Section 1a

SECTION 1 DESIGN FOR SIMPLE STRESSES
Page 1 of 131
TENSION, COMPRESSION, SHEAR

DESIGN PROBLEMS

1. The link shown, made of AISI C1045 steel, as rolled, is subjected to a tensile load
of 8000 lb. Let b h 5 . 1 = . If the load is repeated but not reversed, determine the
dimensions of the section with the design based on (a) ultimate strength, (b) yield
strength. (c) If this link, which is 15 in. long., must not elongate more than 0.005
in., what should be the dimensions of the cross section?

Problems 1 3.
Solution:
For AISI C1045 steel, as rolled (Table AT 7)
ksi s
u
96 =
ksi s
y
59 =
psi E
6
10 30 =

A
F
s
d
=
where
lb F 8000 =
bh A =
but
b h 5 . 1 =
therefore
2
5 . 1 b A =

(a) Based on ultimate strength

N = factor of safety = 6 for repeated but not reversed load (Table 1.1)
A
F
N
s
s
u
d
= =
2
5 . 1
8000
6
000 , 96
b
=
in b 577 . 0 = say in
8
5
.
Page 2 of 131
in b h
16
15
5 . 1 = =

(b) Based on yield strength

A
F
N
s
s
u
d
= =
2
5 . 1
8000
3
000 , 59
b
=
in b 521 . 0 = say in
16
9
.
in b h
32
27
5 . 1 = =

(c) Elongation =
AE
FL
=
where,
in 005 . 0 =
lb F 8000 =
psi E
6
10 30 =
in L 15 =
2
5 . 1 b A =
then,
AE
FL
=
( )( )
( )( )
6 2
10 30 5 . 1
15 8000
005 . 0
=
b

in b 730 . 0 = say in
4
3
.
in b h
8
1
1 5 . 1 = =

2. The same as 1 except that the material is malleable iron, ASTM A47-52, grade 35
018.

Solution:
For malleable iron, ASTM A47-52, grade 35 018(Table AT 6)
ksi s
u
55 =
ksi s
y
5 . 36 =
psi E
6
10 25 =

Page 3 of 131
A
F
s
d
=
where
lb F 8000 =
bh A =
but
b h 5 . 1 =
therefore
2
5 . 1 b A =


A
F
N
s
s
u
d
= =
2
5 . 1
8000
6
000 , 55
b
=
in b 763 . 0 = say in
8
7
.
in b h
16
5
1 5 . 1 = =


A
F
N
s
s
u
d
= =
2
5 . 1
8000
3
500 , 36
b
=
in b 622 . 0 = say in
16
11
.
in b h
32
1
1 5 . 1 = =

(c) Elongation =
AE
FL
=
where,
in 005 . 0 =
lb F 8000 =
psi E
6
10 25 =
in L 15 =
2
5 . 1 b A =
then,
Page 4 of 131
AE
FL
=
( )( )
( )( )
6 2
10 25 5 . 1
15 8000
005 . 0
=
b

in b 8 . 0 = say in
8
7
.
in b h
16
5
1 5 . 1 = =

3. The same as 1 except that the material is gray iron, ASTM 30.

Solution:
For ASTM 30 (Table AT 6)
ksi s
u
30 = , no
y
s
psi E
6
10 5 . 14 =
Note: since there is no
y
s for brittle materials. Solve only for (a) and (c)
A
F
s
d
=
where
lb F 8000 =
bh A =
but
b h 5 . 1 =
therefore
2
5 . 1 b A =


N = factor of safety = 7 ~ 8 say 7.5 (Table 1.1)
A
F
N
s
s
u
d
= =
2
5 . 1
8000
5 . 7
000 , 30
b
=
in b 1547 . 1 = say in
16
3
1 .
in b h
32
25
1 5 . 1 = =
(c) Elongation =
AE
FL
=
where,
in 005 . 0 =
lb F 8000 =
psi E
6
10 5 . 14 =
Page 5 of 131
in L 15 =
2
5 . 1 b A =
then,
AE
FL
=
( )( )
( )( )
6 2
10 5 . 14 5 . 1
15 8000
005 . 0
=
b

in b 050 . 1 = say in
16
1
1 .
in b h
32
19
1 5 . 1 = =

4. A piston rod, made of AISI 3140 steel, OQT 1000 F (Fig. AF 2), is subjected to a
repeated, reversed load. The rod is for a 20-in. air compressor, where the
maximum pressure is 125 psig. Compute the diameter of the rod using a design
factor based on (a) ultimate strength, (b) yield strength.

Solution:
From Fig. AF 2 for AISI 3140, OQT 1000 F
ksi s
u
5 . 152 =
ksi s
y
5 . 132 =

( ) ( ) kips lb force F 27 . 39 270 , 39 125 20
4
2
= = = =

From Table 1.1, page 20
8 =
u
N
4 =
y
N

u
u
s
F N
A =
( )( )
5 . 152
27 . 39 8
4
2
= d

in d 62 . 1 = say in
8
5
1

y
y
s
F N
A =
( )( )
5 . 132
27 . 39 4
4
2
= d

Page 6 of 131
4
1
1

5. A hollow, short compression member, of normalized cast steel (ASTM A27-58,
65 ksi), is to support a load of 1500 kips with a factor of safety of 8 based on the
ultimate strength. Determine the outside and inside diameters if
i o
D D 2 = .

Solution:
ksi s
u
65 =
8 =
u
N
kips F 1500 =
( ) ( )
4
3
4
4 4
2
2 2 2 2 i
i i i o
D
D D D D A

= = =
( )( )
65
1500 8
4
3
2
= = =
u
u i
s
F N D
A

in D
i
85 . 8 = say in
8
7
8
in D D
i o
4
3
17
8
7
8 2 2 = |
\
|
= =

6. A short compression member with
i o
D D 2 = is to support a dead load of 25 tons.
The material is to be 4130 steel, WQT 1100 F. Calculate the outside and inside
diameters on the basis of (a) yield strength, (b) ultimate strength.

Solution:
From Table AT 7 for 4130, WQT 1100 F
ksi s
u
127 =
ksi s
y
114 =

From Table 1.1 page 20, for dead load
4 ~ 3 =
u
N , say 4
2 ~ 5 . 1 =
y
N , say 2
Area, ( ) ( )
4
3
4
4 4
2
2 2 2 2 i
i i i o
D
D D D D A

= = =
kips tons F 50 25 = =

(a) Based on yield strength
( )( )
114
50 2
4
3
2
= = =
y
y
i
s
F N
D
A

Page 7 of 131
in D
i
61 . 0 = say in
8
5

in D D
i o
4
1
1
8
5
2 2 = |
\
|
= =
(b) Based on ultimate strength
( )( )
127
50 4
4
3
2
= = =
u
u i
s
F N D
A

in D
i
82 . 0 = say in
8
7

in D D
i o
4
3
1
8
7
2 2 = |
\
|
= =

7. A round, steel tension member, 55 in. long, is subjected to a maximum load of
7000 lb. (a) What should be its diameter if the total elongation is not to exceed
0.030 in? (b) Choose a steel that would be suitable on the basis of yield strength if
the load is gradually applied and repeated (not reversed).

Solution:

(a)
AE
FL
= or
E
FL
A
=
where,
lb F 7000 =
in L 55 =
in 030 . 0 =
psi E
6
10 25 =
( )( )
( )( )
6
2
10 30 030 . 0
55 7000
4
= = d A

4
3

(b) For gradually applied and repeated (not reversed) load
3 =
y
N
( )( )
( )
psi
A
F N
s
y
y
534 , 47
75 . 0
4
7000 3
2
= = =

ksi s
y
48
say C1015 normalized condition ( ksi s
y
48 = )

8. A centrifuge has a small bucket, weighing 0.332 lb. with contents, suspended on a
manganese bronze pin (B138-A, hard) at the end of a horizontal arm. If the pin
is in double shear under the action of the centrifugal force, determine the diameter
Page 8 of 131
needed for 10,000 rpm of the arm. The center of gravity of the bucket is 12 in.
from the axis of rotation.

Solution:
From Table AT 3, for B138-A, hard
ksi s
us
48 =
r
g
W
F
2
=
where
lb W 332 . 0 =
2
2 . 32 fps g =
( )
sec 1047
60
000 , 10 2
60
2
rad
n
= = =

in r 12 =
( ) ( ) kips lb r
g
W
F 3 . 11 300 , 11 1 1047
2 . 32
332 . 0
2 2
= = = =
From Table 1.1, page 20
4 ~ 3 = N , say 4
u
u
s
F N
A =
( )( )
48
3 . 11 4
4
2
2
= |
\
|
d
for double shear

in d 774 . 0 = say in
32
25

CHECK PROBLEMS

9. The link shown is made of AISIC1020 annealed steel, with in b
4
3
= and
in h
2
1
1 = . (a) What force will cause breakage? (b) For a design factor of 4 based
on the ultimate strength, what is the maximum allowable load? (c) If 5 . 2 = N
based on the yield strength, what is the allowable load?

Problem 9.
Page 9 of 131

Solution:
For AISI C1020 annealed steel, from Table AT 7
ksi s
u
57 =
ksi s
y
42 =

(a) A s F
u
=
2
125 . 1
2
1
1
4
3
in bh A = |
\
|
|
\
|
= =
( )( ) kips F 64 125 . 1 57 = =
(b)
u
u
N
A s
F =
4 =
u
N
2
125 . 1
2
1
1
4
3
in bh A = |
\
|
|
\
|
= =
( )( )
kips F 16
4
125 . 1 57
= =

(c)
y
y
N
A s
F =
5 . 2 =
y
N
2
125 . 1
2
1
1
4
3
in bh A = |
\
|
|
\
|
= =
( )( )
kips F 9 . 18
2
125 . 1 42
= =

10. A -in.bolt, made of cold-finished B1113, has an effective stress area of 0.334 sq.
in. and an effective grip length of 5 in. The bolt is to be loaded by tightening until
the tensile stress is 80 % of the yield strength, as determined by measuring the
total elongation. What should be the total elongation?

Solution:
E
sL
=
from Table AT 7 for cold-finished B1113
ksi s
y
72 =
then, ( ) ksi s s
y
6 . 57 72 8 . 0 80 . 0 = = =
ksi psi E 000 , 30 10 30
6
= =
( )( )
in
E
sL
0096 . 0
000 , 30
5 6 . 57
= = =
Page 10 of 131
11. A 4-lb. weight is attached by a 3/8-in. bolt to a rotating arm 14-in. from the center
of rotation. The axis of the bolts is normal to the plane in which the centrifugal
force acts and the bolt is in double shear. At what speed will the bolt shear in two
if it is made of AISI B1113, cold finish?

Solution:
From Table AT 7, psi ksi s
us
000 , 62 62 = =
( )
2
2
2209 . 0
8
3
4
1
2 in A =
|
\
|
|
\
|
=
A s r
g
W
F
us
= =
2

( ) ( )( ) 2209 . 0 000 , 62 14
2 . 32
4
2
=
sec 74 . 88 rad =
74 . 88
60
2
= =
n

rpm n 847 =

12. How many -in. holes could be punched in one stroke in annealed steel plate of
AISI C1040, 3/16-in. thick, by a force of 60 tons?

Solution:

For AISI C1040, from Figure AF 1
ksi s
u
80 =
( ) ksi ksi s s
u us
60 80 75 . 0 75 . 0 = = =
t d A =

kips tons F 120 60 = =
n = number of holes
( )( )
9
60 2209 . 0
120
= = =
us
As
F
n holes

13. What is the length of a bearing for a 4-in. shaft if the load on the bearing is 6400
lb. and the allowable bearing pressure is 200 psi of the projected area?

Solution:
W pDL =
where
psi p 200 =
in D 4 =
lb W 6400 =
Page 11 of 131
( )( ) 6400 4 200 = L
in L 8 =

BENDING STRESSES

DESIGN PROBLEMS

14. A lever keyed to a shaft is in L 15 = long and has a rectangular cross section of
t h 3 = . A 2000-lb load is gradually applied and reversed at the end as shown; the
material is AISI C1020, as rolled. Design for both ultimate and yield strengths. (a)
What should be the dimensions of a section at in a 13 = ? (b) at in b 4 = ? (c) What
should be the size where the load is applied?

Problem 14.
Solution:
For AISI C1020, as rolled, Table AT 7
ksi s
u
65 =
ksi s
y
49 =
Design factors for gradually applied and reversed load
8 =
u
N
4 =
y
N
12
3
th
I = , moment of inertial
but t h 3 =
36
4
h
I =

Moment Diagram (Load Upward)

Page 12 of 131

Based on ultimate strength
u
u
N
s
s =

(a)
I
Fac
I
Mc
s = =
2
h
c =
kips lbs F 2 2000 = =
( )( )
|
|
\
|
|
\
|
= =
36
2
13 2
8
65
4
h
h
s
in h 86 . 3 =
in
h
t 29 . 1
3
86 . 3
3
= = =
say
in in h
2
1
4 5 . 4 = =
in in t
2
1
1 5 . 1 = =

(b)
I
Fbc
I
Mc
s = =
2
h
c =
kips lbs F 2 2000 = =
( )( )
|
|
\
|
|
\
|
= =
36
2
4 2
8
65
4
h
h
s
in h 61 . 2 =
in
h
t 87 . 0
3
61 . 2
3
= = =
say
in h 3 =
in t 1 =

(c)

Page 13 of 131

4 13
3 5 . 4
4
3
=
h

in h 33 . 2 =
4 13
1 5 . 1
4
1
=
t

in t 78 . 0 =
say
in h 625 . 2 = or in h
8
5
2 =

15. A simple beam 54 in. long with a load of 4 kips at the center is made of cast steel,
SAE 080. The cross section is rectangular (let b h 3 ). (a) Determine the
dimensions for 3 = N based on the yield strength. (b) Compute the maximum
deflection for these dimensions. (c) What size may be used if the maximum
deflection is not to exceed 0.03 in.?

Solution:
For cast steel, SAE 080 (Table AT 6)
ksi s
y
40 =
psi E
6
10 30 =

Page 14 of 131
From Table AT 2
Max.
( )( )
in kips
FL
M = = = 54
4
54 4
4

12
3
bh
I =
but b h 3 =
36
4
h
I =

(a)
I
Mc
N
s
s
y
y
= =
2
h
c =
( )
|
|
\
|
|
\
|
=
36
2
54
3
40
4
h
h

in h 18 . 4 =
in
h
b 39 . 1
3
18 . 4
3
= = =

say in h
2
1
4 = , in in
h
b
2
1
1 5 . 1
3
5 . 4
3
= = = =

(b)
( )( )
( )
( )( )
in
EI
FL
0384 . 0
12
5 . 4 5 . 1
10 30 48
54 4000
48
3
6
3 3
=
(
= =
(c)
|
|
\
|
=
36
48
4
3
h
E
FL

( )( ) ( )
( )( )
4 6
3
10 30 48
36 54 4000
03 . 0
h
=
in h 79 . 4 =
in
h
b 60 . 1
3
79 . 4
3
= = =

say in in h
4
1
5 25 . 5 = = , in in
h
b
4
3
1 75 . 1
3
25 . 5
3
= = = =

Page 15 of 131
16. The same as 15, except that the beam is to have a circular cross section.

Solution:
(a)
I
Mc
N
s
s
y
y
= =
64
4
d
I

=
2
d
c =
3 4
32
64
2
d
M
d
d
M
s

=
|
|
\
|
|
\
|
=
( )
3
54 32
3
40
d
=
in d 46 . 3 =
say in d
2
1
3 =

(b)
EI
FL
48
3
=
64
4
d
I

=
( )
( )( )
( )( )( )
in
d E
FL
0594 . 0
5 . 3 10 30 48
54 4000 64
48
64
4 6
3
4
3
=
= =

(c)
( )
4
3
48
64
d E
FL
=
( )( )
( )( )
4 6
3
10 30 48
54 4000 64
03 . 0
d
=
in d 15 . 4 =
say in d
4
1
4 =

17. A simple beam, 48 in. long, with a static load of 6000 lb. at the center, is made of
C1020 structural steel. (a) Basing your calculations on the ultimate strength,
determine the dimensions of the rectangular cross section for b h 2 = . (b)
Determine the dimensions based on yield strength. (c) Determine the dimensions
using the principle of limit design.

Page 16 of 131
Solution:

From Table AT 7 and Table 1.1
ksi s
u
65 =
ksi s
y
48 =
4 ~ 3 =
u
N , say 4
2 ~ 5 . 1 =
y
N , say 2

( )( )
kips in
FL
M = = = 72
4
48 6
4

I
Mc
s =
2
h
c =
12
3
bh
I =
but
2
h
b =
24
4
h
I =
3 4
12
24
2
h
M
h
h
M
s =
|
\
|
=

3
12
h
M
N
s
s
u
u
= =
( )
3
72 12
4
65
h
=
in h 76 . 3 =
Page 17 of 131
in
h
b 88 . 1
2
76 . 3
2
= = =

say in in h
4
3
3 75 . 3 = = , in in
h
b
8
7
1 875 . 1
2
75 . 3
2
= = = =

3
12
h
M
N
s
s
y
y
= =
( )
3
72 12
2
48
h
=
in h 30 . 3 =
in
h
b 65 . 1
2
30 . 3
2
= = =
say in in h
2
1
3 5 . 3 = = , in in
h
b
4
3
1 75 . 1
2
5 . 3
2
= = = =

(c) Limit design (Eq. 1.6)

4
2
bh
s M
y
=
( )
4
2
48 72
2
h
h
|
\
|
=
in h 29 . 2 =
in
h
b 145 . 1
2
29 . 2
2
= = =
say in in h
2
1
2 5 . 2 = = , in in
h
b
4
1
1 25 . 1
2
5 . 2
2
= = = =

18. The bar shown is subjected to two vertical loads,
1
F and
2
F , of 3000 lb. each, that
are in L 10 = apart and 3 in. ( a , d ) from the ends of the bar. The design factor is 4
based on the ultimate strength; b h 3 = . Determine the dimensions h and b if the
bar is made of (a) gray cast iron, SAE 111; (b) malleable cast iron, ASTM A47-
52, grade 35 018; (c) AISI C1040, as rolled (Fig. AF 1). Sketch the shear and
moment diagrams approximately to scale.
Page 18 of 131

Problems18, 19.
Solution:
lb R R F F 3000
2 1 2 1
= = = =

Moment Diagram

( )( ) in kips in lbs a R M = = = = 9 9000 3 3000
1

N = factor of safety = 4 based on
u
s
12
3
bh
I =
2
h
c =
36 12
3
4
3
h
h
h
I =
|
\
|
=

(a) For gray cast iron, SAE 111
ksi s
u
30 = , Table AT 6
3 4
18
36
2
h
M
h
h
M
I
Mc
N
s
s
u
=
|
|
\
|
|
\
|
= = =
( )
3
9 18
4
30
h
s = =
in h 78 . 2 =
in
h
b 93 . 0
3
78 . 2
3
= = =
say in h 5 . 3 = , in b 1 =

(b) For malleable cast iron, ASTM A47-52, grade 35 018
Page 19 of 131
ksi s
u
55 = , Table AT 6
3 4
18
36
2
h
M
h
h
M
I
Mc
N
s
s
u
=
|
|
\
|
|
\
|
= = =
( )
3
9 18
4
55
h
s = =
in h 28 . 2 =
in
h
b 76 . 0
3
28 . 2
3
= = =
say in h
4
1
2 = , in b
4
3
=

(c) For AISI C1040, as rolled
ksi s
u
90 = , Fig. AF 1
3 4
18
36
2
h
M
h
h
M
I
Mc
N
s
s
u
=
|
|
\
|
|
\
|
= = =
( )
3
9 18
4
90
h
s = =
in h 93 . 1 =
in
h
b 64 . 0
3
93 . 1
3
= = =
say in h
8
7
1 = , in b
8
5
=

19. The same as 18, except that
1
F acts up (
2
F acts down).

Solution:

[ ]
= 0
A
M lb R R 1875
2 1
= =
Page 20 of 131
Shear Diagram

Moment Diagram

= M maximum moment = 5625 lb-in = 5.625 kips-in

(a) For gray cast iron

3
18
h
M
N
s
s
u
= =
( )
3
625 . 5 18
4
30
h
=
in h 38 . 2 =
in
h
b 79 . 0
3
38 . 2
3
= = =
say in h
4
1
2 = , in b
4
3
=
(b) For malleable cast iron

3
18
h
M
N
s
s
u
= =
( )
3
625 . 5 18
4
55
h
=
in h 95 . 1 =
in
h
b 65 . 0
3
95 . 1
3
= = =
say in h
8
7
1 = , in b
8
5
=

Page 21 of 131

3
18
h
M
N
s
s
u
= =
( )
3
625 . 5 18
4
90
h
=
in h 65 . 1 =
in
h
b 55 . 0
3
65 . 1
3
= = =
say in h
2
1
1 = , in b
2
1
=

20. The bar shown, supported at A and B , is subjected to a static load F of 2500 lb.
at 0 = . Let in d 3 = , in L 10 = and b h 3 = . Determine the dimensions of the
section if the bar is made of (a) gray iron, SAE 110; (b) malleable cast iron,
ASTM A47-52, grade 32 510; (c) AISI C1035 steel, as rolled. (d) For economic
reasons, the pins at A, B, and C are to be the same size. What should be their
diameter if the material is AISI C1035, as rolled, and the mounting is such that
each is in double shear? Use the basic dimensions from (c) as needed. (e) What
sectional dimensions would be used for the C1035 steel if the principle of limit
design governs in (c)?

Problems 20, 21.
Solution:

Page 22 of 131

[ ]
= 0
A
M ( ) 2500 13 3 =
B
R
lb R
B
833 , 10 =
[ ]
= 0
B
M ( ) 2500 10 3 =
A
R
lb R
A
8333 =
Shear Diagram

Moment Diagram

( )( ) in kips in lb M = = = 25 000 , 25 10 2500

b h 3 =
12
3
bh
I =
36
4
h
I =
2
h
c =
3 4
18
36
2
h
M
h
h
M
I
Mc
s =
|
|
\
|
|
\
|
= =

ksi s
u
20 = , Table AT 6
6 ~ 5 = N , say 6 for cast iron, dead load
3
18
h
M
N
s
s
u
= =
( )
3
25 18
6
20
h
=
Page 23 of 131
in h 13 . 5 =
in
h
b 71 . 1
3
= =
say in h
4
1
5 = , in b
4
3
1 =
(b) For malleable cast iron, ASTM A47-32 grade 32510
ksi s
u
52 = , ksi s
y
34 =
4 ~ 3 = N , say 4 for ductile, dead load
3
18
h
M
N
s
s
u
= =
( )
3
25 18
4
52
h
=
in h 26 . 3 =
in
h
b 09 . 1
3
= =
say in h
4
3
3 = , in b
4
1
1 =
ksi s
u
85 = , ksi s
y
55 =
4 = N , based on ultimate strength
3
18
h
M
N
s
s
u
= =
( )
3
25 18
4
85
h
=
in h 77 . 2 =
in
h
b 92 . 0
3
= =
say in h 3 = , in b 1 =

(d) For AISI C1035, as rolled
ksi s
su
64 =
4 = N , kips R
B
833 . 10 =
A
R
N
s
s
B su
s
= =
2 2
2 4
2 D D A

= |
\
|
=
2
2
833 . 10
4
64
D
s
s
= =
in D 657 . 0 =
Page 24 of 131
say in D
16
11
=
(e) Limit Design
4
2
bh
s M
y
=
For AISI C1035 steel, ksi s
y
55 =
3
h
b =
( )
4
3
55 25
2
h
h
M
|
\
|
= =
in h 76 . 1 =
in
h
b 59 . 0
3
= =
say in in h
8
7
1 875 . 1 = = , in b
8
5
=

21. The same as 20, except that
o
30 = . Pin B takes all the horizontal thrust.

Solution:

cos F F
V
=
[ ]
= 0
A
M
V B
F R 13 3 =
( ) 30 cos 2500 13 3 =
B
R
lb R
B
9382 =
[ ]
= 0
B
M
V A
F R 10 3 =
( ) 30 cos 2500 10 3 =
A
R
lb R
A
7217 =
Shear Diagram
Page 25 of 131

Moment Diagram

( )( ) in kips in lb M = = = 65 . 21 650 , 21 10 2165
3
18
h
M
s =
ksi s
u
20 = , Table AT 6
6 ~ 5 = N , say 6 for cast iron, dead load
3
18
h
M
N
s
s
u
= =
( )
3
65 . 21 18
6
20
h
=
in h 89 . 4 =
in
h
b 63 . 1
3
= =
say in h
4
1
5 = , in b
4
3
1 =
(b) For malleable cast iron, ASTM A47-32 grade 32510
ksi s
u
52 = , ksi s
y
34 =
4 ~ 3 = N , say 4 for ductile, dead load
3
18
h
M
N
s
s
u
= =
( )
3
65 . 21 18
4
52
h
=
in h 11 . 3 =
in
h
b 04 . 1
3
= =
say in h 3 = , in b 1 =
ksi s
u
85 = , ksi s
y
55 =
Page 26 of 131
3
18
h
M
N
s
s
u
= =
( )
3
65 . 21 18
4
85
h
=
in h 64 . 2 =
in
h
b 88 . 0
3
= =
say in h
8
5
2 = , in b
8
7
=

(d) For AISI C1035, as rolled
ksi s
su
64 =
4 = N , lb R
BV
9382 =
lb F F R
H BH
1250 30 sin 2500 sin = = = =
( ) ( )
2 2 2 2 2
1250 9382 + = + =
BH BV B
R R R
lb R
B
9465 =
A
R
N
s
s
B su
s
= =
2 2
2 4
2 D D A

= |
\
|
=
2
2
465 . 9
4
64
D
s
s
= =
in D 614 . 0 =
say in D
8
5
=
(e) Limit Design
4
2
bh
s M
y
=
For AISI C1035 steel, ksi s
y
55 =
3
h
b =
( )
4
3
55 65 . 21
2
h
h
M
|
\
|
= =
in h 68 . 1 =
in
h
b 56 . 0
3
= =
say in in h
8
7
1 875 . 1 = = , in b
8
5
=
Page 27 of 131

22. A cast-iron beam, ASTM 50, as shown, is 30 in. long and supports two gradually
applied, repeated loads (in phase), one of 2000 lb. at in e 10 = from the free end,
and one of 1000 lb at the free end. (a) Determine the dimensions of the cross
section if a c b 3 = . (b) The same as (a) except that the top of the tee is below.

Problem 22.
Solution:

For cast iron, ASTM 50
ksi s
u
50 = , ksi s
uc
164 =
For gradually applied, repeated load
8 ~ 7 = N , say 8

( ) e d F d F M + + =
2 1

where:
lb F 2000
1
=
lb F 1000
2
=
in d 20 10 30 = =
in e d 30 = +
( )( ) ( )( ) in kips in lb M = = + = 70 000 , 70 30 1000 20 2000

I
Mc
s =
Solving for I , moment of inertia

( )( ) ( )( ) ( )( ) ( )( ) [ ]y a a a a
a
a a
a
a a 3 3
2
5
3
2
3 + = |
\
|
+ |
\
|

2
3a
y =
Page 28 of 131

( )( )
( )( )( )
( )( )
( )( )( )
2
17
3
12
3
3
12
3
4
2
3
2
3
a
a a a
a a
a a a
a a
I = + + + =

(a)

2
3a
c
t
=
2
5a
c
c
=
Based on tension
I
Mc
N
s
s
t u
t
= =
( )
|
|
\
|
|
\
|
=
2
17
2
3
70
8
50
4
a
a

in a 255 . 1 =
Based on compression
I
Mc
N
s
s
c uc
c
= =
( )
|
|
\
|
|
\
|
=
2
17
2
5
70
8
164
4
a
a

in a 001 . 1 =
Therefore in a 255 . 1 =
Or say in a
4
1
1 =
And ( ) in a c b 75 . 3 25 . 1 3 3 = = = =
Page 29 of 131
Or in c b
4
3
3 = =

(b) If the top of the tee is below

2
5a
c
t
=
2
3a
c
c
=
2
17
4
a
I =
in kips M = 70

Based on tension
I
Mc
N
s
s
t u
t
= =
( )
|
|
\
|
|
\
|
=
2
17
2
5
70
8
50
4
a
a

in a 488 . 1 =
Based on compression
I
Mc
N
s
s
c uc
c
= =
( )
|
|
\
|
|
\
|
=
2
17
2
3
70
8
164
4
a
a

in a 845 . 0 =
Therefore in a 488 . 1 =
Or say in a
2
1
1 =
And in a c b
2
1
4 3 = = =

CHECK PROBLEMS

Page 30 of 131
23. An I-beam is made of structural steel, AISI C1020, as rolled. It has a depth of 3
in. and is subjected to two loads;
1
F and
1 2
2F F = ;
1
F is 5 in. from one end and
2
F is 5 in. from the other ends. The beam is 25 in. long; flange width is
in b 509 . 2 = ;
4
9 . 2 in I
x
= . Determine (a) the approximate values of the load to
cause elastic failure, (b) the safe loads for a factor of safety of 3 based on the yield
strength, (c) the safe load allowing for flange buckling (i1.24), (f) the maximum
deflection caused by the safe loads.

Problems 23 25.
Solution:

[ ]
= 0
A
M ( )
B
R F F 25 2 20 5
1 1
= +

1
8 . 1 F R
B
=
[ ]
= 0
V
F
B A
R R F F + = +
1 1
2

1 1 1
2 . 1 8 . 1 3 F F F R
A
= =
Shear Diagram

Moment Diagram

Page 31 of 131
1
9F M = = maximum moment
For AISI C1020, as rolled
ksi s
y
48 =

(a)
I
Mc
s
y
=
where in
d
c 5 . 1
2
3
2
= = =
( )( )
9 . 2
5 . 1 9
48
1
F
s
y
= =
kips F 31 . 10
1
=
kips F F 62 . 20 2
1 2
= =

(b)
I
Mc
N
s
s
y
= =
( )( )
9 . 2
5 . 1 9
3
48
1
F
s = =
kips F 44 . 3
1
=
kips F F 88 . 6 2
1 2
= =

(c) 15 96 . 9
509 . 2
25
< = =
b
L
(page 34)
ksi s
c
20 = ( page 34, i1.24)
I
Mc
s
c
=
( )( )
9 . 2
5 . 1 9
20
1
F
=
kips F 30 . 4
1
=
kips F F 60 . 8 2
1 2
= =

(d) For maximum deflection,
by method of superposition, Table AT 2
( )
2
3
max
3 3
(
+
=
b L a
EIL
b F
y , b a >
or
( )
2
3
max
3 3
(
+
=
a L b
EIL
Fa
y , a b >

Page 32 of 131
max
y caused by
1
F
( )
2
3
1 1 1 1
max
3 3
1 (
+
=
a L b
EIL
a F
y ,
1 1
a b >
where ksi E 000 , 30 =
in a 5
1
=
in b 20
1
=
in L 25 =

4
9 . 2 in I =
( )
( )( )( )
( )
1
2
3
1
max
0022 . 0
3
5 25 20
25 9 . 2 000 , 30 3
5
1
F
F
y =
(
+
=

max
y caused by
2
F
( )
2
3
2 2 2 2
max
3 3
2 (
+
=
b L a
EIL
b F
y ,
2 2
b a >
where in b 5
2
=
in a 20
2
=
( )
( )( )( )
( )
1
2
3
1
max
0043 . 0
3
5 25 20
25 9 . 2 000 , 30 3
5 2
2
F
F
y =
(
+
=

Total deflection =
1 1 1 max max
0065 . 0 0043 . 0 022 . 0
2 1
F F F y y = + = + =

Deflection caused by the safe loads in (a)
( ) in
a
067 . 0 31 . 10 0065 . 0 = =
Deflection caused by the safe loads in (b)
( ) in
b
022 . 0 44 . 3 0065 . 0 = =
Deflection caused by the safe loads in (c)
( ) in
c
028 . 0 30 . 4 0065 . 0 = =

24. The same as 23, except that the material is aluminum alloy, 2024-T4, heat treated.

Solution:

For aluminum alloy, 2024-T4, heat treated
ksi s
y
47 =

(a)
I
Mc
s
y
=
Page 33 of 131
( )( )
9 . 2
5 . 1 9
47
1
F
s
y
= =
kips F 10 . 10
1
=
kips F F 20 . 20 2
1 2
= =

(b)
I
Mc
N
s
s
y
= =
( )( )
9 . 2
5 . 1 9
3
47
1
F
s = =
kips F 36 . 3
1
=
kips F F 72 . 6 2
1 2
= =

(c) 15 96 . 9
509 . 2
25
< = =
b
L
(page 34)
ksi s
c
20 = ( page 34, i1.24)
I
Mc
s
c
=
( )( )
9 . 2
5 . 1 9
20
1
F
=
kips F 30 . 4
1
=
kips F F 60 . 8 2
1 2
= =

(d) Total deflection =
1 1 1 max max
0065 . 0 0043 . 0 022 . 0
2 1
F F F y y = + = + =

Deflection caused by the safe loads in (a)
( ) in
a
066 . 0 10 . 10 0065 . 0 = =
Deflection caused by the safe loads in (b)
( ) in
b
022 . 0 36 . 3 0065 . 0 = =
Deflection caused by the safe loads in (c)
( ) in
c
028 . 0 30 . 4 0065 . 0 = =

25. A light I-beam is 80 in. long, simply supported, and carries a static load at the
midpoint. The cross section has a depth of in d 4 = , a flange width of in b 66 . 2 = ,
and
4
0 . 6 in I
x
= (see figure). (a) What load will the beam support if it is made of
C1020, as-rolled steel, and flange buckling (i1.24) is considered? (b) Consider the
stress owing to the weight of the beam, which is 7.7 lb/ft, and decide whether or
not the safe load should be less.
Page 34 of 131

Solution:

(a) For C1020, as rolled, ksi s
u
65 =
Consider flange buckling
30
66 . 2
80
= =
b
L

since 40 15 < <
b
L

( )
ksi
b
L
s
c
15
1800
30
1
5 . 22
1800 1
5 . 22
2 2
=
+
=
|
\
|
+
=
I
Mc
s =
in
d
c 2
2
4
2
= = =

From Table AT 2
( )
F
F FL
M 20
4
80
4
= = =
I
Mc
s s
c
= =
( )( )
6
2 20
15
F
=
kips F 25 . 2 = , safe load

(b) Considering stress owing to the weight of the beam

addl
8
2
wL
M = (Table AT 2)
where ft lb w 7 . 7 =
Page 35 of 131
addl
( )
in kips in lb
wL
M = =
|
\
|
= = 513 . 0 513
8
80
12
7 . 7
8
2 2

513 . 0 20 + = F M = total moment
I
Mc
s s
c
= =
( )( )
6
2 513 . 0 20
15
+
=
F

kips F 224 . 2 =
Therefore, the safe load should be less.

26. What is the stress in a band-saw blade due to being bent around a 13 -in. pulley?
The blade thickness is 0.0265 in. (Additional stresses arise from the initial tension
and forces of sawing.)

Solution:

in
t
c 01325 . 0 0265 . 0
2
= = =
in r 76325 . 13 01325 . 0 75 . 13 = + =
Using Eq. (1.4) page 11 (Text)
r
Ec
s =
where psi E
6
10 30 =
( )( )
psi s 881 , 28
76325 . 13
01325 . 0 10 30
6
=
=

27. A cantilever beam of rectangular cross section is tapered so that the depth varies
uniformly from 4 in. at the fixed end to 1 in. at the free end. The width is 2 in. and
the length 30 in. What safe load, acting repeated with minor shock, may be
applied to the free end? The material is AISI C1020, as rolled.

Solution:
ksi s
u
65 = (Table AT 7)
Designing based on ultimate strength,
6 = N , for repeated, minor shock load
Page 36 of 131
ksi
N
s
s
u
8 . 10
6
65
= = =
Loading Diagram

x
h 1
30
1 4
=

1 10 . 0 + = x h
12
3
wh
I =
2
h
c =
Fx M =
( )
( )
2 2 2 3
1 10 . 0
3 3
2
6
12
2
+
= = =
|
|
\
|
|
\
|
= =
x
Fx
h
Fx
h
Fx
wh
h
Fx
I
Mc
s
Differentiating with respect to x then equate to zero to solve for x giving maximum
stress.
( ) ( ) ( )( )( )
( )
0
1 10 . 0
10 . 0 1 10 . 0 2 1 1 10 . 0
3
4
2
=
(
+
+ +
=
x
x x x
F
dx
ds

( ) 0 10 . 0 2 1 10 . 0 = + x x
in x 10 =
( ) in h 2 1 10 10 . 0 = + =
2
3
h
Fx
N
s
s
u
= =
( )
( )
2
2
10 3
8 . 10
F
=
kips F 44 . 1 =

TORSIONAL STRESSES

DESIGN PROBLEMS

Page 37 of 131
28. A centrifugal pump is to be driven by a 15-hp electric motor at 1750 rpm. What
should be the diameter of the pump shaft if it is made of AISI C1045 as rolled?
Consider the load as gradually repeated.

Solution:

For C1045 as rolled,
ksi s
y
59 =
ksi s
us
72 =
Designing based on ultimate strength
N
s
s
us
= , 6 = N (Table 1.1)
ksi s 12
6
72
= =
Torque,
( )
( )
kips in lb in lb ft
n
hp
T = = = = = 540 . 0 540 45
1750 2
15 000 , 33
2
000 , 33

For diameter,
3
16
d
T
s
=
( )
3
540 . 0 16
12
d
=
in d 612 . 0 =
say in d
8
5
=

29. A shaft in torsion only is to transmit 2500 hp at 570 rpm with medium shocks. Its
material is AISI 1137 steel, annealed. (a) What should be the diameter of a solid
shaft? (b) If the shaft is hollow,
i o
D D 2 = , what size is required? (c) What is the
weight per foot of length of each of these shafts? Which is the lighter? By what
percentage? (d) Which shaft is the more rigid? Compute the torsional deflection
of each for a length of 10 ft.

Solution:
( )
( )
kips in lb ft
n
hp
T = = = = 276 036 , 23
570 2
2500 000 , 33
2
000 , 33

For AISI 1137, annealed
ksi s
y
50 = (Table AT 8)
ksi s s
y ys
30 6 . 0 = =

Designing based on yield strength
3 = N for medium shock, one direction

Page 38 of 131

Design stress
ksi
N
s
s
ys
10
3
30
= = =

(a) Let D = shaft diameter

J
Tc
s =
32
4
D
J

=
2
D
c =
3
16
D
T
s
=
( )
3
276 16
10
D
=
in D 20 . 5 =
say in D
4
1
5 =

(b)
( ) ( ) [ ]
32
15
32
2
32
4 4 4 4 4
i i i i o
D D D D D
J

=
=
i
i o
D
D D
c = = =
2
2
2

3 4
15
32
32
15
i i
i
D
T
D
TD
s

=
|
|
\
|
=
( )
3
15
276 32
10
i
D
=
in D
i
66 . 2 =
in D D
i o
32 . 5 2 = =
say
in D
i
8
5
2 =
in D
o
4
1
5 =

(c) Density,
3
284 . 0 in lb = (Table AT 7)

Page 39 of 131
For solid shaft
= w weight per foot of length
( )( ) ft lb D D w 8 . 73 25 . 5 284 . 0 3 3
4
12
2 2 2
= = = |
\
|
=

For hollow shaft
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) [ ] ft lb D D D D w
i o i o
3 . 55 625 . 2 25 . 5 284 . 0 3 3
4
12
2 2 2 2 2 2
= = = |
\
|
=

Therefore hollow shaft is lighter
Percentage lightness = ( ) % 5 . 33 % 100
3 . 55
3 . 55 8 . 73
=

(d) Torsional Deflection

JG
TL
=
where
in ft L 120 10 = =
ksi G
3
10 5 . 11 =
For solid shaft,
32
4
D
J

=
( )( )
( ) ( )
( )
o
2 . 2
180
039 . 0 039 . 0
10 5 . 11 25 . 5
32
120 276
3 4
=
|
\
|
= =
\
|
=

rad
For hollow shaft,
( )
32
4 4
i o
D D
J

=

( )( )
( ) ( ) [ ]( )
( )
o
4 . 2
180
041 . 0 041 . 0
10 5 . 11 625 . 2 25 . 5
32
120 276
3 4 4
=
|
\
|
= =

|
\
|
=

rad
Therefore, solid shaft is more rigid,
o o
4 . 2 2 . 2 <

30. The same as 29, except that the material is AISI 4340, OQT 1200 F.

Solution:
( )
( )
kips in lb ft
n
hp
T = = = = 276 036 , 23
570 2
2500 000 , 33
2
000 , 33

For AISI 4340, OQT 1200 F
ksi s
y
130 =
( ) ksi s s
y ys
78 130 6 . 0 6 . 0 = = =

Designing based on yield strength
Page 40 of 131
3 = N for mild shock

Design stress
ksi
N
s
s
ys
26
3
78
= = =

(a) Let D = shaft diameter

J
Tc
s =
32
4
D
J

=
2
D
c =
3
16
D
T
s
=
( )
3
276 16
26
D
=
in D 78 . 3 =
say in D
4
3
3 =

(b)
( ) ( ) [ ]
32
15
32
2
32
4 4 4 4 4
i i i i o
D D D D D
J

=
=
i
i o
D
D D
c = = =
2
2
2

3 4
15
32
32
15
i i
i
D
T
D
TD
s

=
|
|
\
|
=
( )
3
15
276 32
26
i
D
=
in D
i
93 . 1 =
in D D
i o
86 . 3 2 = =
say
in D
i
2 =
in D
o
4 =

(c) Density,
3
284 . 0 in lb = (Table AT 7)

Page 41 of 131

For solid shaft
= w weight per foot of length
( )( ) ft lb D D w 6 . 37 75 . 3 284 . 0 3 3
4
12
2 2 2
= = = |
\
|
=

For hollow shaft
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) [ ] ft lb D D D D w
i o i o
1 . 32 2 4 284 . 0 3 3
4
12
2 2 2 2 2 2
= = = |
\
|
=

Therefore hollow shaft is lighter
Percentage lightness = ( ) % 1 . 17 % 100
1 . 32
1 . 32 6 . 37
=

(d) Torsional Deflection

JG
TL
=
where
in ft L 120 10 = =
ksi G
3
10 5 . 11 =
For solid shaft,
32
4
D
J

=
( )( )
( ) ( )
( )
o
48 . 8
180
148 . 0 148 . 0
10 5 . 11 75 . 3
32
120 276
3 4
=
|
\
|
= =
\
|
=

rad
For hollow shaft,
( )
32
4 4
i o
D D
J

=

( )( )
( ) ( ) [ ]( )
( )
o
99 . 6
180
122 . 0 122 . 0
10 5 . 11 2 4
32
120 276
3 4 4
=
|
\
|
= =

|
\
|
=

rad
Therefore, hollow shaft is more rigid,
o o
48 . 8 99 . 6 < .

31. A steel shaft is transmitting 40 hp at 500 rpm with minor shock. (a) What should
be its diameter if the deflection is not to exceed 1
o
in D 20 ? (b) If deflection is
primary what kind of steel would be satisfactory?

Solution:
(a)
( )
( )
kips in lb ft
n
hp
T = = = = 04 . 5 420
500 2
40 000 , 33
2
000 , 33

ksi G
3
10 5 . 11 =
D L 20 =
Page 42 of 131
rad
180
1

= =
o

JG
TL
=
( )( )
( )
3
4
10 5 . 11
32
20 04 . 5
180
|
|
\
|
=
D
D

in D 72 . 1 =
say in D
4
3
1 =

(b)
( )
( )
ksi
D
T
s 8 . 4
75 . 1
04 . 5 16 16
3 3
= = =

Based on yield strength
3 = N
( )( ) ksi Ns s
ys
4 . 14 8 . 4 3 = = =
ksi
s
s
ys
y
24
6 . 0
4 . 14
6 . 0
= = =
Use C1117 normalized steel ksi s
y
35 =

32. A square shaft of cold-finish AISI 1118 transmits a torsional moment of 1200 in-
lb. For medium shock, what should be its size?

Solution:

For AISI 1118 cold-finish
ksi s
y
75 =
ksi s s
y ys
45 6 . 0 = =
3 = N for medium shock
Z
T
N
s
s
ys
= =
where, b h =
9
2
9
2
3 2
b h b
Z = = (Table AT 1)
kips in lb in T = = 2 . 1 1200
( )
3
2
9 2 . 1
3
45
b
s = =
in h b 71 . 0 = =
say in h b
4
3
= =
Page 43 of 131

CHECK PROBLEMS

33. A punch press is designed to exert a force sufficient to shear a 15/16-in. hole in a
-in. steel plate, AISI C1020, as rolled. This force is exerted on the shaft at a
radius of -in. (a) Compute the torsional stress in the 3.5-in. shaft (bending
neglected). (b) What will be the corresponding design factor if the shaft is made
of cold-rolled AISI 1035 steel (Table AT 10)? Considering the shock loading that
is characteristics of this machine, do you thick the design is safe enough?

Solution:
ksi s
us
49 =

( ) Dt s F
us
=
where in D
16
15
=
in t
2
1
=
( ) kips F 2 . 72
2
1
16
15
49 = |
\
|
|
\
|
=
Fr T =
where in r
4
3
=
( ) kips in T = |
\
|
= 2 . 54
4
3
2 . 72

(a)
3
16
d
T
s
=
where in d 5 . 3 =
( )
( )
ksi s 44 . 6
5 . 3
2 . 54 16
3
= =

(b) For AISI 1035 steel, ksi s
us
64 =
for shock loading, traditional factor of safety, 15 ~ 10 = N

Design factor , 94 . 9
44 . 6
64
= = =
s
s
N
us
, the design is safe ( 10 N )

34. The same as 33, except that the shaft diameter is 2 in.

Solution:
Page 44 of 131
in d 75 . 2 =

(a)
3
16
d
T
s
=
( )
( )
ksi s 3 . 13
75 . 2
2 . 54 16
3
= =

(b) For AISI 1035 steel, ksi s
us
64 =
for shock loading, traditional factor of safety, 15 ~ 10 = N

Design factor , 8 . 4
3 . 13
64
= = =
s
s
N
us
, the design is not safe ( 10 < N )

35. A hollow annealed Monel propeller shaft has an external diameter of 13 in. and
an internal diameter of 6 in.; it transmits 10,000 hp at 200 rpm. (a) Compute the
torsional stress in the shaft (stress from bending and propeller thrust are not
considered). (b) Compute the factor of safety. Does it look risky?

Solution:

For Monel shaft,
ksi s
us
98 = (Table AT 3)
4 ~ 3 = N , for dead load, based on ultimate strength

(a)
J
Tc
s =
( ) ( ) ( ) [ ]
4
4 4 4 4
3086
32
5 . 6 5 . 13
32
in
D D
J
i o
=
=

in
D
c
o
75 . 6
2
5 . 13
2
= = =
( )
( )
kips in lb ft
n
hp
T = = = = 3152 606 , 262
200 2
000 , 10 000 , 33
2
000 , 33

( )( )
ksi s 9 . 6
3086
75 . 6 3152
= =
(b) Factor of safety,

2 . 14
9 . 6
98
= = =
s
s
N
us
, not risky

Page 45 of 131

STRESS ANALYSIS

DESIGN PROBLEMS

36. A hook is attached to a plate as shown and supports a static load of 12,000 lb. The
material is to be AISI C1020, as rolled. (a) Set up strength equations for
dimensions d , D, h , and t . Assume that the bending in the plate is negligible.
(b) Determine the minimum permissible value of these dimensions. In estimating
the strength of the nut, let d D 2 . 1
1
= . (c) Choose standard fractional dimensions
which you think would be satisfactory.

Problems 36 38.

Solution:
s = axial stress
s
s = shear stress

(a)

2
2
4
4
1
d
F
d
F
s
= =
Equation (1)
s
F
d
4
=

Page 46 of 131
( )
( ) ( ) [ ] ( )
2 2 2 2 2
1
2
2
1
2 44 . 1
4
2 . 1
4 4
4
1
d D
F
d D
F
D D
F
D D
F
s

Equation (2)
2
44 . 1
4
d
s
F
D + =

dh
F
h D
F
s
s
2 . 1
1
= =
Equation (3)
s
ds
F
h
2 . 1
=
Dt
F
s
s
=
Equation (4)
s
Ds
F
t
=

(b) Designing based on ultimate strength,
Table AT 7, AISI C1020, as rolled
ksi s
u
65 =
ksi s
us
49 =

4 ~ 3 = N say 4, design factor for static load
ksi
N
s
s
u
16
4
65
= = =
ksi
N
s
s
us
s
12
4
49
= = =

kips lb F 12 000 , 12 = =

From Equation (1)
( )
( )
in
s
F
d 98 . 0
16
12 4 4
= = =

From Equation (2)
( )
( )
( ) in d
s
F
D 53 . 1 98 . 0 44 . 1
16
12 4
44 . 1
4
2 2
= + = + =

From Equation (3)
( )( )
in
ds
F
h
s
27 . 0
12 98 . 0 2 . 1
12
2 . 1
= = =

From Equation (4)
( )( )
in
Ds
F
t
s
21 . 0
12 53 . 1
12
= = =

Page 47 of 131

(c) Standard fractional dimensions

in d 1 =
in D
2
1
1 =
in h
4
1
=
in t
4
1
=

37. The same as 36, except that a shock load of 4000 lb. is repeatedly applied.

Solution:

(a) Same as 36.

(b) 15 ~ 10 = N for shock load, based on ultimate strength
say 15 = N , others the same.
ksi
N
s
s
u
4
15
65
= = =
ksi
N
s
s
us
s
3
15
49
= = =

kips lb F 4 4000 = =

From Equation (1)
( )
( )
in
s
F
d 13 . 1
4
4 4 4
= = =

From Equation (2)
( )
( )
( ) in d
s
F
D 76 . 1 13 . 1 44 . 1
4
4 4
44 . 1
4
2 2
= + = + =

From Equation (3)
( )( )
in
ds
F
h
s
31 . 0
3 13 . 1 2 . 1
4
2 . 1
= = =

From Equation (4)
( )( )
in
Ds
F
t
s
24 . 0
3 76 . 1
4
= = =

Page 48 of 131

(c) Standard fractional dimensions

in d
8
1
1 =
in D
4
3
1 =
in h
8
3
=
in t
4
1
=

38. The connection between the plate and hook, as shown, is to support a load F .
Determine the value of dimensions D, h , and t in terms of d if the connection
is to be as strong as the rod of diameter d . Assume that d D 2 . 1
1
= ,
u us
s s 75 . 0 = ,
and that bending in the plate is negligible.

Solution:

2
4
1
d
F
s
=
s d F
2
4
1
=
(1)
|
\
|
=
N
s
d F
u 2
4
1

Page 49 of 131
( ) ( )
2 2 2
1
2
44 . 1
4
1
4
1
d D
F
D D
F
s
=

( )s d D F
2 2
44 . 1
4
1
=
(2) ( )
|
\
|
=
N
s
d D F
u 2 2
44 . 1
4
1

dh
F
h D
F
s
s
2 . 1
1
= =
s
dhs F 2 . 1 =
|
\
|
= |
\
|
=
N
s
dh
N
s
dh F
u us
75 . 0
2 . 1 2 . 1
(3)
|
\
|
=
N
s
dh F
u
5
9 . 0
Dt
F
s
s
=
s
Dts F =
|
\
|
= |
\
|
=
N
s
Dt
N
s
Dt F
u us
75 . 0

(4)
|
\
|
=
N
s
Dt F
u
75 . 0

Equate (2) and (1)
( )
|
\
|
= |
\
|
=
N
s
d
N
s
d D F
u u 2 2 2
4
1
44 . 1
4
1

2 2
44 . 2 d D =
d D 562 . 1 =
Equate (3) and (1)
|
\
|
= |
\
|
=
N
s
d
N
s
dh F
u u 2
4
1
9 . 0
( )
d
d
h 278 . 0
9 . 0 4
= =
Equate (4) and (1)
|
\
|
= |
\
|
=
N
s
d
N
s
Dt F
u u 2
4
1
75 . 0
( )( )
|
\
|
= |
\
|
=
N
s
d
N
s
t d F
u u 2
4
1
562 . 1 75 . 0
( )( )
d
d
t 214 . 0
562 . 1 75 . 0 4
= =
Page 50 of 131

39. (a) For the connection shown, set up strength equations representing the various
methods by which it might fail. Neglect bending effects. (b) Design this
connection for a load of 2500 lb. Both plates and rivets are of AISI C1020, as
rolled. The load is repeated and reversed with mild shock. Make the connection
equally strong on the basis of yield strengths in tension, shear, and compression.

Problems 39, 40
Solution:

(a)
|
\
|
=
2
4
1
5 D
F
s
s

Equation (1)
s
s
F
D
5
4
=
( ) D b t
F
s
2
=
Equation (2) D
ts
F
b 2 + =
Dt
F
s
5
=
Equation (3)
Ds
F
t
5
=

(b) For AISI C1020, as rolled
ksi s
y
48 = (Table AT 7)
ksi s s
y ys
28 6 . 0 = =

4 = N for repeated and reversed load (mild shock) based on yield strength
ksi s 12
4
48
= =
ksi s
s
7
4
28
= =
From Equation (1)
Page 51 of 131
s
s
F
D
5
4
=
where
kips lb F 5 . 2 2500 = =
( )
( )
in
s
F
D
s
30 . 0
7 5
5 . 2 4
5
4
= = =

say in
16
5

From Equation (3)
( )
in
Ds
F
t 13 . 0
12
16
5
5
5 . 2
5
=
|
\
|
= = say in
32
5

From Equation (2)
( )
in D
ts
F
b 96 . 1
16
5
2
12
32
5
5 . 2
2 =
|
\
|
+
|
\
|
= + = say in 2

40. The same as 39, except that the material is 2024-T4, aluminum alloy.

Solution:
(a) Same as 39.

(b) ) For 2024-T4, aluminum alloy
ksi s
y
47 = (Table AT 3)
ksi s s
y ys
25 55 . 0 = =

4 = N for repeated and reversed load (mild shock) based on yield strength
ksi s 12
4
47
= =
ksi s
s
6
4
25
= =
From Equation (1)
s
s
F
D
5
4
=
where
kips lb F 5 . 2 2500 = =
( )
( )
in
s
F
D
s
33 . 0
6 5
5 . 2 4
5
4
= = =

say in
8
3

From Equation (3)
Page 52 of 131
( )
in
Ds
F
t 11 . 0
12
8
3
5
5 . 2
5
=
|
\
|
= = say in
8
1

From Equation (2)
( )
in D
ts
F
b 42 . 2
8
3
2
12
8
1
5 . 2
2 =
|
\
|
+
|
\
|
= + = say in
2
1
2

41. (a) For the connection shown, set up strength equations representing the various
methods by which it might fail. (b) Design this connection for a load of 8000 lb.
Use AISI C1015, as rolled, for the rivets, and AISI C1020, as rolled, for the
plates. Let the load be repeatedly applied with minor shock in one direction and
make the connection equally strong on the basis of ultimate strengths in tension,
shear, and compression.

Problem 41.
Solution:

(a)

( ) D b t
F
s
P
= or
( ) D b t
F
s
P
2
4
3
= Equation (1)

( ) 2
4
1
4
2
|
\
|
=
D
F
s
sR
Equation (2)
Page 53 of 131

Dt
F
s
R
4
= Equation (3)

(b) For AISI C1015, as rolled

ksi s
uR
61 = , ksi s s
uR usR
45 75 . 0 = =
ksi s
uP
65 =

ksi
N
s
s
uP
P
8 . 10
6
65
= = =
ksi
N
s
s
uR
R
1 . 10
6
61
= = =
ksi
N
s
s
usR
sR
5 . 7
6
45
= = =
kips lb F 8 8000 = =
Solving for D
2
2 D
F
s
sR
=
( )
in
s
F
D
sR
412 . 0
5 . 7 2
8
2
= = =

say in
16
7

Solving for t
Dt
F
s
R
4
=
( )
in
Ds
F
t
R
453 . 0
1 . 10
16
7
4
8
4
=
|
\
|
= = say in
2
1

Solving for b
Using
( ) D b t
F
s
P
=
( )
in D
ts
F
b
P
92 . 1
16
7
8 . 10
2
1
8
= +
|
\
|
= + = say in 2
Using
( ) D b t
F
s
P
2
4
3
=
Page 54 of 131
( )
( )
in D
ts
F
b
P
99 . 1
16
7
2
8 . 10
2
1
4
8 3
2
4
3
=
|
\
|
+
|
\
|
= + = say in 2
Therefore
in b 2 =
in D
16
7
=
in t
2
1
=

42. Give the strength equations for the connection shown, including that for the shear
of the plate by the cotter.

Problems 42 44.
Solution:
Axial Stresses

2
1
2
1
4
4
1
D
F
D
F
s
= = Equation (1)
( )e D L
F
s
2
= Equation (2)
Page 55 of 131
e D
F
s
2
= Equation (3)
( )
( )
2
2
2
2
2
2
4
4
1
D a
F
D a
F
s
Equation (4)
e D D
F
e D D
F
s
2
2
2
2
2
2
4
4
4
1

=
Equation (5)

Shear Stresses

eb
F
s
s
2
= Equation (6)

( )t e D L
F
s
s
+
=
2
2
Equation (7)
Page 56 of 131

at
F
s
s
= Equation (8)

m D
F
s
s
1
= Equation (9)

h D
F
s
s
2
2
= Equation (10)

43. A steel rod, as-rolled AISI C1035, is fastened to a 7/8-in., as-rolled C1020 plate
by means of a cotter that is made of as-rolled C1020, in the manner shown. (a)
Determine all dimensions of this joint if it is to withstand a reversed shock load
kips F 10 = , basing the design on yield strengths. (b) If all fits are free-running
fits, decide upon tolerances and allowances.

Solution: (See figure of Prob. 42)
in in t 875 . 0
8
7
= = ,
y sy
s s 6 . 0 =
For steel rod, AISI C1035, as rolled
ksi s
y
55
1
=
ksi s
sy
33
1
=
For plate and cotter, AISI C1020, as rolled
ksi s
y
48
2
=
ksi s
sy
28
2
=

7 ~ 5 = N based on yield strength
say 7 = N

From Equation (1) (Prob. 42)
2
1
4
1
D
F
N
s
s
y
= =
( )
2
1
10 4
7
55
D
=
in D 27 . 1
1
=
say in D
4
1
1
1
=
Page 57 of 131
From Equation (9)
m D
F
N
s
s
sy
s
1
1
= =
m
|
\
|
=
4
1
1
10
7
33

in m 54 . 0 =
say in m
16
9
=
From Equation (3)
e D
F
N
s
s
y
2
1
= =
e D
s
2
10
7
55
= =
273 . 1
2
= e D
From Equation (5)
e D D
F
N
s
s
y
2
2
2
4
4
1
= =

( )
( ) 273 . 1 4
10 4
7
55
2
2

=
D

in D 80 . 1
2
=
say in D
4
3
1
2
=
and 273 . 1
2
= e D
273 . 1
4
3
1 = |
\
|
e
in e 73 . 0 =
say in e
4
3
=
By further adjustment
Say in D 2
2
= , in e
8
5
=
From Equation (8)
at
F
N
s
s
sy
s
= =
2

( ) 875 . 0
10
7
28
a
=
in a 91 . 0 =
say in a 1 =
Page 58 of 131
From Equation (4)
( )
2
2
2
4
2
D a
F
N
s
s
y
= =

( )
( )
2 2
2
10 4
7
48
=
a

in a 42 . 2 =
say in a
2
1
2 =
use in a
2
1
2 =
From Equation (7)
( )t e D L
F
N
s
s
sy
s
+
= =
2
2
2

( ) 875 . 0
8
5
2 2
10
7
28
|
\
|
+
=
L

in L 80 . 2 =
say in L 3 =
From Equation (6)
eb
F
N
s
s
sy
s
2
2
= =
b
|
\
|
=
8
5
2
10
7
28

in b 2 =
From Equation (10)
h D
F
N
s
s
sy
s
2
2
2
= =
( )h 2 2
10
7
28
=
in in h
8
5
625 . 0 = =
Summary of Dimensions
in L 3 =
in h
8
5
=
in b 2 =
in t
8
7
=
Page 59 of 131
in m
16
9
=
in a
2
1
2 =
in D
4
1
1
1
=
in D 2
2
=
in e
8
5
=

(b) Tolerances and allowances, No fit, tolerance = in 010 . 0
in L 010 . 0 3 =
in h 010 . 0 625 . 0 =

in t 010 . 0 875 . 0 =
in m 010 . 0 5625 . 0 =
in a 010 . 0 500 . 2 =
in D 010 . 0 25 . 1
1
=
For Free Running Fits (RC 7) Table 3.1
Female Male
in b
0000 . 0
0030 . 0
0 . 2
+
= in b
0058 . 0
0040 . 0
0 . 2
=
allowance = 0.0040 in
in D
0000 . 0
0030 . 0
0 . 2
2
+
= in D
0058 . 0
0040 . 0
0 . 2
2
=
in e
0000 . 0
0016 . 0
625 . 0
+
= in e
0030 . 0
0020 . 0
625 . 0
=

44. A 1-in. (
1
D ) steel rod (as-rolled AISI C1035) is to be anchored to a 1-in. steel
plate (as-rolled C1020) by means of a cotter (as rolled C1035) as shown. (a)
Determine all the dimensions for this connection so that all parts have the same
ultimate strength as the rod. The load F reverses direction. (b) Decide upon
tolerances and allowances for loose-running fits.

Solution: (Refer to Prob. 42)

(a) For AISI C1035, as rolled
ksi s
u
85
1
=
ksi s
us
64
1
=
Page 60 of 131
ksi s
u
65
2
=
ksi s
us
48
2
=

Ultimate strength
Use Equation (1)
( ) ( ) kips D s F
u u
8 . 66 1
4
1
85
4
1
2 2
1
1
= |
\
|
= |
\
|
=
Equation (9)
m D s F
us u 1
1
=
( )( )( )m 1 64 8 . 66 =
in m 33 . 0 =
say in m
8
3
=
From Equation (3)
e D s F
u u 2
1
=
( ) e D
2
85 8 . 66 =
7859 . 0
2
= e D
From Equation (5)
|
\
|
= e D D s F
u u 2
2
2
4
1
1

( )
|
\
|
= 7859 . 0
4
1
85 8 . 66
2
2
D
in D 42 . 1
2
=
say in D
8
3
1
2
=
7859 . 0
8
3
1
2
= |
\
|
= e e D
in e 57 . 0 =
say in e
16
9
=
From Equation (4)
( )
(
=
2
2
2
4
1
2
D a s F
u u

( )
(
(
\
|
|
\
|
=
2
2
8
3
1
4
1
65 8 . 66 a
in a 79 . 1 =
say in a
4
3
1 =
From Equation (8)
Page 61 of 131
at s F
us u

2
=
( )( )( )( ) 1 48 8 . 66 a =
in a 44 . 0 =
say in a
2
1
=
use in a
4
3
1 =
From Equation (2)
( )e D L s F
u u 2
2
=
( )
|
\
|
|
\
|
=
16
9
8
3
1 65 8 . 66 L
in L 20 . 3 =
say in L
4
1
3 =
From Equation (7)
( )t e D L s F
us u
=
2
2
2
( ) ( ) 1
16
9
8
3
1 48 2 8 . 66 |
\
|
= L
in L 51 . 1 =
say in L
2
1
1 =
use in L
4
1
3 =
From Equation (6)
eb s F
us u
1
2 =
( ) b |
\
|
=
16
9
64 2 8 . 66
in b 93 . 0 =
say in b 1 =
From Equation (10)
h D s F
us u 2
1
2 =
( ) h |
\
|
=
8
3
1 64 2 8 . 66
in h 38 . 0 =
say in h
8
3
=
Dimensions
in L
4
1
3 =
Page 62 of 131
in h
8
3
=
in b 1 =
in t 1 =
in m
8
3
=
in a
4
3
1 =
in D 1
1
=
in D
8
3
1
2
=
in e
16
9
=

(b) Tolerances and allowances, No fit, tolerance = in 010 . 0
in L 010 . 0 25 . 3 =
in h 010 . 0 375 . 0 =
in t 010 . 0 000 . 1 =
in m 010 . 0 375 . 0 =
in a 010 . 0 75 . 1 =
in D 010 . 0 000 . 1
1
=
For Loose Running Fits (RC 8) Table 3.1
Female Male
in b
0000 . 0
0035 . 0
0 . 1
+
= in b
0065 . 0
0045 . 0
0 . 1
=
in D
0000 . 0
0040 . 0
375 . 1
2
+
= in D
0075 . 0
0050 . 0
375 . 1
2
=
in e
0000 . 0
0028 . 0
5625 . 0
+
= in e
0051 . 0
0035 . 0
5625 . 0
=

45. Give all the simple strength equations for the connection shown. (b) Determine
the ratio of the dimensions a , b , c , d , m, and n to the dimension D so that the
connection will be equally strong in tension, shear, and compression. Base the
calculations on ultimate strengths and assume
u us
s s 75 . 0 = .
Page 63 of 131

Problems 45 47.
Solution:
(a) Neglecting bending

Equation (1):
|
\
|
=
2
4
1
D s F
Equation (2):
(
\
|
=
2
4
1
2 c s F
s

Equation (3): ( ) bc s F 2 =
Equation (4): ( ) ac s F =
Equation (5): ( ) [ ] b c d s F = 2
Equation (6): ( ) mb s F
s
4 =
Equation (7): ( ) nb s F
s
2 =
Equation (8): ( )a c d s F =

(b)
N
s
s
u
= and
N
s
s
us
s
=
Therefore
s s
s
75 . 0 =
Equate (2) and (1)
|
\
|
=
(
\
|
=
2 2
4
1
4
1
2 D s c s F
s

|
\
|
= |
\
|
2 2
4
1
2
1
75 . 0 D s c s
D c 8165 . 0 =
Equate (3) and (1)
( )
|
\
|
= =
2
4
1
2 D s bc s F
( )
2
4
1
8165 . 0 2 D D b =
D b 4810 . 0 =

Page 64 of 131
Equate (4) and (1)
|
\
|
= =
2
4
1
D s sac F
( )
2
4
1
8165 . 0 D D a =
D a 9619 . 0 =
Equate (5) and (1)
( ) [ ]
|
\
|
= =
2
4
1
2 D s b c d s F
( )( )
2
4
1
4810 . 0 8165 . 0 2 D D d =
D d 6329 . 1 =
Equate (6) and (1)
( )
|
\
|
= =
2
4
1
4 D s mb s F
s

( )( )
2
4
1
4810 . 0 4 75 . 0 D D m =
D m 5443 . 0 =
Equate (7) and (1)
( )
|
\
|
= =
2
4
1
2 D s nb s F
s

( )( )
2
4
1
4810 . 0 2 75 . 0 D D n =
D n 0886 . 1 =
Equate (8) and (1)
( )
|
\
|
= =
2
4
1
D s a c d s F
( )
2
4
1
8165 . 0 6329 . 1 D a D D =
D a 9620 . 0 =

Summary
D a 9620 . 0 =
D b 4810 . 0 =
D c 8165 . 0 =
D d 6329 . 1 =
D m 5443 . 0 =
D n 0886 . 1 =

46. The same as 45, except that the calculations are to be based on yield strengths. Let
y sy
s s 6 . 0 = .

Page 65 of 131
Solution: (Refer to Prob. 45)
(a) Neglecting bending

Equation (1):
|
\
|
=
2
4
1
D s F
Equation (2):
(
\
|
=
2
4
1
2 c s F
s

Equation (3): ( ) bc s F 2 =
Equation (4): ( ) ac s F =
Equation (5): ( ) [ ] b c d s F = 2
Equation (6): ( ) mb s F
s
4 =
Equation (7): ( ) nb s F
s
2 =
Equation (8): ( )a c d s F =

(b)
N
s
s
y
= and
N
s
s
sy
s
=
Therefore
s s
s
6 . 0 =
Equate (2) and (1)
|
\
|
=
(
\
|
=
2 2
4
1
4
1
2 D s c s F
s

|
\
|
= |
\
|
2 2
4
1
2
1
6 . 0 D s c s
D c 9129 . 0 =
Equate (3) and (1)
( )
|
\
|
= =
2
4
1
2 D s bc s F
( )
2
4
1
9129 . 0 2 D D b =
D b 4302 . 0 =

Equate (4) and (1)
|
\
|
= =
2
4
1
D s sac F
( )
2
4
1
9129 . 0 D D a =
D a 8603 . 0 =
Equate (5) and (1)
( ) [ ]
|
\
|
= =
2
4
1
2 D s b c d s F

Section 1a

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Section 1a

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

SECTION 1 DESIGN FOR SIMPLE STRESSES

for double shear

You might also like