Perth

Perth
Perth
Western Australia Australia

Perth's skyline, viewed from Mill Point.

Coordinates Population Density Established Area Time zone Location

31578S 1155132E

[1]

Coordinates: 31578S 1155132E [1]

1,897,548(30June2012)(4th) 285.5/km2(739.4/sqmi) (June2011) 1829 5,386km2 (2,079.5sqmi) AWST (UTC+8) 2,130km (1,324mi) from Adelaide 2,652km (1,648mi) from Darwin 2,721km (1,691mi) from Melbourne 3,288km (2,043mi) from Sydney

State electorate(s)

Perth (and 41 others)

Federal Division(s) Perth (and 10 others)

Mean max temp Mean min temp Annual rainfall 24.6 C

76 F

12.7 C
55 F

850.0 mm
33.5 in

Perth /pr/ is the capital and largest city of the Australian state of Western Australia. It is the fourth most populous city in Australia, with an estimated population of 1.9 million living in Greater Perth. Part of the South West Land Division of Western Australia, the majority of the metropolitan area of Perth is located on the Swan Coastal Plain, a

Perth narrow strip between the Indian Ocean and the Darling Scarp, a low coastal escarpment. The first areas settled were on the Swan River, with the city's central business district and port (Fremantle) both located on its shores. Perth is formally divided into a number of local government areas, which themselves consist of a large number of suburbs, extending from Two Rocks in the north to Rockingham in the south, and east inland to The Lakes. Perth was originally founded by Captain James Stirling in 1829 as the administrative centre of the Swan River Colony, and gained city status in 1856 (currently vested in the smaller City of Perth). The city is named for Perth, Scotland, by influence of Sir George Murray, then British Secretary of State for War and the Colonies. The city's population increased substantially as a result of the Western Australian gold rushes in the late 19th century, largely as a result of emigration from the eastern colonies of Australia. During Australia's involvement in World War II, Fremantle served as a base for submarines operating in the Pacific Theatre, and a US Navy Catalina flying boat fleet was based at Matilda Bay. An influx of immigrants after the war, predominantly from Britain, Greece, Italy and Yugoslavia, led to rapid population growth. This was followed by a surge in economic activity flowing from several mining booms in the late 20th and early 21st centuries that saw Perth become the regional headquarters for a number of large mining operations located around the state. As part of Perth's role as the capital of Western Australia, the state's Parliament and Supreme Court are located within the city, as well as Government House, the residence of the Governor of Western Australia. Perth became known worldwide as the "City of Light" when city residents lit their house lights and streetlights as American astronaut John Glenn passed overhead while orbiting the earth on Friendship7 in 1962.[2] The city repeated the act as Glenn passed overhead on the Space Shuttle in 1998. Perth came 9th in the Economist Intelligence Unit's August 2012 list of the world's most liveable cities, and was classified by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network in 2010 as a world city.[3]

History
Indigenous history
Before European colonisation, the area had been inhabited by the Whadjuk Noongar people for over 40,000 years, as evidenced by archaeological findings on the Upper Swan River. These Aborigines occupied the southwest corner of Western Australia and lived as hunter-gatherers. The wetlands on the Swan Coastal Plain were particularly important to them, both spiritually, featuring in local mythology, and as a source of food. Rottnest, Carnac and Garden Islands were also important to the Noongar. About 5,000 years ago the sea levels were low enough that they could walk to the limestone outcrops. The area where Perth now stands was called Boorloo by the Aboriginals living there in 1827 at the time of their first contact with Europeans. Boorloo formed part of Mooro, the tribal lands of the Yellagonga. It is one of several groups based around the Swan River and known collectively as the Whadjuk. The Whadjuk were part of a larger group of thirteen or more tribes which formed the south west socio-linguistic block known as the Noongar (meaning "the people" in their language), also sometimes called the Bibbulmun. On 19 September 2006, the Federal Court of Australia brought down a judgment recognising Noongar native title over the Perth metropolitan area, in the case of Bennell v State of Western Australia [2006] FCA 1243. The judgment was overturned on appeal.[4]

Perth

Early European sightings

The first documented European sighting of the region was made by the Dutch Captain Willem de Vlamingh and his crew on 10 January 1697. Subsequent sightings between this date and 1829 were made by other Europeans, but as in the case of the sighting and observations made by Vlamingh, the area was considered to be inhospitable and unsuitable for the agriculture which would be needed to sustain a settlement.

Swan River Colony

Although the British Army had established a base at King George Sound (later Albany) on the south coast of western Australia in 1826 in response to rumours that the area would be annexed by France, Perth was the first full-scale settlement by Europeans in the western third of the continent. The British colony would be officially designated Western Australia in 1832, but was known informally for many years as the Swan River Colony after the area's major watercourse. On 4 June 1829, newly arriving British colonists The Foundation of Perth 1829 by George Pitt Morison is a historically had their first view of the mainland, and Western accurate reconstruction of the official ceremony by which Perth was Australia's Foundation Day has since been founded. recognised by a public holiday on the first Monday in June each year. Captain James Stirling, aboard the Parmelia, said that Perth was "as beautiful as anything of this kind I had ever witnessed". On 12 August that year, Helen Dance, wife of the captain of the second ship, Sulphur, cut down a tree to mark the founding of the town. It is clear that Stirling had already selected the name Perth for the capital well before the town was proclaimed, as his proclamation of the colony, read in Fremantle on 18 June 1829, ended "given under my hand and Seal at Perth this 18th Day of June 1829. James Stirling Lieutenant Governor". The only contemporary information on the source of the name comes from Fremantle's diary entry for 12 August, which records that they "named the town Perth according to the wishes of Sir George Murray". Murray was born in Perth, Scotland, and was in 1829 Secretary of State for the Colonies and Member for Perthshire in the British House of Commons. The town was named after the Scottish Perth, in Murray's honour. Beginning in 1831, hostile encounters between the British settlers and the Noongar people both large-scale land users with conflicting land value systems increased considerably as the colony grew. This violent phase of the region's history culminated in a series of events in which the British overcame the indigenous people, including the execution of the Whadjuk elder Midgegooroo, the death of his son Yagan in 1833, and the Battle of Pinjarra in 1834. By 1843, when Yellagonga died, his people had begun to disintegrate after having been dispossessed of the land around the main settlement area of Perth. They retreated to the swamps and lakes north of the settlement area including Third Swamp, known to them as Boodjamooling. Boodjamooling continued to be a main camp-site for the remaining Noongar people in the Perth region, and was also used by travellers, itinerants, and homeless people. By the gold-rush days of the 1890s they were joined by miners who were en route to the goldfields. In 1850, Western Australia was opened to convicts at the request of farming and business people looking for cheap labour. Queen Victoria announced the city status of Perth in 1856.

Perth

Federation and beyond

After a referendum in 1900, Western Australia joined the Federation of Australia in 1901. It was the last of the Australian colonies to agree to join the Federation, and did so only after the other colonies had offered several concessions, including the construction of a transcontinental railway line to Perth (via Kalgoorlie) from the eastern states. In 1933, Western Australia voted in a referendum to leave the Australian Federation, with a majority of two to one in favour of secession. However, an election held shortly before the referendum had voted out the incumbent "pro-independence" government, replacing it with a government that did not support the creed of an independence movement. Respecting the result of the referendum, the new government nonetheless petitioned the Agent General of the United Kingdom for independence, where the request was simply ignored.

City skyline from Kings Park. Perth's growth and relative prosperity, especially since the mid-1960s, has resulted from its role as the main service centre for the state's resource industries, which extract gold, iron ore, nickel, alumina, diamonds, mineral sands, coal, oil, and natural gas. Whilst most mineral and petroleum production takes place elsewhere in the state, the non-base services provide most of the employment and income to the people of Perth.

Geography
Central business district
The central business district of Perth is bounded by the Swan River to the south and east, with Kings Park on the western end, while the railway reserve formed a northern border. A state and federally funded project named Perth City Link involves the sinking of a section of the railway line, in addition to the sinking of an existing above-ground bus terminal as well as riverside development, known as Elizabeth Quay. St Georges Terrace is the prominent street of the area with 1.3million m of office space in the CBD. Hay Street and Murray Street have most of the retail and entertainment facilities. The tallest building in the city is Central Park, which is the seventh tallest building in Australia. The CBD has recently been the centre of a mining-induced boom, with several commercial and residential projects due for completion, including a 244m (801ft) office building for Australian/British mining company BHP Billiton.

Perth skyline, viewed from Mill Point

Perth

Geology and landforms

Perth is set on the Swan River, named after the native black swans in 1697 by Willem de Vlamingh, captain of a Dutch expedition and namer of WA's Rottnest Island. Traditionally, this water body has been known by Aboriginal inhabitants as Derbarl Yerrigan. The city centre and most of the suburbs are located on the sandy and relatively flat Swan Coastal Plain, which lies between the Darling Scarp and the Indian Ocean. The soils of this area are quite infertile. The metropolitan area extends to Yanchep in the north and Singleton to the south, a total distance of approximately 90 kilometres (56mi).[citation needed] From the coast in the west to Mundaring in the east is a total distance of approximately 50 kilometres (31mi). The Perth metropolitan area covers 5,386.4 square kilometres (2,079.7sqmi). Much of Perth was originally built on a series of freshwater wetlands running from Herdsman Lake in the west through to Claisebrook Cove in the east. It has been estimated that up to 80% of Perth was built on reclaimed wetlands.[5] The coastal suburbs' placement is advantageous due to proximity to Perth's oceanside location and clean beaches. To the east, the city is bordered by a low escarpment called the Darling Scarp. Perth is on generally flat, rolling land largely due to the high amount of sandy soils and deep bedrock. The Perth metropolitan area has two major river systems; the first is made up of the Swan and Canning Rivers. The second is that of the Serpentine and Murray Rivers, which discharge into the Peel Estuary at Mandurah.
Satellite image of Perth

Climate
Perth receives moderate though highly seasonal rainfall, making it the fourth wettest Australian capital city after Darwin, Sydney and Brisbane. Summers are generally hot and dry, lasting from December to late March, with February generally being the hottest month of the year, while winters are relatively cool and wet, making Perth a classic example of a Mediterranean climate (Kppen climate classification Csa). Summer is not completely devoid of rain with sporadic rainfall in the form of short-lived thunderstorms, weak cold fronts and on very rare occasions decaying tropical cyclones from Western Australia's north-west which can bring significant rainfall. The highest ever recorded temperature in Perth was 46.2 C (115.2F) on 23 February 1991, although Perth Airport recorded 46.7 C (116.1F) on the same day. On most summer afternoons a sea breeze, also known as the "Fremantle doctor", blows from the southwest, providing relief from the hot north-easterly winds. Temperatures often fall below 30 C (86F) a few hours after the arrival of the wind change. Perth is a particularly sunny city for a Mediterranean climate, with an average of 8.8 hours of sunshine per day, which equates to around 3200 hours of annual sunshine. Winters are relatively cool and wet, with most of Perth's annual rainfall between May and September. The lowest temperature recorded in Perth was 0.7 C (30.7F) on 17 June 2006. The lowest temperature within the Perth metropolitan area was 3.4 C (25.9F) on the same day at Jandakot Airport. The rainfall pattern has changed in Perth and Southwest Western Australia since the mid-1970s. A significant reduction in winter rainfall has been observed with a greater number of extreme rainfall events in the summer months, such as slow-moving storms on 8 February 1992 which brought 120.6 millimetres (4.75in) of rain, the highest recorded in Perth, and a severe thunderstorm on 22 March 2010, which brought 40.2 millimetres (1.58in) of rain and caused significant damage in the metropolitan area. Perth experienced its longest dry spell, of 84 days, in the period leading up to 12 February 2010.

Perth

Climate data for Perth, Western Australia (temperatures 19932011, extremes 18972011, rain data 18762011) Month Record high C (F) Average high C (F) Daily mean C (F) Average low C (F) Record low C (F) Jan Feb Mar Apr
37.6 (99.7) 25.7 (78.3) 19.65 (67.37) 13.6 (56.5) 4.1 (39.4)

May
34.3 (93.7) 22.5 (72.5) 16.5 (61.7) 10.5 (50.9) 1.3 (34.3)

Jun
28.1 (82.6) 19.3 (66.7) 13.9 (57) 8.5 (47.3) 0.7 (30.7)

Jul
26.3 (79.3) 18.3 (64.9) 13 (55) 7.7 (45.9) 0.0 (32)

Aug
27.8 (82) 18.9 (66)

Sep
32.7 (90.9) 20.1 (68.2)

Oct
37.3 (99.1) 23.1 (73.6) 17.2 (63) 11.3 (52.3) 2.2 (36)

Nov

Dec

Year
46.2 (115.2) 24.6 (76.3) 18.65 (65.57) 12.7 (54.9) 0.7 (30.7)

45.8 46.2 42.4 (114.4) (115.2) (108.3) 31.1 (88) 24.55 (76.19) 18.0 (64.4) 8.9 (48) 31.4 (88.5) 24.8 (76.6) 18.2 (64.8) 8.7 (47.7) 29.6 (85.3) 23.1 (73.6) 16.6 (61.9) 6.3 (43.3)

40.3 44.2 (104.5) (111.6) 26.4 (79.5) 20.3 (68.5) 14.2 (57.6) 5.0 (41) 22.1 (0.87) 6.1 28.9 (84) 22.6 (72.7) 16.3 (61.3) 7.9 (46.2)

13.45 14.75 (56.21) (58.55) 8.0 (46.4) 1.3 (34.3) 9.4 (48.9) 1.0 (33.8)

9.6 12.6 19.4 43.9 117.3 175.7 169.6 133.4 80.8 52.3 Rainfall mm (0.378) (0.496) (0.764) (1.728) (4.618) (6.917) (6.677) (5.252) (3.181) (2.059) (inches)

13.3 850.0 (0.524) (33.465) 3.8 109.1

Avg. precipitation days % humidity Mean monthly sunshine hours

2.5

2.1

4.1

6.7

11.3

15.1

17.4

15.7

15.4

8.9

39 359.6

38 310.8

40 294.5

46 246

50 210.8

56 177

57 186

54 220.1

53 228

47 297.6

44 321

40 359.6

47 3,211

Source: Bureau of Meteorology

Climate data for Fremantle, Western Australia (15km (9mi) SW of Perth CBD) Month Record high C (F) Average high C (F) Average low C (F) Record low C (F) Precipitation mm (inches) Avg. precipitation days % humidity Jan Feb Mar Apr
35.8 (96.4) 23.6 (74.5) 14.9 (58.8) 5.1 (41.2)

May
28.3 (82.9) 20.3 (68.5) 12.7 (54.9) 5.1 (41.2)

Jun
26.3 (79.3) 18.1 (64.6) 11.1 (52) 4.0 (39.2)

Jul
25.5 (77.9) 17.1 (62.8) 10.0 (50) 3.0 (37.4)

Aug
26.0 (78.8) 17.3 (63.1) 10.2 (50.4) 3.1 (37.6)

Sep
26.8 (80.2) 18.5 (65.3) 11.0 (51.8) 2.2 (36)

Oct
36.3 (97.3) 20.1 (68.2) 12.3 (54.1) 5.1 (41.2)

Nov
39.0 (102.2) 23.0 (73.4) 14.5 (58.1) 6.7 (44.1)

Dec
40.0 (104) 25.4 (77.7) 16.5 (61.7) 9.4 (48.9)

Year
42.4 (108.3) 22.1 (71.8) 13.8 (56.8) 2.2 (36)

42.4 41.0 39.4 (108.3) (105.8) (102.9) 27.3 (81.1) 17.8 (64) 11.7 (53.1) 27.9 (82.2) 18.1 (64.6) 10.2 (50.4) 26.4 (79.5) 17.0 (62.6) 7.4 (45.3)

6.3 11.3 16.3 41.3 112.8 165.5 156.2 117.7 69.2 42.2 18.2 11.4 764.6 (0.248) (0.445) (0.642) (1.626) (4.441) (6.516) (6.15) (4.634) (2.724) (1.661) (0.717) (0.449) (30.102) 2.6 2.6 4.2 7.8 14.1 17.8 19.3 17.4 14.4 10.9 6.8 3.9 121.8

57

57

61

67

73

76

77

73

69

65

60

57

66

Source: Bureau of Meteorology

Perth

Isolation
The nearest city to Perth with a population of more than 100,000 is Adelaide, South Australia, which is 2,104 kilometres (1,307mi) away. Author Bill Bryson states that Perth is the most remote city on earth, which he justifies by noting that the population of metropolitan Perth is greater than the combined populations of the rest of Western Australia, the Northern Territory and South Australia, west of Adelaide. However, other measures suggest that Honolulu (population 900,000), which is 3,841 kilometres (2,387mi) from San Francisco; or Auckland (population 1.5M), which is 2,153 kilometres (1,338mi) from Sydney, New South Wales, are more isolated. Perth is geographically closer to both Dili, East Timor (2,785 kilometres (1,731mi)), and Jakarta, Indonesia (3,002 kilometres (1,865mi)), than Sydney (3,291 kilometres (2,045mi)), Brisbane, Queensland, (3,604 kilometres (2,239mi)) or Canberra, Australian Capital Territory (3,106 kilometres (1,930mi)).

Demographics
Historical populations

Perth Statistical Division

Year 1854 1859 1870 1881 1891 1901 1911 1921 1933 1947 1954 1961 1966 1971 Pop. 4,001 6,293 8,220 9,955 16,694 67,431 116,181 170,213 230,340 302,968 395,049 475,398 559,298 703,199 [6] % +57.3% +30.6% +21.1% +67.7% +303.9% +72.3% +46.5% +35.3% +31.5% +30.4% +20.3% +17.6% +25.7%

Source: ABS

Perth

Greater Perth Statistical Area

Year 1971 1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 2001 2006 2008 2010 [6] Pop. 744,600 845,700 941,479 1,075,959 1,226,115 1,344,378 1,452,058 1,590,007 1,687,815 1,785,076 % +13.6% +11.3% +14.3% +14.0% +9.6% +8.0% +9.5% +6.2% +5.8%

Source: ABS Note: Greater Perth includes the City of Mandurah and part of the Shire of Murray, south of Perth.

Perth is Australia's fourth most populous city, having overtaken Adelaide's population in the early 1980s. At the 2006 Census 1,445,079 residents in the Perth statistical area were counted. As of 2011 there were approximately 1.83 million residents in the metropolitan area.

Ethnic groups
Overseas-born populations Country of birth Population (2006) 168,483 33,751 28,939 18,701 18,683 14,007 11,199 10,081 7,706 7,681 7,617 7,570 7,392 5,524

United Kingdom New Zealand Malaysia Italy South Africa India Singapore Vietnam Ireland China Germany Netherlands Indonesia United States

Perth

9 In 2006, the largest ancestry groups in the Perth metropolitan areas were: English (534,555 or 28.6%), Australian (479,174 or 25.6%), Irish (115,384 or 6.2%), Scottish (113,846 or 6.1%), Italian (84,331 or 4.5%) and Chinese (53,390 or 2.9%). There were 26,700 Indigenous Australians in the city. Perth's population is notable for the high proportion of British-born residents. At the 2006 Census, 142,424 England-born Perth residents were counted, narrowly behind Sydney (145,261), despite the fact that Perth had just 35% of the overall population of Sydney.

The ethnic make-up of Perth changed in the second part of the 20th century, when significant numbers of continental European immigrants arrived in the city. Prior to this, Perth's population had been almost completely Anglo-Celtic in ethnic origin. As Fremantle was the first landfall in Australia for many migrant ships coming from Europe in the One dot represents 100 persons born in the United Kingdom (dark blue), China (red), Italy 1950s and 1960s, Perth started to experience a diverse influx of people, (light green), Malaysia (dark green), South Africa which included Italians, Greeks, Dutch, Germans, Croats, and many (brown), Singapore (purple) and Vietnam others. The Italian influence in the Perth and Fremantle area has been (yellow), based on 2006 Census. substantial, evident in places like the "Cappuccino strip" in Fremantle featuring many Italian eateries and shops. In Fremantle the traditional Italian blessing of the fleet festival is held every year at the start of the fishing season. In Northbridge every December is the San Nicola (Saint Nicholas) Festival, which involves a pageant followed by a concert, predominantly in Italian. Suburbs surrounding the Fremantle area such as Spearwood and Hamilton Hill also contain high concentrations of Italians, Croatians and Portuguese. Perth also has a small Jewish community numbering 5,082 in 2006 who have emigrated primarily from Eastern Europe and more recently from South Africa. Another more recent wave of arrivals includes white minorities from Southern Africa. South African residents overtook those born in Italy as the fourth largest foreign group after 2001. By 2006, there were 18,825 South Africans born in Perth, accounting for 1.3% of the city's population. Many Afrikaners and Anglo-Africans emigrated to Perth during the 1980s and 1990s, with the phrase "packing for Perth" becoming associated with South Africans who choose to emigrate abroad, sometimes regardless of the destination.[7] As a result, the city has been described as "the Australian capital of South Africans in exile". The reason for Perth being so popular among white South Africans has often been the location (closer to Africa than other large cities), the vast amount of expansion and space, and the slightly warmer climate compared to other large Australian citiesPerth has a Mediterranean climate reminiscent of Cape Town. Since the late 1970s, Southeast Asia has become an increasingly important source of migrants, with communities from Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand, Singapore, Hong Kong, Mainland China, and India all now well-established. There were 53,390 persons of Chinese descent in Perth in 2006 2.9% of the city's population. These are supported by the Australian Eurasian Association of Western Australia,[8] which also serves a community of Portuguese-Malacca Eurasian or Kristang immigrants.[9] The Indian community includes a substantial number of Parsees who emigrated from Bombay Perth being the closest Australian city to India and the India-born population of the city at the time of the 2006 census was 14,094 or 0.8%. Perth is also home to the largest population of Anglo-Burmese in the world; many settled here following the independence of Burma in 1948 and the city is now the cultural hub for Anglo-Burmese worldwide.[citation needed] There is also a substantial Anglo-Indian population in Perth, who also settled in the city following the independence of India.

Perth

10

Religion
Perth is the seat of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Perth and of the Anglican Diocese of Perth. Roman Catholics make up about 23% of the population, and Catholicism is the most common single denomination. Other forms of Christianity, predominantly Anglican, make up approximately 28% of the population. Approximately one in five people from Perth profess to having no religion, with 11% of people not specific as to their beliefs. Buddhism and Islam each claim more than 20,000 adherents, and Perth is also home to 12,000 Latter-day Saints and the Perth Australia Temple of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Perth has one of the larger Jewish populations in Australia, numbering approximately 20,000, with both Orthodox and Progressive Synagogues and a Jewish Day School. The Bah community in Perth numbers around 1,500. Hindus are a community with over 20,000 adherents in Perth. The Diwali (festival of lights) celebration in 2009 attracted over 20,000 visitors. There are Hindu temples in Canning Vale, Anketell and a Swaminarayan temple north of the Swan River. Perth is also home of the seat of the Personal Ordinariate of Our Lady of the Southern Cross as the Church of St Ninian and St Chad in Perth was named the principal church of the ordinariate.

Governance
Perth houses the Parliament of Western Australia and the Governor of Western Australia. At present, 42 of the Legislative Assembly's 59 seats and 18 of the Legislative Council's 36 seats are based in Perth's metropolitan area as of the 2008 state election. Perth is represented by 9 full seats and significant parts of three others in the Federal House of Representatives, with the seats of Canning, Pearce and Brand including some areas outside the metropolitan area. The metropolitan area is divided into over 30 local government bodies, including the City of Perth which administers Perth's central business district. The state's highest court, the Supreme Court, is located in Perth, along with the District and Family Courts. The Magistrates' Court has six metropolitan locations. The Federal Court of Australia and the Federal Magistrates' Courts occupy the Commonwealth Law Courts building on Victoria Avenue, Perth, which is the also the location for annual Perth sittings of Australia's High Court. The Metropolitan Region Scheme is the statutory town planning scheme for land use in the Perth metropolitan area, and has been in operation since 1963.

Government House, Western Australia

Parliament House, Perth

Economy
By virtue of its population and role as the administrative centre for business and government, Perth dominates the Western Australian economy, despite the major mining, petroleum, and agricultural export industries located elsewhere in the state. Perths function as the States capital city, its economic base and population size have also created development opportunities for many other businesses oriented to local or more diversified markets. Perths economy has been changing in favour of the service industries since the 1950s. Although one of the major sets of services it provides are related to the resources industry and, to a lesser extent, agriculture, most people in Perth are not connected to either; they have jobs that provide services to other people in Perth. As a result of Perth's relative geographical isolation, it has never had the necessary conditions to develop significant manufacturing industries other than those serving the immediate needs of its residents, mining and agriculture and

Perth some specialised areas, such as, in recent times, niche ship building and maintenance. It was simply cheaper to import all the needed manufactured goods from either the eastern states or overseas. Industrial employment influenced the economic geography of Perth. After WWII, Perth experienced suburban expansion aided by high levels of car ownership. Workforce decentralisation and transport improvements made it possible for the establishment of small-scale manufacturing in the suburbs. Many firms took advantage of relatively cheap land to build spacious, single-storey plants in suburban locations where parking, access and traffic congestion were minimal. "The former close ties of manufacturing with near-central and/or rail-side locations were loosened." Industrial estates such as Kwinana, Welshpool and Kewdale were post-war additions contributing to the growth of manufacturing south of the river. The establishment of the Kwinana industrial area was supported by standardisation of the east-west rail gauge linking Perth with eastern Australia. Since the 1950s, heavy industry has dominated the location including an oil refinery, steel-rolling mill with a blast furnace, alumina refinery, power station and a nickel refinery. Another development, also linked with rail standardisation, was in 1968 when the Kewdale Freight Terminal was developed adjacent to the Welshpool industrial area, replacing the former Perth railway yards. With significant population growth post-WWII, employment growth occurred not in manufacturing but in retail and wholesale trade, business services, health, education, community and personal services and in public administration. Increasingly it was these services sectors, concentrated around the Perth metropolitan area, that provided jobs.

11

Education
Perth is home to four public universities: the University of Western Australia, Curtin University, Murdoch University, and Edith Cowan University. There is also one private university, the University of Notre Dame. The University of Western Australia, which was founded in 1911, is renowned as one of Australia's leading research institutions. The university's monumental neo-classical architecture, most of which is carved from white limestone, is a notable tourist destination in the city. It is the only university in the state to be a member of the Group of The University of Western Australia is located at Eight, as well as the Sandstone universities. It is also the only Crawley university in Western Australia to have produced a Nobel Laureate,[citation needed] in Barry Marshall who graduated MBBS (Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Science) in 1975 and was awarded a joint Nobel Prize for physiology or medicine in 2005, together with Robin Warren. Curtin University (known as Curtin University of Technology until 2010) is Western Australia's largest university by student population, and was known from its founding in 1966 until 1986 as the Western Australian Institute of Technology (WAIT) and had amalgamated with Western Australian School of Mines and the Muresk Institute. It has a rapidly growing research reputation and is the only Western Australian university to produce PhD recipients of the AINSE gold medal, the highest possible recognition for PhD level science and engineering research excellence in Australia and New Zealand.
Curtin University in Bentley

Murdoch University was established in the 1970s, and is Australia's largest campus in geographical area (2.27km2 (0.88sqmi)), necessary to accommodate Western Australia's only veterinary school. Edith Cowan University was established in the early 1990s from the existing Western Australian College of Advanced Education (WACAE) which itself was formed in the 1970s from the existing Teachers Colleges at

Perth Claremont, Churchlands, and Mount Lawley. It incorporates the Western Australian Academy of Performing Arts (WAAPA). The University of Notre Dame Australia was established in 1990. Notre Dame was established as a Catholic university with its lead campus in Fremantle and a large campus in Sydney. Its campus is set in the west end of Fremantle, utilising historic port buildings built in the 1890s, giving Notre Dame a distinct European university atmosphere. Though Notre Dame shares its name with the University of Notre Dame in Indiana USA, it is a separate institution, claiming only "strong ties" with its American namesake. [citation needed] Colleges of TAFE provide trade and vocational training, including certificate- and diploma-level courses. TAFE began as a system of technical colleges and schools under the Education Department, from which they were separated in the 1980s and ultimately formed into regional colleges. Four exist in the Perth metropolitan area: Central Institute of Technology (formerly Central TAFE); West Coast Institute of Training (northern suburbs); Polytechnic West (eastern and south-eastern suburbs; formerly Swan TAFE); and Challenger Institute of Technology (Fremantle/Peel).

12

Media
Perth is served by twenty digital free-to-air stations: 1. ABC1, 2. ABC News 24, 3. ABC2, 4. ABC3, 5. SBS One, 6. SBS HD (SBS One broadcast in HD), 7. SBS Two, 8. Seven, 9. 7mate, 10. 7Two, 11. Nine, 12. GEM, 13. Go!, 14. Ten, 15. One, 16. Eleven, 17. West TV, 18. TVSN, 19. National Indigenous Television, 20. TV4ME. ABC1, SBS One, Seven, Nine and Ten were also broadcast in an analogue broadcast format until 16 April 2013, when the analogue transmission was switched off. Community station Access 31 closed in August 2008. In April 2010 a new community station, West TV, began transmission (in digital format only). Foxtel provides a subscription-based satellite and cable television service. Perth has its own local newsreaders on ABC, Seven, Nine and Ten. Seven's weekly presenters are Rick Ardon and Susannah Carr; presenter for Nine is Greg Pearce, and the presenters for Ten are Craig Smart and Narelda Jacobs. The ABC news anchor is James McHale. Television shows produced in Perth include local editions of the current affair program Today Tonight, and other types of programming such as The Force. An annual telethon has been broadcast since 1968 to raise funds for
ABC Perth studios in East Perth, home of 720 ABC Perth radio and ABC television in Western Australia

Perth charities including Princess Margaret Hospital for Children. The 24 hour Perth Telethon claims to be "the most successful fundraising event per capita in the world"[10] and raised more than A$7.5million in 2008. The main newspapers for Perth are The West Australian and The Sunday Times. Localised free community papers cater for each local government area. There are also many advertising newspapers, such as The Quokka. The local business paper is Western Australian Business News. Radio stations are on AM, FM and DAB+ frequencies. ABC stations include News Radio (585AM), 720 ABC Perth, Radio National (810AM), Classic FM (97.7FM) and Triple J (99.3FM). The six local commercial stations are: 92.9, Nova 93.7, Mix 94.5, 96fm, on FM and 882 6PR and 1080 6IX on AM. DAB+ has mostly the same as both FM and AM plus national stations from the ABC/SBS, Radar Radio and Novanation, along with local stations My Perth Digital and HotCountry Perth. Major community radio stations include RTRFM (92.1FM), Sonshine FM (98.5FM), SportFM (91.3FM) and Curtin FM (100.1FM). Online news media covering the Perth area include TheWest.com.au backed by The West Australian, Perth Now from the newsroom of The Sunday Times, WAToday from Fairfax Media and other outlets like TweetPerth on social media.

13

Culture
Arts and entertainment
Music and performing arts Perth is home to the West Australian Ballet, the West Australian Opera and the West Australian Symphony Orchestra, all of which present regular programmes. The Western Australian Youth Orchestras provide young musicians with performance opportunities in orchestral and other musical ensembles, including the WA Youth Philharmonic Orchestra, WA Youth Symphonic Band and WA Youth Chorale. The Perth Concert Hall is the city's main concert venue and hosts theatre, ballet, opera and orchestral performances. The State Theatre Crown Perth, where the resort, theatre and casino venues are located Centre of Western Australia, which was officially opened on 27 January 2011, is home to the Black Swan State Theatre Company and the Perth Theatre Company. This complex is located in Northbridge, and contains three performance spaces: the main 575-seat Heath Ledger Theatre, the Studio Underground and The Courtyard. Perth Arena is an entertainment and sporting arena in the city centre of Perth, Western Australia. It is located on Wellington Street, near the site of the former Perth Entertainment Centre, and was officially opened on 10 November 2012. Challenge Stadium, a sporting arena in Mount Claremont, is also used as a venue for music concerts. Other theatres in Perth include an auditorium within the Perth Convention Exhibition Centre (completed in 2005), the historic His Majesty's Theatre, the Regal Theatre in Subiaco and the Astor Theatre in Mount Lawley. Outdoor concerts are regularly held at Subiaco Oval, Members Equity Stadium, Quarry Amphitheatre, Supreme Court Gardens, Kings Park and Russell Square.

Perth Arena

Perth Because of Perth's relative isolation from other Australian cities, overseas artists often exclude it from their Australian tour schedules. This isolation, however, has developed a strong local music scene. Music groups include The Triffids, The Stems, The Scientists, John Butler Trio, Eskimo Joe, End of Fashion, Little Birdy, Jebediah, The Sleepy Jackson, The Panics, Tame Impala, Karnivool, Drapht, Pond, San Cisco and Birds of Tokyo. Rock concerts held in Perth include the Big Day Out and Soundwave. The city has been referenced in songs by international artists, including "I Love Perth" (1996) by Pavement, and "Perth" (2011) by Bon Iver. Hip-Hop and R&B are presented by Che'Nelle, and Samantha Jade. The Western Australian Academy of Performing Arts provides courses in jazz, which have contributed to development of local performers such as Graham Wood, Troy Roberts and Tom O'Halloran. The WAMI Awards have been acknowledging local music since 1985. Folk music is represented by bands such as The Settlers and the earlier-established Mucky Duck Bush Band, which has regular bush dances in Whiteman Park. The Hayloft in West Perth was the home of WA folk music in the 1970s, succeeded by the Peninsula Hotel in Maylands. Celebrity musical performers from Perth have included the late AC/DC lead singer Bon Scott, and veteran performer and artist Rolf Harris (also known as "The Boy From Bassendean"). Film and television Famous actors and media personalities from Perth include: Gemma Ward, Heath Ledger, Judy Davis, Melissa George, Jessica Gomes, Sara Groen, Rolf Harris, Rove McManus, Tim Minchin, Russell Napier, Alan Seymour, Sam Worthington, Isla Fisher, Gerard Kennedy, Terry Willesee, Mike Willesee, Roland Rocchiccioli, Liz Harris, Simon Reeve, Lisa McCune, Perth boasts the internationally regarded Western Australian Academy of Performing Arts of Edith Cowan University, from which many successful actors and broadcasters have launched their careers, including Hugh Jackman, Frances O'Connor, Marcus Graham and William McInnes. Feature films that feature Perth include Last Train to Freo, Two Fists, One Heart, Thunderstruck, Bran Nue Dae, Japanese Story and Nickel Queen. Visual arts Perth painters include Robert Juniper, Elizabeth Durack, William Boissevain, Elise Blumann, Kathleen O'Connor, Howard Taylor, Guy Grey-Smith, Theo Koning, Ella Fry, Ron Gomboc and Geoffrey Drake-Brockman. The Perth region also has a wide variety of public sculpture. Literature An early novel, Moondyne, set in the Swan River Colony, was written by a former Fenian convict, John Boyle O'Reilly. Joseph Furphy's novel Such is Life (written under his pseudonym, Tom Collins) is another early work. Katherine Susannah Prichard also figured prominently as a Perth author. A Faithful Picture, edited by Peter Cowan, gives a good idea of the early days of the Swan River Colony.

14

Perth

15

Tourism and recreation

Tourism in Perth is an important part of the state's economy, with approximately 2.8 million domestic visitors and 0.7 million international visitors in the year ending March 2012. Tourist attractions are generally focused around the city centre, Fremantle, the coast, and the Swan River. The Perth Cultural Centre is both an area of central Perth and the collective name for the main buildings of the Art Gallery of Western Australia, Western Australian Museum, Alexander Library, State Records Office and Perth Institute of Contemporary Arts (PICA). In addition to the Perth Cultural Centre a number of other venues within the city exist, including His Majesty's Theatre, Perth in the City and the Perth Convention and Exhibition Centre on the foreshore. The Perth International Arts Festival is a cultural festival that has been held The Swan Bells near Barrack Square annually since 1953, and has since been expanded to include the Winter Arts festival. In recent years this has been developed further to include the Perth Fringe Festival, which runs throughout the city in the lead up to the Perth International Arts Festival. Parks and recreation Kings Park, located in central Perth between the CBD and the University of Western Australia, is one of the world's largest inner-city parks, at 400.6 hectares (990acres). Perth Zoo, located in South Perth, houses a variety of Australian and exotic animals from around the globe. The zoo is home to highly successful breeding programs for orangutans and giraffes, and participates in captive breeding and reintroduction efforts for a number of Western Australian species, including the numbat, the dibbler, the chuditch, and the western swamp tortoise. Hyde Park is an inner-city park located 2 kilometres (1.2mi) north of the CBD. It was gazetted as a public park in 1897, created from 15 hectares (37acres) of a chain of wetlands known as Third Swamp.

Hyde Park Museums and galleries The Western Australian Museum holds an extensive display of Aboriginal artefacts as well as numerous zoological and social exhibits. The Western Australian Maritime Museum in Fremantle displays maritime objects from all eras and includes a former Royal Australian Navy submarine. It also houses Australia II, the yacht

The WA Maritime Museum building on Victoria Quay

that won the 1983 America's Cup.

Perth The Art Gallery of Western Australia houses the State Art Collection. It curates and hosts numerous visiting exhibitions, like the 2006 Norman Lindsay exhibition. Additional exhibits occur at PICA and many other smaller venues on a regular basis across Perth. Heritage buildings There are several heritage buildings located in Perth's CBD. Several of these, such as Bishop's House and St George's House have been repurposed for commercial use. Old Perth Boys School is currently undergoing a refurbishment (due to be opened in 2012)Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers#Precise language as part of the City Square project. A number of the historic buildings are being converted into luxury accommodation and entertainment venues.

16

Sport
The most popular sports are Australian rules football, cricket, association football (soccer), and Rugby union [citation needed]. The climate of Perth allows for extensive outdoor sporting activity and this is reflected in the wide variety of sports available to citizens of the city. Perth was host to the 1962 Commonwealth Games and the 1987 America's Cup defence (based at Fremantle). Australian rules football is the most popular spectator sport in Perth nearly 24% of Western Australians attended matches in 2005. Perth is home to several professional sporting teams participating in various national competitions: Association football (soccer): Perth Glory and Perth Glory (W-League) Australian rules football: West Coast Eagles and the Fremantle Football Club Baseball: Perth Heat Basketball: Perth Wildcats (men) and West Coast Waves (women) Cricket: Western Warriors and Perth Scorchers (men) and Western Fury (women) Field hockey: Smokefree WA Thundersticks (men) and Smokefree WA Diamonds (women) Ice Hockey: Perth Thunder Netball: West Coast Fever (formerly Perth Orioles) Rugby league: West Coast Pirates Rugby union: Western Force Volleyball: WA Pearls (women)

Patersons Stadium, the home stadium of Australian rules football and many other sports in Perth

Perth has hosted numerous state and international sporting events. Ongoing international events include the Hopman Cup during the first week of January at the Perth Arena. In addition to these Perth has hosted international Rugby Union games, including qualifying matches for 2003 Rugby World Cup. The 1991 and 1998 FINA World Championships were held in Perth. Four races (2006, 2007, 2008 and 2010) in the Red Bull Air Race World Championship have been held on a stretch of the Swan River called Perth Water, using Langley Park Burswood Dome (Demolished), formerly the as a temporary air field. Several motorsport facilities exist in Perth home stadium of the Hopman Cup including Perth Motorplex, catering to drag racing and speedway, and Barbagallo Raceway for circuit racing and drifting. Perth also has two thoroughbred racing facilities: Ascot, home of the Railway Stakes and Perth Cup; and Belmont Park.

Perth

17

Infrastructure
Health
Perth has ten large hospitals with emergency departments. As of 2013[11], Royal Perth Hospital in the city centre is the largest, with others spread around the metropolitan area: Armadale Kelmscott District Memorial Hospital, Fremantle Hospital, Joondalup Health Campus, King Edward Memorial Hospital for Women in Subiaco, Rockingham General Hospital, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital in Nedlands, St John of God Murdoch Hospital, and Swan District Hospital in Middle Swan, Western Australia. Princess Margaret Royal Perth Hospital, on either side of Hospital for Children is the state's only specialist children's hospital, Wellington Street in the centre of Perth and Graylands Hospital is the only public stand-alone psychiatric teaching hospital. Most of these are public hospitals, with some operating under public-private partnerships. St John of God Murdoch Hospital is privately owned and operated. New hospitals are under construction to replace ageing facilities. Fiona Stanley Hospital in Murdoch, scheduled to open in 2014, will become the city's major tertiary hospital. A new children's hospital, due to open in 2015, is being constructed next to Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, and will replace Princess Margaret Hospital. Midland Health Campus, a public and a private hospital, is under construction in Midland. St John of God Health Care will build and operate the new hospitals under a public-private partnership with the state government. Midland Health Campus will open in late 2015, and replace the nearby Swan District Hospital. A number of other public and private hospitals operate in Perth.

Transport
Perth is served by Perth Airport in the city's east for regional, domestic and international flights and Jandakot Airport in the city's southern suburbs for general aviation and charter flights. Perth has a road network with three freeways and nine metropolitan highways. The Northbridge tunnel, part of the Graham Farmer Freeway, is the only significant road tunnel in Perth. Perth metropolitan public transport, including trains, buses and ferries, are provided by Transperth, with links to rural areas provided by Transwa. There are 70 railway stations and 15 bus stations in the metropolitan area. The rail system has recently undergone significant redevelopment, with a new railway line built between Perth and Mandurah which doubled the length of Perth's railways. The railway was opened on 23 December 2007, a year after the original deadline. Recent initiatives include progressive replacement of the bus fleet and the SmartRider contactless smartcard ticketing system. Perth provides zero-fare bus and train trips around the city centre (the "Free Transit Zone"), including four high-frequency CAT bus routes. Additionally, the rail network has been expanded in the northern and southern suburbs as part of the New MetroRail project.
The Kwinana Freeway links Perth and its surrounding suburbs to the city of Mandurah.

The Northbridge Tunnel on the Graham Farmer Freeway.

Perth

18

The Indian Pacific passenger rail service connects Perth with Adelaide and Sydney via Kalgoorlie one to two times per week in each direction. The Transwa Prospector passenger rail service connects Perth with Kalgoorlie via several Wheatbelt towns, while the Transwa Australind connects to Bunbury, and the Transwa Avonlink connects to Northam. Rail freight terminates at the Kewdale Rail Terminal, 15km (9mi) south-east of the city centre. Perth's main container and passenger port is at Fremantle, 19km (12mi) south west at the mouth of the Swan River. A second port complex is being developed in Cockburn Sound primarily for the export of bulk commodities.

Perth Underground Train Station

Utilities
Perth's electricity is generated, supplied, and retailed by three Western Australian Government coorporations. Verve Energy operates coal and gas power generation stations, as well as wind farms and other power sources. The physical network is maintained by Western Power, while Synergy, the state's largest energy retailer, sells electricity to residential and business customers. Alinta Energy, which was previously a government owned company, had a monopoly in the domestic gas market since the 1990s. However, in 2013 Kleenheat Gas began operating in the market, allowing consumers to choose their gas retailer. The Water Corporation is the dominant supplier of water, as well as wastewater and drainage services, in Perth and throughout the Western Australia. It is also owned by the state government. Water supply Reduced rainfall in the region in recent years has lowered inflow to reservoirs by two-thirds over the last 30 years, and affected groundwater levels. Coupled with the city's relatively high growth rate, this had led to concerns that Perth could run out of water in the near future. The Western Australian State Government has responded by introducing mandatory household sprinkler restrictions in the city. The Kwinana Desalination Plant was opened in November 2006, able to supply over 45 gigalitres (10billion imperial or 12billion U.S. gallons) of potable water per year; its power requirements were met by the construction of the Emu Downs Wind Farm near Cervantes. Consideration was given to piping water from the Kimberley region, but the idea was rejected in May 2006 due primarily to its high cost. Other proposals under consideration included the controversial extraction of an extra 45 gigalitres of water a year from the Yarragadee aquifer in the south-west of the state. However, in May 2007, the state government announced that a second desalination plant will be built at Binningup, on the coast between Mandurah and Bunbury. A trial winter (1 June 31 August) sprinkler ban was introduced in 2009 by the State Government, a move which the Government later announced would be made permanent. In September 2009 Western Australia's dams reached 50% overall capacity for the first time since 2000.

Perth

19

References
[1] http:/ / tools. wmflabs. org/ geohack/ geohack. php?pagename=Perth& params=31_57_8_S_115_51_32_E_type:city_region:AU-WA [2] (1970) Perth a city of light Perth, W.A. Brian Williams Productions for the Government of WA, 1970 (Video recording) The social and recreational life of Perth. Begins with a 'mock-up' of the lights of Perth as seen by astronaut John Glenn in February 1962 [3] Perth ranked as a "Beta" class world city: [4] Single Noongar appealPerth: Bodney v Bennell 2008 [[National Native Title Tribunal (http:/ / www. nntt. gov. au/ News-and-Communications/ Newsletters/ Native-title-Hot-Spots-archive/ Documents/ Hot Spots 27/ Bodney v Bennell. pdf)] Newsletter, [5] Godfrey, N. (1989) The value of wetlands. Wetlands in crisis what can Local Government do?, pp. 412. Environmental Protection Agency, Western Australia. [6] http:/ / www. abs. gov. au/ [7] Packing for Perth: The Growth of a Southern African Diaspora (http:/ / espace. library. uq. edu. au/ eserv/ UQ:11195/ louw2. pdf), Eric Louw, Gary Mersham, Asian and Pacific Migration Journal, Vol. 10, No. 2, 2001 303] [8] Australian Eurasian Association of WA Inc. (http:/ / www. aeawa. asn. au/ ) Official site [9] 500th Anniversary of Portuguese Landing in Malacca 1511 (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20111010102041/ http:/ / www. aeawa. asn. au/ ?page_id=1078), October 2011, at Australian Eurasian Association of WA Inc. Archived from the original (http:/ / www. aeawa. asn. au/ ?page_id=1078) on 10 October 2011. [10] " About Telethon (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20090708051459/ http:/ / telethon. 7perth. com. au/ view/ about-telethon/ )", telethon.7perth.com.au. Archived from the original (http:/ / telethon. 7perth. com. au/ view/ about-telethon/ ) on 8 July 2009. [11] http:/ / en. wikipedia. org/ w/ index. php?title=Perth& action=edit

External links
Perth (Australia) travel guide from Wikivoyage Watch historical footage of Perth and Western Australia (http://nfsa.gov.au/blog/2012/05/15/ west-australian-time-capsule/) from the National Film and Sound Archive of Australia's collection. Historical photos of Perth (http://catalogue.slwa.wa.gov.au/search~S6/?searchtype=t&searcharg=Perth& searchscope=5&sortdropdown=c&SORT=DZ) from the State Library of Western Australia

Article Sources and Contributors

20

Article Sources and Contributors

Perth Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=574020608 Contributors: *Paul*, --K--, 06gormma, 144.132.75.xxx, 1717, 1exec1, 28421u2232nfenfcenc, 4twenty42o, 4wheel4x4, Aaroncrick, Abrech, Academic Challenger, Achowat, Adam Carr, AdamRoach, Adigaheku, Adziura, Afhaalchinees, Afterwriting, Akuma2636, Alansohn, AlbertusIII, Aleenf1, Aleksa Lukic, Alexwcovington, Alfanje, Alfeewusy, Ali K, Alishakitty, All stroked out on julian, Almost.in.perth, Alpha 4615, Amakuru, Amalas, Amaury, Andre Engels, Andyabides, Andyman14, Angr, Ankit jn, Anna Lincoln, AnnaFrance, Anoldtreeok, Antandrus, AnubisShock, ApprenticeFan, Arckyaa, AresAndEnyo, Arman Cagle, Arno, Arthena, Artistry9, Arvernus, Ashleighbecu, Ashton 29, Astronautics, AtD, Auroranorth, AussieLegend, Avala, Avenue X at Cicero, Avono, Awa655, Ayoleol, BD2412, Babygurl987, Bahnfrend, Bahudhara, Bailey.collins, Baleroy, Balweyn1977, Barrylb, BartBart, Battle Ape, Bearcat, BeauZerker, Before My Ken, Ben Ben, Bender235, Beneaththelandslide, Berlinerzeitung, Bethaso, Beyond My Ken, Bezuidenhout, Bfigura's puppy, Bg9078, Bggoldie, Biatch, Bibzy, Bidgee, Bigtimepeace, BillyPreset, BillySharps, Bjenks, Bkell, Bkonrad, Blcfilm, Bleakcomb, Bluestatejunkie, Bob2345678, Bob999111999, Bobblewik, Bobo192, Bonga, Bongomanrae, Bongwarrior, Borgarde, Bozotexino, BrandonTheTroll, Brendandh, Breno, Brianboro88, Brisvegas, Bryan1175, Bubbamarley, Bumm13, Bydand, Byelf2007, C. A. Russell, C.Marsh b.Lillee, CHCBOY, CJ, Cactus.man, Cafebunny, Cale black, Callophylla, CambridgeBayWeather, Camw, Can't sleep, clown will eat me, Canderson7, Capricorn42, Captain Bill Gibson, CattleGirl, Cavrdg, Cbwa, Cflm001, Chadani, Chanlyn, Chewy m, Chirag, Chowbok, Chris SSIE1, Chris the speller, Chuq, Chuunen Baka, Ck lostsword, Ckatz, Clarkk, Clicketyclack, Cliener, Clinton012, Closedmouth, Cm1989, Cofax48, Colonel Rozzo, Cometstyles, Commander Keane, CommonsDelinker, Comte0, Conversion script, Cool Stuff Is Cool, CoralieThomson, Corporal29, Countrywidepublications, Cripper, Crippy03, Croissant71, Cs-wolves, Cuelab, Cursive, Cygnis insignis, Cyktsui, D, D6, DBZ2313, DC text, DRyan, DS1953, DaGizza, Dachannien, DadaNeem, Daedalus969, Dal1234, Dale Arnett, Dan arndt, DanTheMan7645, DanielT5, Dannow, Darkov, DarthVader, Dave au, Davewild, David Stewart, David kitson, Dbenbenn, Dburr, Dcarriso, Deacon of Pndapetzim, DeadEyeArrow, Deagle AP, Deflective, Den fjttrade ankan, Denni, Dennic09, Depor23, DerHexer, Derek Ross, Deror avi, Dewritech, Dhastings, Diceman, Diliff, Dirkbb, Discospinster, Dl2000, Dlaidlow85, Doc glasgow, Doc9871, Dodgedbullet, Dodo bird, Dogaroon, Dont tell ya mother, Dpm12, Dspradau, DuKot, Duideka, Duncharris, Dundedia, Easel3, Eddyta, Edelmand, Edgeworth, Editore99, Effer, Ekkekko, Eleusis, Elgato72, Emersoni, Enigmaman, Epanalepsis, Eric-Wester, Ericardo1979, Erik9, Etingkieng, Evad37, Excel77, Eyesnore, Faithlessthewonderboy, Faradayplank, FatM1ke, Favonian, Fennec, Fhgdfhgd, Firsfron, Fit4theKing, Five Years, Flaatk, Flauntster, Foshiggs, Franamax, FrancDeBx, Fred.e, G brabham, GSTQ, Gabbe, Gaius Cornelius, Gajjitt, Galoubet, Garfunkle1999, GarrieIrons, Gavin Moodie, Gazjo, Gcwood, Gene Nygaard, Generica, Geoking66, George Ho, George The Dragon, Gerrit, Ghostieguide, Giddaymatedownunder, Gigpig, Gilliam, Gioto, Glen Dillon, Gnangarra, Gobeirne, Gogo Dodo, Goldenblue, Gonebush, Gorant87, GordonE, Graham87, Grahameb, Grand theft autumn91, GrandPoohBah, Grant65, Green Giant, Gregoriusgreg, Group29, Grubbcm, Gsl, Gurch, H3802.1266, Hack, Hallows AG, Hammerlordxxx, Hannah43, Hans Dunkelberg, HappyWaldo, Harryboyles, Head, Headmess, Hegar, HelenOnline, Hesperian, Hezbolarki Fun Ship, Hfbchic, Hh45971, HipHopOppotomus, Hmwith, Hojimachong, Holgatemike, Hoppetrial, House1090, Humanist, Hgsippe Cormier, I like Radiohead, IW.HG, Iaaapa, Ian peters, Ianblair23, Icantoo, Ichbeide, Igiffin, IgnorantArmies, Inches12, Iridescent, J.delanoy, JASpencer, JForget, JHunterJ, JJ Harrison, JJMC2011, JK8420, JLogan, JNW, JPD, JSmith60, Jacob.clarke19617, Jamatnic, JamesBWatson, JamesMLane, Jamesontai, Jan1nad, JaneSmithDoe, Jaraalbe, Jas315, Jauhienij, Jay1279, Jdcooper, Jef-Infojef, Jeff G., Jeffq, Jeffrey Mall, Jenberven, Jennyfurdouglas, Jim1138, Jimfbleak, Jimp, Jkraybill, Joea987654321, Joel7687, Joelanator, John D. Croft, John Vandenberg, John beta, John of Reading, Johndarrington, Johnfos, JohnnoShadbolt, Jojhutton, Jonik, Joseph Solis in Australia, Josh Parris, Jusdafax, JustJuthan, Jutherine, KPH2293, Kaare, Kalgan queen, Karlww, Kash09, Katangais, Kbh3rd, Keilana, Kelapstick, Kellogg257, Keraunos, Kevloaf22, Khan singh, Kikvadze03, KillerChihuahua, King wiston, Kingpin13, Kitty1983, Kiwifruitboi, Kjd, Klltr, Konstable, Kostisl, Krabby me, Kransky, Kross, Kungfuadam, Kuru, Kwamikagami, Kyle1278, Kynan31, KyraVixen, Kbra, L Kensington, L1A1 FAL, LX, Lacrimosus, LaithTyranny, Lando Calrissian, Landsdale4eva, Law2giver, Lcawte, Leedrick, Leodmacleod, LeonPolak, Leorkarp, Leppie, Lesto101, Leszek Jaczuk, Liam Blackford, Lightmouse, Liquidvelvet, Little Mountain 5, LockieD121, Longhair, Longwhiteclouder, Lucky 23, Lukemcgrath, Lukey1558, Luna Santin, Luokehao, M Holland, M8SY, MER-C, MJCdetroit, MK123ABC, MK8, Macedoniarulez, Maelnuneb, Magnus Manske, Mahmudmasri, Mais oui!, Makedonia, Mandarax, Mannafredo, Marco79, Marek69, Mark, MarkC, MarkGallagher, Martinvl, Martybugs, Mashford, Materialscientist, Mathpianist93, Matilda, MattSal, Mattinbgn, Mav, Maverick Leonhart, Max leon, Maximus Rex, Mayor, McGeddon, Meesham, Melburnian, Merbabu, Mercy (renamed), Metalkitten, Metamagician3000, Metao, Miaow Miaow, Michaeljohnblack, Michellecrisp, Mick man34, Mickel The Vain, MightyWarrior, Mindmatrix, Minesweeper, Minna Sora no Shita, Miq, Misbah Ismailjee, Mitch Ames, Mjb23, Mkdkiki123, Momentum10, Moncrief, Moondyne, Moonside, Mori Riyo, Mortein, Mr Stephen, Mr tevez, Mr.skeptikal, MrPhilOz, MrSkaloon, Mrk2k5, Mrubcic2, Mschel, Mschlindwein, Murdochwa, Murphtb, MusikAnimal, Muzzamo, Mvjs, Mynameiscez, NMChico24, Nachoman-au, Nankai, Nathan Mercer, Ndenison, Neenish Tart, Neurolysis, Neutrality, Nhoj1991, Nichalp, Nick-D, NinetyCharacters, Niteowlneils, Nomadologist, Noongar boodja, Noonooram44, Northam races, Novel-firsts, NuclearWarfare, Ny123456789, Nyttend, Odie5533, Ofcourseofcourse, Ohconfucius, Ohnoitsjamie, Omnipaedista, Onco p53, Ondewelle, OnePt618, Ophiuchus14, Orderinchaos, Orderinchaos 2, Oreo Priest, Orestek, Orichalcon, OriginalJunglist, Oscarthecat, Osomec, Outriggr, Outrune, Ozdatafeed, P.T. Aufrette, Packrat, Paddy orourke, PaidTheUmpire, PantherLeapord, Parisseirios, Patrick, Paukrus, Paul A, Paul Benjamin Austin, Paul Fisher, Paxse, Peinwod, Perey, Perthperson4real, Perthsider, Petedavo, Peterhansen2032, Philg88, Philip Trueman, Pialojo, Pimlottc, Pinethicket, Pinkadelica, PleaseStand, Pmlineditor, Portillo, Pras, Pressreturn, Princess Maria, Profoss, PurpleWyrm, Quiensabe, Qwertyca, Qwertytam, R, R'n'B, RBBrittain, RaNdOm26, Rachelephant, RainbowOfLight, Rajeevmass, Randazzo12, Randhirreddy, Randwicked, Raven4x4x, Raw15, Razorflame, Rdsmith4, RedWolf, RedxelaSinnak, Reinthal, Remy B, Renesis, RexNL, Rezcarbon, Rhyshuw1, Rich Farmbrough, Ricniven, Rjwilmsi, Roar Menace, RockMFR, Roger Pilgham, Roke, Roland Postma, Romaioi, Ronhjones, Rosscoman, Rpeh, Rsrikanth05, Rst, SCOOTTR666, SDC, SDavies, Sam Hocevar, Sandover, Sarah jane.orr, SarekOfVulcan, Sashisushi, SatuSuro, SchfiftyThree, SchreiberBike, Scott luvs nesa, Sean WI, SeanMack, Secfan, Seeaxid, Seepia491, Sfahey, Shadow007, Shadowlynk, Sheikey, Shinjiman, Shriram, SidP, Silverhorse, Simjom02, SimonP, Simple Bob, Sircha, Sj96, Skomorokh, Skookum1, Sliat 1981, Slicky, SmagsVille, SoccerTiger7, Soji Lujet, Solarsunday, Someone35, Somno, Sp33dyphil, SpanishVicky, Sparkleyone, Speedysid, Spellcast, Sperac01, Spewmaster, Spliffy, Spondoolicks, Spongie555, SpookyMulder, StAnselm, Steeza123, Stephen Louis George Hall, Stephenb, Steve03Mills, Stevoab6666, Stew4343, Storkk, Sueisfine, SusannaBanana, System.out.print("!"), THEN WHO WAS PHONE?, TOMM12345, TPK, TUF-KAT, Tam777, Tannin, Tarkovsky, Tartaruga, Tassedethe, TerraceHotelPerth, Tev123456789, The Green Gentleman, The Thing That Should Not Be, The fez 22, The-Pope, Thebgl, Thecurran, Theda, Theoneintraining, Thirdayparadise, Thomas Emilio Davies, ThomasPusch, Thunderhippo, Tibetan Prayer, Tigermoth17, Tiles, Tim Starling, TimSE, Timrollpickering, Toddhatcher, Todijo, Tolea93, Tolo, TomLegend, Tomwsulcer, Tony1, Topbanana, Tpbradbury, Trasssh, Travelbird, Trentwpb, Tribe of dan, Trident13, Trilobite, Trimac20, Triona, Trisreed, Ufwuct, Ulysses elias, Unsound, Username12, Vanillacoffee, VasilievVV, Veg007, Vegaswikian, Vicsandtheworld, Victor Lopes, Vinny20092009, Volleygod, Vox latina, WJetChao, WadeSimMiser, Wafulz, Wai Hong, Walkabout12, Walshy93, Water and Land, Wavelength, Wayouthmusic, Westius, WhisperToMe, Widr, Wiggy!, Wiki ian, Wikicheng, WikipedianProlific, Willzter, Winemedineme, Wknight94, Wouterhagens, Wtmitchell, Ww2censor, Xxx1Sam1xxx, Yaanface, Yagagakhee, YellowMonkey, Yoopyoopyoop, YuMaNuMa, Zackyusoff, Zamphuor, Zanhe, Zigger, Zoe, Zondor, ZooFari, Zorgzy, lex, 1841 anonymous edits

Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors

File:Perth CBD from Mill Point (2).jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Perth_CBD_from_Mill_Point_(2).jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: User:JJ Harrison file:Australia location map.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Australia_location_map.svg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: NordNordWest File:The Foundation of Perth 1829.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:The_Foundation_of_Perth_1829.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: AnRo0002, Hesperian, 3 anonymous edits File:Perth CBD - Kings Park.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Perth_CBD_-_Kings_Park.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: JJ Harrison ( jjharrison89@facebook.com) File:Magnify-clip.png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Magnify-clip.png License: Public Domain Contributors: User:Erasoft24 File:Perth CBD from Mill Point.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Perth_CBD_from_Mill_Point.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: JJ Harrison ( jjharrison89@facebook.com) File:Perth from air.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Perth_from_air.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Original uploader was Mark Ryan at en.wikipedia Later versions were uploaded by Wangi, Gobeirne at en.wikipedia. File:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Anomie, Good Olfactory, Mifter File:Flag of New Zealand.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Achim1999, Adabow, Adambro, Arria Belli, Avenue, Bawolff, Bjankuloski06en, ButterStick, Cycn, Denelson83, Donk, Duduziq, EugeneZelenko, Fred J, Fry1989, George Ho, Hugh Jass, Ibagli, Jusjih, Klemen Kocjancic, MAXXX-309, Mamndassan, Mattes, Nightstallion, O, Peeperman, Poromiami, Reisio, Rfc1394, Sarang, Shizhao, SiBr4, Tabasco, TintoMeches, Transparent Blue, Vsk, Xufanc, Zscout370, 40 anonymous edits File:Flag of Malaysia.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Malaysia.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Achim1999, Ah Cong Strike, AnonMoos, Arteyu, Avala, Cycn, DarknessVisitor, Denniss, Dschwen, Duduziq, Er Komandante, Fastily, Fibonacci, Fred J, Fry1989, Herbythyme, Homo lupus, Juiced lemon, Klemen Kocjancic, Ludger1961, Morio, Nick, Odder, Ranking Update, Reisio, Rocket000, SKopp, Sarang, SiBr4, Tryphon, VAIO HK, Zscout370, , 20 anonymous edits File:Flag of Italy.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Italy.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Anomie

Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors

File:Flag of South Africa.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_South_Africa.svg License: unknown Contributors: Adriaan, Anime Addict AA, AnonMoos, BRUTE, Daemonic Kangaroo, Dnik, Duduziq, Dzordzm, Fry1989, Homo lupus, Jappalang, Juliancolton, Kam Solusar, Klemen Kocjancic, Klymene, Lexxyy, MAXXX-309, Mahahahaneapneap, Manuelt15, Moviedefender, NeverDoING, Ninane, Poznaniak, Przemub, Ricordisamoa, SKopp, Sarang, SiBr4, ThePCKid, ThomasPusch, Tvdm, Ultratomio, Vzb83, Zscout370, 37 anonymous edits File:Flag of India.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_India.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Anomie, Mifter File:Flag of Singapore.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Singapore.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Various File:Flag of Vietnam.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Vietnam.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Lu Ly v li theo ngun trn File:Flag of Ireland.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Ireland.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: User:SKopp File:Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_the_People's_Republic_of_China.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Drawn by User:SKopp, redrawn by User:Denelson83 and User:Zscout370 Recode by cs:User:-xfi- (code), User:Shizhao (colors) File:Flag of Germany.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Germany.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Anomie File:Flag of the Netherlands.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Zscout370 File:Flag of Indonesia.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Indonesia.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Drawn by User:SKopp, rewritten by User:Gabbe File:Flag of the United States.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_the_United_States.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Anomie File:Perth CoB dots.png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Perth_CoB_dots.png License: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Contributors: Kransky File:WAGovernmentHouse1crop gobeirne.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:WAGovernmentHouse1crop_gobeirne.JPG License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported Contributors: Photograph by Greg O'Beirne File:Parliament House, Perth, Western Australia.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Parliament_House,_Perth,_Western_Australia.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported Contributors: Nachoman-au File:UWAWinthropHallSunsetcurves gobeirne.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:UWAWinthropHallSunsetcurves_gobeirne.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported Contributors: Photograph by Greg O'Beirne File:Curtin T.L. Robertson Library.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Curtin_T.L._Robertson_Library.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: LX, Mattinbgn, Nachoman-au, Orderinchaos, Shinjiman, 1 anonymous edits File:ABC Perth gnangarra.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:ABC_Perth_gnangarra.JPG License: unknown Contributors: Gnangarra File:Burswood Resort.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Burswood_Resort.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported Contributors: Nachoman-au File:Perth Arena November 2012.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Perth_Arena_November_2012.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: User:Kollision File:Swan Bells SMC 2006.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Swan_Bells_SMC_2006.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported Contributors: Common Good, Moondyne, Nachoman-au, SeanMack, 1 anonymous edits File:HydeParkPerth05 gobeirne.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:HydeParkPerth05_gobeirne.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported Contributors: Photograph by Greg O'Beirne File:FremantleMaritimeMuseum2 gobeirne.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:FremantleMaritimeMuseum2_gobeirne.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported Contributors: Photograph by Greg O'Beirne File:SubiOval.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:SubiOval.JPG License: Public Domain Contributors: Original uploader was Edelmand at en.wikipedia File:Burswood Dome.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Burswood_Dome.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported Contributors: Nachoman-au File:Royal perth hosp 01 gnangarra.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Royal_perth_hosp_01_gnangarra.JPG License: unknown Contributors: Gnangarra File:Kwinana Freeway Perth small.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Kwinana_Freeway_Perth_small.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: Denniss, MartinHansV, Russavia, 1 anonymous edits File:GrahamFarmerFreewayTunnel 2005 SeanMcClean.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:GrahamFarmerFreewayTunnel_2005_SeanMcClean.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported Contributors: Orderinchaos, SatuSuro, SeanMack File:PerthRailwayStationUndergroundCentral.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:PerthRailwayStationUndergroundCentral.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0 Contributors: Boochan file:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: User:AleXXw

21

License
Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported //creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/