TCVN

TIU CHUN QUC GIA

TCVN 8868:2011
Xut bn ln 1

TH NGHIM XC NH SC KHNG CT KHNG C KT

- KHNG THOT NC V C KT - THOT NC CA
T DNH TRN THIT B NN BA TRC

Test method for Unconsolidated Undrained and Consolidated Drained for cohesive
soils on triaxial compression equipment

H NI 2011

TCVN 8868:2011

Mc lc
1 Phm vi p dng ................................................................................................................................. 5
2 Ti liu vin dn .................................................................................................................................. 5
3 Thut ng v nh ngha ..................................................................................................................... 5
4 Th nghim sc khng ct khng c kt khng thot nc s UU ........................................... 8
4.1 Ni dung phng php th nghim ............................................................................................... 8
4.2 iu kin th nghim. .................................................................................................................... 8
4.3 Thit b, dng c th nghim ......................................................................................................... 9
4.4 Chun b mu th nghim........................................................................................................... 11
4.5 Cch tin hnh .......................................................................................................................... 12
4.6 Tnh ton, bo co kt qu th nghim....................................................................................... 13
5 Th nghim sc khng ct c ktkhng thot ncs CU....................................................... 16
5.1 Ni dung phng php th nghim ............................................................................................ 16
5.2 iu kin th nghim. ................................................................................................................. 16
5.3 Thit b, dng c th nghim ...................................................................................................... 16
5.4 Chun b mu th nghim........................................................................................................... 19
5.5 Cch tin hnh .......................................................................................................................... 19
5.6 Tnh ton, v th v bo co kt qu ..................................................................................... 30
6 Th nghim sc khng ct c kt - thot nc, c o s thay i th tch s CD .................... 34
6.1 Ni dung ca phng php th nghim ..................................................................................... 34
6.2 iu kin th nghim. ................................................................................................................. 35
6.3 Thit b, dng c th nghim ...................................................................................................... 35
6.4 Chun b mu th nghim........................................................................................................... 35
6.5 Cch tin hnh .......................................................................................................................... 35
6.6 Tnh ton, v th v bo co kt qu ..................................................................................... 38
Ph lc A (Tham kho) Biu ghi v bo co kt qu th nghim nn ba trc ........................................ 43
Ph lc B (Tham kho) Cc hnh v..................................................................................................... 69
Ph lc C (Quy nh) Kim tra thit b .................................................................................................. 73

TCVN 8868:2011

TCVN 8868:2011

Li ni u
TCVN 8868:2011 do Vin Khoa hc v Cng ngh Giao thng
Vn ti bin son, B Giao thng Vn ti ngh, Tng cc
Tiu chun o lng Cht lng thm nh, B Khoa hc v
Cng ngh cng b.

TIU CHUN QUC GIA

TCVN 8868:2011

Th nghim xc nh sc khng ct khng c kt - khng thot

nc v c kt - thot nc ca t dnh trn thit b nn ba
trc
Test method for Unconsolidated - Undrained and Consolidated - Drained for cohesive soils on triaxial
compression equipment

1 Phm vi p dng
Tiu chun ny qui nh trnh t th nghim xc nh sc khng ct khng c kt - khng thot
nc; c kt - khng thot nc v c kt - thot nc ca t dnh trn thit b nn ba trc.
TIu chun th nghim ny nm trong h thng ca tiu chun th nghim a cht cng trnh phc v
tnh ton thit k nn mng cng trnh xy dng.

2 Ti liu vin dn
Cc ti liu vin dn sau l cn thit cho vic p dng cc tiu chun ny. i vi cc ti liu vin dn
ghi nm cng b th p dng bn c nu. i vi cc ti liu vin dn khng ghi nm cng b th p
dng phin bn mi nht, bao gm c cc sa i (nu c).
TCVN 4195 - t xy dng - Phng php xc nh khi lng ring trong phng th nghim;
TCVN 4196 - t xy dng - Phng php xc nh m v ht m trong phng th nghim;
TCVN 4202 - t xy dng - Cc phng php xc nh khi lng th tch trong phng th nghim.

3 Thut ng v nh ngha
3.1 lch ng sut (deviator stress):
lch ng sut (13) l chnh lch gia ng sut chnh ln nht (1) v nh nht (3).
3.2 Bin dng dc trc tng i ( cumulative strain):
Bin dng dc trc tng i () l s thay i kch thc c th hin bng t l hoc phn trm so
vi kch thc ban u.
3.3 p lc bung (cell pressure):
p lc bung (3) l p lc ca dung dch cha trong bung to nn mt ng sut u ln mu.
Trong th nghim nn hng trc l ng sut chnh nh nht ton phn.
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3.4 p lc nc l rng (pore pressure):

p lc nc l rng (u) l p lc nc trong cc l rng gia cc ht rn ca mu t o c trong
th nghim ba trc.
3.5 p lc ngc (back pressure):
p lc ngc (ub) l p lc tc dng trc tip ln nc trong l rng ca mu.
3.6 p lc hng hiu qu (effective confining pressure):
p lc hng hiu qu (3-u) l s chnh lch gia p lc bung v p lc nc l rng.
3.7 p lc c kt hiu qu (effective consolidation pressure):
p lc c kt hiu qu (3-ub) l s chnh lch gia p lc bung v p lc nc trong l rng m nh
nc l rng thot ra trong qu trnh c kt.
3.8 Ph hoi (failure).
Tiu chun cho iu kin ng sut ti thi im ph hoi l:
(a) Gi tr ln nht ca ng sut lch, l s khc nhau ca cc ng sut chnh, k hiu ('1- '3)f ;
(b) Gi tr ln nht ca t s ng sut chnh hiu qu ('1- '3);
(c) Khi ct lin tc vi p lc nc l rng khng thay i (khng thot nc) hoc khng c s thay
i v th tch (c thot nc), trong c hai trng hp vi ng sut ct khng thay i.
3.9 bn khng ct ln nht (shear strength):
bn khng ct ln nht (1) l ng sut ct trn mt phng ph hoi, l sc khng ct cc i.
3.10 Vng trn Mohr ng sut hiu qu ( mohr circle of effective stress failure):
Vng trn Mohr ng sut hiu qu (c hiu) ti thi im ph hoi: Vng trn Mohr th hin trng thi
ca ng sut hiu qu ti thi im ph hoi, ng knh xc nh bi cc im c trng cho ng
sut chnh hiu qu ln nht v nh nht ti thi im ph hu.
3.11 Gc ma st trong theo ng sut hiu qu (angle of shear resistance in terms of effective
stress):
Gc ma st trong theo ng sut hiu qu (') l dc ca ng bao ng sut hiu qu Mohr Coulomb (Xem ch thch 3.13).
3.12 Lc dnh kt theo ng sut hiu qu (cohesion intercept in terms of effective stress):
Lc dnh kt theo ng sut hiu qu (c') l phn b chn ca ng bao ng sut hiu qu Mohr Coulomb.
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CH THCH: ' v c' cng c gi l cc thng s ca lc khng ct hiu qu.

3.13 Cc h s p lc nc l rng A v B ( pore pressure coefficients A and B):

Cc h s p lc nc l rng A v B. Nhng thay i trong ng sut ton phn tc ng ln mu khi
ct khng thot nc gy nn s thay i ca p lc nc l rng theo cng thc:

u = B + A
3
1
3

)]

(1)

trong :
u l bin i p lc nc l rng;
3 l bin i ng sut chnh ton phn nh nht;
(1 - 3) l bin i lch ng sut;
A v B l cc h s p lc nc l rng.
CH THCH : Trong t bo ho (tr t trng thi cng), gi tr B theo l thuyt l bng 1.

3.14 H s p lc nc l rng ti thi im ph hoi (pore pressure coefficients at failure):

H s p lc nc l rng ti thi im ph hoi (Af) l gi tr h s p lc nc l rng ti thi im
mu b ph hoi.
3.15 Thi gian ti ph hoi theo tnh ton (calculated time to failure):
Thi gian ti ph hoi theo tnh ton (tf) l khong thi gian bt u nn mu ti khi mu b ph hoi.
3.16 Thng s ng ng sut (stress path parameters):
Thng s ng ng sut (s', t') l cc thng s ng ng sut (theo ng sut hiu qu) c xc
lp t cng thc sau:

s' =

1
( '1 + '3 )
2

(2)

t' =

1
( 1 3 )
2

(3)

3.17 Th nghim nn ba trc mu khng c kt khng thot nc (unconsolidated-undrained

triaxial compression test):
Mu t th nghim chu tc ng p lc hng khng i, ng thi chu tc dng mt ti trng dc
trc, khi khng cho php thay i tng m ca mu. Th nghim c dng xc nh bn
khng thot nc cu v ch thch hp cho t st bo ho, khi =0.

TCVN 8868:2011
3.18 Th nghim nn ba trc mu c kt khng thot nc c kt hp o p lc nc l rng
(consolidated-undrained triaxial compression test with measurement of pore pressure):
Mu t th nghim trc ht c cho c kt trong iu kin ng sut ng hng l hng s v
thot nc hon ton (giai on c kt), sau tng ti trng dc trc v khng cho thot nc (giai
on nn). Giai on c kt ban u chuyn ti trng thi th tch v p lc nc l rng quy nh,
t c th o c chnh xc thay i tip theo ca th tch hoc p lc nc l rng.
Th nghim c kt - khng thot nc c dng xc nh cc thng s bn ca ng sut hiu
qu c' v ', s thay i th tch v cc c trng cng ca t.
3.19 Th nghim nn ba trc mu c kt thot nc c o s thay i ca th tch (consolidateddrained triaxial compression test with measurement of volume change):
Mu t th nghim trc tin c c kt trong iu kin ng sut ng hng l hng s v thot
nc hon ton (giai on c kt). Khi giai on c kt hon thnh, tng ti trng dc trc vi tc
nh m bo khng xy ra vic tng p lc nc l rng (giai on nn). tng ng sut hiu
qu (') bng tng ng sut tng ().
T th nghim c th thu c cc thng s bn ct c' v ' khi mu b ph hoi.

4 Th nghim sc khng ct khng c kt khng thot nc s UU

4.1 Ni dung phng php th nghim
Nguyn tc phng php ny gm vic xc nh sc khng ct khng thot nc ca mu t dnh khi
mu chu tc ng p lc hng khng i, ng thi chu tc dng ca ti trng dc trc, khng cho
php thay i tng m ca mu. Th nghim c dng xc nh bn khng thot nc cu v
ch thch hp cho t st bo ho, khi =0.
4.2 iu kin th nghim.
Nhng iu kin th nghim sau phi c ch r trc khi bt u th nghim:
a) Kch thc mu;
b) S lng mu c th nghim;
c) p lc hng.
CH THCH:
1) i vi mt tp hp th nghim c 3 mu tng t ca t nguyn trng c c kt bnh thng p lc hng vo khong
0,5 v, 1,0 v, 2,0 v.
2) Trong : v - Tng ng sut thng ng ti hin trng, p lc s dng nn bao trm khong ng sut thng ng c kh
nng xy ra i vi t ti hin trng.

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3) i vi t st qu c kt, p lc hng thp nht thng khng c nh hn tng ng sut thng ng ti hin trng.

4.3 Thit b, dng c th nghim

Trc khi tin hnh th nghim cc thit b, dng c th nghim phi c kim tra nh quy nh ti ph
lc C.
4.3.1 Thit b th nghim.
Th nghim c tin hnh trn my nn 3 trc vi mu hnh tr thng c chiu cao xp x bng hai ln
ng knh. ng knh mu dao ng t 38 mm n 100 mm.
CH THCH:
1) ng knh mu cn c la chn da trn c tnh ca t v kch thc ht ln nht c mt trong mu. Nhng mu
vi ng knh mu 38 mm thng ch ph hp i vi loi t dnh ht mn, ng nht. Ni chung nn s dng kch thc
mu ln nht c th c. Th nghim ny khng p dng cho nhng mu ng knh nh hn 35mm
2) Trong th nghim, mu c bc trong mt mng cao su khng thm nc gia hai np khng thm nc t trong bung
ba trc, trong c th to p lc bung (3) bng nc. Lc nn dc trc c tng ln vi tc bin dng khng i cho
n khi mu ph hy. thng trong khong thi gian t 5 pht n 15 pht.

4.3.2 Bung ba trc: Kch thc ph hp vi kch thc ca mu th nghim, thch hp cho s dng
nc to p lc lm vic khng nh hn 1.700 kPa thc hin th nghim.
Bn yu t chnh ca bung c nu trong Hnh B.1- Ph lc B v nh sau:
a) Np bung phi lm bng vt liu khng g, b tr mt nt l thot kh v ng lt pittng gn kht;
b) Pittng truyn ti tc dng lc nn dc trc ln mu. S un ngang ca pittng trong qu trnh th
nghim phi l khng ng k. Ma st gia pittng hoc vng m v ng lt ca n phi nh, cho
php pittng trt t do bng chnh trng lng ca n khi bung nn khng c mu;
CH THCH 1: Pittng phi hon ton sch v c tra mt lp du mng.

Khe h gia pittng v ng lt hoc vng m ca n phi kn sao cho lng nc r r t bung ra
l nh nht;
c) Thn bung hnh tr, c th tho ra lp mu th nghim v c lp kn vi np trn v tm
bung;
CH THCH 2: Thn bung nn c ch to t vt liu trong sut hoc c nhng l quan st c mu trong qu trnh
thi nghim.

d) bung c ch to bng vt liu cng khng g, lin kt lin vi bung c nhng ca ni

ng nh th hin Hnh B.1 - Ph lc B.
Mi ca ni phi c mt van hoc nt (nu khng s dng trong th nghim). Cc ca van c ni
nh sau:
+ T bung ni n h thng to p lc bung;

TCVN 8868:2011
+ T bung ni n van x y (cn ghi ch khi s dng bung khng c van x y).
4.3.3 Thit b dng to v duy tr p lc nc lin tc trong sut qu trnh th nghim trong bung
km theo thit b o p lc.
Thit b o p lc c kh nng o p lc khng nh hn 1.700 kPa, chnh xc ti 5 kPa, phi c
vch chia, c kh nng c c n 0,5% ca ton b thang chia i vi nhng p lc vt qu 10%
p lc c ca thang.
4.3.4 My nn c tnh nng nn dc trc vi tc u ln mu trong khong t 0,05 mm/pht ti 4
mm/pht. My phi c kh nng to mt bin dng dc trc ti 1/3 chiu cao ca mu th nghim.
4.3.5 Thit b o bin dng dc trc ca mu, chnh xc ti 0,01 mm.
CH THCH: Thit b o bin dng dc trc c th l mt ng h chia hoc u o in t phi m bo o c chuyn
v ti thiu 25 % so vi chiu cao mu th nghim.

4.3.6 Thit b o lc c hiu chun c kh nng o thch hp c trn mt gi ch thp ca

my nn trnh trng lng ca n truyn ln mu th nghim.
CH THCH:
1) Thit b o lc c th l vng lc, u o in t hoc u o chm di nc lp bn trong bung nn 3 trc.
2) Cn phi c sn mt lot cc thit b o lc c hiu chun c th chn mt thit b ph hp nht i vi bn
ca mu th nghim.

4.3.7 Tm nn trn phi cng bng vt liu khng g hoc bng nha, nh, c ng knh bng
ng knh mu th nghim. Phi c mt b phn t nh v nm gia tm nn trn v pittng gia ti.
4.3.8 Mng cao su hnh ng c n hi cao b cht mu, trnh r r nc t bung nn vo
mu. ng knh ban u ca ng mng cao su khng nh hn 90 % ng knh mu hay ln hn so
vi ng knh mu. Chiu di mng cao su bao ph mu v 2 tm m. Chiu dy mng cao su
nh hn 1 % ca ng knh mu.
CH THCH: Thng s dng mng cao su bng cao su t nhin. i vi ng knh mu n 50 mm th chiu dy ph hp
ca mng cao su l 0,2 mm, i vi mu ln hn cn c mng cao su dy hn. C th lng hai mng cao su ring bit vo
nhau, gia c lp m silicon hoc mt lp cao su khi c nguy him lm thng mng do cc ht sc nhn.

Trc khi s dng cn kim tra mng cao su c b khuyt tt g khng v loi b nhng mng khuyt
tt.
4.3.9 ng lng mng cao su - ph hp vi kch thc mu.
4.3.10 Hai giong cao su hnh trn gi cht hai u ca mng cao su vi tm nn trn v tm
di. Giong cao su c ng knh khi cha ko gin trong khong t 80% n 90% ca ng knh
mu. Khi ko gin, cc giong cao su khng c c cc khuyt tt v tht c chai.
4.3.11 Thit b xc nh m nh m t trong TCVN 4196.

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4.4 Chun b mu th nghim
4.4.1 Mu th nghim: Mu hnh tr phi c chiu cao khong bng hai ln ng knh vi hai u
bng phng vung gc vi trc. Kch thc ht ln nht ca t khng ln hn mt phn nm ca
ng knh mu. Thng thng mt tp hp mu l 3 mu.
CH THCH: Nu sau th nghim nhn thy mu cha nhiu ht c kch thc ln th kch thc v khi lng ca nhng
ht ny cn c ghi r.

4.4.2 Chun b mu
4.4.2.1 Tho mu t ng ly mu hoc vt ng mu v cn thn xem xt mu bit r trng thi
ca n. Ghi nhn mi du hiu mu b mm cc b, xo ng, c nhng ht ln hoc nhng bt ng
nht khc. Nu nhng khuyt tt ny khng th trnh c th phi s dng mu khc thay th
chun b mu cho th nghim.
CH THCH: Nu nhng khuyt tt nh trn xy ra mt cch t nhin cn phi s dng mu th nghim ln hn i din
hn cho t ni chung.

4.4.2.2 Bo v mu t khi b mt m trong qu trnh chun b mu.

4.4.2.3 Phng php chun b mu ph thuc vo kiu ca mu thu c v kch thc ca mu th
nghim cn thit. Cc phng php chun b cho cc loi mu sau:
a) Mu c ng knh bng ng knh ng ly mu: t mu trn gi gi mu s dng dng c n
p mu ra ngoi ng chiu di yu cu.
b) Mu c gt bng tay t mu khi: S dng dao gt c dng ca dy, ng knh dy khng ln
hn 0,4mm. Mu t c t ln gi gi mu xoay c trong qu trnh gt mu. Dng dao gt u
n ng knh cn th nghim.
c) Mu c to ra t dng c dao ly mu dng hnh tr thnh mng t khi mu: S dng dao ly
mu c t s din tch A nh hn 20 % (xem ch thch). Chiu di dao ln hn 1,5 ln chiu di yu
cu ca mu th. Mu t c t ln gi gi mu, dng dao n t t trn mu n chiu di cn
th nghim. Ly mu ra khi dao thc hin nh im a ca 4.4.2.3.
CH THCH: T s din tch A l t s gia th tch t b ng mu chim ch v th tch mu, theo cng thc sau :

A=

D 02 D12
100
D12

(4)

trong :
A l t s din tch, tnh bng phn trm (%);
Do l ng knh ngoi ca dao, tnh bng mm;
D1 l ng knh trong ca dao, tnh bng mm.

Ct b phn t b xo trn phn u v y mu chiu cao theo yu cu th nghim.

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4.4.2.4 Khi yu cu mt tp hp mu th nghim vi nhng p lc hng khc nhau, cn phi la
chn mu sao cho chng tng t nhau. Ghi li v tr v nh hng ca tng mu mt trong mu khi.
4.4.2.5 o chiu di Lo (mm), ng knh Do (mm) v cn khi lng m (g) cho tng mu chun b
vi s chnh xc cn thit tnh ton khi lng th tch t nhin, chnh xc ti 1 %.
4.4.2.6 t mu cn th nghim gia 2 tm m trong mng cao su (nh m t trong 4.5.1) nhanh n
mc c th c trnh mt mt m. Bo qun nhng mu cha th nghim trnh thay i
m.
CH THCH: S mt m t mu cha s dng ngay cn phi phng bng cch gi mu trong nhng tm vi nha
mng.

4.4.2.7 Sau khi chun b mu t th nghim xong, b mt phn cn li ca mu t v ghi li nhng

m t chi tit ca kt cu t.
4.5 Cch tin hnh
4.5.1 Lp t
4.5.1.1 t mu th nghim c chun b theo mt trong nhng trnh t nu 4.4.2.
4.5.1.2 t mu ln tm di v t tm nn trn ln trn mu.
4.5.1.3 Lng mng cao su u trn ng lng.
4.5.1.4 Lng mng cao su vo mu, tho ng ko cng mng cao su.
4.5.1.5 Nt cht mng cao su vi u tm di v tm nn trn bng giong cao su, khng
khng kh b gi li trong mng.
4.5.1.6 Chnh mu vo chnh gia bung nn 3 trc, bo m t th thng ng.
4.5.1.7 Lp thn bung nn vi pittng truyn ti khng chm vo tm nn trn ca mu. Kim tra
thng tm bng cch cho Pittng trt chm xung cho ti khi n tip xc vi b mt chu lc ca tm
nn trn, sau ko pittng ln. Nu cn thit, tho b thn bung nn v chnh li mu cho ng tm.
Vn cht cc bu lng lin kt thn bung v bung nn.
4.5.1.8 Cho nc vo y bung nn, bo m sao cho tt c khng kh trong bung b y ra qua l
thot kh (Hnh B.1- Ph lc B). ng l thot kh sau khi y nc.
4.5.2 To p lc bung
4.5.2.1 To p lc bung nn 3 trc v tin hnh nhng iu chnh cui cng nh m t trong mc
4.5.2.2 n 4.5.2.5.
4.5.2.2. Tng p lc nc trong bung ti gi tr cn th nghim, ng thi gi pittng truyn ti bng
khung nn hoc thit b o lc.
4.5.2.3 iu chnh my nn a pittng xung cch b t ca tm nn trn ca mu trong phm vi
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TCVN 8868:2011
vi mm. Ghi s c ca thit b o lc trong thi gian chuyn ng u ca pittng nh l s c ban
u.
4.5.4.4 iu chnh my tip theo a pittng truyn ti va vn tip xc vi tm nn trn. Ghi li s
c ca thit b o bin dng dc trc (hoc chnh v gi tr 0).
4.5.2.5 La chn tc ca my nn sao cho bin dng dc trc ph hp vi trng thi ca t n
khi s ph hy mu xy ra trong khong thi gian t 5 ti 15 pht.
4.5.3 Th nghim nn
4.5.3.1 Bt my nn, bt u th nghim.
4.5.3.2 Ghi nhn s c ca thit b o lc v thit b o bin dng tng khong u n ca thit b
o bin dng, sao cho ti thiu ghi nhn c 15 s c n thi im ph hy mu.
CH THCH 1: i vi t c tnh nn ln trung bnh nn c s tng khong bin dng 0,25 % cho n khi t 1,0 % v
sau theo tng khong bin dng 0,5 %. i vi t rt cng thng t nhin ph hy bin dng nh nn tin hnh c
s theo cc khong lc thay cho cc khong bin dng.
CH THCH 2: V th biu th ng sut dc trc ng vi bin dng nn trong qu trnh th nghim, thy r im xy ra
ph hy (Tham kho biu mu UU-03 - Ph lc A).

4.5.3.3 Tip tc th nghim cho n khi vt qua gi tr cc i ca ng sut dc trc v xc nh c

r im cc i hoc cho n khi t c bin dng dc trc ln hn 20%.
4.5.4 D ti
4.5.4.1 Ngng th nghim v d ti.
4.5.4.2 Tho nc khi bung nn, tho bung v d mu ra.
4.5.4.3 Tho b mng cao su bc mu v ghi li kiu ph hy mu cng vi bn v phc ha km
theo.
4.5.4.4 B mu ra, m t v ghi li kt cu, kin trc ca t.
CH THCH: thao tc theo 4.5.4.3 v 4.5.4.4 cn phi hon thnh ngay trnh mt m ca mu.

4.5.4.5 Xc nh m ca ton b mu hoc nhng phn i din ca mu theo TCVN 4196. Nu c

nhng mt ph hy, cc mu xc tnh m phi c ly gn chng.
4.6 Tnh ton, bo co kt qu th nghim
4.6.1 V th v tnh ton
CH THCH: Xem biu mu UU-02 v UU-03 - Ph lc A.

4.6.1.1 T mi tp hp s c, tnh lc dc trc P(N) tc dng ln mu bng cch nhn hiu s gia
s c v s c ban u (xem 4.5.2.3) ca thit b trn thit b o lc (vch chia hoc s hin) vi
h s hiu chun ca n (N/vch chia hoc N/trn s hin)

13

TCVN 8868:2011
4.6.1.2 Tnh ton din tch tit din ngang ca mu, vi gi thit rng bin dng ca n theo hnh tr
thng, t cng thc:

A=

Ao
1

(5)

trong :
Ao l din tch tit din ngang ban u ca mu, A l din tch tit din ngang ca mu, tnh bng
milimet vung.
l bin dng dc trc tng i c tnh theo cng thc (6).
=

L
L0

(6)

trong :
Lo l chiu di ban u ca mu (mm);
L l thay i chiu di mu, c o bng thit b o bin dng dc trc (mm).
4.6.1.3 Tnh lch ng sut chnh (1 - 3) (kPa) i vi nhng tp hp s c cho php xc
nh gi tr cc i theo cng thc (7):

1 - 3 =

P
1000
A

(7)

CH THCH: i vi mt vi trng hp c th p dng th quan h gia ng sut lch (kPa) ng vi bin dng dc trc
(%).

4.6.1.4 Hiu chnh lch ng sut ln nht c tnh ton i vi hiu ng ca mng cao su. Vic
iu chnh c tin hnh trc tip (hnh B.5 - Ph lc B), ti bin dng tng ng vi ph hy, i
vi cc mu ng knh 38 mm lp trong mt mng cao su t nhin dy 0,2 mm khi xy ra kiu bin
dng ch yu l hnh trng. i vi mu c ng knh khc bt k, D (mm) v mng bc cao su vi
chiu dy bt k khc t (mm) (c th lm bng hai mng cao su tr ln), nhn h s iu chnh thu
c t (hnh B.5 - Ph lc B) vi mt h s bng

38 t

D 0,2

(8)

Ly lch ng sut cc i tnh c (1 - 3) max tr i hiu chnh mng cao su ta thu c

lch ng sut hiu chnh, biu din bng (1 - 3)f
4.6.1.5 Tnh ton gi tr sc khng ct Cu (kPa) t cng thc (9).

Cu =
14

(1 3 )f
2

(9)

TCVN 8868:2011
CH THCH: i vi mt vi ng dng c th cn mt th ng sut lch (kPa) ng vi bin dng dc trc (%)

4.6.1.6 Tnh ton khi lng th tch t nhin ca mu theo cng thc sau:

p=

1000 m o
Ao Lo

(10)

trong :
P l khi lng th tch t nhin ca mu, tnh bng (Mg/m3)
mo l khi lng ca mu tnh bng gam (g).
( Xem TCVN 4202)
4.6.2 Bo co th nghim
Bo co kt qu phi th hin nhng ni dung sau:
a) Tn ca phng php s dng, tc l xc nh sc khng ct khng thot nc trn my nn 3
trc;
b) Kch thc ban u ca mu;
c) Mu l nguyn trng hay ti to v phng php chun b mu;
d) m ban u, khi lng th tch t nhin v khi lng th tch kh;
e) c im v chiu su ca mu th nghim;
f) Tc bin dng (mm/min) p dng trong th nghim;
g) Chiu dy v kiu ca mng cao su s dng, php hiu chnh c p dng;
h) Bng s liu lin quan n mu ti thi im ph hy, bao gm:
- p lc bung 3 (kPa);
- lch ng sut cc i hiu chnh thi im ph hy (1 - 3)f (kPa) ti s nguyn gn nht;
- Bin dng thi im ph hy (%);
- Kiu ph hy;
- Gi tr ca Cu =

( 1 3 ) f
2

(kPa) ti s nguyn gn nht.

i) Khi th nghim t 2 hoc nhiu mu tng t thnh mt tp hp mu, nhng s liu trn cho tng
mu phi c lp thnh bng trong tp hp mu.

15

TCVN 8868:2011
5 Th nghim sc khng ct c ktkhng thot ncs CU
5.1 Ni dung phng php th nghim
Mu trc ht c c kt trong iu kin ng sut ng hng khng i, thot nc hon ton (giai
on c kt); sau giai on c kt tng ti trng dc trc v khng cho thot nc (giai on nn).
Trong giai on nn o s thay i ca p lc nc l rng.
Th nghim ny c dng xc nh cc thng s ca ng sut tng c, v ng sut hiu qu
c','; s thay i p lc nc l rng.
Th nghim c tin hnh theo ba bc:
Bc 1- Lm bo ho mu (xem 5.5.2);
Bc 2- C kt mu (xem 5.5.3);
Bc 3- Nn mu (xem 5.5.4).
5.2 iu kin th nghim.
Nhng iu kin th nghim sau phi c ch r trc khi bt u th nghim:
a) Kch thc mu;
b) S lng mu c th nghim;
c) p lc hng: Vic xc nh cc thng s v bn thng th nghim vi mt tp hp mu gm ba
mu, p lc nn hiu qu ln lt l 0,5; 1,0 ; 2,0 ln p lc nn hiu qu thc t.
CH THCH: i vi loi t cht, p lc c kt hiu qu phi c xem xt lm sao tng ng vi ng sut hiu qu cc
i tnh ton c thc t (v) v cc tch ca n vi 1/2; 1 v 2 thng l thch hp.

d) p lc ngc.
5.3 Thit b, dng c th nghim
Trc khi tin hnh th nghim cc thit b, dng c th nghim phi c kim tra nh quy nh ti ph
lc C.
5.3.1 Thit b th nghim
Thit b th nghim quy nh trong 4.3.1.
5.3.2 Bung ba trc
Bung ba trc phi c kch thc ph hp vi kch thc ca mu th nghim, cho php s dng nc
kh kh vi p lc lm vic khng nh hn 1.700 kPa (xem ch thch 1). Khng c dng kh
to p lc trong bung.
CH THCH 1: Khng dng nc ct hoc nc c tnh kh ln v chng c tnh n mn i vi mt s loi vng m.

16

TCVN 8868:2011
Cc chi tit chnh ca bung c m t trong hnh B.2 - ph lc B v c qui nh nh sau:
a) Tm np bung c qui nh trong 4.3.2 (a).
b) Pittng truyn ti c qui nh trong 4.3.2 (b).
c) Thn bung hnh tr c qui nh trong 4.3.2 (c).
d) bung c lm bng loi vt liu khng g, cng, lin kt vi bung c cc ca ni ng
c m t trong Hnh B.2 - Ph lc B.
Mi ca ni ng phi c mt van, hoc nt (nu ca van khng cn cho th nghim). Cc ca c ni
nh sau:
- T bung ni vi h thng to p lc bung;
- T bung ni vi thit b o p lc nc l rng;
- T bung ni vi thit b o p lc ngc ni v n h thng to p lc ngc;
- T bung ni vi thit b x y (cn ghi ch khi s dng bung khng c van x y).
CH THCH 2: Bung c hai van y l loi bung tt nht c dng trong th nghim ng sut hiu qu ba trc. Cng c
th dng bung c mt van y, nhng khi li phi b sung thm mt s thao tc trong qu trnh th nghim (Nu dng loi
bung ny lm th nghim th phi ghi vo s ghi chp).

Phn trn ca bung l mt mt trn phng c ng knh bng ng knh mu th nghim. Tm

di phi c chiu cao lp mng, thnh phi phng nhn khng li lm.
e) Tm nn trn ( trn) c lm bng vt liu nh khng g, khng thm nc, cng khng b
bin dng khi b nn mu t. trn c l thot nc v c ni vi ng vo ca p lc
ngc qua bung bng mt ng mm c ng knh trong khng ln qu 2,5 mm, ng mm phi
khng thm nc, c h s gin n tu thuc vo p lc bn trong v khng qu 0,001 ml/m cho mi
tng p lc l 1 kPa. Mt trn ca tm phi phng nhn khng b xc, phi c b phn t nh
v nm gia tm nn trn v pittng gia ti.
o

CH THCH 3: Mt hc nh hnh cn gia c gc na l 60 t mt vin bi thp hoc na u hnh cu ca pittng l

p ng c vic ny.

f) Van ng - m, c kh nng gi c p lc lm vic ln nht m khng b r r. Chng phi gi

c th tch, thay i khng ng k trong qu trnh ng m.
5.3.3 Mng hnh ng lm bng nha cao su c mt cao hoc vt liu khng thm bc ngoi mu
th nghim. ng knh khi cha cng khng c ln hn ng knh mu th nghim v khng nh
hn 90 % ng knh mu th nghim. Chiu di, di hn mu l 50 mm. dy ca mng khng qu
1 % ng knh mu (xem ch thch 4).
CH THCH 4: Mng thng c lm bng nha cao su t nhin. C th dng hai hay vi ci mng bc nu c nguy c
b rch hoc th nghim qu lu i vi mu c ng knh ln.

Phi ngm mng trong nc kh kh 12 gi trc khi s dng.

17

TCVN 8868:2011
5.3.4 Bn vng cao su dng gn mng ln tm nn trn v tm di (mi u hai vng). Vng
c ng knh khi cha cng t 80 % n 90 % so vi ng knh mu. Chng khng c c khuyt
tt hoc tht li khi ko gin.
5.3.5 Dng c cng mng lm cho mng va vi kch thc ca mu.
5.3.6 Dng c cng vng cao su c dng mt ng hnh tr h.
5.3.7 thm t gia hai u ca mu vi tm nn trn v tm di. ng knh phi bng
ng knh mu, mt thm phng v trn. Kh nng thm nc phi ln hn kh nng thm nc
ca t v n phi chu c p lc thng ng ln nht (p lc bung cng vi p lc nn dc trc)
tc ng ln (xem ch thch 5). Trc mi ln s dng phi kim tra li m bo chng khng b cc
ht t nht vo l hng. Phi un si chng trong nc ct t nht l 10 pht trc khi em ra s
dng v ngm trong nc kh kh cho ti khi s dng.
CH THCH 5: thm c th l a s xp hoc a bng ng thau xp.

5.3.8 Giy thm dng thot nc bn (khi cn), b mt bao ph khng qu 50% b mt cong ca
mu (xem ch thch 6). Giy thm khng c tan trong nc v phi c h s thm khng nh hn
1x10-5 cm/s vi p lc 550 kPa.
CH THCH 6: Ch dng bin php thot nc bn i vi cc mu c tnh thm rt yu lm gim chiu di ng thot
nc cc i xung bng bn knh ca mu.

5.3.9 H thng p lc v thit b ph tr

a) Hai h thng ring bit dng to p lc nn v n nh p lc cn thit trong bung (h thng p
lc bung) v trong ng thot nc t mu (h thng p lc ngc). Cc h thng ny phi duy tr
c p lc khng i mi cp p lc th nghim, khong 0,5 % (xem ch thch 1).
CH THCH 1 : H thng p lc c th l hp thu ngn t b; b phn u ho p lc bng du, kh nn.

b) Thit b o p lc c chnh xc ti 5 kPa (thit b c chia vch hoc hin s) c hiu

chun o cc s p lc bung v p lc ngc (xem ch thch 2).
CH THCH 2: o p lc nh hn 50 kPa nn dng p k thu ngn hoc b hin th ng sut.

c) Thit b o p lc nc l rng c hiu chun, bao gm b phn o p lc c c n 1

kPa, gn trn hp kh kh ni vi van x kh. Mt bn ca hp c ni vi van p lc nc l rng
nm trn y bung v bn kia ni vi h thng van x. Ton b h thng ny khi ng li s khng
cho php nc chy ra hoc vo dn sang b y bung.
d) Buret thu tinh l buret thng vi kh quyn chia n 0,1 ml, c mt mng mng bng du ho
tri trn mt nc ngn s bc hi.
CH THCH 3: Dng c ny ch dng cho t bo ho nc khng yu cu p lc ngc v c th thay th cho b phn ghi
s thay i th tch hiu chun.

e) ng ni cc b phn ca tng h thng p lc vi bung. H s gin n ca ng ph thuc vo

18

TCVN 8868:2011
p lc bn trong v khng c vt qu 0,001 ml/m i vi tng mc gia tng p lc l 1 kPa.
f) Dng c o thi gian, xc nh c n 1 giy.
g) Dng c cung cp nc sch kh kh.
h) M silicon hoc vadlin.
CH THCH 4: Cch b tr thch hp ca h thng thit b hon chnh c m t bng s trong hnh B.3 - Ph lc B.

5.3.10 Thit b th nghim nn.

Thit b th nghim nn phi nh sau:
a) My nn c tnh nng to bin dng dc trc trn mu t, tc iu chnh c t 0,001 mm/pht
n 0,5 mm/pht. Tc thc ca my khng c qu 10 % ca gi tr khi d ti.
b) Thit b o bin dng dc trc ca mu c hiu chun, chia vch ti 0,01mm; chiu di bng
chia khng ngn hn mt phn ba chiu di mu. Dng c c th l ng h micromet hoc chuyn
v k.
c) Thit b o lc c hiu chun c kh nng o thch hp theo yu cu ca mu th nghim
nhng phi c vch chia n 1 N (xem ch thch 1 v 2). Dng c o lc gn bn ngoi, c c nh
bng thanh trng lng ca my khng ln mu t th nghim. Nu dng c o lc c
gn trong bung ba trc th khi xc nh bin dng dc trc ca mu, phi tnh c n s nn ca dng
c ny.
CH THCH 1: Dng c o lc c th l vng lc hoc thit b chuyn i ti trng lp trong bung ba trc
CH THCH 2: Phi c mt lot dng c o lc nh chun la chn c dng c ph hp nht vi mu th nghim.

Trc khi tin hnh th nghim cc thit b phi c kim tra nh quy nh ti ph lc C.
5.4 Chun b mu th nghim
5.4.1 Mu th nghim: Mu hnh tr phi c chiu cao khong bng hai ln ng knh vi 2 u
phng vung gc vi trc. Kch thc ht ln nht ca t khng ln hn 1/5 ca ng knh mu.
Mt tp hp mu thng thng chun b 3 mu.
CH THCH: Nu sau th nghim nhn thy mu cha nhiu ht c kch thc ln th kch thc v khi lng ca nhng
ht ny cn c ghi r.

5.4.2 Chun b mu.

Mu c chun b theo quy nh ti 4.4.2.
CH THCH: Biu mu ghi chp xem CU-01 trong Ph lc A.

5.5 Cch tin hnh

5.5.1 Lp t
5.5.1.1 t thm bo ho nc bng cch y trt n trn lp nc trn tm di ca
19

TCVN 8868:2011
bung ba trc trnh cho khng kh khng b lt vo. Gn ht nc tha ra.
5.5.1.2 t nhanh mu t ln thm v khng cho khng kh lt vo.
5.5.1.3 t thm bo ho nc th hai ln trn mu th nghim sau khi gn nc tha ra.
5.5.1.4 Nu c s dng bin php thot nc bn th cho php nc tha chy qua giy thm bo
ho nc v t n vo mt cong ca mu th nghim (xem ch thch). G nh cho thot ht bt kh
ra ngoi. Phi m bo cho phn thot nc ph chm ln thm.
CH THCH: Sc ht nc l rng trong t thng gi giy thm ti ch. tin li hn, thng t giy thm vo trc
khi t mu ln tm di.

5.5.1.5 S dng vng cng mng ng. Cun mng cao su xung quanh mu th nghim sau khi loi
ht nc tha ra. Dng hai vng cao su vt mng cht vo tm di (xem ch thch). G nh
ngc ln bt kh gia mu th nghim v mng thot ra ht. Khng khng kh v nc no
len thm vo gia mu v mng.
CH THCH: Bi mt lp du cao su mng ln mt cong ca b y v tm nn trn tng kh nng chng thm ca vng
m. Khng c cho du lan vo thm hoc giy thm.

5.5.1.6 t hai vng cao su quanh u ng thot nc ni ni vi tm nn trn.

5.5.1.7 M van p lc ngc (xem hnh B.2 Ph lc B), thm t s qua thm trn ri y thm
li, khng cho khng kh lt vo. Tht cht mng vo m ca tm nn trn bng hai vng cao su,
dng vng cng ch i tht cht vng cao su (xem ch thch 5.5.1.5).
5.5.1.8 m bo mu c t thng ng v ng thot nc t tm nn trn khng cn tr vic
lp thn bung.
5.5.1.9 Lp thn bung c pittng truyn ti tht khp vi tm nn trn t trn u mu th nghim.
Kim tra s thng hng ca mu bng cch cho pittng di ng chm cho ti lc chm vo b mt tm
nn trn, sau ko li pittng li. Nu cn thit th tho bung ra chnh cho ht lch tm.
5.5.1.10 y nc kh bt kh vo bung ba trc, m bo tt c kh c trong bung u thot
qua van thng kh v c thay th bng nc (xem hnh B.2 ph lc B). Cho nc vo bung tht
nhanh, khng lm khuy ng nc khng to bt trong nc. mt lp mng du thu du trn
mt nc lm trn pittng v hn ch s r r nc qua pittng.
5.5.1.11 Vn van thng kh (xem hnh B.2 ph lc B) m cho ti khi bung chun b xong v sn
sng chu p lc, nhm gi p lc trong bung bng p lc ca khng kh.
5.5.1.12 ng van thng kh v nng p lc trong bung ln cp u tin, theo nh hng dn ca
qui trnh lm bo ho (xem 5.5.2.3 v 5.5.2.4).

20

TCVN 8868:2011
5.5.2 Lm bo ho mu
5.5.2.1 Gii thiu chung
Mc ch ca vic lm bo ho l lm cho tt c cc l rng u c lp y bng nc. Mun vy,
thng nng p lc nc l rng trong mu t ln cao nc chon ch ton b phn kh c
trong cc l rng. C th nng p lc nc l rng ln bng hai cch sau:
a) Cch 1- Dng p lc nc (p lc ngc) tc ng ln mu, cng lc tng p lc bung gi
li mt ng sut hu hiu dng nh;
b) Cch 2 - Ch tng p lc bung th nghim. Trong qu trnh lm bo ho mu, cn ch n hai
iu kin i lp sau y:
1. ng sut khng c cao qu, v nh vy n s nn mu qu mnh hoc lm mu b qu c kt;
2. ng sut khng c thp hn mc cn thit, trnh lm trng n i vi mu t c kh nng
trng n (tr khi nh xc nh tnh cht trng n ca t v tin hnh o bit lc trng n
ny).
Trong mc ny s quy nh hai quy trnh lm bo ho mu. Lm bo ho bng cch ln lt tng p
lc bung v p lc ngc c m t trong 5.5.2.3 (xem ch thch 1 v 2); Lm bo ho trong iu
kin m khng i c m t trong 5.5.2.4 (xem ch thch 3).
CH THCH 1: Mc bo ho c tnh bng cch xc nh h s p lc nc l rng B v theo nguyn tc nu B ln hn
hoc bng 0,95 th mc bo ha l chp nhn c (xem 5.5.3).
CH THCH 2: Cn c th lm bo ho mu bng cch tng ng thi p lc bung v p lc ngc.
CH THCH 3: Trnh t thao tc ny l cn thit khi tnh trng n ca mu t c th s nh hng ng k n cc gi tr
o c, nh s thay i p lc nc l rng trong khi ct. Thi gian cn thc hin tng i lu hn khi s dng p lc
ngc.

5.5.2.2 Cc yu cu c bn
a) Nc dng ngm mu t ly t h thng p lc ngc phi l loi nc sch, kh kh.
b) Mi cp tng p lc bung khng c vt qu 50 kPa, hoc ng sut hiu qu l ng sut m
mu s b c kt khi th nghim nn ("p lc c kt hiu qu cn thit"), nn chn thp hn, tr khi c
qui nh ring (xem ch thch 1).
CH THCH 1: Cc cp tng p lc l 50 kPa c p dng cho ti khi gi tr B t c khong 0,8 v cp tng 100 kPa
tip sau l thch hp vi nhiu loi t, min l p lc c kt hiu qu ln hn 100 kPa.

c) S khc nhau gia p lc bung v p lc ngc (chnh lch p lc) khng c ln hn p lc

th nghim hiu qu cn thit, hoc 20 kPa, nu nh hn th khng c nh hn 5 kPa (Xem ch
thch 2).
CH THCH 2. chnh lch p lc 10kPa l thch hp cho nhiu loi t m trng n ca n l khng ng k cp
ng sut hu hiu ny.

21

TCVN 8868:2011
d) i vi t c kh nng trng n, chnh lch p lc thng khng c nh hn ng sut
hiu qu cn thit trnh hin tng trng n, hoc khng nh hn 5 kPa; nn chn tr s no ln
hn.
CH THCH 3: Khi pht hin thy c s thay i p lc nc l rng hoc th tch th cn v th s o theo thi gian
bit c khi no th n nh.

5.5.2.3 Lm bo ho bng cch tng p lc bung v p lc ngc

5.5.2.3.1 Gii thiu chung.
Trong phng php ny, vic tng p lc bung v p lc ngc c thc hin lun phin nhau.
Giai on tng p lc bung th khng nc thot ra hoc thm vo mu, nh vy s c th xc
nh c h s p lc nc l rng B ti mi cp ng sut ton phn. p lc ngc tc ng ln
mu qua u trn hoc c hai u ca mu th nghim. Khi tc ng ln c hai u, c hai van p lc
ngc v van thot nc y c ni vi h thng p lc ngc.
5.5.2.3.2 Trnh t thao tc
Trnh t thao tc nh sau:
a) m bo mt (hoc hai) van p lc ngc v van ca h thng x (xem hnh B.2 ph lc B) u
ng kn. Tng mt cp p lc bung u tin ngay sau khi lp mu xong, (xem im b ca 5.5.2.2).
b) Quan st p lc nc l rng cho ti khi n t c gi tr cn bng (xem ch thch 3 ca 5.5.2.2)
v ghi li. Nu p lc nc l rng gim ng k (c kh nng ngay sau ln nng p lc u tin) th
tin hnh tip bc m t trong im c m khng cn i ti lc p lc cn bng, m bo cho p
lc nc l rng khng h xung n 0.
c) Tng p lc bung ln 50 kPa v lp li thao tc nu trong im b. Nu gi tr ca p lc nc l
rng n nh th ghi li v tnh ton s thay i ca p lc nc l rng (u, kPa) sinh ra do vic tng
p lc ny. Tnh ton h s p lc nc l rng B theo cng thc sau:

B=

u
50

(11)

Nu B bng hoc ln hn 0,95 th mu c coi l bo ho v lc c th tin hnh bc c kt

mu (xem 5.6.2). Nu khng th thc hin nh hng dn trong cc im t d n j di y.
d) Gi cho van p lc ngc v van h thng x ng, tng p lc trong ng p lc ngc ti gi
tr bng p lc bung tr i chnh lch p lc chn (xem cc im c v d trong 5.5.2.2). (Nu p
lc nc l rng trong bc ny ln hn p lc ngc nh, th cn tng thm mt hoc nhiu cp
p lc bung cho ti khi p lc ngc tng ng ln hn p lc nc l rng cn bng, hoc cho ti
khi gi tr B bng hoc ln hn 0,95). Ghi li s o do dng c o th tch gn trn ng p lc
ngc ghi c (V1) khi s o n nh, ngha l sau khi cc ng ni c m rng.
(e) M van p lc ngc (v van thot nc y nu nn c hai u) p lc ngc tc ng ln
22

TCVN 8868:2011
mu.
f) Quan st p lc nc l rng v s o trn dng c o th tch. Khi p lc nc l rng bng p lc
ngc (nu ch nn u cui v khng thot nc bn) v dng c o th tch cho thy rng qu trnh
nc thm vo mu thc s ngng, ghi li s c ny (u2 v V2), ng van p lc ngc (v van
thot nc y nu cn). Theo di p lc nc l rng cho ti khi cn bng.
g) Nu c yu cu, th tnh th tch nc thm vo mu tc l s tng dn th tch mu trong qu trnh
ny, bng php tr gia th tch V1 v V2.
h) Tng p lc bung bng mt cp p lc thch hp na (3) (xem cc bc m t trong im b).
Quan st s bin i km theo trong p lc nc l rng (u) nh m t trong im b. Khi t c
cn bng, tnh ton gi tr h s p lc nc l rng B theo cng thc sau:

B=

(12)

i) Lp li thao tc ca cc bc m t trong cc im t d n h cho ti khi h s p lc nc l rng

B cho bit t bo ho. Mu t c coi l bo ho, khi p lc nc l rng n nh sau 12 gi
ng h, hoc qua mt m v gi tr ca B bng hoc ln hn 0,95. i vi loi t st cng, nt n
th kh c th t c gi tr ny v gi tr B bng 0,90 khng i sau ba ln tng lin tc p lc
bung v p lc ngc, nh m t trong cc im t d n h th coi nh t bo ho.
j) Nu c yu cu th tnh ton th tch nc ton phn m mu thu vo cc l hng trong t bng
cch cng ton b cc lng chnh lch t cc bc, nh m t trong im g.
CH THCH 1: Cn v biu biu din s lin quan gia gi tr B vi p lc bung vo cui mi cp tng p lc hoc vi p
lc nc l rng khi thay i p lc bung.

Biu mu ghi chp v tnh ton qu trnh lm bo ha tham kho biu mu CU-02 ca Ph lc A.
5.5.2.4 Lm bo ho trong iu kin m khng i
5.5.2.4.1 Gii thiu chung.
Trong qu trnh ny khng cho php nc thot ra hoc thm vo mu t, s bo ho xy ra ch do
tc ng tng p lc bung.
5.5.2.4.2 Trnh t thao tc.
a) Nng p lc bung n gi tr danh nh, nh 50 kPa hoc 100 kPa.
b) Cho p lc nc l rng t n gi tr cn bng (xem im f ca 5.5.2.3.2).
c) Tng cc cp p lc bung u nhau, ghi li gi tr p lc nc l rng pht sinh, nh m t
trong cc im a v b ca mc ny v tnh cc gi tr B tng ng.
d) Mu c coi l bo ho khi tho mn mt trong cc nguyn tc ca im i ca 5.5.2.3.2.
Mu bo ho xong c em i th nghim c kt ngay vi cc ng sut hu hiu mong mun nh
23

TCVN 8868:2011
hng dn trong 5.5.3.
5.5.3 C kt mu
5.5.3.1 Gii thiu chung
Giai on c kt k tip ngay sau khi giai on bo ho (xem 5.5.2) v s dng chnh nhng thit b
dng lm bo ho. S c kt ca mu trong th nghim ny l ng hng. Mc tiu ca giai on
c kt l a mu t n trng thi ca ng sut hiu qu cn thit. Cc s liu nhn c trong qu
trnh c kt c s dng c lng tc bin dng thch hp s dng trong qu trnh nn ln,
xc nh khi no th mu c kt xong v tnh ton kch thc ca mu khi bt u giai on nn.
5.5.3.2 Trnh t c kt.
Sau khi kt thc giai on bo ho, trong khi van p lc ngc (xem hnh B.2 - ph lc B) vn ng,
phi ghi li s o p lc nc l rng v s o bin i th tch cui cng.
Trnh t c kt nh sau:
a) Tng p lc (3) trong tuyn p lc bung v iu chnh p lc ngc nu cn, to nn s chnh
lch bng p lc c kt hiu qu cn thit ('3), xc nh theo cng thc sau:
'3 = 3 - ub

(13)

b) Ghi li p lc nc l rng khi t n n nh (ui, kPa).

CH THCH 1: thun tin, c th ghi v biu din cc s c p lc nc l rng theo thi gian. xc nh c thi
im t cn bng.
CH THCH 2: p lc nc l rng d phi tiu tn th bng (ui - ub).

c) Ghi li s c ca thit b o thay i th tch. Ti thi im thch hp (im 0) cho bt u giai on

c kt bng cch m mt hoc mt s van p lc ngc.
d) Ghi cc s c ca thit b o thay i th tch ti nhng thi im thch hp.
CH THCH 3: Cc khong thi gian thch hp thun tin cho vic biu din cc s o theo cn bc hai thi gian l 0;

1
;
4

1
1
1
; 1; 2 ; 4; 9; 12 ; 16; 25; 36; 64 pht v 2; 4; 8; 16; 24 gi. Nhng khong thi gian ny cho ta mt khong cch u
2
4
4
nhau v th, nhng cn c cc s o nhiu ln hn na i vi loi t b nn ln rt nhanh. C th ly cc s c vo
nhng khong thi gian di hn v ng cong nn theo cn bc hai ca thi gian chun xc.

e) Qu trnh c kt din ra cho ti khi khng cn mt s thay i th tch ng k, khi t nht l 95 % p

lc nc l rng d b tiu tn, c ngha l ti khi U ln hn 95% theo cng thc sau:

U=
trong :
24

ui u
100%
ui ub

(14)

TCVN 8868:2011
U l mc c kt (%);
ui l s o p lc nc l rng n nh trc khi c kt (kPa)
f) Khi qu trnh c kt kt thc, ghi s o thay i th tch v tnh ton s thay i ton b ca th tch
(Vc) trong giai on c kt. Ghi s o p lc nc l rng uc (kPa).
g) Mu c c kt c chun b sn sng cho th nghim nn khng thot nc (xem 5.5.4).
CH THCH 4:Biu mu ghi chp tham kho biu mu CU-03-1 ca Ph lc A.

5.5.3.3 Tnh ton v v th

(Tham kho biu mu CU-03-1v CU-03-2 ca Ph lc A)
5.5.3.3.1 Tnh ton kch thc ca mu sau khi c kt t cc cng thc sau:
a) Th tch:

VC = V0 VC

(15)

b) Din tch:

2 VC

AC = A0 1
3 V
0

(16)

1 VC
L C = L 0 1

3 V0

(17)

c) Chiu di:

trong :
Vc l th tch mu t c kt, (cm3);
Vo l th tch ban u ca mu, (cm3);
Vc l s thay i th tch ca mu, trong qu trnh c kt, c xc nh bng th tch nc thot ra
t mu t, (cm3)
Ac l din tch mt ct ngang mu c kt, (mm2);
Ao l din tch mt ct ngang mu ban u, (mm2);
Lc l chiu di mu c kt, (mm);
Lo l chiu di mu ban u, (mm).
CH THCH: Nu s thay i th tch trong qu trnh bo ho l ng k, th y cng phi tnh n, chng hn t s liu
o c trong bung v s thay i di ca mu cng vi Vc.

5.5.3.3.2 V th s thay i th tch o c ng vi cn bc hai thi gian.

25

TCVN 8868:2011
CH THCH: Nu o c v nu thch hp, c th biu din s tiu tn p lc nc l rng (tnh theo %) theo logarit thi
gian.

5.5.3.3.3 K mt ng thng gn nh trng vi ng biu din s thay i th tch theo cn bc

hai thi gian (phn ny thng trong khong 50% u ca s c th tch thay i). T im cui ca
th k mt ng nm ngang (xem hnh B.4 - Ph lc B). Ti im giao nhau ca hai ng, c
gi tr cn bc hai thi gian, k hiu l

t100 , v tnh ton thi gian ti im giao nhau ny,

t100 (bng

min).
5.5.3.3.4 Tnh gi tr ca h s c kt cvi (theo m2/nm) cho c kt ng hng (Xem ch thch) t
cng thc sau:

c Vi =

1,65 D 2
t 100

(18)

trong :
D l ng knh mu th nghim, (mm);
l h s ph thuc vo iu kin thot nc v t s gia chiu cao v ng knh ca mu nh ghi
trong bng 1.
CH THCH: Gi tr ca cvi thu c bng cch ny khng c dng trong tnh ton ln cng trnh, v n cho sai s ln khi
c s dng thot nc bn.

5.5.3.3.5 Tnh ton h s nn th tch (nu yu cu) i vi c kt ng hng mvi (m2/MN) theo cng
thc sau:

m Vi

VC
V0
=
1000
ui uC

(19)

trong :
Vc l s thay i th tch ca mu do c kt, (cm3);
Vo l th tch mu ban u, (cm3);
ui l p lc nc l rng ti thi im bt u c kt, (kPa);
uc l p lc nc l rng ti thi im c kt kt thc, (kPa).
5.5.3.3.6 Tnh ton thi gian th nghim c ngha tf (bng pht) trong th nghim nn theo cng thc
sau:

tf = F x t100
Trong :
26

(20)

TCVN 8868:2011
tf: Thi gian tnh ton n ph hoi (min), l khong thi gian bt u nn mu ti khi mu b ph hoi,
tf yu cu khng c nh hn 120 pht;
F l h s, ph thuc vo iu kin thot nc v loi th nghim nn, tc l c thot nc hoc
khng thot nc.
Cc gi tr F i vi th nghim thot nc v th nghim khng thot nc ca loi mu khng nhy
cm, tc l b bin dng do, c ghi trong bng 1 (xem cc ch thch 1 v ch thch 2). i vi loi
t cng nt n v t nhy cm, th s dng tha s cho trc i vi cc th nghim thot nc v
c th nghim khng thot nc.
CH THCH 1: Tha s F tnh c trn c s tiu tn 95% p lc nc l rng d to nn khi ct v c chp nhn cho
hu ht cc mc ch thc tin.
CH THCH 2: t c tnh thm tng i cao c th cho thi gian ph hoi tnh ton ngn mt cch khng thc t. Thi gian
ph hoi khng th t hn 2 gi.

Bng 1- Cc yu t xc nh c v v thi gian ti ph hoi

Cc gi tr

iu kin thot nc

Cc gi tr F (i vi r = 2)
Th nghim

Th nghim khng

thot nc

thot nc

r2/4

8,5

0,53

r2

8,5

2,1

T chu vi v mt pha

80

3,2(1+2r)2

14

1,8

T chu vi v c hai pha

100

4(1+2r)2

16

2,3

trong qu trnh c kt

L/D =2

L/D = r

T mt pha

T c hai pha

5.5.3.3.7 c lng khong bin dng dc trc tng i ti thi im ph hoi ca mu th nghim,
f, nh sau
a) Nu ch cn iu kin lc ph hoi (theo ch tiu xc nh trong 3.8) th c lng bin dng ti thi
im mu bt u b ph hoi.
b) Nu khong cch gia cc ln c gn bng nhau v mi gi tr ny yu cu mt p lc nc l
rng bng nhau, th f l lng tng bin dng tng i gia mi ln c.
5.5.3.3.8 Tnh ton tc bin dng dc (dr, mm/min) dng cho mu th nghim theo cng thc sau:

dr =

f LC
tf

(21)

trong :
Lc l chiu di mu c kt, (mm);
27

TCVN 8868:2011
f l khong bin dng c ngha i vi mu th nghim;
tf l thi gian th nghim c ngha, (min).
Tr dr cho bit tc quy nh ln nht ca my dng th nghim (xem ch thch).
CH THCH: Tc dch chuyn ca my l tc c to ra do nh sn xut qui nh cho tng h s bnh rng khi my
chy khng ti. Tc thc t khi c ti c th nh hn tc ny. "Tc khe ng" cn nh hn tc my do s bin
dng ca thit b o ti trng v ca khung truyn ti. Tc thc ca chuyn v dc trc ca mu l "tc khe ng" v cn
phi c chnh lch cho php gia tc ny vi tc dch chuyn qui nh ca my khi cn chnh xc cao hn.

5.5.4 Nn mu
5.5.4.1 Lp bung ba trc ln trn my nn, nu nh phi tho n ra thc hin bo ho hoc c
kt mu.
5.5.4.2 iu chnh tip xc bng my hoc bng tay hoc bng ng c cho ti khi pittng chu ti ca
bung c chnh n gn u trn ca tm nn trn. Ghi s c trn thit b o lc v coi y l s
c u tin.
CH THCH: Thao tc ny lm tng hiu qu tng hp ca p lc bung ln pittng v lc khng ma st vng m pittng.
Nu c cu o lc cho php iu chnh a s o u tin ca n v 0.

5.5.4.3 iu chnh my nn sao cho mc thay i tc chuyn v cng gn gii hn tnh ton cng
tt, nhng khng c qu gii hn tnh ton trong 5.5.3.3.6.
5.5.4.4 iu chnh tip a pittng truyn ti tip xc va vn vi tm tm nn trn. Kim tra xem
mu phi c t ng v tr, thng ng v sao cho ti trng dc trc tc ng ln mu cng nh
cng tt.
5.5.4.5 iu chnh thit b o bin dng dc trc, sao cho c th o bin dng thng ng chnh
xc t nht ti 25 % ca chiu di mu. c, ghi li s c u tin hoc a thit b o bin dng v
s 0.
5.5.4.6 m bo l mt (hoc hai) van p lc ngc u ng, van p lc bung m v van dn n
thit b o p lc nc l rng m (xem Hnh B.2 ca Ph lc B).
5.5.4.7 Ghi li cc s c sau y v coi chng l cc s o ban u ca qu trnh c kt (tham kho
biu mu CU-04 ca Ph lc A)
- Ngy, gi;
- S c ca thit b o bin dng;
- S c thit b o lc;
- p lc nc nc l rng;
- p lc bung.
5.5.4.8 Bt u nn mu v ng thi bm gi.
28

TCVN 8868:2011
5.5.4.9 Trong khi th nghim, sau tng khong thi gian phi ghi li ng b cc s c trn thit b o
bin dng, trn thit b o lc v p lc nc l rng. t nht cng phi ghi c 20 b s c (gi tr)
xc nh c r rng ng cong ng sut - bin dng ln cn thi im ph hoi. (xem ch
thch 1 n ch thch 3).
CH THCH 1: i vi t rt cng. C th b ph hu ngay lp tc bin dng nh, th nn ghi cc s c ti cc khong
ng sut u nhau hn l khong bin dng, c c s lng s c cn thit.
CH THCH 2: p lc bung nn phi c kim tra lun trong qu trnh th nghim bo m rng n c duy tr khng
i.
CH THCH 3: Cc s c thi gian tri qua phi c ghi li u n kim tra tc bin dng dng.

5.5.4.10 Tnh ton ng sut lch (13) (kPa) v t s ng sut chnh hiu qu ('1/'3) nh hng
dn trong 5.5.6.1 v th hin chng trn th l tung v ng vi bin dng dc trc tng i (%)
l honh , trong khi th nghim vn ang tip tc thc hin.
CH THCH: Cng lc , p lc nc l rng cng c biu din theo bin dng v ng ng sut, t' theo s' (xem im
(j) ca 5.5.6.1).

5.5.4.11 Tip tc th nghim cho ti lc t c r rng mt trong cc iu kin sau, tu thuc vo

tiu chun ph hoi ring, c xc nh 3.8.
a) lch ng sut ln nht;
b) T s ng sut chnh hiu qu ln nht;
c) ng sut ct khng i v p lc nc l rng khng i.
Nu khng t c iu kin ph hoi no trong s va nu trn, th ngng th nghim khi t n
25% bin dng dc trc. Trong trng hp ny, trong bo co th nghim khng nn nu bn khng
ct.
5.5.4.12 Ngng giai on nn v ng van ti thit b o p lc nc l rng. M van h thng x
bo v thit b o ng sut.
5.5.5 D ti
5.5.5.1 Ngng th nghim v d ti
Khi kt thc giai on nn, phi ly mu t ra khi bung ba trc tht nhanh gi cho nc b
hp th vo trong thm mc ti thiu.
Trnh t thc hin cc thao tc nh sau:
a) m bo rng mt (hoc hai) van p lc ngc v cc van trn ng p lc nc l rng ng
kn. (Xem hnh B.2 ph lc B);
b) D ht lc dc trc khi mu;
c) Gim p lc bung n 0 v tho nc khi bung;
29

TCVN 8868:2011
d) D bung ra v ly mu ra khi bung;
e) Tho tm nn trn, mng cao su, thm v dng c thot nc bn (nu s dng);
f) Phc ho v m t vn tt kiu ph hu ca mu.
5.5.5.2 Cn, o mu sau th nghim
5.5.5.2.1 Cn ton b mu th nghim v dng th tch Vc (xem 5.6.3.1) tnh c ti thi im kt
thc c kt tnh khi lng th tch cui cng.
5.5.5.2.2 Sy kh ton b mu cho ti khi lng khng i, xc nh m ca ton b mu. Nu
mu qu ln, th b nh trc khi t vo bung sy.
5.6 Tnh ton, v th v bo co kt qu
5.6.1 Tnh ton
(Tham kho biu mu CU-05-1 n CU-05-5 ca Ph lc A).
T mi b s c tnh ton cc i lng sau:
Bin dng dc trc tng i, , theo cng thc sau:

L
LC

(22)

trong :
Lc - chiu di mu sau khi c kt, (mm);
L - l phn chiu di thay i so vi di ban u trong qu trnh nn, xc nh c t thit b o
bin dng, (mm).
CH THCH 1: Bin dng c tnh bng bin dng cng dn, ngha l s bin i v kch thc so vi kch thc ban u.

b) Din tch mt ct ngang ca mu thng gc vi trc. Cho rng mu bin dng theo hnh tr thng.
Din tch As (mm2) c xc nh theo cng thc sau:

AS =

AC
1

(23)

trong :
Ac - din tch ban u ca mu thng gc vi trc ca n ti thi im bt u c kt.
CH THCH 2: Phng trnh ny c lp trn c s cho rng trong th nghim khng thot nc i vi mu bo ho hon
ton, th bin dng th tch l bng 0.

c) Lc dc trc, P (N) tc ng thm ln mu ngoi p lc bung theo cng thc sau:

P = (R - Ro) Cr

30

(24)

TCVN 8868:2011
trong :
R l s c trn thit b o lc (vch chia hoc s);
Ro l s c ban u ca thit b o lc tng ng vi lc tc ng ln mu bng 0 (vch chia hoc
s);
Cr l h s hiu chnh ca thit b o lc N, (vch chia hoc s);
d) ng sut dc trc tc dng, tc l s chnh lch ng sut chnh, hoc ng sut lch o c tnh
theo cng thc sau:

( 1 3 ) m =

P
1000
AS

(25)

e) Hiu chnh mng, hn ch nh hng ca mng. ng cong trong hnh 5 cho s hiu chnh mb
i vi mu c ng knh ban u l 38 mm bc trong mng dy 0,2 mm. i vi cc iu kin khc
th s hiu chnh tnh c trn hnh 5 phi nhn vi:

38 t m
=
D 0.2

(26)

c gi tr mb dng cho tnh ton,

trong :
D l ng knh ban u ca mu, (mm);
tm l tng dy ca mng (c th nhiu hn mt lp) bc mu, (mm).
f) Hiu chnh thot nc. Khi lp dng c thot nc bn thng ng, th phi dng s hiu chnh dr
Cho bin dng vt qu 0,02 (2%). Gi tr dr ly theo bng 2.
CH THCH 3: Tc dng phi hp ca cc mng v thot nc bn trong qu trnh nn dc trc l phc tp v khng c
kin thng nht v cc s hiu chnh chnh xc cn phi s dng. Cc s hiu chnh cho trong bng 2 c lp ra trn c s
n gin ho cc gi thit v cc gi tr i din c tha nhn.

Bng 2. S hiu chnh cho thot nc bn thng ng

ng knh mu,mm

S hiu chnh thot nc dr, kPa

38

10

50

70

100

3,5

150

2,5

Ch thch: S hiu chnh cho cc mu c ng knh nm trong khong gia cc kch thc nu trn
31

TCVN 8868:2011
c th nhn c bng ni suy sau.
g) lch ng sut hiu chnh (1 3) (kPa):
(27)

(1 3) = (1 3) mb dr
h) ng sut chnh ln nht 1 (kPa):

(28)

1 = (1 3) + 3
trong :
3 l p lc bung hn ch n hng.

i) ng sut chnh hiu qu ln nht v nh nht: (,1 v ,3) (kPa)

,1 = 1 u

(29)

,3 = 3 u

(30)

trong :
u l p lc nc l rng, tnh bng kPa.
j) T s ng sut chnh hiu qu ,1/,3
k) H s p lc nc l rng A.

A=

u u0
1 3

(31)

trong :
u0 l p lc nc l rng trong mu th nghim ti thi im bt u nn.
l) Cc thng s ng sut ng sut hiu qu :

s, =

1 ,
(1 + ,3 )
2

(32)

t, =

1 ,
( 1 3, )
2

(33)

5.6.2 V th
(Tham kho biu mu CU-05-2 v CU-05-5 - Ph lc A)
a ln th cc s liu sau:
a) th ng sut - bin dng c trc honh l bin dng dc trc tng i (thng bng phn trm)
v trc tung l ng sut lch.
b) th bin i p lc nc l rng c trc honh nh nu im a, gi tr p lc nc l rng c
32

TCVN 8868:2011
th hin trn trc tung. Phi nh du tht r p lc nc l rng ban u trong giai on nn.
c) T s ng sut chnh hiu qu, '1/'3 c v trn trc tung cn trc honh biu din bin dng dc
trc tng i.
d) Nu im ph hoi c xc nh bi gi tr cc i ca lch ng, hoc bi t s ng sut chnh
hiu qu, hay l bi ng sut lch khng i v p lc nc l rng, rt ra mt gi tr thch hp t
ng cong trn v qua cc im quan trc nh nu cc im t a n c (xem ch thch). c
trn ng cong gi tr tng ng ca bin dng dc trc.
CH THCH: ng cong c th cho thy gi tr ln nht nm gia hai tp hp s c.

e) Vng trn Mohr ca ng sut hu hiu biu th cho iu kin ph hoi.

f) ng ng sut, nu yu cu, i vi ng sut hiu qu, vi cc gi tr s' biu din trn trc honh
v t' trn trc tung l mt ng n nht c t l ng v ngang nh nhau.
5.6.3 Bo co kt qu
5.6.3.1 Gii thiu chung.
Bo co phi nu c phng php th nghim s dng. Phng php nn ba trc, c kt khng thot nc c o p lc nc l rng. i vi mi mt mu th nghim trong mt t hp cc
mu th, cc s liu nu trong 5.6.3.2 phi c bo co r rng.
5.6.3.2 Mu n.
S liu cho mi mt mu th nghim s gm:
a) su v nh hng ca mu th nghim trong ton khi mu nguyn thu;
b) Cc kch thc ban u ca mu;
c) m ban u, khi lng th tch t nhin (xem TCVN 4196 v TCVN 4202);
d) C dng thot nc bn hay khng;
e) Phng php s dng lm bo ho mu, k c cc cp p lc gia tng v p lc khc nhau
nu c s dng;
f) p lc nc l rng, p lc bung v h s p lc nc l rng B khi bo ho kt thc;
g) p lc bung, p lc ngc v p lc hiu qu s dng c kt;
h) p lc nc l rng v lng tiu tn p lc nc l rng tnh theo phn trm (%) ti thi im kt
thc c kt.
i) th bin i th tch hoc bin dng th tch ng vi cn bc hai thi gian i vi giai on c kt,
nh m t trong 5.6.3;
j) Tc chuyn v dc trc p dng cho mu (mm/pht) hoc bin dng o bng phn trm trn
gi (%/h);
33

TCVN 8868:2011
k) p lc nc l rng v ng sut hu hiu ti thi im bt u giai on;
l) Tiu chun ph hu c qui nh (xem 3.8);
m) Bin dng dc trc, ng sut lch, p lc nc l rng, ng sut chnh hiu qu ln nht v nh
nht ti thi im ph hu;
n) T s cc ng sut chnh hu hiu ti thi im ph hu;
o) S ho hnh dng mu sau khi th nghim, cho thy kiu ph hu;
p) Chi tit v ln ca cc tr hiu chnh dng cho ng sut lch o c;
q) Khi lng th tch v m sau th nghim;
r) Cc th nh m t trong 5.6.2.
5.6.3.3 Th nghim t hp mt lot cc mu th (t hai mu tr ln). Khi nhiu mu cng ly t mt
khi mu t c th nghim di cc p lc hu hiu khc nhau xc nh cc thng s sc
khng ct, th cc s liu nu trong 5.6.3.2 s c gp li v bo co chung cho t hp mu.
CH THCH 1: C th v tng th nh m t chi tit trong 5.6.2 cho tng mu th nghim ring hoc gp chung ti trn
cng mt th.
CH THCH 2: Cc thng s sc khng ct biu th theo ng sut hiu qu, tc l cng lc dnh c' (kPa) v gc ma st
trong (') () c th tnh c nh sau (Xem ch thch 3):

V ng i st nht qua cc im chm trn th biu din cc gi tr s' v t' ti thi im ph

hoi theo tiu chun ph hoi chn (xem 3.8) Xc nh gi tr t', ti ni ng ny ct trc ' ('o,
kPa). o gc ca ng ny vi ng nm ngang (, ).
Tnh cc thng s khng ct t quan h:

sin , = tang

(34)

t '0
c =
cos

(35)

CH THCH 3: Cc mu th nghim n ly t mt khi mu t chung tuy b ngoi ging nhau, nhng thng khc nhau v
c im ng sut - bin dng v cc tnh cht khc. S bin i nh vy ca cc mu th s gy kh khn cho vic xc nh
cc thng s khng ct i din cho ton b mu.
CH THCH 4: Theo cch khc, cc thng s khng ct c th xc nh c bng cch v ng bao quanh cc vng trn
Mohr ca s ph hu (theo tiu chun ph hu la chn), sau o on to bi im giao nhau vi trc ng v gc ta
(c') v gc nghing vi trc nm ngang (').

6 Th nghim sc khng ct c kt - thot nc, c o s thay i th tch s CD

6.1 Ni dung ca phng php th nghim
Mu th nghim trc tin c c kt trong iu kin ng sut ng hng khng i v thot nc
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TCVN 8868:2011
hon ton (giai on c kt). Sau khi kt thc giai on c kt, tng ti trng dc trc vi tc nh
va m bo khng xy ra vic tng p lc nc l rng (giai on nn) v o c s thay i th
tch ca mu.
Th nghim ny xc nh c cc thng s v sc khng ct hu hiu c' v ' khi mu b ph hoi; cc
c trng bin i th tch trong qu trnh ct mu thot nc t do.
Th nghim c tin hnh theo ba bc:
Bc 1 - Lm bo ho xem 5.5 ;
Bc 2- C kt xem 5.6 ;
Bc 3- Nn xem 6.2.
6.2 iu kin th nghim.
Nhng iu kin th nghim sau phi c ch r trc khi bt u th nghim:
a) Kch thc mu;
b) S lng mu c th nghim;
c) p lc hng: Vic xc nh cc thng s v bn thng th nghim vi mt tp hp mu gm ba
mu, p lc nn hu hiu ln lt l 0,5; 1,0 ; 2,0 ln p lc nn hu hiu thc t.
CH THCH: i vi loi t cht, p lc c kt hiu qu phi c xem xt lm sao tng ng vi ng sut hiu qu cc
i tnh ton c thc t (v) v cc tch ca n vi 1/2; 1 v 2 thng l thch hp.

d) p lc ngc.
6.3 Thit b, dng c th nghim
Thit b dng c th nghim xem 5.3
6.4 Chun b mu th nghim
Chun b mu th nghim xem 5.4
6.5 Cch tin hnh
6.5.1 Lp t
Lp t mu th nghim 5.5.1.
6.5.2 Lm bo ha mu
Lp t mu th nghim 5.5.2.
6.5.3 C kt mu
Lp t mu th nghim 5.5.3.

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6.5.4 Nn mu
6.5.4.1 Lp t bung ba trc ln my nn, nu nh tho n ra lm bo ho v c kt mu.
6.5.4.2 iu chnh tip xc bng my hoc bng tay hoc bng ng c cho ti khi pittng chu ti ca
bung c chnh n gn u trn ca tm nn trn. Ghi s c trn thit b o lc v coi y l s
c u tin.
CH THCH:. Tiu chun ny cho php xt ti nh hng gp ca p lc bung tc ng ln pittng v lc khng ma st ca
bc pittng. Nu c cu o lc cho php, th iu chnh thit b o lc sao cho s c lc ban u bng 0.

6.5.4.3 iu chnh my nn sao cho tc cng nh cng tt nhng khng c vt qu tc tnh

ton trong 5.5.3.3.6.
6.5.4.4 iu chnh tip pittng truyn ti trng vo ng v tr tip xc vi hc nh v trn mt tm nn
trn. Kim tra v m bo rng mu c t ng, pittng ng trc vi mu v p lc dc trc
tc ng ln mu l nh nht.
6.5.4.5 iu chnh thit b o bin dng dc trc, sao cho c th o bin dng thng ng chnh
xc t nht ti 25 % ca chiu di mu. c, ghi li s c u tin hoc a thit b o bin dng v
s 0.
6.5.4.6 Van p lc bung v mt hoc hai van p lc ngc u m v m van dn n thit b o p
lc nc l rng trong qu trnh nn mu (xem hnh B.2 Ph lc B).
6.5.4.7 Ghi cc s c sau y v coi chng l cc s c ban u ca giai on nn: (tham kho biu
mu CD-04 ca Ph lc A)
a) Ngy, gi;
b) S c trn thit b o bin dng;
c) S c ca thit b o lc;
d) S c ca thit b o bin i th tch;
e) p lc nc l rng;
f) p lc bung.
6.5.4.8 Nn mu, ng thi bm ng h o thi gian.
6.5.4.9 Ghi li cc b s c ca thit b o bin dng, thit b o lc, thit b o bin i th tch trong
tng khong thi gian th nghim. Ghi li t nht 20 b s c (gi tr) c th xc nh mt cch r
rng ng cong ng sut - bin dng ln cn im ph hoi. (xem cc ch thch t 1 n 4).
CH THCH 1: i vi loi t trng thi cng c th b ph hu ngay lp tc di tr bin dng nh th phi ghi li cc s o
lc thng xuyn hn l bin dng c c s lng cc s c yu cu
CH THCH 2: Khng cn thit phi ghi li thng xuyn cc s o ca p lc nc l rng cng vi mi lot s c nu trn
chng no chng thay i nhng khng vt qu cc gii hn quy nh (xem 6.5.4.11).

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TCVN 8868:2011
CH THCH 3: p lc bung v p lc ngc phi c kim tra nh k trong qu trnh th nghim m bo chng lun
khng i. Nu cn, phi iu chnh li.
CH THCH 4: Cc s c thi gian thi nghim c ghi li theo nh k, nhm kim tra tc bin dng dng.

6.5.4.10 Ngay trong qu trnh th nghim, tnh ton cc gi tr ng sut lch (1-3) (kPa), nh nu
trong mc 6.9.1 v v th vi tung l chng v honh l bin dng dc trc tng i (%).
CH THCH: Trong cng mt lc bin dng th tch hoc s thay i th tch ca mu th cng c th c v
ng thi ln th theo bin dng.

6.5.4.11 Quan st p lc nc l rng nh k v nu n thay i khi gi tr p lc ngc hn 4% p

lc bn hiu qu, th phi gim tc bin dng xung cn 50 % hoc nh hn.
6.5.4.12 Tip tc th nghim cho ti lc t c mt hai iu kin sau, tu theo cch xc nh tiu
chun ph hoi nh trong 3.8:
a) ng sut lch ln nht;
b) Bin dng ct tip tc xy ra di th tch khng i v ng sut ct khng i.
Nu khng t c iu kin ph hoi no trong s va nu trn, th ngng th nghim khi t n
25% bin dng dc trc. Trong trng hp ny, trong bo co th nghim khng nn nu bn khng
ct.
6.5.4.12 Ngng giai on nn, ng van ni vi thit b o p lc nc l rng v ng van p lc
ngc. M van h thng x bo v thit b o ng sut.
6.5.5 D ti
6.5.5.1 Ngng th nghim v d ti
Khi kt thc giai on nn, phi ly mu t ra khi bung ba trc tht nhanh gi cho nc b
hp th vo trong thm mc ti thiu.
Trnh t cc thao tc ny nh sau:
a) ng kn mt hoc hai van p lc ngc v van thng vi ng p lc nc l rng.
(Xem hnh B.2 Ph lc B);
b) D ht lc dc trc khi mu;
c) Gim p lc bung xung bng 0 v tho nc khi bung;
d) D bung v ly mu ra khi bung;
e) Tho tm nn trn, mng cao su, thm v dng c thot nc bn (nu c s dng);
f) Phc ho v m t vn tt kiu ph hu ca mu.

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6.5.5.2 Cn, o mu sau th nghim
6.5.5.2.1 Cn ton b mu, dng th tch cui cng tnh ton (Vc - v) tnh khi lng th tch cui
cng, trong Vc l th tch ti thi im kt thc giai on c kt v V l th tch b gim trong giai
on nn.
6.5.5.2.2 Sy kh ton b mu cho ti khi lng khng i v xc nh m ca ton b mu theo
TCVN 4196. B vn mu to trc khi t vo l sy.
6.6 Tnh ton, v th v bo co kt qu
6.6.1 Tnh ton
(Tham kho biu mu t CD-05-1 n CD-05-4 ca Ph lc A)
T mi lot s c tnh ton cc gi tr sau:
Bin dng dc trc tng i, theo cng thc sau:

L
LC

(36)

trong :
Lc l chiu di mu sau khi c kt, (mm);
L l phn chiu di thay i so vi di ban u trong qu trnh nn, xc nh c t thit b o
bin dng, (mm).
CH THCH 1: Bin dng c tnh bng bin dng cng dn, ngha l s bin i v kch thc so vi kch thc ban u.

b) Bin dng th tch do nn, v theo cng thc sau:

V =

V
VC

(37)

trong :
V- s thay i th tch mu k t lc bt u nn (xem ch thch 2);
Vc- th tch mu c kt ti thi im bt u nn.
CH THCH 2: Theo qui c v du th ng sut nn l dng v v vy, s gim th tch (nn hoc c kt) cng l dng
v tng th tch (n hoc trng n) l m;

c) Din tch tit din ngang ca mu thng gc vi trc ca n (gi s rng n b bin dng theo hnh
tr u n). Din tch (tnh theo mm2) c tnh theo cng thc sau:

AS =
trong :
38

1 V
AC
1

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TCVN 8868:2011
Ac l din tch ban u ca mu vung gc vi trc ti thi im bt u nn.
d) Lc dc trc, P (theo N), tc ng thm vi p lc bung c tnh theo cng thc sau:
P = (R - Ro) x Cr

(39)

trong :
R l s c trn thit b o lc (vch chia hoc );
Ro l s c ban u ghi c trn thit b o lc tng ng vi lc tc dng bng 0;
Cr l s hiu chun ca thit b o lc (theo N/vch hoc ):
e) ng sut dc trc tc dng hay l hiu ng sut chnh o c, hay lch ng sut theo cng
thc sau:

( 1 3 ) m =

P
1000
AS

(40)

f) S hiu chnh mng s dng xt ti hiu ng km gi ca mng cao su. ng cong trong hnh 4
cho s hiu chnh i vi mu th nghim c ng knh ban u l 38 mm c bc trong mng dy
0,2mm. Vi cc iu kin khc th s hiu chnh c xc nh t hnh 4 ri em nhn vi

38 t m

D 0,2

(41)

c c gi tr mb cn thit,
trong :
D l ng knh ban u ca mu, (mm);
tm l dy ca mng (c th gm hn1 lp mng) bc mu, (mm);
g) S hiu chnh thot nc. Khi lp b phn thot nc bn, phi s dng s hiu chnh b sung dr,
cho bin dng vt qu 0,02 (2 %).
Gi tr ca dr c ly t bng 2.
CH THCH 3: Tc dng kt hp ca cc mng v vt liu thot nc bn trong qu trnh nn dc trc l rt phc tp, v vy
khng c kin thng nht v vic s dng s hiu chnh no l chun xc. Nhng s hiu chnh ghi trong bng 2 c lp ra
trn c s n gin ho cc gi thit v ch nu cc gi tr c cng nhn;

h) lch ng sut hiu chnh (1 3), kPa

(1 3 ) = (1 3 ) mb dr

(42)

i) ng sut chnh ln nht, 1, kPa:

1 = (1 3 ) + 3

(43)

trong :
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3 l p lc bung c tc dng hn ch n hng (p lc bn i vi mu);
j) Cc ng sut chnh hiu qu ln nht v nh nht ('1 v '3), kPa :
'1 = 1 u

(44)

'3 = 3 u

(45)

trong :
u l p lc nc l rng;
k) Nu cn, tnh cc thng s thuc ng ng sut tuyn tnh s' v t', kPa thng qua ng sut hiu
qu :

s, =

1 ,
(1 + ,3 )
2

(46)

t, =

1 ,
(1 ,3 )
2

(47)

6.6.2 V th
(Tham kho biu mu CD-05-5 ca Ph lc A)
Biu din trn th cc s liu sau:
a) ng cong ng sut - bin dng, vi bin dng dc trc (thng bng phn trm) trn trc honh
v ng sut lch trn trc tung. Khi s ph hoi xy ra do ng sut lch ln nht, th tm gi tr ln nht
nm trn ng cong trn v qua cc im quan trc. (Xem ch thch). c t ng cong tr tng
ng ca bin dng dc trc.
CH THCH: ng cong c th cho gi tr ln nht gia hai lot s c.

b) th thay i th tch dng trc honh nh im a, cn s thay i ca th tch (bng cm3 hoc
nh bin dng th tch) th a ln trc tung.
c) Vng trn Mohr ca ng sut hiu qu, th hin iu kin ti thi im ph hoi.
6.6.3 Bo co kt qu
(Tham kho biu mu t CD-05-1 n CD-05-5 ca Ph lc A)
6.6.3.1 Gii thiu chung.
Bo co phi nu r phng php s dng, tc l nn ba trc c kt - thot nc v o s thay i
th tch; nu c cc thng tin c lin quan bao gm :
- Tn d n;
- H khoan, o;
- Mu s (k hiu mu);
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- su;
- Phng php th nghim;
- M t bn ngoi, bao gm cu trc ca t, c im bt thng ca mu.
i vi mi mu th nghim cc s liu nu trong 6.6.3.2 phi c thng bo r. Nu cc mu th
nghim gm mt lot cc mu th th cc s liu s c gp li nh nu trong 6.6.3.3.
6.6.3.2 Mu n l.
S liu cn thit phi c cho mi mu n l l :
a) su v nh hng ca mu th nghim trong khi mu ban u;
b) Cc kch thc ban u ca mu;
c) m ban u, khi lng th tch t nhin (xem TCVN 4196 v TCVN 4202);
d) C dng thot nc bn hay khng;
e) Phng php dng lm bo ho gm c cc cp tng p lc v p lc khc nhau nu c s
dng;
f) p lc nc l rng, p lc bung v h s p lc nc l rng B khi bo ho kt thc;
g) p lc bung, p lc ngc v p lc hu hiu dng c kt;
h) p lc nc l rng v phn trm tiu tn p lc nc l rng ti thi im kt thc giai on c
kt;
i) th biu din s thay i th tch hoc bin dng th tch theo cn bc hai thi gian cho giai on
c kt, nh m t trong 5.6.3;
j) Tc chuyn v dc trc ln mu (mm/min) hoc phn trm bin dng trn gi (%/h);
k) p lc nc l rng v ng sut hiu qu ti thi im bt u giai on nn;
l) Tiu chun ph hoi nh;
m) Bin dng dc trc tng i, lch ng sut, bin dng th tch, p lc nc l rng v ng sut
chnh ln nht v nh nht ti thi im ph hoi;
n) Phc ha mu sau th nghim cho thy kiu ph hoi;
o) Chi tit v ln ca cc tr hiu chnh dng cho lch ng sut o c;
p) Khi lng th tch v m cui cng;
q) th nh m t trong 6.6.2.
6.6.3.3 Th nghim t hp mt lot cc mu th (t hai mu tr ln). Khi mt lot mu th nghim ly
t mt khi mu t cho th nghim di cc p lc hiu qu khc nhau xc nh cc thng s
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TCVN 8868:2011
khng ct. cc s liu lit k trong 6.6.3.2 c gp li v bo co chung cho t hp mu.
CH THCH 1: C th v cc th nu trong 6.6.2 cho ring tng mu t hoc gp li trn nhng trc chung.
CH THCH 2: Cc thng s khng ct theo ng sut hiu qu nh l lc dnh c' (kPa) v gc ma st trong, ' () c th xc
nh nh sau (Xem ch thch 3).

V mt ng thng thch hp i qua cc im i din cho s' v t' ti thi im ph hoi theo iu
kin ph hoi la chn.
Xc nh gi tr ca t' ti im ng thng ny ct trc t' (t'o, kPa).
o gc nghing ca ng thng ny vi ng nm ngang (, ). Tnh ton cc thng s khng ct
t quan h sau:

sin , = tan g

(48)

t ,0
c =
cos ,

(49)

CH THCH 3: Cc mu th nghim n ly t mt khi mu t chung tuy b ngoi ging nhau, nhng thng khc nhau v
c im ng sut - bin dng v cc tnh cht khc. S bin i nh vy ca cc mu th s gy kh khn cho vic xc nh
cc thng s khng ct i din cho ton b mu.
CH THCH 4: C th xc nh cc thng s khng ct bng cch v ng bao ca h cc ng trn Mohr lc ph hoi
mu (theo tiu chun ph hoi chn) v o on to bi giao im vi trc ng v gc ta (c') v gc nghing vi
ng nm ngang (').

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Ph lc A
(Tham kho)
Biu ghi v bo co kt qu th nghim nn ba trc

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Ph lc B
(Tham kho)
Cc hnh v
2
10

8
18
3

15

16
4

14

11
9

Mu

17

13

14
6

12

CH DN
1 Np bung

10 Tr v gi thit b o bin dng dc trc

2 Pittng truyn ti

11 Tm nn trn

3 ng lt hoc ng m pittng

12 Tm di

4 Thn bung

13 Mng (cao su...)

5 bung

14 Giong cao su

6 Van p lc bung

15 Nt x kh

7 Van x y

16 Thanh ging lin kt

8 Thit b o lc

17 Tm m

9 Nc p lc kh kh

18 Giong cao su (gia np bung v pittng)

Hnh B.1: Chi tit ca bung nn ba trc (s UU)

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2
10

8
18
3

15

16
14

4
11
9
Mu

17

13

14
6

12
19

20

21
5

CH DN:
1 Np bung

11 Tm nn trn

2 Pittng

12 Tm di

3 ng lt hoc ng m pittng

13 Mng (cao su...)

4 Thn bung

14 Giong cao su

5 bung

15 Nt x kh

6 Van p lc bung

16 Thanh ging lin kt

7 Van x y

17 thm

8 Thit b o lc

18 Giong cao su (gia np bung v pittng)

9 Nc p lc kh kh

19 Van p lc nc l rng

10 Tr v gi thit b o bin dng

20 Thit b o p lc nc l rng

dc trc

21 Van p lc ngc
Hnh B.2: Chi tit c bn ca bung nn ba trc (s CU v CD)

70

11

10

14

Mu

Hnh B.3: S b tr ca h thng thit b th nghim ba trc in hnh

12

13

kh kh

CH DN
1 Khung t ti
2 Thit b o lc
2 3 Khi kh kh
4 H thng x
5 Thit b o p lc
nc l rng
6 my nn
7 Thit b o thay i
th tch
8 Bm p lc ngc
9 ng h o p lc
bung
10 ng h o p
lc ngc
11 Bm p lc
bung
13 Bung ba trc
14 ng h o bin
dng
4
15 Bnh cp nc

TCVN 8868:2011

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Cn bc 2 ca thi gian

ng
Th

Thay i th tch mu th nghim, Vc

t100

im cu

i cng tr

n th

Kt thc c kt

Hnh B.4: ng cong c kt ba trc l tng

ng cong hiu chnh cho mu ng knh 38mm

lng trong mng cao su dy 0,2mm

i vi hiu ng to hnh trng, kPa

Hiu chnh mng cao su

2,0

1,5

1,0

0,5

10
Bin dng dc trc, %

Hnh B.5: th hiu chnh mng cao su

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TCVN 8868:2011
Ph lc C
(Quy nh)
Kim tra thit b

C.1 Gii thiu chung.

Cc thit b th nghim ba trc phi c kim tra v th nghim trc khi s dng. Cc bc kim tra
m t trong cc mc t C.2 n mc C.5, c thc hin cho h thng p lc bung, p lc ngc v
p lc nc nc l rng theo nh k. Kim tra cc h thng my theo hai cch, kim tra ton din v
kim tra thng ngy.
Kim tra ton din (xem cc mc C.2; mc C.3 v mc C.5) c tin hnh trong cc trng hp:
a) Khi bt c mt chi tit no (mi hoc sa cha thay th) c a vo my;
b) Theo khong thi gian khng qu ba thng;
Kim tra thng ngy ngay trc khi bt u th nghim (xem cc mc C.2; mc C.3 v mc C.5).
Trc khi kim tra, cc h thng p lc v ng ng ni phi c y nc kh kh (Xem
ch thch).
CH THCH: Bm tay trc vt (xi lanh kim tra) c s dng h tr x nc v kim tra h thng p lc.

Kim tra tm m xp rng ngay trc khi th nghim theo mc C.7.

C.2 Kim tra h thng p lc bung (kim tra ton din). Kim tra p lc ca h thng p lc bung v
bung ba trc m bo c th duy tr c p lc trong gii hn (nu im a ca mc 5.2.2) v
p lc th nghim ln nht theo yu cu sut thi gian th nghim.
C.3 Kim tra h thng p lc ngc (kim tra ton din)
1. X nc sch kh kh t thit b o s thay i th tch qua ng ng p lc ngc v qua
ng thot nc t mu th nghim (n tm nn trn hoc tm di). Trong thao tc ny, phi
lm cho thit b o s thay i th tch hot ng t nht l hai ln, kim ng h phi ch n ht gii
hn chy, cho nc chy qua h thng b y bung v thay vo bng nc sch kh kh bm
t h thng p lc.
2. Dng nt bt kn ng thot nc.
3. M van ca ng thot nc nng p lc trong h thng p lc ngc ln 750 kPa ghi li s
c trn thit b o th tch khi kim n nh.
4. thit b trng thi chu p lc nh vy ti thiu trong 12 gi v li ghi s c ca s thay i th
tch mt ln na.
5. Nc trong h thng c chy t do v nh vy l thit b sn sng th nghim (khi s
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chnh lch gia hai s c sau khi tr i gia tng ca th tch do gin n ca ng khng qu
0,1 ml).
6. Nu s chnh lch ln qu 0,1ml th phi kim tra v khc phc hin tng r r, khi lp li cc
bc 1 n bc 4 ca mc C.3 t c cc yu cu trong bc 5 ca mc C.3.
C.4 Kim tra h thng p lc ngc (kim tra nh k). Cn thc hin cc kim tra di y cng mt
lc vi vic kim tra nh k h thng p lc nc l rng nu trong mc C.6.
a) X ng p lc ngc v cc kho x nc nh nu trong bc 1 mc C.3. ng van ng x
nc.
b) Tng p lc trong h thng p lc ngc ti 750 kPa v ghi li s thay i th tch sau 5 pht.
c) Tin hnh cc thao tc hng dn trong cc bc 4 n 6 ca mc C.3.
C.5 Kim tra h thng p lc nc l rng (kim tra ton din)
1. M van gia khi c lp thit b o p lc nc l rng (bin nng) v h thng x nc. Cho dng
nc sch kh kh i qua thit b o bin nng v bung nc kh kh chy y vo cc
chi tit ny.
2. t bung ln b bung v vt cht li, ch khng ng thot nc ti nh np b kt.
3. Vn van x kh trn m np v cho nc kh bt kh t h thng x vo bung thng qua khi
lp b bin nng.
4. Tho van x kh trong khi lp b bin nng v ng van p lc nc l rng y bung.
5. Bm dung dch x phng long vo l van x kh. M van p lc nc l rng cho nc t trong
bung chy ra, sau m van h thng x nc kh kh t h thng cung cp chy vo.
6. M van x kh trn khi lp b bin nng trong khi nc vn ngp, nc chy y thm vo
bung, sau vt cht van x kh trn bung.
7. M van thot nc y b v cho khong 500 ml nc kh i qua ri tho b s nc ny. (Xem
ch thch).
CH THCH: Lm nh vy nhm y ht sch phn khng kh hoc nc c ln khng kh ra khi khi lp b bin nng.

8. Nng p lc trong h thng ln 700 kPa v li mt ln na cho khong 500 ml nc i qua van x
nc y bung.
9. my trong tnh trng chu p lc trong khong thi gian ti thiu 12 gi.
10. Sau khong thi gian ny, kim tra xem c b r r hay khng, nu khng c th cho 500 ml nc
chy qua van thot nc y bung (Xem ch thch). Nu c nc r r th khc phc v lp li cc
thao tc trn.
CH THCH: Bin php pht hin r r tt hn nhn bng mt thng l ni h thng vi dng c o th tch nc.

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TCVN 8868:2011
11. Sau khi kim tra v khng nh c l thit b khng r r nc, ng van x trn khi gn thit
b bin nng. X nc t bung qua van p lc bung, trong khi x, nt x kh bung phi m cho ti
lc p lc gim.
12. Tho bung ra, dng m nt kn ca o p lc nc l rng trn y bung, khng khng kh
lt vo.
13. M van h thng x, tc dng ln b y mt gi tr p lc cc i c th t c trong cc tr
gii hn ca h thng p lc v thit b o p lc nc l rng.
14. ng van h thng x trn khi gn thit b bin nng v ghi li s c ca p lc nc l rng.
15. Nu s c p lc nc l rng khng i trong t nht l 6 gi th c th cho rng cc mi ni
trong h thng o p lc nc l rng l kn, khng c kh lt vo v khng b r r.
16. Nu s c p lc b gim, iu chng t rng c s c trong h thng. Khc phc s c. Lp
li cc kim tra h thng. p lc nc l rng theo m t trong cc bc t 1 n 14 mc C.5 cho ti
lc trong h thng khng cn b kh lt vo hoc r r.
C.6 Kim tra h thng p lc nc l rng (kim tra thng k)
1. Thc hin cc thao tc m t trong cc bc t 1 n 11 ca mc C.5.
2. Tho bung th nghim, duy tr mt lp nc kh kh trn y ng, bng cch lp mt mng v
c vn cht bng vng cao su cho ti lc chun b xong mu th nghim.
C.7 Kim tra thm - giy thm
1. Kim tra thm xem nc thot ra c d dng khng. B nhng thm b t trm vo cc l.
Trc khi s dng, phi dng nc ct un si un trong vng 30 pht. Sau ngm n trong
nc kh kh ch s dng.
2. Ngm giy thm t bn thnh mu vo nc kh kh trong vi pht. nc tha trn giy
chy ht ri cun giy ngay vo mu t th nghim.

75

Vin Tiu chun Cht lng Vit Nam chu trch nhim xut

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