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85234687 ملخص لجميع دروس السنة الأولى باك في الكيمياء مع تمارين تطبيقية
85234687 ملخص لجميع دروس السنة الأولى باك في الكيمياء مع تمارين تطبيقية
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@ @ba@@b@c
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na@ba@a
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@ @ana@a@pbm
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@@
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@@
Prof : Boudoula lahcen
2006/2007
@ @na@bza@a@@ba@
@ @ba@
" " .mol :
) (... NA
NA :
. NA = 6,02.1023 mol1
N :
N
NA
= .n
m
n m X ) M(X :
)M(X
g ) M(X .( g/mol
m .V
=
V :
M M
g/mol V L .( g/L
V
V :
Vm
= ). n n mol m
= ). n n mol ) M(X
= n Vm
. L /mol :
:
p.V = n.R.T :
p . Pa :
V . m3 :
n . mol :
T = + 273 ) . K : .( C
. R = 8,31 Pa.m3 .K 1 .mol1
R :
X V n = [ X ] .V : ] [ X
. mol/L
@ @na@ba
@@
.
) ( :
+
H2 0
m
Mm X p(S)
) m.Mp(aq
)+ p.X (aq
2006/2007
.
n
C :
V
= C n V ) (.
)n(X
] [ X X :
V
V .
= ] [ x ) n(X X
@ @a@@a
@@
G R :
1
R
= ) . G
] [ siemens .( S
:
1
R
. U = R.I I = .U = G.U :
I
U
= ) . G
I A .( V
U
V
GBF
I
S
L
). S .( L
A
S
L
. G = .
S /m ) ( .
p Xi ] . [ X i
p
2006/2007
] = 1 .[ X 1 ] + 2 . [ X 2 ] + ...... + p . X p = i .[ Xi
i=1
i . S.m2 /mol ] [ Xi
. mol/m3
)(S.m2 /mol
)(S.m2 /mol
OH
198,6.104
H3O +
349,8.104
Br
78,1.104
K+
73,5.104
76, 8.104
Na+
50,1.10 4
Cl
76,3.104
NH+4
73,5.104
55, 4.104
Li+
38, 7.104
NO3
71, 4.104
Cs +
77,3.104
CH3COO
40,9.104
Ag+
61,9.104
@ @@b
@ @Za@na
. .1 25C P = 1,013.105 Pa :
) C2H6O (.
) Pb (.
) O2 (.
. n = 0,1 mol :
. Vm = 24L /mol
:
:
. = 0, 789g/ cm3
. = 11,34g/ cm3
:
.2 20% 80% .
1.2 O2 N2 V = 1L 25C
. P = 1,013.105 Pa
M(O) = 16g/mol
,
2.2 . M(N) = 14g/mol :
.3 . C = 2,06mol/L
1.3 . V = 1L
2.3 Vt Veau .
2006/2007
@ @Z@bra@@na
V = 485mL CH4 T = 313K
. p = 954,2.102 Pa
.1 .
.2 . :
:
. M(CH4 ) = 16g/mol
@ @Z@sbra@@na
S V = 250mL m = 1, 665g CaCl2 .
.1 CaCl2 .
. M(CaCl2 ) = 111,1g/mol
.2 C . S :
.3 Ca2+ Cl . S
.4 V ' = 20mL S1
. V1 = 500mL Ca2+ Cl . S1
@ @Z@iaa@@na
V1 = 100mL S1 ) (K + + I C1 = 0, 25mol/L
V2 = 150mL S2 m = 1,86g . KCl
. M(K) = 39, 1g/mol : . M(Cl) = 35, 5g/mol
@ @Z@ba@@na
30% ) . NaOH 100g
30g (.
) . d = 1,33
sol
eau
=d
U I
:
U
V
10 4
5.10 4
10 3
5.10 3
)C(mol/L
6, 9
6, 9
6, 9
5,9
)U(V
0, 44
2,3
4,6
19,5
)I(mA
) (Na+ + Cl
. G = 1,2mS
.1 ). G = f(C
.2 . G = 1,2mS
@ @Z@bra@@na
U
U = 5, 42V . I = 2, 74mA
:
.1
.2 .
@ @Z@bna@@na
20C . = 1,17 S /m : C = 0,1mol/L
. G = 31,1 mS
. L = 1cm S
.
@ @Z@ba@@na
25C V = 250mL n(K + ) = 1,54.104 mol
n(Na+ ) = 1,12.104 mol . Cl
.1 .
.2 . mol/m3
.3 .
.4 G S = 1, 2cm2 . L = 9, 5mm
.5 . H3O +
1.5 C .
2.5 . C
3.5 G .
4.5 .4
:
25C :
2006/2007
+
3O
@ @Z@@ba@na
25C V1 = 100mL S1 ) (K + + Cl
V2 = 100mL S2 ) . (Na+ + NO3 . C = 1,25.103 mol/L
.1 1 2 .
.2 . . mol/m3
.3 .
.4 1 2 .
:
Na+ = 50,1.104 S.m2 .mol1
@ @Z@@bra@na
25C V1 = 100mL S1 ) (K + + Br
. C2 = 9, 51.104 mol/L . V = V1 + V2 :
.1 .
.2 . mol/m3
.3 .
.4 1 2 S1 S2 .
.5 C1 C2 V1 V2 V .
.6 1 2 C1 C2 V1 V2
:
Na+ = 50,1.104 S.m2 .mol1
@ @Z@@sbra@na
. C2 = 200mL
.1 . .
2006/2007
.2
.3 .
.4 .
.5 .
.6 .
:
Na+ = 50,1.104 S.m2 .mol1
@ @ba@a@pbna
H+ . H+
- A1H/ A1
A2H/ A2 :
A 1H A 1 + H +
A 2 + H + A 2 H
A 1H + A 2 A 1 + A 2 H
-
.
AH/ A : AH A .
:
. AH A + H+
. :
H3O+ H2 O + H+
: H3O+ /H2O
H2 O OH + H+
: H2O / OH
@ @@b
@ @Za@na
- :
.1
H3O+ /H2 O
.2
.4
NH+4 /NH3
2006/2007
CH3COOH/ CH3COO .3
HNO3 /NO3
.6
H2SO 4 /HSO4
@ @Zbra@na
.
- .
. .1
. .2
. .3
)HNO3(l) + OH(aq
) NO3(aq
)+ H2O(l
. .4
+
)H3O(aq
)+ Cl(aq
)+ Na(aq
)+ OH(aq
) 2H2 O(l) + Cl(aq
)+ Na(aq
@ @Zsbra@na
V0 = 500mL .
. VS = 300mL
.1
.2
.3 .
.4 ) ) n0 (HCl(g .
.5 xmax .
+
). Cl(aq
) H3O(aq
.6
. Vm = 24L /mol
@ @Ziaa@na
A m = 0,27g
B VB = 100mL . CB = 0,2mol/L
.1 .
.2 ) NH+4(aq . A
) OH(aq .
.3 mB B
. .4
1.4 V = 20mL B . A .
2.4 .
3.4 .
+
) Cl(aq .
) OH(aq
) Na(aq
4.4 ) NH+4(aq
)NH+4(aq) /NH3(aq
); H2O(l) / OH(aq
@ @Z@ba@na
:
2006/2007
HCl
d = 1, 12
25%
M=36,5g/mol
:
.1 ) HCl(g V = 1L .
. Vm = 24L /mol
.2 VHCl . :
@ @ana@@a@pbm
: .
. .
.
.
:
. Ox /red
Ox + n.e red
:
n .
:
H2 O
H+
Ox 1 /red1 Ox 2 /red2
:
Ox 1 + n1 .e red1
Ox 1 :
red2 Ox 2 + n2 .e
red2 :
:
2006/2007
10
@ @@b
@@
@ @Z@a@na
:
3+
)Al(aq
/ Al(S) .1
O2 (g)/H2O(l) .2
)S2O6(aq
)/ S2 O23(aq
.3
2+
)MnO4(aq) /Mn(aq
.4
2+
)Fe(aq
/Fe(S) .5
3+
)Cr2O27(aq
)/ Cr(aq
.6
)ClO(aq
)/ Cl(aq
.7
2+
)Cu(aq
/ Cu(S) .8
@ @Z@bra@na
) m0 (Zn V1 = 50mL
2+
) Cu(aq C1 = 1mol/L .
)+ SO24(aq
.1
.2 . .
.3 . .
.4 ) m0 (Zn 1/ 3 .
.5 ) m ( Cu .
M(Cu) = 63,5g/ mol M(Zn) = 65, 4g/mol
:
@ @Z@sbra@na
m = 0, 65g
) Al(S V
) H(aq . C = 2mol/L
)+ Cl(aq
3+
+
) . Al(aq .
) H(aq )/ Al(S
.1 )/H2(g
.2 .
.3 V .
.4 .
M(Al) = 27g/mol Vm = 24L /mol
:
@ @Z@iaa@na
:
) . ( Na(aq
)+ ClO(aq
V = 10mL )
). ClO(aq
n0 (ClO ) = 4.102 mol
) I(aq
) K(aq
)+ I(aq
. n0 (I ) = 6.102 mol/L
). I2(aq
2006/2007
11
) . ClO(aq
)/ Cl(aq
.1
.
.2 .
+
) H(aq .
.3 . ) H2O(l
@ @bja@paba
.
.
: (
) ( )
(.
G . G V
.
:
)G(S
Gq
)V(mL
v q
2006/2007
12
E ) G = f(V .
.
@ @Z@jm@
) Na(aq
)+ OH(aq
) OH(aq !" S1
) K C2 = 0,1mol/L .
H3O(aq
)+ Cl(aq
2,5
)G(mS
1,5
) K G = f(V2
.3PVIHI, V2q 0%7=
?GKKXY5I
0,5
)V2 (mL
0
[U .4 Z> D KOIO
4 BC V2 0 %7*P H-
35
30
25
20
15
10
\6K8!!5
2006/2007
13
K S1 2 OH(aq)
VIHI, .5
@ @Z@a
+
* S ;<
K^ H3O(aq)
/H2 O(l) * S<
6 \] -D KO 3;
/<( =D >7D KOI.1
+
H3O(aq)
+ OH(aq)
2H2O(l)
W3_I/K OH(aq)
/H2O(l)
W3XY5IHK0%7P.2
.3
+
(a q )
+ O H
(a q )
2H
( l)
*P*7 x = 0
C2 .V2
C1 .V1
DKOI (=X
C2 .V2 X
C1 .V1 X
*qH*7 X = X max C2 .V2q Xmax = 0 C1 .V1 Xmax = 0
W*r&=
WVIHI
WGKDLXY5I=^*/-G$x*-=^*/4.5
C1 .V1 = C2 .V2q C1 = OH =
C2 .V2q
V1
0,1 24,5
= 2, 45.102 mol/L
100
@ @@b
Prof : Boudoula lahcen
14
2006/2007
@ @Z@a@na
V2 = 25mL ) H2CO3(aq C2
+
) K(aq . C1 = 0,1mol/L
)+ MnO4(aq
. V1q = 10mL
2+
) MnO4(aq) /Mn(aq
:
). H2CO3(aq) / C2O4H2(aq
.1
.
.
.3
) H2CO3(aq ) MnO4(aq . C2
.2
.4 m V = 300mL .
. m
:
; M(O) = 16g/mol
@ @Z@bra@na
C2 ) SO2(aq ) (S1
V2 = 25mL ) (S2
) I2(aq . C1 = 7,8.103 mol/L
)SO24(aq
.2 )/ SO2(aq
) I2(aq) /I(aq .
.3 . . Xmax
.4 . C2
) SO42 ( aq ) / SO 2 ( aq ) ; I 2 ( aq ) / I ( aq
:
@ @Z@sbra@na
2+
) Fe(aq S1 V1 = 20mL
C1
+
) K(aq
)+ MnO4(aq
.2 .
.3 . C1
2006/2007
15
@ @Z@iaa@na
. d = 1 ,83 :
:
P = 95%
S0
) H 2 SO4 ( aq
) 100 g
95 g
H 2 SO4
(.
:
. M = 98 ,1 g .mol 1
.1 C0 . S 0
.2 .
- ) H 2 SO4 ( aq .
- V 0 S 0 S V = 250 mL
. C = 0 ,1mol .L1
- . S
.3 ) H 2 ( g
:
-
. II
-
) H2( g
m = 0 ,48 g
V 1 = 10 ,0 mL
. S
-
.
- P = 1 ,013.10 5 Pa
) . R = 8 ,314 ( S .I
. = 20 C :
2006/2007
16