-ing and -ed + Clauses

Xt v d sau: Feeling tired, I went to bed early. (Cm thy mt, ti i ng sm.) Trong cu ny: I went to bed early l mnh chnh (main clause) Feeling tired l -ing clause Chng ta dng -ing clause trong cc trng hp nh sau: Khi ni n hai iu xy ra ng thi chng ta c th dng -ing cho mt trong hai ng t din t hai hnh ng . V d: She was sitting in a chair reading a book. (C ta ang ngi trn gh c sch.) I ran out of the house shouting. (Ti chy ra khi nh ht ln.) Chng ta cng c th dng -ing clause khi mt hnh ng xy ra trong sut mt hnh ng khc. Dng -ing cho hnh ng di hn. Trong trng hp ny -ing thay th cho t ni while (trong khi) hoc when (khi). V d: Jim hurt his arm playing tennis. (= while he was playing tennis) I cut myself shaving. (= while I was shaving) (Ti ct phi mnh khi ang co ru.) Cng c th dng -ing khi c mt while hoc when. V d: Jim hurt his arm while playing tennis./ Be careful when crossing the road. Khi mt hnh ng xy ra trc mt hnh ng khc ta c th dng having + past participle cho hnh ng xy ra trc. V d: Having found a hotel, they looked for somewhere to have dinner Having finished our work, we went home. ( lm xong cng vic, chng ti v nh Cng c th dng after (sau khi) vi -ing trong trng hp ny. V d: After finishing our work, we went home. (Sau khi lm xong vic, chng ti v nh.) Nu hnh ng sau xy ra tc th ngay sau hnh ng u c th dng n gin mnh -ing khng nht thit phi dng having. Taking a key out of his pocket, he opened the door(Ly cha kha ra khi ti, anh ta m ca.) Cu trc ny thng c dng nht l trong vn vit ting Anh. -ing clause cn c dng gii thch thm mt iu g cho mnh chnh. V d: Feeling tired, I went to bed early. (= because I felt tired.) (= bi v ti thy mt) Having already seen the film twice, I dont want to go to the cinema ( xem b phim hai ln ri ti khng mun i xem phim.) Cu trc ny thng dng trong vn vit hn l vn ni.

-ing clause cn c dng vi tnh cch nh mt mnh quan h trong cu. VD :Do you know the girl talking to Tom? (Anh c bit c gi ang ni chuyn vi Tom khng?) Chng ta dng -ing clause nh th ny trong trng hp ni ai ang lm g (is doing or was doing) trong mt thi im ring bit. Xem k cc v d sau: I was woken by a bell ringing.(Ti b nh thc bi mt ting chung reo.) Nh vy -ing clause ch ng vai tr mnh quan h khi mnh ny ch mt hnh ng ang tip din. Khi ni n vt, chng ta cng c th dng -ing clause cho cc c im ni bt ca n, iu m lc no cng vy ch khng phi trong mt thi im ring bit no . Trong trng hp ny khng nn dch l ang V d: The road joining the two villages is very narrow (Con ng ni hai lng rt hp.) I live in a room overlooking the garden. (Ti sng trong mt cn phng trng xung vn.)

-ED CLAUSES
-ed clause cng dng nh -ing clause nhng n c ngha passive (b ng). ng t dng trong mnh ny l dng Past Participle. V d: The man injured in the accident was taken to hospital. (Ngi n ng b thng trong tai nn c a ti bnh vin.) None of the people invited to the party can come. (Khng c ai c mi d tic n c c.) Most of the goods made in this factory are exported. (Hu ht hng ha lm trong nh my ny u c xut khu.) Chng ta cng thng dng -ing v -ed clause sau there is/there was, V d: Is there anybody waiting to see me? (C ai ang i gp ti khng?) There were some children swimming in the river. (C vi a tr ang bi di sng.) Vocabulary out of: (ra) khi He ran out of his house. everywhere :bt c ni u, mi ni: Take whichever you like. (Hy ly bt c ci g anh thch.) somewhere : u . He lives somewhere near us. (Anh ta sng u gn chng ti.) whenever :bt c khi no. Come to see us whenever you like. somewhat :hi hi. This exercises is somewhat difficult, but I can do it. whichever :bt c ci no whatever :bt c ci g