 1 1
x 3x 6 0 x 3 x 6 0
x x x x
t: + +
2 2
2
1 1
x t x t 2
x x
, thay vo phng trnh ta c:
t
2
- 3t - 4 = 0 (t + 1)(t - 4) = 0 t = -1 t = 4.
Vi : t = -1
1
2
2
1 5
x
1
2
x 1 x x 1 0
x
1 5
x
2
.
Vi : t = 4
1 2
2
x 2 5
1
x 4 x 4x 1 0
x
x 2 5
.
c/ Do x = 0 khng phi l nghim chia c hai v cho x
2
0 ta c:
Trang 29
_ _
+ + +

, ,
2 2
2 2
2 1 1 1
x 2x 6 0 x 2 x 6 0
x x x x
t: + +
2 2
2
1 1
x t x t 2
x x
t
2
- 2t - 4 = 0 + t 1 5 t 1 5 (khng tm c x)
Cch khc:
x
4
+ 2x
3
- 6x
2
+ 2x + 1 = 0 (x
4
- 2x
2
+ 1) + (2x
3
- 4x
2
+ 2x) = 0
(x
2
- 1)
2
+ 2x(x - 1)
2
= 0 (x - 1)
2
[(x + 1)
2
+ 2x] = 0

+ +
2
x 1
x 4x 1 0
e/ t t = x
2
- 3x + 1 phng trnh c dng: t(t + 1) = 2 t
2
+ t - 2 = 0 t =
1 t = -2.
Vi: t = 1 x
2
- 3x = 0 x = 0 x = 3.
Vi: t = -2 x
2
- 3x + 3 = 0, VN
f/ t: x+ 10 = t (t - 1) t (t + 1) - 8(t - 10) = 0 t
3
- 9t + 80 = 0
(t + 5)(t
2
- 5t + 16) = 0 t = -5 x = -15.
g/ t: x + 4 = t (t - 2)
2
+ (t - 1)
3
+ t
4
= 2
(t
2
- 4t + 4) + (t
3
- 3t
2
+ 3t - 1) + t
4
= 2 (t
2
-1)(t
2
+ t - 1 = 0
+

0 1
0 1
2
2
t t
t
.
Bi 9
Cho phng trnh: x
3
- 2x
2
+ (m + 1)x - m = 0.
a/ Chng minh rng: phng trnh lun c nghim x = 1 vi mi m
b/ Tm m phng trnh c ng 2 nghim
c/ Gii v bin lun phng trnh theo m
Gii
a/ Thay x = 1 vo phng trnh ta thy lun ng x = 1 l nghim vi mi m
b/ Pt (x - 1)( x
2
- x + m) = 0
t: f(x) = x
2
- x + m PT c ng 2 nghim
Trang 30
TH
1
: f(x) = 0 c nghim kp x 1
4
1
0
0 4 1
0 ) 1 (
0

'
'

m
m
m
f
.
TH
2
: f(x) = 0 c 2 nghim phn bit trong mt nghim phi bng 1
> > <

' ' '

0 1 4m 0 m 1/ 4
m 0
f(1) 0 m 0 m 0
. Vy: m = 0 m = 1/4.
c/ Xt PT x
2
- x + m ta c: =1 - 4m.
Nu < 0 1- 4m < 0 m > 1/4 PT c mt nghim x = 1.
Nu

' '

0 1 4m 0
1
m
f(1) 0 m 0 4
PT c hai nghim x = 1 x = 1/2.
Nu
> > <

' ' '

0 1 4m 0 m 1/ 4
m 0
f(1) 0 m 0 m 0
PT c hai nghim x= 1 x = 0.
Nu
> > <

' ' '

0 1 4m 0 m 1/ 4
f(1) 0 m 0 m 0
PT c 3 nghim x = 1
t
1 1 4m
x
2
.
BTVN
Bi 1 Cho phng trnh: 3x
2
- 5x + m = 0.
a/ Tm m phng trnh c 2 nghim x
1
, x
2
tho mn: x
1
2
- x
2
2
= 5/9
1
, x
2
tho mn: x
1
3
+ x
2
3
= 72
Bi 2 Cho phng trnh: x
2
- 2mx + m + 2 = 0.
Xc nh m phng trnh c 2 nghim khng m. Khi hy tnh gi tr
ca biu thc: P = +
1 2
x x theo m.
Bi 3 Gii cc phng trnh:
a/ x
3
- 2x
2
-11x +12 b/ (x + 1)(x + 3) (x + 5)(x + 7) + 15 = 0
c/ x
4
+ 5x
3
- 12x
2
+ 5x + 1 = 0 d/ x
4
+ 6x
3
+ 7x
2
- 6x + 1 = 0 e/ 2x
4
- x
3
-
5x
2
+ x + 2 = 0
Hng dn
Do x = 0 khng phi l nghim chia c hai v cho x
2
0 ta c:
_ _
+ + +

, ,
2 2
2 2
1 2 1 1
2x x 5 0 2 x x 5 0
x x x x
Trang 31
t: + +
2 2
2
1 1
x t x t 2
x x
2t
2
- t - 1 = 0 (t - 1)(2t +1) = 0 t = -1 t = -1/2.
Vi : t = 1
1
2
2
1 5
x
1
2
x 1 x x 1 0
x
1 5
x
2
.
Vi : t = -1/2
1
2
2
1 17
x
1 1
4
x 2x x 2 0
x 2
1 17
x
4
.
Trang 32
Chuyn 6
Gii phng trnh, bt phng trnh cha gtt v cn thc
I/ Gii phng trnh cha GTT
*/ Dng c bn.
A= B

' '
t

2 2
B 0 B 0
A B A B
A= B A
2
= B
2
A = tB
*/ Dng khng c bn
- Dng nh ngha: A=

'
<
A nu A 0
A nu A 0
- Dng cc tnh cht ca gi tr tuyt i:
a = a a 0
a = -a a 0
a + b = a + b a.b 0
a + b = a + b a 0 v b 0
Bi 1
a/ x + 1= x(x + 1)
b/ 7 - 2x= 5 - 3x+ x + 2
c/ x
2
- 1+ x
2
- 4=3
d/ x
2
- 5x + 5= -2x
2
+ 10x -11
Gii
a/ x + 1 = x(x + 1) x + 1 = x . x + 1 x + 1( x - 1) = 0
+

t
x 1 0
x 1
x 1
x 1 x 1
.
Cch khc:

x+1= x(x+ 1) x + 1= x
2
+ x
( )

+ +
t

2
2
2
2
x 1
x x x 1
x 1
x x x 1 x 1 0
b/ 7 - 2x= 5 - 3x+ x + 27 5 - 3x+ x + 2= - 2x
5 - 3x+ x + 2= (5 - 3x) + (x + 2) , p dng: a + b = a + b ab 0
(5 - 3x)(x + 2) 0 -2 x 5/3.
Trang 33
c/ t: t = x
2
- 1 x
2
- 4 = t - 3
x
2
- 1+ x
2
- 4 = 3 t + t - 3 =3 (*)
Nu: t 3 (*) 2t = 6 t = 3 x
2
= 4 x = t2
Nu: 0 t < 3 (*) 3 = 3 PT c v s nghim 0 t < 3 0 x
2
-1 < 3
1 x
2
< 4

<

'
<
< <
x 1
1 x 2
x 1
2 x 1
2 x 2
Nu: 0 < t (*) 2t = 0 t = 0 loi.
Vy phng trnh c nghim:

1 x 2
2 x 1
.
d/ x
2
- 5x + 5= -2x
2
+ 10x -11 / x
2
- 5x + 5= -2(x
2
- 5x + 5) -1
t: t = x
2
- 5x + 5 ta c: t = -2t -1

' '

+

2t 1 0 t 1/ 2
t 1 t 2t 1 t 1/3
t 2t 1 t 1
-1 = x
2
- 5x + 5 x
2
- 5x + 6 =0 x = 2 x = 3.
II/ Gii phng trnh cha cn thc
*/ Dng c bn.

'
2
B 0
A B
A B

'
B 0
A B
A B
*/ Dng khng c bn
- Nng lu tha hai v (hai v cng du, tt nht l khng m)
- a v hng ng thc v a ra ngoi cn ri dng tnh cht ca GTT
- t n ph hoc nh gi gi tr ca hai v
Bi 2
a/
+ x 1 x 1
b/
+ + 1 x 4 x 3
c/
+ 1 x 2 x 1
d/
+ + + +
2 2
x 2x 1 x 4x 4 3
e/
+ + + + x 3 4 x 1 x 8 6 x 1 5
Trang 34
f/
+
+ +
x 3
x 2 x 1 x 2 x 1
2
g/
+ + + x 2 3 2x 5 x 2 2x 5 2 2
Gii
a/

+
' ' '
+

2 2
x 1
x 1 0 x 1
x 1 x 1 x 3 x 0
x 1 (x 1) x 3x 0
x 3
b/ K:

' '
+

1 x 0 x 1
4 x 1
4 x 0 x 4
+ + + + + 1 x 4 x 3 5 2 (1 x)(4 x) 9 (1 x)(4 x) 2
+
2
x 3x 0 x 0 x 3
c/ K:

' '
+

1 x 0 x 1
2 x 1
2 x 0 x 2
+ + + + + + 1 x 2 x 1 1 x 1 2 x 1 x 3 x 2 2 x
+ + 2 x (x 1)

' ' '
+ + + +

2 2
x 1
1 5
x 1 0 x 1
1 5
x
x
2
2 2 x x 2x 1 x x 1 0
1 5
x
2
d/ + + + + + + + +
2 2 2 2
x 2x 1 x 4x 4 3 (x 1) (x 2) 3 x 1 x 2 3
+ + + + + + 1 x x 2 3 1 x x 2 (1 x) (x 2)
p dng:
+ + a b a b a.b 0
ta c: (1 - x)(x + 2) 0 -2 x 1
e/
+ + + + x 3 4 x 1 x 8 6 x 1 5
K: x 1
+ + + + + + + + x 3 4 x 1 x 8 6 x 1 5 x 1 4 x 1 4 x 1 6 x 1 9 5
+ + + +
2 2
( x 1 2) ( x 1 3) 5 x 1 2 x 1 3 5
+ + + + + + x 1 2 3 x 1 5 x 1 2 3 x 1 ( x 1 2) (3 x 1)
p dng:
+ + a b a b a.b 0
ta c:
+ ( x 1 2)(3 x 1) 0 2 x 1 3 5 x 10.
Trang 35
f/
+
+ +
x 3
x 2 x 1 x 2 x 1
2
K: x 1
+ +
+ + + + + +
x 3 x 3
x 2 x 1 x 2 x 1 x 1 2 x 1 1 x 1 2 x 1 1
2 2
+ +
+ + + +
2 2
x 3 x 3
( x 1 1) ( x 1 1) x 1 1 x 1 1
2 2
(*)
Nu:
+
+ +
2
x 3
x 1 1 x 2 (*) 2 x 1 16x 16 x 6x 9
2
+
2 2
x 10x 25 0 (x 5) 0 x 5.
Nu:
+
< <
x 3
x 1 1 x 2 (*) 2 x 1.
2
g/
+ + + x 2 3 2x 5 x 2 2x 5 2 2
K: x 5/2.
+ + + x 2 3 2x 5 x 2 2x 5 2 2
+ + + 2x 4 6 2x 5 2x 4 2 2x 5 4
+ + + + 2x 5 6 2x 5 9 2x 5 2 2x 5 1 4
+ +
2 2
( 2x 5 3) ( 2x 5 1) 4
+ + + + 2x 5 3 2x 5 1 4 2x 5 3 1 2x 5 4
+ + + + 2x 5 3 1 2x 5 ( 2x 5 3) (1 2x 5)
p dng:
+ + a b a b a.b 0
ta c:
+ ( 2x 5 3)(1 2x 5) 0 1 2x 5 0 2x 5 1 x 3.
Vy: 5/2 x 3
Bi 3
a/
+ + +
2 2
3x 2x 2 x x 1 x
b/
+ +
x x
(5 2 6) (5 2 6) 10
Gii
a/
+ + +
2 2
3x 2x 2 x x 1 x
K: x
2
+ x 0 x 0 x -1
Trang 36
PT
+ + + +
2 2 2 2
3x 3x 1 2 x x 3(x x) 1 2 x x
t:
+
2
x x t (t 0)
ta c: 3t
2
- 2t - 1 = 0 t = 1 t = -1/3 (loi)
t = 1
t
+ +
2 2
1 5
x x 1 x x 1 0 x
2
b/ Do: + (5 2 6)(5 2 6) 1 t:
>
x
(5 2 6) t (t 0)
PT +
1
t 10
t

+

+
2
t 5 2 6
t 10t 1 0
t 5 2 6
Vi

x
t 5 2 6 (5 2 6) 5 2 6 x 2
Vi
+ +
x x 1
t 5 2 6 (5 2 6) 5 2 6 (5 2 6) (5 2 6) x 2
Vy phng trnh c hai nghim: x = t 2.
Bi 4
Gii phng trnh:
a/
+ + +
2 2
3x 2x 2 x x 1 x
b/
+ + +
2
x 4x 5 2 2x 3
c/
+ + + + +
2
x 10x 21 3 x 3 2 x 7 6
d/ + + +
2 2
3x 12x 16 y 4y 13 5
e/
+ + + + +
2 2 2
3x 6x 7 5x 10x 14 4 2x x
f/
( ) ( )
+ + +
2 2 2
7
x 3x x 2x 2 x 4x 5
2
g/
+ +
2
2x 3 5 2x 3x 12x 14
Gii
a/ K: x
2
+ x 0 x 0 x -1
+ + + + + +
2 2 2 2
3x 2x 2 x x 1 x 3(x x) 2 x x 1
t
+
2
x x t (t 0)
PT 3t
2
- 2t - 1 = 0 t = 1 t = -1/3 (loi)
t
+ +
2 2
1 5
t 1 x x 1 x x 1 0 x
2
b/ K: 2x + 3 0 x -3/2
Trang 37
+ + + + + + + + +
2 2
x 4x 5 2 2x 3 (x 2x 1) (2x 3) 2 2x 3 1
+
+ + +
'
+
2
2 2
2
(x 1) 0
(x 1) ( 2x 3 1) 0 x 1
( 2x 3 1) 0
.
c/ K:
+

'
+
x 3 0
x 3
x 7 0
+ + + + + + + + + +
2
x 10x 21 3 x 3 2 x 7 6 (x 3)(x 7) 3 x 3 2 x 7 6 0
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
+ + + + + x 3 x 7 3 2 x 7 3 0 x 7 3 x 3 2 0
+ +

+
+
x 7 3 0 x 7 9
x 2
x 3 4
x 3 2 0
.
d/ Do: 3x
2
-12x + 16 = 3(x - 2)
2
+ 4 4
+
2
3x 12x 16 2
y
2
- 4y + 13 =(y - 2)
2
+ 9 9
+ + +
2 2
3x 12x 16 y 4y 13 5 PT

' '
2
2
3(x 2) 0 x 2
y 2
(y 2) 0
e/
+ + + + +
2 2 2
3x 6x 7 5x 10x 14 4 2x x
( ) ( ) ( ) + + + + + +
2 2 2
3 x 1 4 5 x 1 9 5 x 1
M:
( ) ( ) + + + + + +
2 2
3 x 1 4 5 x 1 9 4 9 5 cn 5 - (x+1)
2
5
nn ta c: (x+1)
2
= 0 x = -1.
f/ Ta c:
x
2
- 2x + 2 = (x- 1)
2
+ 1 > 0
x
2
- 4x + 5 = (x- 2)
2
+ 1 > 0
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
+ + +
+ + +
2 2
2 2 2
x 2x 2 x 4x 5
7
x 3x x 2x 2 x 4x 5
2 2
PT x
2
- 2x + 2 = x
2
- 4x + 5 x = 3/2.
g/ K: 3/2 x 5/2
VP = 3 x
2
- 12x + 14 = 3(x - 2)
2
+ 2 2, du bng xy ra x = 2.
VT
2
= + + + +
2 2 2 2
( 2x 3 5 2x) (2x 3 5 2x)(1 1 ) ( 2x 3 5 2x) 4
+ 2x 3 5 2x 2
, du bng xy ra 2x - 3 = 5 - 2x x = 2.
Vy: Phng trnh c nghim VT = VP = 2 x = 2.
Trang 38
Bi 5
Gii cc bt phng trnh sau:
a/ x - 4 < x
2
+ x + 1
b/
+
2
x 2x 1 1
Gii
a/ Nu: x 4 PT x - 4 < x
2
+ x + 1 x
2
> - 5 BPT c v s nghim
x 4
(1)
Nu: x < 4 PT 4 - x < x
2
+ x + 1 x
2
+ 2x - 3 > 0 x > 1 x < -3
x < -3 1 < x < 4
(2)
T
(1)
v
(2)
x < -3 x > 1.
b/

+

2 2
x 1 1 x 2
x 2x 1 1 (x 1) 1 x 1 1
x 1 1 x 0
.
BTVN
Bi 1 Gii cc phng trnh: a/ x
2
+ 2x - 2 x + 1= 0 b/ x - 1 - x - 2 = 1
Bi 2Gii cc phng trnh sau:
a/
3 x 3x 5
b/

2
1 2x x 1
c/
+ + x 3 7 x 2x 8
(x = 5, x = 6) d/
+ + x 2 x 1 x 3 4 x 1 1
e/
+ + 3 x 2 x 1 2 x 2 x 1
f/
+ +
x x
(7 48) (7 48) 14
g/ + +
2
x 94 96 x x 190x 9027 h/
+ + +
2
6 x x 2 x 6x 13
Hng dn K: -2 x 6
VP = x
2
- 6x + 13 = (x - 3)
2
+ 4 4. du bng xy ra x = 3.
VT
2
= + + + + + + +
2 2 2 2
( 6 x x 2) (6 x x 2)(1 1 ) ( 6 x x 2) 16
+ +
2
( 6 x x 2) 4. Du bng xy ra
+ 6 x x 2 x 4
.
Vy: Phng trnh v nghim.
Trang 39
Chuyn 7
Gii bi ton bng cch lp phng trnh, h phng trnh
I/ Cc bc gii mt bi ton bng cch lp phng trnh, H phng
trnh
B
1
: Lp phng trnh.
- Chn n v xc nh iu kin cho n
- Biu th cc s liu cha bit qua n
- Tm mi lin h gia cc s liu lp phng trnh hoc h phng trnh
B
2
: Gii phng trnh hoc gii h phng trnh.
B
3
: Chn kt qu thch hp v tr li.
Ch :
- Qung ng = vn tc x thi gian (ton chuyn ng)
- Sn lng = nng sut x thi gian (ton nng sut)
- Ngoi cch chn n trc tip i khi ta cn chn n gin tip c phng
trnh n gin hn.
II/ Bi tp.
*/ Ton chuyn ng
Bi 1
Mt ca n xui dng t A n B vi vn tc trung bnh l 30 km/h, sau
li ngc t B n A. thi gian i xui t hn thi gian i ngc 40 pht.
Tnh di khc sng AB bit vn tc dng nc 3 km/h v vn tc ca ca
n khng i.
Gii
Gi di khc sng AB l s (km)
thi gian ca n xui dng l: s/30 (gi)
thi gian ca n ngc dng l: s/(30 - 6) (gi)
Theo bi ra ta c phng trnh:

s s 2 s s 2 s s
2 2s 160 s 80(km)
30 6 30 3 24 30 3 8 10
Bi 2
Mt ca n d nh i t A n B trong thi gian nh. Nu vn tc
ca n tng 3 km/h th n ni sm 2 gi. Nu vn tc ca n gim 3 km/h
th n ni chm 3 gi. Tnh chiu di khc sng.
Gii
Trang 40
Gi vn tc d nh ca ca n l v (km/h) (v > 3), thi gian d nh l t (gi) (t
> 2), th chiu di khc sng AB l v.t (km)
Nu vn tc ca n tng 3 km/h th n ni sm 2 gi ta c: (v + 3)(y - 2) =
v.t
Nu vn tc ca n gim 3 km/h th n ni chm 3 gi ta c: (v-3)(y+3) =
v.t
Vy ta c h phng trnh:
+ + +

' ' ' '
+ +

(v 3)(t 2) vt vt 2v 3t 6 vt 2v 3t 6 v 15
(v 3)(t 3) vt vt 3v 3t 9 vt 3v 3t 9 t 12
Vy khc sng AB di 12.15 = 180 (km).
Bi 3
Mt ca n xui khc sng di 40 km ri ngc khc sng y ht 4 gi ri.
Bit thi gian ca n xui 5 km bng thi gian ca n ngc 4 km. Tnh vn
tc dng nc.
Gii
Gi vn tc ca dng nc l x (km.h) v vn t ca ca n l y (km/h),(x >y >0)
Do ca n xui khc sng di 40 km ri ngc khc sng y ht 4 gi ri ta c:
+
+
40 40 9
(1)
x y x y 2
Do thi gian ca n xui 5 km bng thi gian ca n ngc 4 km ta c:
) 2 (
4 5
y x y x
+
T (1) v (2) ta c h phng trinh:

+ +

+ + +

' ' '

+ + +

40 40 9 40 40 9 90 9
x y x y 2 x y x y 2 x y 2
5 4 50 40 5 4
0 0 0
x y x y x y x y x y x y
+

' '

x y 20 x 18
x y 16 y 2
. Vy: vn tc dng nc l y = 2 km/h.
Bi 4
Mt ca n xui dng 45 km ri ngc dng 18 km. Bit rng thi gian xui
lu hn thi gian ngc l 1 gi v vn tc xui ln hn vn tc ngc l 6
km/h. tnh vn tc ca ca n lc ngc dng.
Gii
Trang 41
Gi v (km/h) l vn tc ca ca n lc ngc dng (v > 0) th thi gian xui dng 45
km l 45/(v+6) v thi gian ngc dng 18 km l 18/v. Theo bi ra ta c phng
trnh:

+ +

+
2 2
v 12
45 18
1 45v 18v 108 v 6v v 21v 108 0
v 6 v v 9
.
Vy vn tc ca n lc ngc dng l: v = 12 hoc v = 9.
Bi 5*
Mt b na tri t do v mt ca n cng ri bn A xui dng sng. Ca
n xui dng c 96 km th tr v A, c i ln v mt 14 gi trn ng
v khi cn cch A 24 km th ca n gp b na tri. Tm vn tc ring ca
ca n v vn tc ca dng nc.
Gii
Gi vn tc ca ca n l x (km/h) v vn tc ca dng nc l y (km/h) (x>y>0)
Do Ca n xui dng c 96 km th tr v A, c i ln v mt 14 gi nn ta c:
+
+
96 96
14 (1)
x y x y
Do trn ng v khi cn cch A 24 km th ca n gp b na tri nn ta c:
+
+
96 72 24
(2)
x y x y y
T (1) v (2) ta c h phng trnh:
'
96 96
14(1)
x y x y
96 72 24
(2)
x y x y y
T (2)
+ +
+ +
96 72 24 4 3 1
x y x y y x y x y y
+ +
2 2 2 2 '
4xy 4y 3y 3xy x y x 7y (2)
T (1)
+ +
+ +
2 2 '
96 96 48 48
14 7 96x 7(x y ) (1)
x y x y x y x y
Thay (2
'
) vo (1
'
) ta c: 96y = 48y
2
y = 2 x = 14
Vy vn tc ring ca ca n l x = 14 v vn tc ca dng nc l y = 2.
Bi 6*
Mt chic tu thu xui t bn A n bn B ht 5 gi v ngc t bn B
v bn A ht 7 gi. Hi mt chic b c th tri theo dng nc th s i
Trang 42
t bn A n bn B ht bao lu? Bit rng lt i cng nh lt v, tu
thu khng dng li ch no v vn gi nguyn vn tc ring ca n
(vn tc ring l vn tc khi nc yn lng).
Gii
Gi khong cch AB l s
Vn tc tu thu khi xui dng l: v
x
= s/5
Vn tc tu thu khi ngc dng l: v
n
= s/7
Ta c:
v
x
= v
tu
+ v
nc
, v
n
= v
tu
- v
nc
v
x
- v
n
= 2v
nc
s/5 - s/7 = 2v
nc
v
nc
= s/35
Vy: Mt chic b tri t A n B ht 35 gi.
Bi 7
Qung ng AB gm mt on ln dc di 4 km v mt on xung dc
di 5 km. Mt ngi i xe p t A n B ht 40 pht v i t B v A ht
41 pht (vn tc ln dc lc i v v nh nhau, vn tc xung dc lc i
v v nh nhau). Tnh vn tc lc ln dc v lc xung dc.
Gii
Gi vn tc lc ln dc l x (km/h), vn tc lc xung dc l y (km/h)
Theo bi ra ta c h phng trnh:

+ +

' ' ' '

+ + +

4 5 40 20 25 200 9 36
x y 60 x y 60 y 60 y 15
5 4 41 20 16 164 5 4 41 x 12
x y 60 x y 60 x y 60
.
Vy: vn tc lc lndc l x = 12 km/h, vn tc lc xung xcl y = 15 km/h.
Bi 8
Mt ngi i xe p t A n B gm mt on ln dc AC v mt on
xung dc CB. Thi gian i AB l 2 gi, thi gian v BA l 1 gi 45 pht.
Tnh chiu di qung ng AB? Bit rng c ln dc th ngi i vi
vn tc 10 km/h v c xung dc th ngi i vi vn tc 15 km/h.
Gii
Gi qung ng AB l s (km) ta c:
+ +
+ +
'
AC CB
2
AC BC CB CA 15 s s 15
10 15
BC CA 7 10 15 4 10 15 4
10 15 4
+ 6s 4s 225 s 22,5km
Trang 43
Bi 9
Mt ngi i xe p t A n B ng di 78 km. Sau mt gi ngi th
hai i t B n A. hai ngi gp nhau ti C cch B l 36 km. Tnh thi
gian mi ngi i t lc khi hnh n lc gp nhau bit rng vn tc
ngi th hai ln hn vn tc ngi th nht l 4 km/h.
Gii
Gi vn tc ngi th nht l v (km/h), (v > 0) th vn tc ngi th hai l v + 4.
Thi gian ngi th nht i l: 42/ v
Thi gian ngi th hai i l: 36/(v+4)
+ +
+
2 2
42 36
1 6v 168 v 4v v 2v 168 0 v 14.
v v 4
Vy: Thi gian ngi th nht i l: 42/ 14 = 3 gi
Thi gian ngi th hai i l: 36/ 18 = 2 gi.
Bi 10
Hai n v b i hai a im A v B cch nhau 39,5 km. Lc 6 gi
nv A i v pha B vi vn tc 6 km/h. Sau 2 gi n v B mi i
v pha A vi vn tc 5 km/h. Hi hai n v gp nhau lc my gi.
Gii
Gi qung ng n v th nht i c cho n khi gp nhau l s
1
Gi qung ng n v th hai i c cho n khi gp nhau l s
2
Thi gian n v th nht i c cho n khi gp nhau l s
1
/6
Thi gian n v th hai i c cho n khi gp nhau l s
2
/5

' ' ' '
+ +

1 2
1 2 1 1
1 2 1 2 2
1 2
s s
5s 6s 60 11s 297 s 27 2
6 5
6s 6s 237 6s 6s 237 s 12,5
s s 39,5
.
Vy: Thi gian n v th nht i c cho n khi gp nhau l 27/6 = 4,5 gi
hai i gp nhau lc 10gi 30 pht.
Bi 11*
Mt t ti i t A n B vi vn tc 30 km/h. Sau mt thi gian, mt
xe con cng xut pht t A vi vn tc 40km/h v nu khng c g thay
i th ui kp t ti ti B. Nhng sau khi i c na qung ng AB
th xe con tng vn tc ln thnh 45 km/h. nn sau 1 gi th ui
kp t ti. Tnh qung ng AB
Trang 44
Gii
Gi qung ng AB l s (km)
Thi gian t ti i bnh thng l s/30 v thi gian xe con i bnh thng l s/40
Xe con xut pht sau t ti mt thi gian l:
s s s
30 40 120
.
Qung ng m xe con i sau mt gi k t lc tng tc gp xe ti l 45 km
Nh vy thi gian m t ti i t A cho n khi gp xe con l: +
s 45
2.30 30
Thi gian ng bng thi gian i ca xe con l: + +
s s
1
2.40 120
.
Vy ta c phng trnh:
+ + + +
s s s 45 3s 2s 4s 120
1 s 120
2.40 120 2.30 30 240 240 240 240
Vy: Qung ng AB = 120 km.
Bi 12*
Hai n v b i cng mt lc i t hai a im A v B gp
nhau. n v i t A mi gi i c 4 km. n v i t B mi gi i c
5 km. Mt ngi lin lc i xe p vi vn tc 12 km/h ln ng cng mt
lc vi cc n v b i, bt u t A gp n v i t B. Khi
gp n v ny ri, ngi lin lc lp tc quay v gpkj n v i t A
v khi gp n v ny ri li lp tcquay v gp n v i t B v
cnh th cho n khi hai n v gp nhau. Bit rngB di 27 km. Tnh
qung ng ngi lin lc i.
Gii
Ta c thi gian m ngi lin lc chy i chy li ng bng thi gian m hai n
v b i gp nhau. Gi thi gian l t (gi).
Qung ng m nv i t A i c l: 4t
Qung ng m nv i t B i c l: 5t
Theo bi ra ta c: 4t + 5t = 27 t = 3.
Vy: Qung ng m ngi lin lc i l: 12.3 = 36 km
*/ Ton vi nc, ton nng sut ...
Bi 13
Ngi ta m ng thi hai vi nc cng chy vo mt b cn. Sau 4 gi b
y nc. Hi nu chy mt mnh, y b mi vi cn bao nhiu thi
gian? Bit rng lng nc chy ca vi th nht trong 2 gi 20 pht bng l-
Trang 45
ng nc chy ca vi th hai trong 1 gi 45 pht.
Gii
Gi t
1
l thi gian vi mt chy mt mnh y b 1gi vi mt chy c 1/t
1
b
Gi t
2
l thi gian vi hai chy mt mnh y b 1gi vihi chy c 1/t
2
b
ta c: 4/t
1
+ 4/t
2
= 1
(1)
Mt khc:
Trong 2 gi 20 pht = 7/3 gi vi mt chy c 7/3t
1
b
Trong 1 gi 45 pht = 7/4 gi vi hai chy c 7/4t
2
b
ta c: 7/3t
1
= 7/4t
2

(2)
T
(1)
v
(2)
ta c h phng trnh:

' ' ' '

1 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 2 1
2 1 2 1 2
1 2
4 4
1
t t 4t 4t t t 7t t t t 28/3
7 7 4t 3t 0 4t 3t 0 t 7
3t 4t
Vy: Vi mt chy mt mnh y b phi mt 28/3 gi
Vi hai chy mt mnh y b phi mt 7 gi.
Bi 14*
Ngi ta t mt vi nc chy vo mt b nc v mt vi nc chy ra lng
chng b. Khi b cn, nu m c hai vi th sau 2 gi 42 pht b y n-
c. Cn nu ng vi chy ra, m vi chy vo th sau 1gi 30 pht y
b. Bit vi chy vo mnh gp 2 ln vi chy ra.
a/ Tnh thi gian nc chy vo t lc b cn n lc nc ngang ch t
vi chy ra.
b/ Nu chiu cao b l 2m th khong cch t ch t vi chy ra n
y b l bao nhiu.
Gii
a/ Gi t (gi) l thi gian vi nc chy vo t khi b cn cho n khi mc nc
ngang ch t vi chy ra.
Trong 1 gi vi chy vo chy c 1/1,5 = 2/3 b
Trong 1 gi vi chy ra chy c 2/3 : 2 = 1/3 b
Nu m c hai vi th trong 1 gi lng nc chy vo b l: 2/3 - 1/3 = 1/3
Nhng trong t gi u ch c vi chy vo lm vic nn lng nc chy vo b l
2t/3 b
Trang 46
Thi gian c hai vi lm vic l 2 gi 42 pht - t gi = (27/10 - t) gi l ng nc chy
vo b l (27/10 - t)/3 b
ta c phng trnh:
+ +
27
t
2t 20t 27 10t 30 3
10
1 t
3 3 30 30 30 10
.
Vy: thi gian nc chy vo t lc b cn n lc nc ngang ch t vi chy ra
l 0,3 gi.
b/ Nu chiu cao b l 2m th ring vi chy vo lm vic trong 1,5 gi th
mc nc cao 2 m ring vi chy vo lm vic trong 0,3 gi th mc nc cao
2.0,3/1,5 = 0,4 m
Vy: khong cch t ch t vichy ra n y b l 0,4 m.
Bi 15
Mt phng hp c mt s dy gh, tng cng 40 ch. Do phi xp 55 ch
nn ngi ta k thm mt dy gh v mi dy xp thm mt ch. Hi lc
u c my dy gh trong phng?
Gii
Gi s dy gh trong phng lc u l x (x nguyn dng) mi dy c 40/x ch
Lc sau c x + 1dy mi dy c 40/x + 1 gh ta c phng trnh:
+ + +
2
40
(x 1)( 1) 55 x 14x 40 0 x 4 x 10
x
vy lc u trong phng c 4 dy, mi dy 10 ch hoc c 10 dy mi dy 4 ch.
Bi 16
Mt x nghip d nh iu mt s xe chuyn 120 t hng. Nu
mi xe ch thm 1 t so vi d nh th s xe gim i 4 chic. Tnh s
xe d nh iu ng.
Gii
Gi s xe d nh iu ng l x ( x nguyn dng) mi xe ch 120/x t. Theo
bi ra ta c phng trnh:
+
2
120 120
1 x 4x 480 0 x 24
x x 4
Vy s xe d nh iu ng l 24 xe.
Bi 17
C hai i cng nhn, mi i phi sa 10 km ng. Thi gian i 1
lm nhiu hn i 2 l 1 ngy. Trong mt ngy, mi i lm c bao
nhiu km bit rng c hai i lm c 4,5 km trong mt ngy.
Trang 47
Gii
Gi qung ng i 1 lm trong mt ngy l x (km), (0<x<4,5) th qung -
ng i 2 lm trong mt ngy l 4,5 - x
+
2
10 10
1 x 24,5x 45 0 x 2 x 22,5
x 4,5 x
(loi)
Vy: Trong mt ngy i 1 lmc 2 km, i 2 lm c 2,5 km.
Bi 18
Hai my cy cng lm vic trn mt cnh ng. Nu c hai my th 10
ngy xong cng vic. Nhng thc t hai my ch cng lm vic 7 ngy
u, sau my th nht i cy ni khc, my th hai lm tip 9 ngy
na th xong. Hi mi my lm vic mt mnh th trong bao lu cy
xong c cnh ng.
Gii
Gi x l s ngy my 1 cy mt mnh xong c cnh ng
y l s ngy my 2 cy mt mnh xong c cnh ng
Do c hai my cy th 10 ngy xong vic nn ta c: 10/x + 10/y = 1
(1)
Nhng thc t hai my ch cng lm vic 7 ngy u, sau my th hai lm
tip 9 ngy na th xong nn ta c: 7/x + 7/y + 9/y = 1
(2)
T
(1)
v
(2)
ta c: x = 15, y = 30.
Bi 19
Mt ca hng bn trng trong mt s ngy. Ngy th nht ca hng bn
150 qu v 1/9 s cn li, ngy th hai li bn 200 qu v 1/9 s cn li,
ngy th ba bn 250 qu v 1/9 s cn li ...
C bn nh vy cho n ht th s trng mi ngy bn nh nhau. Hi s
trng c tt c l bao nhiu?
Gii
Gi s s trng c tt c l x qu ( x > 0)
Ngy th nht bn: +
1
150 (x 150)
9

(1)
Ngy th hai bn:
1
+
1
]
1 1
200 x 200 150 (x 150)
9 9

(2)

Do s trng bn mi ngy nh nhau nn ta c:
1
+ +
1
]
1 1 1
150 (x 150) 200 x 200 150 (x 150)
9 9 9
Trang 48
+
1
x 150 450 x 200 150 (x 150) x 150 250.9 x 2400
9
Vy: S trngc tt c l 2400 v mi ngy bn c 400 qu.
BTVN
Bi 1
Mt ngi i xe my t A n B vn tc 40 km/h. i c 15 pht ngi gp t
t B n vi vn tc 50 km/h. t n A ngh 15 pht ri tr v B v gp ngi
i xe my cch B 20 km. Tnh qung ng AB.
Hng dn
Gi C, D l ni m t gp ngi i xe my ln th 1 v ln th 2. Qung ng
CD l s (km).
ta c qung ng AC di 40.1/4 = 10 (km) thi gian ngi i xe my i t C
n D l s/40. Trong thi gian t i t C n A ri ngh 15 pht v i
on AD vi tng thi gian l (10+10+s)/50 + 1/4
Vy ta c phng trnh:
+ + +
+ +
s 10 10 s 1 5s 80 4s 50
s 130
40 50 4 200 200 200
Vy: Qung ng AB di: 10 + 130 + 20 = 160.
Bi 2
Hai vi nc chy vo mt b th b s y trong 3 gi 20 pht. Ngi ta cho vi
th nht chy 3 gi, vith hai chy 2 gi th c hai vi chy c 4/5 b. Tnh
thi gian mi vi chy mt mnh y b.
Hng dn
Gi t
1
l thi gian vi mt chy mt mnh y b 1gi vi mt chy c 1/t
1
b
Gi t
2
l thi gian vi hai chy mt mnh y b 1gi vihi chy c 1/t
2
b
ta c: 10/3t
1
+ 10/3t
2
= 1
(1)
Mt khc:
Trong 3 gi vi mt chy c 3/t
1
b
Trong 2 gi vi hai chy c 2/t
2
b
ta c: 3/t
1
+ 2/t
2
= 4/5
(2)
T
(1)
v
(2)
t
1
= 5 gi, t
2
= 10 gi.
Bi 3
Trang 49
Trong mt lp hc nu b tr 4 em ngi mt gh th cn thiu mt gh. Nu b
tr 3 em ngi mt gh th cn tha 2 gh. Tnh s s lp v s gh ang c
trong lp.
Hng dn
Gi s s lp l s s/4 + 1 s/3 - 2 s/3 - s/4 = 3 s = 36 s gh = 10.
Bi 4
Mt vn hnh ch nht c chu vi 450 m. Nu gim chiu di i 1/5 chiu di
c, tng chiu rng thm 1/4 chiu rng c th chu vi hnh ch nht khng
i. Tnh chiu di v chiu rng ca vng.
Bi 5
Mt sn hnh ch nht c di tch 720 m
2
. Nu tng chiu di 6m, gim chiu
rng 4m th din tch khng i. Tnh cc kch thc ca sn.
Trang 50
Chuyn 8
H thc lng trong tam gic
I/ L thuyt
1/ nh l Talt trong tam gic: DE // BC
AD AE DE
AB AC BC
nh l Talt tng qut: AA
1
// BB
1
// CC
1

1 1 1 1 1 1
AB BC AC
A B B C A C
2/ Tnh cht ng phn gic ca tam gic:
ABC c AD l ng phn gic
DB AB
DC AC
3/ Tam gic ng ging:
ABC A
1
B
1
C
1

'
1
1
1
A A
B B
C C
hoc

1 1 1 1 1 1
AB AC BC
A B A C B C
hoc

'
1
1 1 1 1
A A
AB AC
A B A C
Nu: ABC A
1
B
1
C
1
m
1 1
AB
k
A B
th
1 1
AH
k
A H
v
1 1 1
2 ABC
A B C
S
k
S
4/ H thc lng trong tam gic vung:
-/ a
2
= b
2
+ c
2
-/ c
2
= ac
,
, b
2
= ab
,
-/ h
2
= b
,
c
,
-/ ah = bc
-/ +
2 2 2
1 1 1
h b c
II/ Bi tp
Bi 1
Cho tam gic ABC, ng thng d// BC ct AB ti M, ct AC ti N. Gi I, J
ln lt l trung im ca MN v BC.
a/ Chng minh rng: A, I, J thng hng.
b/ Gi P, Q, H ln lt l hnh chiu ca M, N, A ln BC, O = MP NQ, R l
trung im ca AH. Chng minh rng: J, O, R thng hng.
Gii
Trang 51
A
B
D
C
A
B
C C
1
B
1
A
1
A
C
H
B
c
b
a
c
,
b
,
h
A
B
E
a/ p dng nh l Talt cho tam gic ABC ta c:

MN AN MN/ 2 AN IN AN
BC AC BC/ 2 AC JC AC

A, I, J thng hng.
b/ Gi S l trung im ca PQ I, O, S thng hng
v O l trung im ca IS, AH // IS theo cu a th ta c J, O, R thng hng.
Bi 2
Cho tam gic ABC vung ti A, phn gic trong AD, phn gic ngoi AE.
Cho bit AB < AC. Chng minh cc h thc sau:
a/ +
1 1 2
AB AC AD
b/
1 1 2
AB AC AE
Gii
V DH AB, DK AC DH = DK =
AD
2
a/ p dng nh l Talt cho ABC ta c:

DK CD 1 AD 1 1 1
AB CB 2 2 AB
2AB 2AD

HD CD 1 AD 1 1 1
AC CB 2 2 AC
2AC 2AD
+
1 1 2 2
AB AC AD
2AD
.
Cch khc:
Ch : S
ABC
=
2
1
AB.ADsin(AB;AC)
a/ Ta c: S
ABC
=
1
2
AB.AC = S
ABD
+ S
ACD
=
1
2
AB.ADsin45
0
+
1
2
AC.ADsin45
0

2
AB.AC = (AB+AC)AD
2

+

+
AB.AC 2AD AB AC 2
AB AC 2 AB.AC AD
+
1 1 2
AB AC AD
b/ Ta c: S
ABC
=
1
2
AB.AC = S
AEC
- S
ABE
=
1
2
AE.ACsin135
0
-
1
2
AB.AEsin45
0

AB.AC =
AE
2
(AC - AB)
AB.AC AE AC AB 2
AC AB AB.AC AE
2

1 1 2
AB AC AE
.
Bi 3
Cho tam gic ABC vung ti A, ngcao AH, trung tuyn AM. Chng minh
Trang 52
B
A
C E
D
K
H
B J
C
N
I
M
P Q
H
O
R
S
A
cc h thc sau:
a/
_

,
2
MH BM
2 1
BH AB
b/ + +
2
2 2 2
BC
AB AC 2AM
2
Gii
a/ Do tam gic ABC vung ti A nn ta c:

2 2
AB AB
BH
BC 2BM

2 2 2
AB 2BM AB
MH MB BH BM
2BM 2BM

_

,
2
2 2 2 2
2 2
MH 2BM AB 2BM 2BM AB BM
. 2 1
BH 2BM AB AB AB
.
b/ Ta c: AB
2
= AH
2
+ HB
2
, AC
2
= AH
2
+ HC
2
AB
2
+ AC
2
= 2AH
2
+ HB
2
+ HC
2
= 2AH
2
+ (BM - HM)
2
+ (MC + HM)
2
= 2AH
2
+ BM
2
+
MC
2
+2HM
2
- 2BM.HM + 2MC.HM = 2(AH
2
+ HM
2
) + (BC/2)
2
+ (BC/2)
2
= 2AM
2
+
BC
2
/2.
Bi 4
Cho tam gic u ABC, O l trung im ca BC, mt gc xOy = 60
0
c
cnh Ox, Oy lun ct AB, AC ti M v N.
a/ Chng minh rng OB
2
= BM.CN
b/ Chng minh rng tia MO, NO lun l phn gic ca gc BMN v CMN
c/ Chng minh rng ng thng MN lun tip xc vi mt ng trn c
nh khi gc xOy quay quanh O nhng hai cnh Ox, Oy vn ct hai cnh
AB v AC ca tam gic ABC.
Gii
a/ Ta c: B = C = 60
0
O
1
+ O
2
= 120
0
; O
1
+ M
1
= 120
0
M
1
= O
2
N
1
= O
1
BOM CNO
BO/CN = BM/CO BO.CO = BM.CN BO
2
= BM.CN
b/ T (a) ta c:
OM BM OM ON OM ON
NO CO BM CO BM OB
Mt khc: MBO = MON = 60
0
BOM ONM M
1
= M
2
OM l tia
phn gic ca BMN .
c/ Do O l giao im ca hai tia phn gic ca BMN v MNC O cch u
AB, MN v AC.
Trang 53
B
A
C
M
H
A
B C
N
M
O
H
Gi H l hnh chiu ca O ln AB OH = OB.sinB =
a 3 a 3
.
2 2 4
MN lun tip
xc vi ng trn c nh c tm O bn knh
a 3
4
.
Bi 5
Cho tam gic u ABC, trn cc cnh BC, AB, AC ly ba im bt k O, M,
N sao cho O khc B, C v MON = 60
0
.
Chng minh rng: BM.CN BC
2
/4. Du bng xy ra khi no?
Gii
Ta c: BOM =180
0
- B - BMO = 120
0
- BMO
M: BOM = 180
0
- MON - CON = 120
0
- CON
BMO = CON BOM CNO
BM/CO = BO/CN BM.CN = BO.CO
+ _

,
2
2
BO CO BC
2 4
Bi 6
Cho tam gic ABC c ba gc nhn. Gi H l trc tm ca tam gic ABC, K
l chn ng cao v t A ca ABC. Chng minh rng:
2
BC
KH.KA
4
.
Gii
Xt AKB v CKH c: AKB = CKH = 90
0
BAK = HCK (hai gc nhn cnh tng ng vung gc)
AKB CKH
KA KC
KB KH

+ _

,
2
2
KB KC BC
KA.KH KB.KC
2 4

2
BC
KH.KA
4
Bi 7
Cho tam gic ABC vung ti A. Chng minh rng:
+
ABC AC
tg
2 AB BC
Gii
a/ Xt ABD c A = 90
0

AD ABC AD
tg ABD tg
AB 2 AB
Trang 54
B
A
C
O
D
E
A
B C
K
H
A
B C
M
O
N
V ng phn gic BD ta c:
+

+ +
DA BA DA DC DA DC AC
DC BC BA BC AB BC AB BC

+
ABC AC
tg
2 AB BC
.
Bi 8
Cho hnh thoi ABCD. Gi R
1
, R
2
ln lt l bn knh cc ng trn ngoi
tip ABD v ABC. Gi a l di cnh hnh thoi.
a/ Chng minh rng:
+
2 2 2
1 2
1 1 4
R R a
.
b/ Tnh din tch hnh thoi theo R
1
v R
2
.
Gii
a/ Gi s trung trc cnh AB ct AC ti O
1
v ct BD ti O
2
O
1
v O
2
l tm cc
ng trn ngoi tip ABD v ABC O
1
A = R
1
v O
2
B = R
2
.
O
1
AK ABO
1 1
O A R AK a
AB AO a 2AO

(1)
O
2
BK ABO
2 2
O A R BK a
AB BO a 2BO

(2)

T
(1)
v
(2)

4 4
2 2
2 2
1 2
a a
4AO , 4BO
R R
( )
_ _
+ + + +

, ,
2 2 4 2 4
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
1 2 1 2 1 2
1 1 1 1 1 1 4
4 AO BO a 4a a
R R R R R R a
.
b/ Ta c: S
ABCD
= 2OA.OB
AOB AKO
2

2
2 2
OA AB AB
OA
AK AO 2R
AOB O
1
KB

2
1 1
OB AB AB
OB
KB O B 2R

4
1 2
AB
OA.OB
4R R
Xt AOB ta c: AB
2
= OA
2
+ OB
2

_
+ +

,
4 4
2 4
2 2 2 2
2 1 1 2
AB AB 1 1
AB AB
4R 4R 4R 4R
+

+
2 2 2 2
2 2 1 2 1 2
2 2 2 2
1 2 1 2
(R R ) 4R R
1 AB AB
4R R R R
.
Vy:

+ +
4 4 3 3
1 2 1 2
ABCD 2 2 2 2 2 2
1 2 1 2 1 2
16R R 8R R 1
OA.OB . S
4R R (R R ) (R R )
.
Bi 9
Trang 55
C
B
A
D
K
O
2
O
1
O
a
Chng minh rng trong mt tam gic bt k ta c:
+ +
< <
a
b c a b c
m
2 2
Gii
Xt ABC c: AM > AB - BM
Xt ACM c: AM > AC - MC
Cng tng v ta c: 2AM > AB + AC - BC
+
>
a
b c a
m
2
.
Trn tia i ca tia MA ly im D sao cho MA = MD AB = CD
Xt ACD c: AD < AC + CD = AC + AB 2AM < AC + AB
+
<
a
b c
m
2
.
Bi 10
CMR trong t gic li ABCD ta c bt ng thc: AB + CD < AC + BD
Gii
Gi O l giao im ca hai ng cho ta c:
AC + BD = (AO + OC) + (BO + OD) =
= (OA + OB) + (OC + OD) AC + BD > AB + CD.
BTVN
Bi 1
Cho tam gic ABC, k ng cao AH, gi C
1
l im i xng ca H qua AB, B
1
l
im i xng ca H qua AC. Gi giao im ca B
1
C
1
vi AC v AB l I v K.
Chng minh rng ng BI, CK l ng cao ca tam gic ABC.
Bi 2
Cho tam gic ABC cn ti A v H l trung im ca cnh BC. Gi I l hnh chiu
vung gc ca H ln cnh AC v O l trung im ca HI. Chng minh rng hai
tam gic BIC v AOH ng dng vi nhau v AO vung gc vi BI.
Trang 56
A
D
C
B
M
B
D
C A
O
Chuyn 9
H thc lng trong ng trn
I/ L Thuyt
1/ nh ngha v s xc nh ng trn
*/ N. Tp hp cc im cch im O cho trc mt khong khng i R > 0 gi
l ng rn tm O bn knh R, k hiu: (O; R).
*/ Cho (O; R) v im M bt k. t d = OM ta c:
d < R M bn trong (O; R)
d = R M thuc (O; R)
d > R M bn ngoi (O; R)
*/ Hnh trn l tp hp cc im bn trong mt ng trn v cc imca
chnh ng trn .
M yhuc hnh trn (O; R) d R
*/ Cung trn l mt phn ca ng trn c gii hn bi hai im gi l mt ca
cung.
- on thng ni hai mt ca cung gi l dy trng cung
- Dy i qua tm gi l ng knh
- ng knh l dy cung ln nht ca ng trn
*/ Qu tch cc im M nhn on AB cho trc di mt gc vung l ng trn
tm I bn knh AB/2, k hiu (I; AB/2).
2/ V tr tng i gia ng thng v ng trn.
Cho ng trn (O; R) v ng thng , gi H l hnh chiu ca O ln ng
thng ta c:
OH > R khng ct ng trn (O; R)
OH = R ct ng trn (O; R) ti im H, gi l tip tuyn, H gi l tip
im
OH < R ct ng trn (O; R) ti 2 im.
3/ V tr tng i gia hai ng trn.
Cho hai ng trn (O; R) v (O'; R')
OO' > R + R' Hai ng trn ngoi nhau
OO' = R + R' Hai ng trn tip xc ngoi
|R - R'|< OO' < R + R' Hai ng trn ct nhau
Trang 57
|R - R'|= OO' Hai ng trn tip xc trong
|R - R'|> OO' Hai ng trn ng nhau.
4/ Tip tuyn ca ng trn, dy cung ca ng trn
*/ Qua mt im nm trn ng trn c mt v ch mt tip tuyn vi ng
trn ng thng ny vung gc vi ng thng ni tm vi tip im.
*/ Qua mt im nm ngoi ng trn c hai tip tuyn vi ng trn ,
khong cch t im ti cc tip im th bng nhau.
*/ Trong mt ng trn hai dy cung bng nhau n cch u tm.
*/ Trong mt ng trn hai dy cung khc nhau, dy ln hn n gn tm
hn.
II/ Bi tp
Bi 1
Cho tam gic ABC v M l mt im thuc y BC v MD AB v ME
AC. Trn tia BD v CE ln lt ly cc im I, K sao cho D l trung im
ca BI, E l trung im ca CK.
a/ Chng minh rng bn im A, D, M, E cng thuc mt ng trn.
b/ Vi v tr no ca M trn y BC th 4 im B, I, K ,C cng thuc mt
ng trn.
Gii
a/ Ta c D v E nhnon AM di mt gc
vung nn bn im A, D, M, E cng thuc
mt ng trn ng knh AM.
b/ MD l trung trc ca BI nn MB = MI
ME l trung trc ca CK nn MC = MK
4 im B, I, K ,C cng thuc mt ng
trn th phi c MB = MI = MK = MC M l trung im ca BC.
Bi 2
Cho hnh vung ABCD, gi O l giao im ca hai ng cho AC v BD,
M l trung im ca o OA, N l trung im ca cnh BC. Chng minh
rng bn im C, M, N, D thuc mt ng trn v DN > MC.
Gii
Gi H l trung im ca OC ta c NH OC
NH l ng trung bnh ca OBC NH =
1
2
OB
Trang 58
A
B C
M
E
K
I
D
A
D C
N
B
M
H
O
v NH = OM =
1
2
OA (v OA = OB).
Vy OMD = HNM (v MH = OD =
1
2
AC
O = H = 90
0
, NH = OM) HMN = ODM DMN = 90
0
C, M nhn DN di
mt gc vung bn im C, M, N, D thuc mt ng trn ng knh DN.
DN > MC v DN l ng knh cn MC l dy cung ca ng trn i qua
bn im C, M, N, D.
Bi 3
Cho ng trn tm O ng knh AB, im P di ng trn ng trn
sao cho PA < PB. Dng hnh vung APQR pha trong ng trn, tia PR
ct ng trn ti C.
a/ Chng minh rng cung AC = cung CB
b/ Chng minh rng C l tm ng trn ngoi tip tam gic AQB
c/ Gi O
'
l tm ng trn ni tip tam gic APB. Chng minh rng O
'
cng thuc ng trn qua A, Q, B.
Gii
a/ Ta c: ABC = APC = 45
0
( cng chn cung AC )
ACB vung ti C c B = 45
0
ACB cn ti C
CA = CB cung AC = cung CB.
b/ Ta c: PC l ng trung trc ca AQ CA = CQ
kt hp vi cu (a) CA = CQ = CB C l tm
ng trn ngoi tip AQB.
c/ O' l tm ng trn ni tip APB O' thuc ng phn gic PC, v ng
phn gic BO' ta c: BO'C = O'BP + O'PB (gc ngoi ca bng tng hai
gc trong khng k vi n) m O'BP = O'BA, O'PB = ABC = 45
0
BO'C =
O'BA + ABC = O'BC O'CB l tam gic cn CB = CO' O' thuc ng
trn i qua A, Q, B.
Bi 4
Cho na ng trn ng knh AB. Trn na mt phng c b l ng
thng AB cha na ng trn ngi ta k tip tuyn Ax v mt dy AC
bt k, tia phn gic gc CAx ct na ng trn ti D. Cc tia AD v BC
ct nhau ti E.
Trang 59
A
P
R
C
B
Q
O'
a/ Chng minh rng ABE cn ti B
b/ Cc dy AC v BD ct nhau ti K. Chng minh rng EK AB
c/ Tia BD ct tia Ax ti F. Chng minh rng t gic AKEF l hnh thoi
d/ Cho BAC = 30
0
. Chng minh rng AK = 2KC
Gii
a/ Ta c: ABE cn ti B t A
1
=A
2

cung AD = cung DC B
1
= B
2
ABE cn ti E.
b/ ABC c hai ng cao AC v BD ct
nhau ti K K l trc tm EK AB.
c/ Ta c:
FK AE, AFK cn ti A AF = AC.
FB l ng trung trc ca AE
AK = KE, EF = FA AKEF l hnh thoi.
d/ BAC = 30
0
ABC = 60
0
ABE u K l trng tm AK = 2KC.
C
2
: ABC c BK l ng phn gic
KC BC 1
sin BAC AK 2KC
KA BA 2
Bi 5
T mt im ngoi ng trn (O; R) v hai tip tuyn AB, AC v ct
tuyn AMN ca ng trn , gi I l trung im ca MN.
a/ Chng minh rng 5 im A, B, I, O, C thuc mt ng trn.
b/ Nu AB = OB th t gic ABOC l hnh g? Tnh cnh BC.
c/ Tnh din tch hnh trn v di ng trn ngoi tip t gic ABOC
theo R.
Gii
a/ ta c: B, I, C nhn AO di mt gc vung 5 im A, B, I, O,C thuc mt -
ng trn.
b/ Nu AB = OB th AB = AC = OB = OC t gic ABOC l hnh thoi.
Mt khc: ABO = 90
0
ABOC l hnh
vung BC = OB
2
=R
2
.
c/
_
_

,
,
2
2
2
1 2 R
S BC R
2 2 2
;
_

,
2
1
C 2 BC R 2
2
.
Trang 60
E
F
A B
C
K
D
1
2
2
1
A
B
O
N
C
I
M
Bi 6
Cho tam gic ABC vung ti A, gi I l trung im ca BC. V hai ng
trn (O) v (O
1
) qua A sao cho chng tip xc BC ti B v C.
a/ Chng minh rng IA l tip tuyn chung ca hai ng trn trn v hai
ng trn ny tip xc vi nhau.
b/ CMR: OIO
1
= 90
0
v ng trn ngoi tip OIO
1
tip xc vi cnh BC.
Gii
a/ IAO = ICO (v OA = OC, IO chung, IA = IC = BC/2).
Do: IA = IC = BC/2 m IC l tip tuyn
IA cng l tip tuyn ca (O).
Tng t: IA cng l tip tuyn ca (O
1
)
IA l tip tuyn chung ca hai ng trn
trn v hai ng trn ny tip xc vi nhau.
b/ Ta c: OA = OC, IA = IC O thuc ng trung trc AC IO AC
O
1
A = O
1
B, IA = IB O
1
thuc ng trung trc AB IO
1
AB
m BAC = 90
0
OIO
1
= 90
0
.
Bi 7
Cho na ng trn (O) ng knh CD = 2R. Dng Cx v Dy vung gc vi
CD t im E bt k trn na ng trn dng tip tuyn vi ng trn
ct Cx ti P v ct Dy ti Q
a/ Chng minh rng POQ vung, POQ CED, tnh tch CP.PQ theo R
b/ Khi PC = R/2 hy chng minh t s din tch ca POQ/CED = 25/16
Gii
a/ Ta c: QE = QD, OE = OD QO l ng trung trc ca DE QO DE PE =
PC, OE = OC PO l ng trung trc ca CE PO CE m CED = 90
0
POQ
= 90
0
POQ vung.
Ta c: ODE = OED = EQO
ECD = OPQ POQ CED
CP.DQ = PE.QE = OE
2
= R
2
.
b/ Khi
2
R R
PC DQ 2R
2 R/ 2
Trang 61
A
B C I
O
O
1
Q
P
C
D
O
E
y
x
I

R 5 5R
PO QO R 5 PQ
2 2
. Do POQ CED t s din tch bng bnh
phng t s ng dng
_ _

, ,
2 2
POQ
CED
S
PQ 5R/ 2 25
S CD 2R 16
.
Bi 8
Cho tam gic ABC ni tip ng trn (O) c A = 45
0
, BC = a. V cc -
ng cao BB
1
v CC
1
, gi O
1
l im i xng vi O qua ng thng B
1
C
1
.
a/ Chng minh rng t gic AB
1
O
1
C
1
ni tip ng trn
b/ Tnh B
1
C
1
theo a
Gii
a/ Ta c: BOC = 2BAC = 90
0
BC
1
C = BOC = BB
1
C = 90
0
5 im B, C
1
,
O, B
1
, C ng trn
C
1
OB
1
= 180
0
- C
1
CB
1
= 180
0
- 45
0
= 135
0
C
1
O
1
B
1
= C
1
OB
1
= 135
T gic AB
1
O
1
C
1
c C
1
O
1
B
1
+ B
1
AC
1
= 180
0
T gic AB
1
O
1
C
1
ni tip ng trn.
b/ ABB
1
vung cn ti B
1
B
1
A = B
1
B m OB = OA OB
1
l ng trung trc
ca AB OB
1
AB OB
1
// CC
1
t gic CC
1
OB
1
l hnh thang m ni tip c
ng trn t gic CC
1
OB
1
l hnh thang cn B
1
C
1
= OC.
Xt BOC vung cn ti O BC
2
= OB
2
+ OC
2
OC =

1 1
a a
BC
2 2
.
Bi 9
Cho tam gic ABC vung ti A c ng cao AH. Gi I, J, K ln lt l tm -
ng trn ni tip cc tam gic ABC, AHB, AHC.
a/ Chng minh rng AI JK
b/ Chng minh rng t gic BJKC ni tip ng trn
Gii
a/ Xt AEC, gc ngoi AEB = EAC + ACB
Ta c: BAE = BAH + EAH. M EAC = EAH, ACB = BAH AEB = BAE
ABE cn ti B c BJ l tia phn gic BJ AE.
Tng t ta c: CI AD.
Xt AJK ta c I l trc tm AI JK
Trang 62
A
B
C
B
1
C
1
O
O
1
A
B C E D H
K
I
J
b/ Cng gc IKJ = CBI CBJ + JKC = 180
0
t gic BJKC ni tip.
Bi 10
Cho ng trn (O
1
; R
1
) v ng trn (O
2
; R
2
) tip xc ngoi nhau ti D, t
mt im A thuc (O
1
; R
1
) k tip tuyn vi (O
1
; R
1
) ct ng trn (O
2
;
R
2
) ti B v C. Chng minh rng A cch u cc ng thng BD v CD.
Gii
Gi s tip tuyn ti D ca
hai ng trn ct AB ti F
BCD = BDF (cng chn cung BD)
Mt khc: FA = FD FDA = FAD
BDA = BDF + FDA = BDF +
+ BAD = BCD + BAD = ADE
DA l tia phn gic ca BDE A cch u BD v CD.
Trang 63
D
E
C
O
2
O
1
A
F
B
C

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