BO TR CNG NGHIP VIT NAM Vinamain.

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GIO TRNH VAN CNG NGHIP

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NI DUNG
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. VAN CA (GATE VALVES): ............................................................................................ 3 VAN IU TIT (GLOBE VALVES): ............................................................................. 11 VAN NT (PLUG VALVES): ........................................................................................... 17 VAN BI (BALL VALVES): ............................................................................................... 21 VAN BM (BUTTERFLY VALVES): .......................................................................... 23 VAN MNG (DIAPHRAGM VALVES): ......................................................................... 27 VAN MT CHIU (CHECK VALVES):.......................................................................... 29 VAN AN TON: ................................................................................................................ 33 VN HNH VAN:............................................................................................................. 34

10. QUY TRNH VN HNH (OPERATING PROCEDURES): .......................................... 36 11. VAN IU KHIN (CONTROL VALVES): ................................................................... 42 12. X L S C: .................................................................................................................. 54

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nh ngha : Van l mt thit b c kh c dng trong cng nghip ng ng iu chnh dng chy ca vt cht. Cc v tr vn hnh ca van: Khi van ng hon ton th s khng c dng chy ca vt cht i qua. Nu nh van ch m mt phn th ch c mt phn ca dng chy i qua, khi van v tr ny th n c gi l ang v tr iu tit lu lng ca dng chy. Khi van m hon ton th ta c dng chy i qua van l cc i.

1.

VAN CA (GATE VALVES): L mt trong nhng loi van c s dng rng ri trong cng nghip. Van ca ng dng ch y khi chng chn ngang qua ton b dng chy. Khi van c m hon ton th ca ca chng khng nm trong dng chy ca vt cht. Lc ny cn tr dng chy ca van l rt nh c ngha l s st p hay mt nng lng khi vt cht i qua van c hn ch mc nh nht.

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Cc phn t lin kt ca van: Loi van ny lin kt vi ng ng bng mt bch c hai u. Van v ng ng c ni vi nhau bng cc bulng. Giong m c chn vo gia hai mt bch ca van v ng ng s ni c c kn cao.

Ngoi ra cn c cc dng ni khc gia ng ng v thn van. Cc phng php ny bao gm: Mi ni lp ghp ren, ni bng then cht, ni bng phng php hn gi u.
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Trong np van pha trn c khong khng c th ko tm ca ca van ln khi m van. C rt nhiu dng ni gia np van v thn van hnh thnh nn mt mi lp ghp kn. Chng c th l dng lp ghp bng mt bch, bng cch lp ghp ren, hay bng mi lp ghp ren c hn ng mp.

Cn van (stem):

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Ca van c gn vi cn van. Pha trn np van c np bt kn, np ny c chc nng lm kn khng cho vt cht r r ra ngoi. Np lm kn c nhi vt liu bt kn. u pha trn ca cn van c ni vi tay quay.Trong hnh v l loi ni bng ren. Khi vn tay quay th cn van s chuyn ng ln xung ng hay m van. Nn chng ta cng c th gi y l loi van c cn chuyn ng . Khi quan st v tr ca cn van ta c th nhn bit c van ang v tr ng hay m.

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Hnh trn l mt lai van c cn chuyn ng khc. Np van c to ren pha trong. Phn ren ca np van v cn van n khp vi nhau. u trn ca cn van c ni vi tay quay bng mi ni khng chuyn ng. Khi cn van chuyn ng ln hay xung th tay quay v ca van cng chuyn ng theo.

Di y l mt loi van khc c mi lp ghp ren pha trong.

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loi ny c mi lp ghp ren gia ca van v cn van. u trn ca cn van gn cht vi tay quay. Thit k ca van: Ca van l phn dng iu chnh dng chy.

Khi ca van chuyn ng xung chng s chn ng dng chy v to nn kn gia n v hai vng tip xc. Khi ca van chuyn ng ln xung s sinh ra lc ma st gia ca van v hai vng tip xc do s gy ra s mi mn cc phn tip xc ny. Mt khc dng chy ca vt cht lun c xu hng mi mn nhng phn tip xc vi. Khi dng chy ca vt cht di p sut cao th s mi mn ngy cng ln. Ca van trong trng hp B s b mi mn nhiu hn trong trng hp A. Nu ca van v cc vng tip xc b mi mn nhiu th chng s khng cn tc dng lm kn ton b dng chy khi ang v tr ng. V van c a b mi mn khng ng u khi v tr iu tit nn thng thng khng s dng loi van ny vo mc ch iu tit dng chy.

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Ca van cng c nhi u dng iu tit khc nhau. Loi thng dng nht l ca lin l ch to ch c c mt tm.

Trong loi ca ny khi v tr ng th p su t ca dng chy ch tc ng ln mt mt ca ca Mt dng ca van khc l ca gm c hai cnh song song. Loi ca ny gm c nhiu phn ghp li vi nhau. Khi ng hai ca c chn cht bng hai tm kim loi.

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Khi tm pha di chm im dng th n khng th tin thm c na. Khi nu cn van tip tc chuyn ng xung n s to lc tc dng ln tm pha di. Lc ny c hai tm s y hai cnh ra hai pha. Do trong loi van ca ny ta c th c c kn cao. Phn cnh no tip xc vi dng chy ti s b mi mn nhiu hn nhng v kn c to nn bi c hai cnh nn khi mt cnh b mi mn ta vn c c kn i hi.
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Khi m van, nhng chuyn ng u tin ca tay quay s lm gim lc tc dng ln hai ca. Trong mt s h thng c s thay i nhit ln, s gin n ng ng s lm on thn van to nn lc tc dng rt ln ln ca van v c th lm cho ca van khng th chuyn ng c. Van c hai ca song song c dng trong trng hp ny. V khi tm pha trn c ko ln s gim c lc tc dng ln ca van lm cho ca van c th chuyn ng mt cch d dng hn. V c u to ca loi ca van ny gm nhiu phn ghp li vi nhau nn chng thng b trc trc nu nh cc tp cht b tc kt hay lng ng trong nn loi van ny thng c dng cho cc ng ng dn cc sn phm c sch cao.

Mt dng ca van khc l ca c lin c rnh gia. 2. VAN IU TIT (GLOBE VALVES): Dng chy i qua van ca l dng chy thng hng. Trong van iu tit dng chy khi qua van b chuyn hng.

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S i hng dng chy ny to nn s cun xoy v p sut ca dng chy qua van cng b gim nhiu hn, do nng lng i h i chuyn cht lng qua van iu tit cng l n hn. Trong van iu tit phn y ca ca van nm song song vi hng ca dng chy. Trong van ca, lc ma st gia vng lm kn v van ch c chm dt khi van c m hon ton. Cn trong vani u tit ca van khng trt dc theo b mt ca vng lm kn, do vy mi tip xc gia ca van v vng lm kn s chm dt khi bt u c dng chy.

i vi van ca khi thc hin qu trnh ng v m van s xy ra s mi mn do lc ma st gia cc vng lm kn v ca van cn i vi van iu tit th ch to nn s mi mn nh. Do vy trong cc cng vic i h i phi vn hnh van mt cch thng xuyn th van iu tit l loi thch ng hn. Khi van ca c dng trong qu trnh i u tit th s mi mn ca dng chy to nn mn khng ng u phn y ca ca van. Cn trong van iu tit khi v tr iu tit th ton b phn ca van nm trong dng chy do s mi mn xy ra ng u hn. Khi vng lm kn v c a van b mi mn ng u nhau th sau mt thi gian s dng lu di vn gi c kn ca n. V l do ny nn chng thng c dng trong qu trnh iu tit dng chy.

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Trong hnh v m t van ang v tr iu tit. Khi dng chy t im A ti im B th kh nng ca van ng bt thnh lnh v tc nghn khi n gn vi vng lm kn. c c s vn hnh n nh, van iu tit phi c lp t vo h thng theo hng dng chy vt cht i t phn di ca ca van ln. Van iu tit i khi cng c thit k theo dng gc.

Hng dng chy qua van dng ny b thay i t hn so vi van iu tit thng thng nn xoy ca dng chy v s st p i qua van cng t hn. Thit k ca van: Ca van ca van iu tit cng c nhiu dng thit k khc nhau. Loi thng dng nht l dng nt. Loi ny c dng cn phn di.

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Vng lm kn cng c d ng cn n khp vi ca van. V th nu nh ca van c khuyt tt mt phn th n vn gi c kn. C rt nhiu dng thit k ca nt khc nhau nn trong s dng ta phi la chn loi thch ng cho cng vic i hi.

Hnh trn m t dng ca nt thao tc nhanh khi thc hin vic ng hay m dng chy ch cn nhng chuyn ng nh ca cn van. Loi ny thng dng trong qu trnh ng hay m dng chy . Cc van iu tit c ca van dng nt thng c nhiu kiu thit k khc nhau

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V d nh ca dng ch V, ca cn bng ( dng thng ), ca vi ng lm kn, ca dng cht. Vi cc dng ca van loi ny nhng chuyn ng nh ca cn van ch to nn nhng thay i nh trong lu lng dng chy. Nhng van iu tit thng c s dng v tr m mt phn v v tr ng v m c ch s dng loi van ny l dng iu tit dng chy. Hnh v di y m t mt dng khc ca van iu tit chng c gi l a van nhiu thnh phn.

Ca van c ch to bng kim loi v lp vt liu c tnh n hi nh cao su. Khi ng van hon ton vng lm kn s tip xc vi lp vt liu n hi. Trong h thng ng dn i khi c cha cc tp cht rn, nhng tp cht ny c th lng ng trn b mt vng lm kn hay ca van v chng c th lm cho van khng th ng c hon ton. Khi s dng a nhiu thnh phn th cc tp cht rn ny s tip xc vi phn vt liu c tnh cht n hi do ta vn c c kn khi van v tr ng. Hnh v di y m t mt loi ca van khc. Trong loi ny ca van v vng lm kn u c ch to bng kim loi, khi ng van nu nh c cc tp cht rn lng ng trn vng lm kn hay ca van th chng s b nghin nh.

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3.

VAN NT (PLUG VALVES):

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Phn iu chnh dng chy (ca van) ca loi van ny c dng nt. Ca van c ch to bng kim loi v c khe h xuyn sut ca van cho dng chy i qua. V tr ca van c iu chnh bng vic vn tay quay.

Khi vn tay quay i mt gc 90o ta s c van v tr ng hoc m hon ton. Nu so snh vi van ca th loi van ny c ng m nhanh hn.

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Tay quay u pha trn ca cn van trong van nt chuyn ng theo cng mt hng vi khe h ca ca van. Khi tay quay nm song song vi ng ng th van v tr m. Khi van v tr m hon ton th dng chy i qua van l ng thng cn khi n v tr iu tit th dng chy qua van s to xoy v xy ra s st p. Van nt thng khng c dng cho mc ch iu chnh dng chy v khi n v tr iu tit th ca van s b mi mn khng ng u.

Khi v tr ng th c a van v phn thn van phi to c kht cao. Mi ln thay i v tr ca van th lc ma st s to ra gia phn thn v ca van gy ra s mi mn thn v ca van. Khi chng b mi mn ti mt mc no th s khng cn kh nng gi c kn khi v tr ng. Mt vi loi van nt c thit k l du bi trn pha trn, mt loi du c bit c s dng bi trn ca van gim ma st gia thn van v ca van v mng du ny cng tng thm kn cho van trong qu trnh s dng.

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Hnh v di y m t mt loi van nt khng cn c s bi trn.

Trong loi ny ca van c th chuyn ng ln xung cng vi mc lm kn. Khi ko ca van ln tc l gim n khp gia ca van v thn van lm cho ca van d chuyn ng hn v gim lc ma st gia ca van v thn van. Khi ca van c h xung chng s to c mi lin kt kn vi thn van.

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Van nt cng c th c ch to c nhiu khe h. Chng c gi l van nhiu hng. Cc van nhiu hng thng c dng nh mt thit b phn chia dng chy. Khi vn tay quay mt gc 90o th s lm thay i hng dng chy. i vi mc ch thay i hng dng chy th van nhiu hng c th thay th cho nhiu van ca. iu ny tit kim c chi ph v lm d dng hn trong vn hnh.

4.

VAN BI (BALL VALVES):

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Van bi c thit k v qu trnh vn hnh tng t nh van nt.

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Phn iu chnh dng chy c cu to trn v c l cho vt cht i qua. Bi c gi cht gia hai vng lm kn. Tay quay c lp u trn ca cn van. Khi vn tay quay mt gc 90o th van s v tr ng hoc v tr m. Do van bi c ng l loi ng m nhanh. V hnh dng ca chng nn van bi c trn v vn hnh c d dng hn van nt. V th nn gim c lc ma st gia bi v cc vng lm kn khi vn hnh do chng khng cn ti s bi trn. Tay quay ca van bi cng ging nh van nt n s nm song song vi dng chy khi van v tr m. Cn khi tay quay nm vung gc vi ng ng th n v tr ng. Van bi c ng c th c ch to dn dng chy theo nhiu hng.

Loi ny ngoi vic ng v m n cn c th i hng i ca dng chy. Van ny ch c cn tr dng chy nh nn s st p v hin tng to xoy khi dng chy qua van c ng r t nh. Van bi thng khng dng cho mc ch iu chnh dng chy v khi chng v tr iu tit th phn ca van nm trong dng chy s b mi mn nhiu hn.

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phc v cho vic iu tit dng chy th van bi phi c thit k c bit. Ca van thuc loi ny l tm kim loi lin, ca van ch tip xc vi vng lm kn khi n v tr ng hon ton. iu ny cho php dng chy i qua ton b din tch ca ca van khi n ch m mt phn. V th nn n c th dng iu tit dng chy m khng xy ra s mi mn khng ng u.

5.

VAN BM (BUTTERFLY VALVES):

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Van bm c ca l mt tm kim loi lin v c th xoay 90o trong chu vi vng lm kn. T l dng chy c iu chnh bng vic thay i gc ca ca van.

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T l dng chy t mc ti a khi ca van nm song song vi ng ng. Van bm cng thu c loi ng m nhanh. Khi v tr m th cn tr dng chy ca ca van l nh nht do s to xoy v st p khi dng chy i qua van l rt nh. Khi van bm ch c m mt phn th dng chy c phn chia ng u qua ca van v vng lm kn. Do van b m cng c th c dng cho qu trnh iu tit dng chy. Khi van bm v tr iu tit th phi cht n li ti v tr v p su t ca dng chy c xu hng a ca van v v tr ng hay m hon ton.

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Van bm c th c vn hnh bng tay quay hay tay vn. Trong c hai trng hp ny u cn c thang ch v tr ca ca van trong vn hnh. 6. VAN MNG (DIAPHRAGM VALVES):

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Loi van ny dng mt mng ngn bng cht do c tnh n hi iu chnh dng chy vt cht. Mng ngn ny c cht ni vi cht y. Cht y ny chuyn ng ln xung nh cn van. Khi cht y c h xung th n s nn mng ngn cht vo vng lm kn. Khi dng ch y qua van s chm dt. Nu cht y c ko ln th mng ng n s chuyn ng theo v bt u c dng chy cht lng i qua van. Loi van ny c th dng cho c hai mc ch l ng v m dng chy cng nh iu tit dng chy. Mng ngn hat ng nh mt mng lm kn iu chnh dng chy do s tip xc ca n vi phn chuyn ng ca van. Loi van ny c dng i vi cc vt cht c tnh n mn hay i vi cc cht cn c sch cao. Khi vn hnh loi van ny khng nn tc ng nhng lc qu mnh lc ng van v iu ny c th lm kt mng ngn trong vng lm kn v gy h hi mng ngn.

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VAN MT CHIU (CHECK VALVES): Hnh v di y m t mt kiu van mt chiu.

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7.

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Trong loi van ny ch c mt phn chuyn ng l ca van c gn lin vi thn van bi mt trc bn l. Ca van t do di chuyn. Khi khng c dng chy i qua van, th ca van v tr ng do khi lng ca n. Gi s ta c dng chy theo hng t A sang B, v ca van c th t do di chuyn nn lc ca dng chy s nng ca van ln v tr m. Khi ngt dng chy th ca van s tr li trng thi ng. iu ny ngn cn c cht lng chy ngc tr li. Van mt chiu c dng iu chnh hng dng chy.

Hnh v di y m t mt dng khc ca van mt chiu.

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Trong loi ny hng i ca dng chy tng t nh trong van iu tit. Khi c dng chy t A sang B th lc ca dng chy s nng ca van ln. Khi khng c dng chy i qua th ca van s t ng h xung v tr ng n khp vi vng lm kn do t trng ca n. Trong loi van ny hng ca dng chy lun i t pha di ca van i ln. Do loi van ny ch s dng khi n c lp v tr nm ngang. Gi s nh loi van ny c lp v tr thng ng nh hnh v di y:

Khi xut hin dng chy t A sang B, lc ca dng chy s nng ca van khi v tr ng. Nu nh khng c d ng ch y t A qua B na th t trng ca ca van khng th ko n vo v tr ng c na v lc ny ca van v tr nm ngang. Do vy loi van mt chiu ny ch hot ng mt cch chnh xc khi n c lp t v tr nm ngang. Nn loi van ny cn c gi l van mt chiu ngang. Hnh v di y m t van mt chiu ng.

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Khi xut hin dng chy t im A sang B, lc ca dng chy s nng van ny ln khi v tr ng. Khi khng c dng ch y na th t trng ca ca van s ko n li v tr ng. Loi van ny c lp t hot ng v tr ng. Di y l mt loi van mt chiu khc.

Trong loi van ny ca van c dng vin bi, n l phn iu chnh dng chy vt cht. Khi xut hin dng chy th p sut hay lc ca dng chy s nng vin bi ln khi vng lm kn. Khi khng c dng chy na th n s li v tr ng nh t trng. Van mt chiu loi ny cng c hai ki u thit k hot ng v tr nm ngang v v tr thng ng.

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8.

VAN AN TON: Van an ton l mt c cu van dng t ng x kh, hi t trong l hi, bn cha p sut hoc nhng h thng khc khi p sut hoc nhit vt qa gii hn cho php ci t trc . Chng thng c gi mt tn thng dng l van x p sut (pressure relief valves), van x p sut v nhit (T&P valves or temperature and pressure relief valves).

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9.

VN HNH VAN: Cc van ln thng rt kh vn hnh bng tay. Do vy ngi ta lp motor pha trn, motor ny c ni vi cn van vn hnh mt cch d dng.
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i khi van c lp t nhng khu vc m khng th vi ti c. Nu nh lp motor vo van th ta cng rt kh vn hnh c motor trong qu trnh ng m do khong cch qu xa c ng nh v l do an ton m khng th lp motor c v tr ny. khc phc vn ny tay quay c thit k nh mt bnh xe truyn ng.

Tay quay ca van c thit k c rng n khp vi dy xch. Khi ko dy xch th tay quay ca van cng chuy n ng theo. iu ny khc phc c kh khn khi van c lp t nhng v tr qu cao m ta khng th vi ti c. Di y l mt tnh hung khc.
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Mt ng ni c lp vo cn van. Mc ch ca vic s dng ng ni l d dng trong vic vn hnh khi van c lp t nhng v tr thp hay kh thao tc trong vn hnh.

Mt tnh hung khc l van v tr vn hnh thun li nhng vic vn hnh i hi phi dng mt lc ln, m khng dng ti motor. Khi ta c th dng h thng bnh rng d dng hn trong vn hnh van. Kiu vn hnh ny cn c gi l vn hnh bnh rng. 10. QUY TRNH VN HNH (OPERATING PROCEDURES): Cc loi van cng nghip thng c ch to s dng trong nhiu nm m khng c trc trc xy ra. Qu trnh ng v m van phi thc hin mt cch t t. Nu thay i v tr ca van qu nhanh th s xy ra s thay i t ngt v nhit v p sut trong ng ng . V d nh van iu chnh dng chy ca hi nc c nhit cao m ta m van t ngt th nhit u ra ca ng s tng ln nhanh chng dn ti s gin n t ngt ca ng ng v cc ng lc gin n mi ni gia van v ng ng cng tng ln nhanh chng. iu ny s lm gim tui th ca cc phn ny. Gi s nh trng hp di y.

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Khi ng van nhanh chng, d ng ch y trong ng ng bt thnh lnh b chn li, p sut tng ln t ngt, nu nh p sut ny ln n s gy h hi cho van v ng dn. Hin tng ny c gi l s va chm thy lc. Khi van b tc ng ca p sut cao thng rt kh m.

Trong hnh v trn p sut cao ca vt cht s y ca van v pha vng lm kn B, lm cho kh khn trong vic m van v lc ma st tng ln gia hai phn ny. Gi s p sut c cn bng gia hai ca van.
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Khi p sut cn bng th c ngha l lc ma st hai pha cng c cn bng do vic m van c d dng hn. Nhiu van c thit k ng cn bng d dng hn trong vic m van. Mt van nh c lp ng cn bng thc hin qu trnh cn bng p sut hai pha ca van chnh, lm cho qu trnh vn hnh van c thun tin v gim lc ma st gia ca van v cc vng lm kn. Khi van c thit k ng cn bng ta phi m van cn bng ng p sut trc khi m van chnh.

Trong mt vi trng hp nu nh van kh vn hnh th ta phi dng ti chong m van. Cc chong ny c nhiu loi v kch c khc nhau.
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Loi chong trn c hai u gn vo tay quay, cn loi kia ch c mt u v gn vo phn khung ca tay quay. Tuy rng c cc thit k khc nhau nhng cc chong van u c chung mt c tnh l tng cng lc thun tin cho qu trnh vn hnh van. Ngoi ra cn c cc h ng dn chung khi s dng cc chong van: u tin ta phi chn ng kch c chong van, m bo rng chong van gn chc vo tay quay trnh chong van b trt ra ngoi trc khi tc dng lc. Tip theo ta phi c c th cn bng khi tc dng lc vo chong van. Nu khng phn phi trng lng c th mt cch cn bng c th ta s b ng khi van m ra mt cch qu nhanh. Sau ta phi ng theo hng ko chong van v pha bn thn ch khng y n ra pha ngoi, vic ny trnh cho bn thn b ng khi m van qa nhanh v trnh nh hng ti nhng ngi xung quanh. Khng c p dng lc qu ln khi vn hnh van bng chong van nu khng ta c th lm gy tay quay hoc cn van ngoi ra n cn nh hng ti cc vng lm kn v ca van.

Ngoi ra cn c nhiu loi van i hi phi c s bi trn nh k.

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loi van c cn van chuyn ng, bi hay cc vt cht khc c th bm vo phn ren ca cn van l ra ngoi lm cho kh khn trong vic vn hnh v mi mn cn van. Do vy phi gi sch v bi trn phn ren ca cn van l ra ngoi. Trong mt s loi van i hi phi bi trn c pha trong. Cc van loi ny thng c l np du hoc m bi trn. i vi cc van nt cht bi trn cn c tc d ng nh mt mng lm kn gia ca van v thn van. Nhng loi van ny i h i phi bi trn thng xuyn. Mt s loi van cn phi c loi du m bi trn ring bit. Tt c cc van thit k c cn van u c khoang lm kn, vt liu bt kn c nhi y trong khoang ny. Mi khoang lm kn u c vt liu bt kn theo kch c ring ca n.

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Vt liu bt kn c lp t theo dng hnh trn bao quanh cn van. Vt liu bt kn c nn li bi np ca khoang lm kn. Mc ch ca vic s dng vt liu lm kn l ngn nga r r quanh cn van. S r r c iu chnh bng vic sit cht np khoang lm kn tng nn trn vt liu bt kn. Nu nh s r r vn xy ra th ta phi tin hnh thay vt liu bt kn. Ngoi ra van cn c th b r r nhng v tr khc trong khi vn hnh nh: R r gia mi ni ca thn van v np trn ca van, r mi ni gia thn van v ng ng. Thng thung nhng r r ny c bng vic sit cht cc bu lng nu l mi ni bng mt bch. Nu vn tip tc b r r th ta phi tin hnh thay giong m hoc kim tra li mt bch.

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11. VAN IU KHIN (CONTROL VALVES):

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L loi van t ng iu chnh v tr ca van thng qua thit b iu khin. Nhiu loi van iu khin bng tay c th lp t thm c cu dn ng vo thn van tr thnh van iu khin.

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C cu dn ng: l mt thit b dng trong van iu khin dn ng cn van ng vi tn hiu pht ra t thit b iu khin. Thit b iu khin: l thit b t ng iu chnh v tr ca van iu khin. Thit b iu khin s dng nng lng khng kh nn, p sut thy lc hay nng lng in truyn tn hiu ti c cu dn ng. C cu nh v: l thit b tr gip cho c cu dn ng di chuyn cn van vo ng v tr. Van iu khin c s dng ti nhng v tr i hi phi c s iu khin t ng. Phn thn van ca loi van iu khin ny tng t nh van bm, nhng cn van chuyn ng nh c cu dn ng thay cho tay quay v thang ch v tr. C cu dn ng nhn cc tn hiu iu khin t thit b iu khin. Nhng tn hiu ny s t ng lm thay i v tr ca van. Cc kiu thn van Thn ca van iu khin c th c thit k theo kiu c mt hoc hai ca dn vt cht i qua.

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Hnh v trn m t loi thn c mt ca. Loi ny thng c s dng nhiu v chng r tin, t phi bo dng v mc r r thp hn. Nhng loi ny cng c nh c im l p sut ca dng ch tc ng vo mt mt ca van gy kh khn cho nh v. Van hai ca c u im l lu lng dng chy qua van ln hn loi mt ca nu nh c cng kch c. Loi van hai ca cn bng c p sut tc dng ln hai hng do vic nh v n d dng hn loi mt ca. V c tnh ny nn van hai ca rt ph hp cho vic iu tit dng chy. C cu dn ng bng kh ( Hnh v di y m t mt van iu khin c c cu dn ng bng kh ):

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Trong c cu dn ng c mt mng ngn kn kh v mt l xo. C cu dn ng nhn kh nn hay tn hiu t thit b iu khin. Trong loi van ny c c cu dn ng s dng kh nn di chuyn cn van iu khin. Khng kh nn c a vo pha trn mng ngn, v th p lc ca kh nn s y mng ngn xung v ngc li l xo lun c xu h ng y mng ngn ln. Khi p sut ca khng kh thng lc y ln ca l xo th cn van s b y xung v van ng li. Loi van ny cn c gi l van m bng khng kh nn (Air-to-close) v khi tng p sut khng kh nn trn mng ngn s lm cho van ng li. Hnh v di y m t lai van iu khin dng kh nn m van (Airto-open):

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Khi tng p sut khng kh trn mng ngn th c c chuyn cn van xung v tr m. Di y l mt dng thit k khc ca van iu khin

u dn ng s di

ng dn khng kh vo c b tr pha di mng ngn. Kiu thit k ny s dng kh nn ng van. iu quan trng i vi cng nhn vn hnh l phi bit c khi tng p sut ca khng kh trn mng ngn s
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lm cho van di chuyn v v tr m hay v tr ng v iu cng c ngha l phi bit c khi hng van s v tr ng hay m. Nu van s dng kh nn di chuyn v v tr m th khi tng p su t khng kh trong c cu dn ng s lm cho van dch chuyn v v tr m, cn nu nh mt ngun cung cp kh nn vo c cu dn ng th van s v tr ng. i vi van dng p sut ca kh nn ng th khi m t ngun kh nn n s v tr m. C cu nh v ca van (Valve Positioner):

i khi tn hiu khng kh nn t thit b iu khin khng vn hnh van mt cch nhanh chng hoc gi van v tr mong mun. Trong nhng trng hp ny, van c ni vi c cu nh v tr gip cho c cu dn ng di chuyn hay gi cn van ng v tr. C cu nh v gi vai tr nh mt b khuch i trung gian tr gip cho c cu dn ng khi nhn c tn hiu kh t thit b iu khin. C cu dn ng bng in (Electrical Actuator): Hnh v di y m t mt van c iu khin bng dng in.

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Mt vi c cu dn ng s dng nng lng in nh v cho van iu khin. C cu dn ng ca loi van ny hot ng nh mt van in. Van in bao gm mt li st trt trong qun dy hnh ng. Khi c dng in i qua qun dy th mt t trng in c thit lp nn pha trong qun dy. T trng in ny s ko li st vo pha trong qun dy hnh ng. Khi ngt dng i n th t trng in s bin mt v li st b y li v tr c bng lc ca l xo. Li st ca van in c ni vi cn van. Tn hiu in t thit b iu khin s thit lp nn t trng in trong qun dy ko li st ln v van c ng li. Khi khng c dng i n i qua th li s t b y v v tr c bng lc ca l xo v van m ra. V vy thit k ca van theo loi ny ch s dng ng hoc m dng chy ch khng dng c vo mc ch iu tit. Nu nh mun iu tit dng chy th c th dng c cu dn ng c vn hnh bng motor. Motor c ni vi cn van qua h thng gim tc bng bnh rng. Motor ny l loi c th chuyn ng ngc c, do n c th di chuyn van theo mi v tr mong mun. Nu nh van b hng v bt k l do no n cng u c th c nh v li bng tay quay.

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C cu dn ng bng thy lc (Hydraulic Actuator): p sut ca cht lng i khi c ng c dng vn hnh van. V cht lng khng gim th tch khi b nn nn n khng th di chuyn v tr ca van nhanh bng kh nn. Hy xem hnh v ca mt c cu dn ng bng thy lc n gin di y. Dng cht lng c th c dn vo mt trong hai khoang. Gi s nh n c dn vo khoang th nht. Khi p sut thy lc s di chuyn v tr ca ca van sang v tr bn phi c ngha l vo v tr ng. Cn khi ch t lng c dn vo khoang th hai th s c chuyn ng ngc li c ngha l ca van di chuyn v pha tri v van v tr m. Van c iu khin bng h thng thy lc c th c thit k vo mc ch iu tit nhng thng thng i vi cc van ln ch dng vo mc ch ng m dng chy v n i hi mt lc ln ng v m van.

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12. X L S C:

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a s cc cng nhn vn hnh khng c kh nng sa cha cc h hng ca van nhng h phi xc nh c nguyn nhn h hng bo cho i sa cha bit. iu ny i hi h phi c k nng trong vic pht hin ra cc nguyn nhn gy ra h hng. Cc hng hc van vn hnh bng tay thng d dng xc nh c nh gy tay quay, trt khp ren. Nu nh cc c cu ny vn hat ng tt m ta vn khng th ng hay m van c th c ngha l h hng phn trong van. i vi van mt chiu thng khng c cc h hng pha ngai. Do vy khi van mt chiu khng ngn c dng chy ngc tr li c ngha l van hc pha trong. i vi cc van iu khin th thng kh khn hn trong vic xc nh cc nguyn nhn h hng. Nu nh van iu khin b h hng th vic u tin l phi kim tra tn hiu t thit b iu khin truyn ti c cu dn ng, nu nh tn hiu vn ng th nguyn nhn gy ra h hng c th thit b iu khin. i khi cc tn hiu t thit b iu khin ti c cu dn ng b ri lan do r r, tc gia ng ni gia hai thnh phn ny. V vy ta ni rng van iu khin c th b h hng trong h thng truyn tn hiu. Hu ht cc van iu khin c gn b phn xc nh v tr ca van.

Khi nhn vo b phn xc nh v tr van ta c th bit c v tr ca van. Gi s nh thit b iu khin ang truyn tn hiu ng van nhng ta vn nghe thy ting ca dng chy i qua van, nu b phn xc nh v tr ch van v tr ng th ta c th bit c l h hng xy ra pha trong thn van. iu ny cng c th xc nh c l van b tc hay vng lm kn b mi mi qa nhiu. Nhng nu b phn xc nh v tr ch van v tr m th h hng c th nhng b phn khc nhau v d nh cn van c th b kt np khoang bt kn nn van khng th ng li c. Mt kh nng na l c cu dn ng khng l vic mt cch hon ho, nu nh mng ngn trong c cu dn ng bng kh b rch hay b thng th n s khng hot ng khi c s thay i p sut kh nn. Trong c cu dn ng bng in v bng motor th vic qun dy b chy cng l m t
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nguyn nhn gy h hng c cu dn ng. Cc trc trc i vi c cu dn ng bng thy lc thng l cht lng b r r, piston b kt trong xilanh hay piston b thng. Nu nh van c c cu nh v tr gip cho s di chuyn ca cn van th ta phi kim tra c thit b ny. iu ny c thc hin bng cch kim tra cc tn hiu u vo v u ra ca c cu nh v. i vi van iu khin khi b h hng ta thng bt u kim tra thit b iu khin ri sau xung nhng phn pha di ca van. Tm li: Tt c cc van iu khin u c c cu dn ng ni vi thn van. C cu dn ng s di chuyn cn van ph hp vi cc tn hiu pht ra t thit b iu khin. Thit b tr gip cho c cu dn ng di chuyn hay gi van ng v tr c gi l c cu nh v. Cc c cu dn ng bng kh s dng kh nn iu khin van. C cu dn ng bng dng in c hai lai l van in v motor. Cc c cu dn ng bng thy lc thng c s dng i vi cc van ln.

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