MEASUREMENTS& CONTROLS

Module I 1.What is meant by measurements? Measurement is the process of determining or finding the size, quantity or degree of something .Accurate measurement is of very important in engineering 2.What is an measuring instrument? Measuring instruments are measuring devices that transform the measured quantity into an information, either analog or digital. 3.What are the methods of measurements? There are two types of measurement methods. They are (1)Direct method (2)Indirect method 4.What are the three stages of generalized measuring system? The three stages of generalized measurement system are a. Detector-transducer element b. Intermediate modifying stage c. Terminating stage 5.What is meant by primary measurement? Primary measurement is one that can be made by direct observation with out involving any conversion of the measured quantity. 6. What is meant by secondary measurement? Secondary measurement involves only one transformation to be done on the quantity under measurement. 7. What is meant by tertiary measurement? Tertiary measurement involves two translations to be done on the quantity under measurement. 8.what are the functions of the measuring instruments? The functions of the measuring instruments are a. Indicating function b. Recording function c. Controlling function 9.what are the applications of the measuring instruments? The applications of the measuring instruments are a. Monitoring of processes and operations b. Control of process c. Experimental engineering analysis 10.Define sensitivity. Sensitivity (K) refers to the ability of the measuring device to measure small differences in the quantity being measured. It is also defined as the ratio of the magnitude of response [o/p] to the magnitude of the quantity being measured. 11.What is span of an instrument?

Span is the algebraic difference between the higher value and the lower value it can measure. 12.Define Range. The instrument is calibrated to read a value between two limits, one is the higher calibration value and the other is the lower calibration value. This region between which the instrument is to operate is called the range. 13.What is reproducibility? It is defined as the degree of closeness with which a given value may be repeatedly measured under same loading conditions. Perfect reproducibility means that the instrument has no drift. 14.What are the factors affecting Readability? Readability depends on a. Number of graduations b. Spacing of graduation c. Size of pointer d. Parallax effects 15.What is meant by drift? If an instrument does not reproduce the same reading at different times of measurement for the same input signal, it is said to have drift. If an instrument has prefect reproducibility, it is said to have no drift. 16.what does zero drift mean? If the whole calibration gradually drifts due to slippage, permanent set or due to undue warming up of electronic tube circuits zero drift sets in. this can be eliminated by zero setting. Zero drift line

O/P

Nominal curve

I/P 16.what is meant by span drift? If there is proportional change in all along the upward scale the drift is called the span drift Span drift

O/P

nominal curve

I/P 17.what is meant by zonal drift? In case if drift occurs only over apportion of span of an instrument it is called as zonal drift. Zonal drift

O/P

Nominal curve

I/P 18.what is meant by repeatability? Repeatability is a measure of closeness with which a given input may be measured over again repeatability is defined as the variation of scale reading and it is random in nature. 19.what is calibration? Calibration of a measuring instrument means introducing an accurately known sample of the variable that is to be measured and then checking the systems response then the measuring instrument is checked with and adjusted until its scale is introduced accurately for measuring. 20.what are the different types of calibration? There are two types of calibration namely a. Primary calibration b. Secondary calibration 21.What are the different types of secondary calibration? The different types of secondary calibration are a. Direct calibration b. Secondary calibration 22.what is meant by primary calibration? In primary calibration, a system is calibrated against a primary standard provided. For e.g. calibrating flow meters. 23what is meant by secondary calibration? In secondary calibration, a device that has been calibrated by primary calibration is used. 24.What is meant by direct calibration? In direct calibration, a standard device is placed in series with the device to be calibrated is used and calibration is done by comparing readings of the two devices over the desired range. 25.what is meant by indirect calibration? This procedure is based on the equivalence of two different devices adopting some similarity concept. E.g. flow measurement-requirement of similarity is Reynoldss number should be equal. 26.How are mechanical measurements classified? Mechanical measurements are broadly classified into two categories

a. Mechanics type b. Power type 27.What are the three methods in mechanics type measurements? The three types of mechanic type measurements are a. Empirical method b. Rational method c. Experimental method 28.Write about rational method of measurements? Rational method of measurement is strictly based upon scientific laws and relationships. These types of laws are mainly available in mechanics and thermodynamics. While in other areas there is scarcity for this type of laws. Hence in other areas it has limited scope. 29.Define Loading effect. Sensing element of the measuring instrument absorbs some energy hence the instrument does not give accurate readings, this effect is called loading effect. 30.write down the classification of measuring instruments? Measuring instruments are broadly classified into a. Mechanical instruments b. Electrical instruments c. Electronic instruments 31.Define error. Error is defined as the difference between the indicated quantity and the true value. 32.Whatismeant by fidelity? Fidelity is the ability of the measuring instrument to reproduce the output in the same form as the input. 33.Define hysterisis. When loaded energy is put into the stressed component is not recovered while unloading this property of the measuring instrument is called hysterisis. 34.Define dynamic error. The difference between the indicated quantity and the true value of the time varying quantity is called dynamic error. Part_B 1) Draw the neat sketch of generalized measurent system and explain its various elements? Neat sketch with markings-8marks Basic transducer detectorstage-3marks Intermediate modifying stage-3marks Terminating stage-2marks 2) Briefly discuss the various measurements methods and explain? Direct comparison method-8marks Indirect comparison method-8marks

3) Briefly discuss the various functions and applications of measuring instruments? Functions Indicating function-3marks Recording function-2marks Controlling function-3marks Applications Monitoring of process and operation-2marks Control of process and operations-3marks Experimental engineering analysis-3marks 4) Classify the various type of error and explain them details? Error definition-2mark Calibration error-2mark Loading error-2mark Human errors-2mark Environmental error-2mark Experimental error-2mark Random error-2mark Chaotic error -2mark 5) Briefly discuss on the calibration of temperature measuring device with suitable example? Primary calibration Sketch-3marks Principle-2marks Procedure-3marks Secondary calibration Sketch-3marks Principle-2marks Procedure-3marks

Module II PART A 1. What are recorders? Recorder is used to produce a permanent record of the signal that is measured. Recorder is used to analyze how the signal varies with time. 2.What is a CRO? CRO is a versatile read out device used for measuring dynamic and transient signals. Basically it is indented for viewing 3.What is meant by Oscillograph ? An Oscillograph is a writing instrument. The displacement is recorded directly on a paper. Oscillograph is a low impedance device.

4.List some type of recorders? (i) XY-Recorder (ii)Bridge type recorder (iii)Magnetic tape recorder 5.What is meant by attenuation? Attenuation are devices that are used to bring down the voltage conducted between the circuits that are converted to its input terminal. 6.Define Filters? The output signal from transducers is to be reported faithfully for the purpose of measurement. Hence unwanted signals are eliminated by filters. 7.define the term transducer? A transducer is an energy converting device it receives stimulation from a physical situation of the measurand and converts it into an definitely associated signal. 8.what is meant by loading? During the act of measurment the measuring instrument takes energy from the signal source .due to this effect the signal source is disturbed .This effect is called as loading 9.What is primary transducer? A primary transducer senses a physical phenomenon and converts it into an analogous output. 10.What is a secondary transducer? The analogous output from the primary transducer is converted into an electric signal by a secondary transducer 11.What is a passive transducer? A passive transducer has an auxillary source of power which supplies a major part of the output while the input signal supplies only an insignificant portion Eg resistive transducer 12.What is active transducer ? A component whose output energy is supplied entirely or almost entirely by its input signal is called as active transducer. 13.what is electrical transducer? While measuring non-electric quantities ,a detector is used.this detector converts physical quantity into displacement.this displacement ils given as input to an electrical transducer which gives an electrical output 14.List some electrical transducer? A.reasistance transducer b.capacitive transducer

c.inductive transducer d.voltage transducer 15.Define analog and digital transducer? An analog transducer is one which produces the output of continious function of time. An digital transducer is one which produces the output in discrete function of time. 16.What is meant by mechanical transducer? In mechanical transducer the detectable variable are mechanical displacement or velocity. 17.Define the term amplification? Amplification is the process of increasing the week signal and the device used for this purpose is called as amplifier. 18.What is a mechanical amplifier? When amplification is done with the help of mechanical devices such as gears,lever is called as mechanical amplification. 19.What is a fluid amplifier? It consist of a piston cylinder assembly.the cylinder is of diameter D and the output tube is of diameter d, so it can be used for amplification. 20.List the commonely used electric and electronic transducer? a.AC and DC amplifier b.operational amplifier. c.charge amplifier d.chopper amplifier 21.What is charge amplifier? A charge amplifier converts charge into voltage. 22.What is operational amplifier? The operational amplifier has many solid state elements in a compact package and is basically a DC differential voltage amplifier. 23.What is chopper amplifier? Chopper amplifier is an AC amplifier used to amplify DC input by using a chopper. 24.What is meant by pr- amplifier? A pre amplifier is the one that encounters the incoming signal first,before it is power amplified by the subsequent stages of processing.

PART B

1.Explain in detail three electrical transducer? 1.resistance transducer.(2 marks) 2.inductive transducer..(5 marks) 3.capacitive transducer.(6 marks) 2. Explain charge amplifier in detail? Definition..(2 marks) Description(5 marks) Operation...(3 marks) Figure.(4 marks) Advantage..(2 marks) 3.Explain hydaulic transmission in detail? Definition..(2 marks) Description(5 marks) Operation...(3 marks) Figure.(4 marks) Advantage..(2 marks) 4.Explain XY-recorder in detail? Definition..(2 marks) Description(5 marks) Operation...(3 marks) Figure.(4 marks) Advantage..(2 marks) 5.Explain photoelectric transducer in detail? Definition..(2 marks) Figure.(4 marks) Operation...(3 marks) Figure.(4 marks) Advantage..(2 marks) 6.Explain LVDT in detail? Definition..(2 marks) Figure (4marks) Description(5 marks) Operation...(3 marks)

Module III

Short Answer
1. What is meant by displacement measurement? Displacement measurement means measuring the movement of a point from one position to another. 2. List of the various transducers used for displacement measurement? The various transducers that are sensitive to displacement are listed. a) b) c) d) e) 3. Resistance potentiometers Differential transformers Capacitance transducers Variable induction transducers Piezo electric transducers.

Define Velocity Velocity is rate of change of displacement with respect to time, that is time rate of motion.

4.

State any three mechanical tachmeters used to measure angular velocity. a) Revolution counter and timer b) Tachometers c) Hand Speed indicator

5.

List the various contact less electrical tachometers? a) b) c) d) Inductive pick up tachometer Stroboscope tachometer Photoelectric tachometer Capacitor tachometer

6.

Define Vibration: If the dynamic displacement time variation is continous and respective in nature, it is termed as vibration.

7.

What is Piezo-electric effect? Certain materials posses the ability to generate an electric potential when subjected to mechanical strain or conversely to change dimensions when subjected to voltage. This is termed as Piezo-electric effect.

8.

What is the difference between weight and mass? Weight: The Weight of the body is the force exerted on the body by the gravitational acceleration. Weight will vary from point to point on the earths surface. Mass is defined as the measure of quantity of matter. Mass invariable.

Mass: is

9.

Write the basic principle on which a pendulum scale works? It is a moment comparison device. The unknown force is converted to torque which is then balanced by the torque of a fixed standard mass arranged as a pendulam.

10.

Write the basic principal on which a mechanical torsion meter works? When a shaft is connected between a driving engine and driven load, a twist (angula displacement) occurs on the shaft between its ends. The angle of twist is measured and caliberated in terms of torque.

11.

List the types of Dynamometers? Dynamometers are of three types namely Absorption Dynamometers Driving Dynamometers and Transmission Dynamometers.

12.

Give examples for Adsorption dynamometers? Eg:Prony brakers Hydraulic or fluid friction brakes Eddy current dynamometers

13.

What are driving dynamometers? These dynamometers provide energy to operate the devices to be tested while measuring torque / power

14.

What are transmission dynamometers? These dynamometers are passive devices. They are placed at required location in a machine for sensing the torque at the place.

15.

Define the term strain? Strain is the relative change in dimensions, that is, change in length of a given original length.

Strain (Dimensionless)

Change in length -------------------------Original length

mm = ----------mm

16.

What is Piezo resistivity? There will be a change in resistivity of a conductor when it is strained and this property is called as Piezo resistivity.

17.

What is Guage factor? The fractional change in resistance due to a unit change in length (Unit strain) is called as Guage factor. DR/R Gauge factor , F = ----------DL/L

18.

What is self-temperature compensation? In this arrangement, the effect of temperature has been eliminated using a DUMMY GAUGE in the adjacent arm of the wheat stone bridge.

19.

List a few applications of pressure measurement? The pressure of steam in a Boiler is measured for ensuring safe operating conditions of the boiler. Pressure measurement is done in continuous processing industries such as manufacturing and chemical industries.

20.

What id Ionization? Ionization is the process of knocking off an electron from an atom and thus producing a free electron and a positively charged ion.

21.

Define Humidity? The amount of water vapour contained in air or gas is called as humidity. It is usually measured as absolute humidity, relative humidity or due point temperature.

22.

What is Humidity ratio? For a given volume of air water vapour mixture. Humidity ratio = Mass of water - Vapour ------------------------------------Mass of try air

23.

List three areas where temperature measurement is important? In process industries which involves regions of the earth. In studying situations in various regions of the earth. In Studying the temperature of molten metal in foundries.

24.

List five properties a material should have to be an element of a bimetallic strip? Coefficient of expansion

25.

Modulus of elasticity Elastic limit after cold rolling Electrical conductivity Ductility Metallurgical ability

List the common metals used in bi-metallic strips?

High expansion
Brass Nickel-Iron alloys with Chromium & Manganese

Low expansion

Invar (alloy of Nickel & Iron)

26.

What are secondary or rate meters? Rate meters are also called secondary meters as they do not measure flow directly that is, they measure something which is associated with flow such as pressure, velocity position, temperature etc.

27.

What is frequency? Frequency is the number of events occurring in a unit-time.

28.

What is noise? In simple, noise is unwanted sound. Prolonged ambient noise levels usually permanetitly damage hearing

29.

What is Sound pressure? The instantaneous difference in air pressure and the average air pressure at a point where the sound wave present is called sound pressure.

30.

What is flow visualization? Inorder to measure the true value of the flow variables methods have been developed that dont disturb the fluid stream. Such methods are called as flow visualization methods.

Long Answer
1. Briefly discuss on one type of contact lens electrical tachometer? Refer:- Measurements & controls by S. Bhaskar. Principle Description Operations Figures Application :::::2 (Marks) 3 (Marks) 4 (Marks) 5 (Marks) 2 (Marks) P. No: 9.17

2.

Explain with a diagram a pendulum scale of multileva type? Refer :- Measurement & controls by S. Bhaskar Principle Description Operations Figures Application :::::2 (Marks) 3 (Marks) 4 (Marks) 5 (Marks) 2 (Marks) P. No:-11.04

3.

With a neat diagram,explain the working of a prony brake for estimating power? Refer :- Measurement & controls by S.Bhaskar Principle Description Operations Figures ::::2 (Marks) 3 (Marks) 4 (Marks) 5 (Marks) P. No:-13.2

Application 4.

:-

2 (Marks)

Explain the working of a Bowdon tube pressure gauge? Refer :-Measurement & controls by S.Bhaskar Principle Description Operations Figures Application :::::2 (Marks) 3 (Marks) 4 (Marks) 5 (Marks) 2 (Marks)

5.

Explain the working of a optical pyrometer? Refer :- Measurement & controls by S.Bhaskar Principle Description Operations Figures Application :::::2 (Marks) 3 (Marks) 4 (Marks) 5 (Marks) 2 (Marks)

6. With a neat diagram explain the shadow graph method for viewing flow phenomenia? Refer :- Measurement & controls by S.Bhaskar Principle Description Operations Figures Application :::::2 (Marks) 3 (Marks) 4 (Marks) 5 (Marks) 2 (Marks)

Module IV

AUTOMATIC

CONTROL

SYSTEMS

SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS

1. DEFINE A SYSTEM? A system is said to be made of a number of components such that the behaviour of the over all combination can be predicted if : (a) the behaviour of each component can be predicted ,and (b) the interaction between each component is known. A system is obtained when a number of components are connected in a sequence to perform a specific function. 2. WHAT IS A CONTROL SYSTEM? Suppose in a system the output quantity is controlled by altering the input quantity then such a system is called a control system. 3.DEFINE TERMS CONTROLLED VARIABLE &CONTROLLED MEDIA?

(a) Controlled variable:The quantity or condition characterizing a process whose value is held constant by a controller or is changed according to a certain algorithm designed with the interests of the nature of function the system is performing (b) Controlled medium: The process material in the control system in which the variable to the controlled exists.

4.NAME THE TWO TYPES OF CONTROL SYSTEMS? There are two types of control systems namely (a)Open loop control system (feed back control system) (b)Closed loop control system(non- feed back control system)

5. LIST THE BASIC ELEMENTS OF A FEED BACK CONTROL SYSTEM? The basic blocks of a feedback system are (a)Feed back path (b)Forward path (c)Error detecting device In general the forward path of a system will have the following elements -Amplifier -Error sensor -Compensating network

6. WHAT ARE ERROR DETECTORS? Error detector is a device which compares the feed back signal obtained from the output with the input (command) signal and determines there from the deviation known as actuating signal. 7. EXPLAIN THE MEANING OF CONTROL ACTION. LIST THE COMMON MODES OF CONTROL?

The control action refers to the manner in which the control elements manipulate The error signal into a manipulated variable to do the necessary corrective action.Listed below are the types of modes of control or control action or controllers. (a)proportional control(p) (b)integral control(i) (c)derivative control(d) (d)two position control (e)multi position(floating control) 8. WHAT ARE RELAYS? It may be defined as protective device which are extensively used in high & low power operations alike to prevent any urge in current from destroying the components in the circuit

9. WHAT ARE SERVO AMPLIFIERS? Servo amplifiers is linear power amplifier that increases the intensity of the error signal to an extend that it is capable for driving the motor 10. WHAT IS SERVO MECHANISM?

A servo mechanism is power amplifying feedback control system in which the controlled variable is mechanical position or a time ,derivative of the mechanical position such as velocity and acceleration 11. WHAT IS A SERVO MOTOR? This is a type of servo mechanism in which the velocity of the system is maintain as constant Velocity=dq/dt is constant q=position of output hence this type of feedback is called derivative feedback 12. WHAT IS THE BASIC ELEMENT OF MECHANICAL SYSTEM? To analyse mechanical systems the three idealized elements-spring,mass & damper is used 13. LIST THE THREE BASIC ELEMENTS OF ELECTRICAL SYSTEM? The three basic elements of electrical system are resistor,inductor & capacitor 14. DEFINE RESISTANCE,CAPACITANCE,INDUCTANCE? Resistance:it is that which opposes the flow in general. It is defined as the change in potential difference required to cause a unit change in flow rate R electrical=de/di =e/i Capacitance:A capacitor is a storing element. Capacitance is defined as change in quantity contain or stored per a unit change in some reference variable C ele=change in quantity demanded/change in a reference variable =q/e Inductance:Inductance is that which opposes acceleration. It is defined as change in potential difference required to cause a unit change in acceleration

15.LIST THE CLASSIFICATIONS OF HYDRRULIC SYSTEMS AND EXPLAIN THEM? Hydraulic systems can be classified into two types, (a) liquid level system (b) hydraulic devices. Liquid level systems are those incorporated,storage tanks and connecting pipes The devices using incompressible oil as their working medium are hydraulic device 16.WHAT ARE PNEUMATIC SYSTEMS? Systems which use compressible fluids as working medium are called as pneumatic systems.Air is an example of such fluids. 17. DEFINE SESITIVITY IN RELAY TECHNOLOGY? It is defined as the ability of the relay to select the fault within a desirable zone of protection. 18.WHAT ARE THE TWO CLASSIFICATION OF DC SERVO MOTORS? DC servo motors is classified into two. (a) sliding contact motors with commutators and brushes. (b) Brushless or contact less motors with transistor commutator. They are again classified into. (a) Permanent magnet motors (b) Electromagnet field motors (c) Armature control motors (d) Cylindrical armature motors. (e) Field control motors. 19.DEFINE KIRCHOFFS SECOND LAW OF VOLTAGE? The law states that the algebraic sum of voltages around a closed loop is zero. 20.WHAT IS A VOLTAGE REGULATOR?

A voltage regulator is a electronic circuit where a stable DC voltage,independent of load current, temperature and AC line voltage varies.

UNIT 5
APPLICATION OF CONTROL SYSTEM 2 MARKS 1.What is system? When a number of elements or components are connected in a sequence a specific function ,the group thus formed is called as a system. 2.What is meant by control system? In a system when the output quantity is controlled by varying the input quantity,the system is called as controll system. 3.Command signal of excitation. The input quantity to the system is called command signal of excitation. 4.What is controlled variable or response? The output quantity from the system is called variable or response. 5.Give the application of control system? 1. Governing of speed 2. kinetic and process control 3. pressure,temperature,fluid level and flow control 4. Thrust and flight control 5. Photo electric control 6.What is gyroscope? The gyroscope consist of a wheel or disc mounted on an axle.The axle is supported by bearings fixed on a frame-work called inner gimbal(lingage). 7.What is meant by photo electric control? Photo diode sensor is a light activated diode connected in reverse bias.When light fall on the diode,it genates ellectric current. 8.Differentiate the terms ,Command and Response? Command: The result of the act of adjustment,ie Closing a value,moving a lever etc is known as command. Response: The subsequent result of the system to the command is known as response. 9.Givethe application of gyroscopic principle? 1. In instrument or toy Known as gyroscope. 2. In ship in order to minimize the rolling and pitching effect of waves. 3. In aeroplanes monorail cars gycampasses etc

10.What is a triac switching circuit? TRIAC is a controlled switching device. It turns ON & OFF based on the switching pulse or triggering pulse given. 11.What is meant by governing of speed? The speed at constant rate is achived by using governing circuits is called governing of speed. 12. What is meant by photo diode sensor? Photo diode sensor is a light actiuated diode connected in reverse bias. When light rays fall on the diode in generator electric current.this electric current is directly proportional to the incidental light.

16 MARKS
1.Explain the kinetic and process control? KINETIC: It represents motion of an object.Process means governing of system.(2) FLOW CHART: Numerical control system.(6) OPERATION (5) ADVANTAGES AND DIS ADVANTAGES.(3) 2. Explain pressure,temperature,fluid level,flow control? BASIC APPLICATION(2) FLOW CHART: pressure,temperature,fluid level,flow control(10) OPERATION (4) 3. State and explain the thrust and flight control? GYROSCOPE(6) FIGURE(5) OPERATION(5) 4. Explain photo electric controls? PHOTO ELECTRIC PRINCIPLE(2) PHOTO DIODE SENSOR(2) TRIAC SWITCHING CIRCUIT(2) FIGURE: Photo electric control(5) OPERATION(5)

5.(i)With the aid of schematic diagram describe how the temperature control in central heating system is achived in an industry?(9) (ii)Discuss a control system that can be used inorder to control of water level in a cistern.(7) (A.U Nov 2003)