TAI LIEU ON THI HOC SINH GIOI

MON SINH LP 9
I/ MOT SO THUAT NG SINH HOC: 1. Tnh trang: - La nhng ac iem ve hnh thai cau tao, sinh l, sinh hoa cua c the ( ac iem hoac tnh chat bieu hien ra ben ngoai cua cac ca the trong loai giup ta nhan biet s khac biet gia cac ca the ) -V du: Than cao, qua luc... 2. Cap tnh trang tng phan -La2 trang thai (oi lap nhau ) bieu hien trai ngc nhau cua cung loai tnh trang - V du: Trn ,nhan 3. Nhan to di truyen : La nhan to quy nh cac tnh trang cua c the. 4. Giong thuan chung: La giong co ac tnh di truyen ong nhat, cac the he sau giong cac the he trc 5. Kieu hnh la to hp cac tnh trang cua c the. 6. Tnh trang troi: La tnh trang bieu hien F1 ( P thuan chung) 7. Tnh trang lan: La tnh tramg en F 2 mi c bieu hien 8. Kieu gen : La to hp toan bo cac gen trong te bao cua c the . Kieu gen quy nh kieu hnh. (thong thng khi noi ti kieu gen la ngi ta ch xet 1 vai gen lien quan ti kieu hnh can nghien cu) 9. The ong hp: La kieu Gen cha cap gen tng ng giong nhau. (aa,bb, AA) 10. The d hp: La kieu gen cha cap gen tng ng khac nhau.(Aa, Bb) 11) Cap NST tng ong : LaCap NST giong nhau ve hnh dang va kch thc 12) Bo NST lng boi:...cha cac cap NST tng ong ( tr NST gii tnh) 13) Bo NST n boi : ... cha 1 chiec cua cac cap tng ong. Chng I CAC TH NHIEM CUA MENDEN CAU HOI ON TAP CAC KIEN THC C BAN

GIAI BAI TAP LAI MOT CAP TNH TRANG A/ PHNG PHAP GIAI: I/ BAI TOAN THUAN: * La dang bai a biet tnh troi lan, kieu hnh cua P . T o tm kieu gen, kieu hnh cua F va lap s o lai. `1) Cach giai: Co 3 bc giai: Bc 1: Da vao e bai quy c gen troi, lan ( co the khong co bc nay neu nh bai a cho) Bc 2: T kieu hnh cua bo, me, bien luan e xac nh kieu gen cua bo me. Bc 3: Lap s o lai, xac nh ket qua cua kieu gen, kieu hnh con lai. 2) Th du:

TAI LIEU ON THI HOC SINH GIOI chuot, tnh trang long en la troi hoan toan so vi tnh trang long trang. Khi cho chuot long en giao phoi vi chuot long trang th ket qua giao phoi se nh the nao? II/ BAI TOAN NGHCH: *La dang bai tap da vao ket qua lai e suy ra kieu gen cua bo me va lap s o lai Thng gap 2 trng hp sau ay: 1) -Trng hp 1: Neu e bai cho t le phan tnh con lai: Co 2 bc giai: + Bc 1: Can c vao t le phan tnh con lai e suy ra kieu gen cua bo me. ( Rut gon t le a cho con lai thanh t le quen thuoc e de nhan xet) + Bc 2: Lap s o lai va nhan xet ket qua ( Lu y: Neu e bai cha xac nh gen troi lan th co the can c vao t le phan tnh con e quy c gen) -TH DU: Trong phep lai gia 2 cay lua than cao vi nhau; ngi ta thu c ket qua con lai nh sau: 3018 hat cho cay than cao, 1004 hat cho cay than thap.Hay bien luan va lap s o lai cho phep lai tren. 2) TRNG HP 2: Neu e bai khong cho t le phan tnh con lai: * e giai dang nay, da vao c che phan li va to hp NST trong qua trnh giam phan va thu tinh. Cu the la can c vao kieu gen cua F e suy ra giao t ma F co the nhan t bo va me. Sau o lap s o lai kiem nghiem * TH DU: ngi , mau mat nau la tnh trang troi so vi mau mat en la tnh trang lan. Trong 1 gia nh, bo me eu mat nau. Trong so cac con sinh ra thay co a con gai mat en. Hay bien luan va lap s o lai giai thch. B/ BAI TAP VAN DUNG BAI 1: ca chua, Qua o latnh trang troi hoan toan so vi qua vang . Hay lap s o lai e xac nh ket qua ve kieu gen, va kieu hnh cua con lai F1 trong cac trng hp sau: -P qua o x qua o -P qua o x qua vang -P qua vang x qua vang. BAI 2: Cho biet ruoi giam gen quy nh o dai canh nam tren NST thng va canh dai la troi so vi canh ngan. Khi cho giao phoi 2 ruoi giam P eu co canh dai vi nhau va thu c cac con lai F1 a) Hay lap s o lai noi tren. b) Neu tiep tuc cho canh dai F1 Lai phan tch . ket qua se nh the nao? BAI 3: ruoi giam, gen quy nh chieu dai ot than nam tren NST thng va ot than dai la tnh trang troi hoan toan so vi ot than ngan. Di ay la ket qua cua 1 so phep lai:

TAI LIEU ON THI HOC SINH GIOI Kieu hnh cua P a) ot than dai x ot than ngan b) ot than dai x ot than dai c) ot than dai x ot than ngan d) ot than dai x ot than ngan So ca the F1 thu c ot than ot than ngan dai 390 O 262 150 350 87 148 0

Hay giai thch va lap s o lai? BAI TAP 4 Toc quan la troi hoan toan so vi toc thang. - Mot cap v chong sinh c 2 a con: a con gai co toc quan, a con trai co toc thang. Biet rang ngi cha co toc thang. Hay tm kieu gen cua me va lap s o lai - Mot phu nu mang kieu gen d hp muon chac chan sinh con eu co toc quan th kieu gen va kieu hnh cua ngi chong phai nh the nao? BAI TAP SO5 Co 2 a tre sinh oi: 1 a toc quan va 1 a toc thang. Biet rang qua trnh giam phan va thu tinh cua te bao sinh duc cha va me dien ra bnh thng. -ay la trng hp sinh oi cung trng hay khac trng? Giai thch va lap s o lai sinh ra 2 a tre tren. - a con toc qan noi tren ln len ci v cung toc quan th the he con tiep theo se nh the nao? BAI TAP SO 6 Khi lai 2 ga trong trang vi 1 ga mai en eu thuan chung, ngi ta a thu c cac con lai ong loat co mau xanh da tri. a) Tnh trang tren c di truyen theo kieu nao? b) Cho cac con ga long da tri nay giao phoi vi nhau, s phan li cua nhng tnh trang trong quan the con ga se nh the nao? c) Cho lai con ga xanh da tri vi con ga long trang, s phan li i con se nh the nao? Co can kiem tra o thuan chung ban au khong? BAI TAP SO 7 S di truyen nhom mau c quy nh bi 3 gen( a len) IA quy nh nhom mau A, IB quy nh nhom mau B, con IO quy nh nhom mau O. Gen IA va IB tng ng nhau va troi hoan toan so vi IO . a) Cho biet kieu gen nhom mau A,B,AB, O. b) Neu bo thuoc nhom mau O, me thuoc nhom mau A th con co nhom mau g? c) Neu bo thuoc nhom mau B, me thuoc nhom mau AB th con sinh ra thuoc nhom mau nao? d) Neu cac con co u 4 nhom mau th bo me phai co kieu gen nh the nao? 3

TAI LIEU ON THI HOC SINH GIOI e) nha ho sinh ngi ta nham lam gia 2 a tre, biet rang cha me cua 1 a be co nhom mau O va A; Cha me cua a be kia co nhom mau A va AB . Hai a be co nhom mau O va A. Hay xac nh be nao la con cua cap v chong nao? f) V co nhom mau O, chong co nhom mau AB . Ho sinh ra con trai co nhom mau O. Tai sao co hien tng nay. Biet rang ngi v luon chung thuy vi chong mnh? BAI TAP SO 8 : Nha em A nuoi 1 oi tho ( 1 c, 1 cai) co long mau lang trang en. - La th nhat tho me cho 4 tho con, Trong o co 3 con lang trang en, 1 con trang. Em A cho rang ket qua nay nghiem ung quy luat phan li cua Menen. - La th 2, Tho me cung cho 4 con, trong o 1 con en, 2 con lang trang en va 1 con trang.Em A cho rang mnh a lam va noi lai rang ket qua nay nghiem ung t le cua quy luat troi khong hoan toan. a) theo em, nhan xet cua ban A hai trng hp tren co g khong thoa ang? b) Da vao au e biet c quy luat di truyen nao chi phoi 2 phep lai tren. Cho biet 1 gen quy nh 1 tnh trang, gen nam tren NST thng. BAI TAP 9: ga cap gen DD long en, Dd long mau xanh da tri, dd long mau trang. a) Hay viet kha nang co the co e giai thch va lap s o lai trong trng hp bo me giao phoi vi nhau tao ra F1 ch co 1 kieu hnh. b) Hay neu cac kha nang co the giai thch va lap s o lai trong trng hp bo me giao phoi vi nhau tao ra con F1 co nhieu hn 1 kieu hnh LAI HAI CAP TNH TRANG ( Mot gen quy nh 1 tnh trang) Phng phap giai: 1) BAI TOAN THUAN Biet P, xac nh ket qua lai F1 F2 . Cach lam tng t lai 1 cap tnh trang. Chu y cach viet cac loai giao t. - Trong te bao sinh dng, NST ton tai thanh tng cap nen gen cung ton tai thanh tng cap. V du: Aa, Bb. - Khi giam phan hnh thanh giao t: + Do s phan li cua cap NST trong cap tng ong, moi giao t ch cha 1 NST cua cap, do o giao t ch cha 1 gen cua cap tng ng: A hoac a B hoac b + S to hp t do cua cac NST trong cac cap tng ong dan en s to hp t do gia cac gen trong cap gen tng ng: Aco the to hp t do vi B hay b, a co the to hp vi B hay b nen kieu gen AaBb se cho ra 4 loai giao t la AB, Ab, aB, ab, vi t le ngang nhau ( tren so lng ln) - Trng hp d hp ve nhieu cap gen. V du: AaBbCc co the viet cac loai giao t theo kieu nhanh canh cay: C -> ABC 4

TAI LIEU ON THI HOC SINH GIOI B c -> ABc A C -> AbC b c -> Abc C -> aBC B c -> aBc a C -> abC c -> abc V du: GIAI BAI TAP : 1 loai, gen A quy nh long en troi hoan toan so vi gen a quy nh long trang, gen B quy nh long xoan troi hoan toan so vi gen b quy nh long thang. Cac gen nay phan li oc lap vi nhau va eu nam tren NST thng. Cho noi long en, xoan thuan chung lai vi noi long trang, thang c F1. Cho F1 lai phan tch th ket qua ve kieu gen, va kieu hnh cua phep lai se nh the nao? GIAI P: Long en, xoan x Long trang , thang AABB aabb GP : AB ab F1 AaBb ( Long en, xoan) F1 lai phan tch P: AaBb x aabb GP: AB, Ab, aB, ab ab FB: 1AaBb : 1Aabb :1aaBb :1aabb 1 Long en, xoan : 1 Long en, thang : 1 Long trang, xoan : 1 Long trang thang BAI TOAN NGHCH: Biet ket qua lai, xac nh kieu gen, va kieu hnh cua P - Trng hp n gian nhat la: + Ket qua lai cho 4 kieu hnh vi t le 9:3:3:1. T t le nay co the suy ratong so kieu to hp giao t la: 9+3+3+1= 16= 4x4. Chng to moi ben bo me a cho ra 4 loai giao t vi t le ngang nhau, cac gen phan li oc lap, bo me la d hp ve 2 cap gen, kieu gen AaBb. + Thng ta xet ket qua lai cua tng cap tnh trang con lai, sau o to hp ket qua cua cac ket qua lai 1 cap tnh trang lai ta xac nh c kieu gen cua bo me. * V du: Menen cho lai 2 cay au ha lan bo me deu co chung 1 kieu gen, thu c ket qua the he con nh sau: - Vang trn : 315 hat,- vang nhan 101 hat, - xanh trn : 108 hat, -xanh nhan : 32 hat a) Ket qua lai tuan theo quy luat di truyen nao? b) Xac nh kieu gen cua cac cay bo me va cac con. GIAI a) Xet s phan tnh cua tng cap tnh trang: Trn = 315+ 108 = 3 5

TAI LIEU ON THI HOC SINH GIOI Nhan 101 + 32 1 -Suy ra trn (A) la troi hoan toan so vi nhan (a) Vang = 315 + 101 = 3 Xanh 108 + 32 1 - Suy ra vang (B) la troi hoan toan so vi xanh (b). - Nh vay khi lai 2 cap tnh trang th s phan tnh cua moi cap dien ra giong nh lai 1 cap tnh trang. ieu nay chng to co s di truyen rieng re cua moi cap tnh trang. Noi cach khac s di truyen 2 cap tnh trang nay tuan theo quy luat phan li oclap cua Menen. b) - i con lai co hat nhan( keu gen la aa), suy ra moi ben bo me co 1 gen a. T le 3:1 cho phep ket luan bo me d hp ve cap gen nay: Aa x Aa - i con co hat xanh ( kieu gen la bb) , suy ra bo me moi ben co 1 gen b. T le 3:1 cho phep ket luan bo me d hp ve cap gen nay : Bb x Bb. - To hp cac kieu gen lai ta co kieu gen cua bo me la : AaBb x AaBb. + Kieu gen cua cac con: P: AaBb x AaBb Gp AB, Ab, aB, ab AB, Ab, Ab, ab Ke khung pennet -.> F1 Co 9 kieu gen la: 1 AABB, 2 AABb, 2 AaBB, 4 AaBb, 1 AAbb, 2 Aabb, 1 aaBB, 2 aa Bb , 1 aabb Va co 4 kieu hnh la: 9 vang trn : 3 vang nhan : 3 xanh trn : 1 xanh nhan

BAI TAP: BAI TAP 1: Da vao ket qua cua cac phep lai di ay, hay xac nh xem tnh trang nao la troi, tnh trang nao la lan, ong thi xac nh kieu gen cua cac cay bo me va i con trong moi phep lai. Phep lai 1: cho 12 cay ca chua lai vi nhau, ngi ta thu c F1 : 75% cay qua o, dang bau duc; 25% qua vang , dang bau duc. Phep lai 2: cho 2 cay ca chua lai vi nhau, thu c F1 75% cay co qua mau vang, dang tron; 25% cay co qua mau vang dang bau duc. cho biet moi tnh trang do 1 gen quy nh BAI TAP 2: Cho 1 ca the F1 lai vi 3 ca the khac: a) Vi ca the th nhat cthe he lai, trong o co 6, 25% kieu hnh cay thap hat dai b) Vi ca the th hai c the he lai trong o co 12,5% cay thap hat dai. c) Vi ca the th ba c the he lai, trong o co 25% cay thap hat dai. Cho biet moi gen nam tren 1 NST va quy nh 1 tnh trang. Cac cay cao la troi so vi cay thap, hat tron la troi so vi hat dai. Bien luan va viet s o lai 3 trng hp tren BAI TAP SO 3 6

TAI LIEU ON THI HOC SINH GIOI ruoi giam than xam la tnh trang troi hoan toan so vi than en, long ngan la tnh trang troi hoan toan so vi long dai. cac gen qui nh tnh trang nam tren cac nhiem sac the thng khac nhau . a)Xac nh kieu gen va kieu so hnh co the co khi to hp 2 tnh trang noi tren va liet ke. b)Viet cac loai giao t co the c tao ra t moi kieu gen

CHNG II: NHIEM SAC THE Giai ba tap ve nhiem sac the: A/ Nhng iem can lu y: Mot te bao sinh dng ( hoac hp t hoac te bao tran) - Lan phan bao th nhat tao ra 2 te bao con. - 2 te bao con lai nguyen phan lan 2 tao ra 22 = 4 te bao con. - 4 te bao con lai nguyen phan lan 3 tao ra 23 = 8 te bao con. - Tom lai , 1 te bao qua K lan nguyen phan tao ra 2k te bao con. - Vay so NST the he cuoi cung se la : 2n . 2k Mot te bao me qua giam phan cho ra 4 te bao con, neu: - Trong qua trnh phat sinh giao t c th chung tr thanh 4 tinh trung. Cac tinh trung eu tham gia vao qua trnh thu tinh. - Trong qua trnh phat sinh giao t cai th ch 1 te con tr thanh te bao trng trc tiep tham gia thu tinh, 3 te bao con lai la the cc khong tham gia vao thu tinh. Goi n la so cap NST tng ong, ta co: - So loai giao t c tao thanh : 2n - T le moi loai giao t c tao thanh : 1 2n - So kieu to hp khac nhau: 3n * Bo NST lng boi cua loai co trong:

TAI LIEU ON THI HOC SINH GIOI Hp t - Tinh nguyen bao va noan Te bao sinh dng nguyen bao Te` bao sinh duc s khai Bo NST lng boi : Luon luon ton tai thanh tng cap va hau het la cap tng ong (2n) Bo NST n boi : Ch cha 1 chiec cua cap tng ong (n) NST n co k sau, k cuoi, va au k trung gian : NST kep co` cuoi k trung gian, k au, k gia NST duoi xoan nhieu nhat k trung gian e de dang sao chep cac thong tin di truyen khi NST nhan oi NST ong xoan cc ai k gia ( co hnh thai ro nhat) e xep u hang tren mat phang xch ao cua thoi phan bao tao ieu kien cho s phan li ong eu cac NST n trong NP va giam phan II, NST kep trong giam phan I:

B/ Giai bai tap: BAI TAP 1: lua nc, 2n=24. Hay ch ro: a) So tam ong k sau cua nguyen phan. b) So tam ong k sau cua giam phan 1 ( K nay NST kep phan li => moi NST kep co 1 tam ong) c) So cromatit k gia cua nguyen phan. ( moiNST kep gom 2 cromatit nh nhau tam ong ) d) So cromatit k sau cua nguyen phan.( 2 cromatit tach nhau --> NST n --> khong con crimatit) e) So NST k sau cua nguyen phan ( 48) f) So NST k gia cua giam phan 1 ( 24 NST kep) g) So NST k cuoi cua giam phan 1 ( 12 kep) h) So NST k cuoi cua giam phan 2: ( 12 n) Neu biet rang s phan chia chat te bao xay ra k cuoi. Bai Tap 2: ga 2n= 78. Mot ga mai e c 32 trng, trong o co 25 trng c thu tinh nhng ch ap n c 23ga con. Hoi cac trng khong n co bo NST la bao nhieu? Bai tap so 3: Mot loai co bo NST 2n= 20 1. Mot nhom te bao cua loai mang 200 NST dang si manh. Xac nh so te` bao cua nhom. 2. Nhom te bao khac cua loai mang 400 NST kep. nhom te bao ang k nao, So lng te bao bang bao nhieu? cho biet dien bien cua cac te bao trong nhom eu nh nhau. 3. Nhom te bao th 3 cua loai tren mang 640 NST n ang phan li ve 2 cc cua te bao. nhom te bao ang k nao, so lng te bao bang bao nhieu? Bai tap so 4 ruoi giamco bo NST la 2n= 8 a. Xac nh so lng te bao va so lng NST khi co 3 te bao tren thc hien 5 lan nguyen phan b. Tnh so lng te bao con c tao ra khi cac te bao tren ket thuc giam phan II? 8

TAI LIEU ON THI HOC SINH GIOI c. Cho rang cac te bao con c tao ra tren hnh thanh cac tinh trung va eu tham gia vao qua trnh thu tinh, trong o so tinh trung trc tiep thu tinh chiem 4% so tinh trung c tao thanh noi tren. xac nh so hp t c tao thanh. BAI TAP SO 5: ruoi giam 2n=8 a) Mot nhom te bao sinh duc ang thc hien qua trnh giam phan co tat ca 28 NST kep. Hay xac nh: - Nhom te bao nay ang thi iem nao cua qua trnh giam phan. - So lng te bao thi iem tng ng. b) Mot nhom te bao sinh duc khac co tat ca 512 NST ang phan li ve 2 cc cua te bao. Hay xac nh: - So lng te bao cua nhom. - So te bao con khi nhom te bao tren ket thuc phan bao. Biet rang: Moi dien bien trong nhom te bao tren la nh nhau va te bao chat phan chia bnh thng khi ket thuc k cuoi cua moi lan phan bao. GIAI BAI 5 a) -Thi iemtrong giam phan co NST kep la: + Lan phan bao I: Cuoi k trung gian, k au, k gia, k sau, k cuoi + Lan phan bao II: K au, k gia - So te bao thi iem tng ng: + 128 : 8 = 16 + So te bao con la la 16 khi cac thi iem cua lan phan bao I La k trung gian, k au, k gia k sau + SoTe bao con la 32 khi k cuoi lan phan bao I va k au k gia cua lan phan bao II. b) So lng te bao sinh duc cfo 512 NST ang phan li ve 2 cc cua te bao Te bao sinh duc trong giam phan co NST n phan li ve 2 cc te bao la ang k sau cua lan phan bao II --> Moi te bao con cha 8 NST n . So te bao thi iem nay la 512 : 8 = 64 - So lng te bao con khi ket thuc phan bao la: 64 x 2 = 128

TAI LIEU ON THI HOC SINH GIOI CHNG III : ADN VA GEN A/ Tom tat l thuyet: - Moi chu k xoan co 10 cap nucleotit va cao 34 AO, nen kch thc cua moi cap nucleotit la 3,4Ao. Mot Nucleotit co khoi lng khoang 300 vc - Theo nguyen tac bo sung : A lien ket vi T, G lien ket vi X . V vay A=T, G=X.. T o suy ra: + So lng nucleotit cua ca ADN hoac gen k hieu la: N= 2A+2X + So lng nucleotit cua ca ADN hoac gen k hieu la: N=2A+2X + So lng nucleotit 1 mach cua ADN hay gen: N/2= A+X + % Cua 2 loai nucleotit khong bo sung : %A+%X=50% + chieu dai cua phan t ADN hay gen: L= N/2 x 3,4A0 - Goi k la so lt t sao t 1 phan t ADN(gen) ban au. So phan t c tao ra t t sao cuoi cung la 2k - 1 axit amim c ma hoa bi 3 nucleotit tren mARN . Khoi lng cua 1 aa la 110 vc B/ BAI TAP: BAI TAP 1: Mot gen co 3000 nucleotit, trong o co 900 A 1. Xac nh chieu dai cua gen. 2. So nucleotit tng loai cua gen la bao nhieu? 3. Khi gen t nhan oi 1 lan a lay t moi trng te bao bao nhieu nucleotit? Giai: 1. Chieu dai cua gen la: ( 3000:2) x 3,4 = 5100AO 2. So nucleotit tng loai cua gen: A = T = 900 nucleotit, G = X = ( 3000 : 2 ) 900 = 600 nucleotit 3. Khi gen t nhan oi 1 lan a lay t moi trng noi bao 3000 nucleotit BAI TAP 2: Mot gen cau truc co 60 chu k xoan, va co G= 20% nhan oi lien tiep 5 t. Moi gen con phien ma 3 lan , moi mARN cho 5riboxom trt qua e tong hp protein. a. Tnh so lng nucleotit gen. b. Khoi lng phan t cua gen la bao nhieu? c. Tnh so nucleotit moi loai ma moi trng noi bao can cung cap cho gen tai ban. d. So lng Nu ma moi trng noi bao cung cap e cac gen con tong hp tong hp mARN la bao nhieu? e. Tnh so lng phan t Protein c tong hp, So lng axit amin ma moi trng cung cap e tong hp cac phan t Protein. f. Trong qua trnh tong hp Protein a giai phong ra bao nhieu phan t nc, va hnh thanh bao nhieu moi lien ket peptit?

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TAI LIEU ON THI HOC SINH GIOI GIAI: a.Moi chu k xoan cua gen co 10 cap Nu. Vay so lng Nu cua gen la: 60 x 20 = 1200 Nu b. Moi Nu nang trung bnh la 300 vc. suy ra khoi lng phan t cua gen la: 1200 x 300 = 360000 vc c. Da vao NTBS va theo gia thiet, ta co % va so lng moi loai Nu cua gen : G=X=20%, A=T=30% ==> Suy ra G=X= 1200 x 30 = 360 Nu ; A=T= 1200 x 20 = 240 Nu 100 100 -so lng nucleotit moi loai moi trng cung cap cho gen tai ban 5 t lien tiep. A=T= ( 25 -1) 360 = 31 x 360 = 11160 Nu G=X= ( 25 -1) 240 = 31 x 240 = 7440 Nu d. so long phan t mARN Cac gen con tong hp c : 32 x 3 = 96 mARN -so lng ribonucleotit can cung cap e tong hp 1 phan t mARN la: 1200 = 600 Ribo 2 -tong so ribonucleotit can cung cap e tong hp 96 mARN la: 600(rib) x 96 = 57600 Ribo e.-Moi phan t mARN co 5 riboxom trt qua se tong hp c 5 phan t protein .suy ra (trong so 200 bo ba tren phan t mARN th co 199 bo ba ma hoa axit amin con bo ba cuoi cung cua mARN goi la bo 3 ket thuc khong tham gia vao qua trnh giai ma .v vay ,muon xac nh so lng axit amin can cung cap e tong hp nen 1 phan t protein th ta phai lay tong so bo ba tren gen ( hoac tren phan t mARN) tr i 1 bo ba ket thuc khong tham gia qua trnh giai ma) - So lng axit amin can cung cap e tong hp nen 480 Protein la: 199 x 480 = 95520 aa. f. e tong hp c 1 phan t Protein gom co 199 aa can giai phong ra 199 1 = 198 phan t nc e hnh thanh 198 lien ket peptit. Suy ra so lng phan t nc c giai phong khi tong hp 480 phan t Protein la: 198 x 480 = 95040 phan t nc - T o suy ra so lien ket peptit c hnh thanh la bang so phan t nc c giai phong ra trong qua trnh hnh thanh cac lien ket peptit ngha la a hnh thanh 95040 lien ket peptit. * Bai tap t giai: Bai 1. Gen B co 2400 Nucleotit, co hieu so cua A vi loai Nucleotit khac la 30% so Nucleotit cua gen. 1. Xac nh chieu dai cua gen 11

TAI LIEU ON THI HOC SINH GIOI 2. Qua trnh t sao cua gen B a dien ra lien tiep 3 t.Xac nh so Nu tng loai trong tong so gen mi c tao thanh t t sao cuoi cung. ap an 1. L= 4080 AO 2. A=T = 7680 Nu ; G=X= 1920 Nu. Bai 2: Hai gen B va b cung nam trong 1 te bao va co chieu dai bang nhau. Khi te bao nguen phan lien tiep 3 t th tong so Nu cua 2 gen tren trong the he te bao cuoi cung la 48000 Nu ( cac gen cha nhan oi). 1. Xac nh so te bao mi c tao thanh sau 3 t nguyen phan 6 noi tren. 2. Xac nh so Nu cua moi gen. Bai 3. Mot phan t mARN dai 2040 A0 , co A= 40%, U=20%, X= 10% SO Nu cua phan t mARN . 1. Xac nh tng loai Nu cua phan t mARN 2. Phan t mARN cha bao nuhieu bo ba? Bai 4: Mot oan gen B mang thong tin cau truc cua 1 loai Protein co trnh t cac Nu nh sau: Mach 1: - A-G-X-G-G-A-A-T-A-G-T-AMach 2: - T-X-G-X-X-T-T-A-T-X-A-T( Xet 2 trng hp) Bai tap 5:Mot gen Bb Ton tai tren 1 cap NST tng ong, gen B co chieu dai 5100 A0 co A= 15%, gen b co chieu dai 4080 A0 co so lng 4 loai Nu bang nhau. a. Tnh so Nu moi loai cua moi gen. b. Tnh so Nu moi loai cac k trong nguyen phan:( k gia, k cuoi) c. Tnh so lng moi loai Nu cac k cua giam phan: ( K gia I, k gia II, k cuoi II) Mot te bao cha cap gen noi tren nguyen phan 3 t lien tiep, oi hoi moi trng noi bao cung cap moi loai Nu la bao nhieu? d. Khi em lai cac c the cha cap gen tren, hay xac nh so lng Nu moi loai trong tng kieu gen i con. CHNG IV/ BIEN D I/ TOM TAT L THUYET 1. S o phan loai bien d Bien d Bien d di truyen ot bien ot bien gen Bien d khong di truyen (Thng bien)

Bien d to hp ot bien NST 12

TAI LIEU ON THI HOC SINH GIOI ot bien cau truc ot bien so lng The d boi

The a boi

-Bien d: La hien tng cac ca the i con co nhieu net khac nhau va khac vi bo me. - Bien d di truyen: la nhng bien oi trong vat chat di truyen va truyen lai cho cac the he sau, gom 2 loai la ot bien va bien d to hp. Bien d khong di truyen la nhng bien oi kieu hnh cua cung 1 kieu gen d tac ong cua nhng ieu kien moi trng khac nhau va khong di truyen cho i sau.(thng bien) - ot bien: La nhng bien oi trong vat chat di truyen cap o phan t ( gen) va te bao ( NST) 2. ot bien gen: a. Khai niem: La nhng bien oi cau truc cua gen lien quan en 1 hoac 1 so cap Nu . b. Cac dang ot bien gen ien hnh: - ot bien mat 1 cap Nu - ot bien them 1 cap Nu - ot bien thay the cap Nu - ot bien ao v tr cap Nu. c. C che phat sinh: - Tac nhan t moi trng trong c the: o la nhng roi loan sinh l lam mat can bang moi trng trong c the va lam roi loan qua trnh t sao cua phan t ADN. - Tac nhan t moi trng ben ngoai c the: o la cac tac nhan vat l( tia t ngoai, tia phong xa...) hoahoc ( oxin, thuoc tr sau DDT...) Lam ton thng phan t ADN hoac roi loan qua trnh t sao chep cua no. d. Vai tro: S bien oi cau truc cua gen do ot bien dan en nhng bien oi loai phan t protein ma no quy nh nen dan en bien oi kieu hnh. Nhng bien oi nay thng co hai cho ban than sinh vat. Tuy nhien cung co trng hp co li. 3. ot bien NST a. Khai niem: La nhng bien oi ve cau truc hay so lng NST b. Cac dang ot bien NST - ot bien cau truc NST: La nhng bien oi trong cau truc cua NST, gom cac dang sau: + ot bien mat oan + ot bien ao oan + ot bien lap oan + ot bien chuyen oan - ot bien so lng: La nhng bien oi so lng NST xay ra 1 hoac 1 so cap hoac xay ra tat ca bo NST, Gom cac dang sau: 13

TAI LIEU ON THI HOC SINH GIOI + D boi the: Them hoac mat mot hoac mot so` NST thuoc 1 hoac 1 so cap NST nao o + a boi the: Bo NST co so lng tang len theo boi so cua n, ( nhieu hn 2n) c. C che phat sinh - The d boi: Cac tac nhan gay ot bien lam roi loan qua trnh phan li cua 1 hoac 1 so cap NST nao o dan en s khong phan li cua chung va tao ra cac giao t bat thng( mot giao t cha ca 2 NST cua cap, con 1 giao t khong cha NST nao cua cap) - The a boi: Cac tac nhan gay ot bien lam roi loan qua trnh nguyen phan hoac giam phan dan en s khong hnh thanh thoi phan bao lam tat ca cac cap NST a nhan oi nhng khong phan li . d. Vai tro: - Cac dang ot bien cau truc NST va d boi the thng co hai cho ban than sinh vat. - Cac dang ot bien a boi the tao ra cac c the a boi co nhieu ac tnh quy: Kch thc ln, c quan sinh dng to, sinh trng phat trien manh va chong chu tot thng c chon e lam giong - Cac the a boi le thc vat thng khong co hat(khong sinh san hu tnh?) thng c nhan giong bang sinh san vo tnh(dam, chiet) - The a boi thng t gap ong vat bac cao v c che xac nh gii tnh rat phc tap.VD:Chng minh ? 4. Bien d to hp: a. Khai niem: La s to hp lai vat chat di truyen cua bo me thong qua qua trnh giao phoi dan ti s to hp lai cac tnh trang von co cua bo me, lam xuat hien cac tnh trang mi con cai. b. C che phat sinh: Do s phan li oc lap va to hp t do cua cac gen tren c s s phan li oc lap va to hp t do cua cac NST trong giam phan va thu tinh. c. Vai tro: - Cung cap nguyen lieu cho qua trnh chon giong, va tien hoa. - Lam sinh vat a dang phong phu 5. THNG BIEN: a. Khai niem: Thng bien la nhng bien oi kieu hnh cua cung 1 kieu gen, phat sinh trong i song ca the di tac ong trc tiep cua ieu kien ngoai canh. b. Tnh chat - Xuat hien ong loat theo hng xac nh - Bien oi kieu hnh ma khong bien oi kieu Gen. - Phat sinh trong i song ca the - Tng ng vi ieu kien ngoai canh - Khong di truyen c 14

TAI LIEU ON THI HOC SINH GIOI c. Vai tro: -Giup sinh vat co nhng bien oi kieu hnh thch nghi vi ieu kien ngoai canh cu the: 6. Mc phan ng: a. Khai niem: La gii han thng bien cua 1 kieu gen trc ieu kien ngoai canh khac nhau. b. Tnh chat - Do cung 1 kieu gen quy nh, do vay co gii han. - Kieu hnh la ket qua tng tac gia kieu gen va moi trng. - Cac tnh trang chat lng thng co mc phan ng hep, Con cac tnh trang so lng thng co mc phan ng rong. c. Y ngha: Trong chan nuoi va trong trot, Ngi ta van dung nhng hieu biet ve anh hng cua moi trng( ieu kien cham soc, k thuat cham soc, thc an phan bon...) oi vi cac tnh trang so lng. Nhng kien thc ve mc phan ng e co nhng bien phap nang cao nang xuat cay trong, vat nuoi. Nang suat(kieu hnh )= Giong (kieu Gen) + Ky thuat san xuat(Moi trng)

Tai sao cay trinh n xau ho ? Khi cham vao la cay trinh n, lap tc la cua no cup lai. o la nh co nc. Cac te bao cuong la khi trng nc se co o cng cng giup nang la, con khi ta cham vao cay lap tc cac te` bao nay b mat nc lam cho no xep lai dan en cuong la b gap xuong. Khi kch thch qua i, cac te bao cuong la lai hut no nc lam cho la tr lai v tr bnh thng. ( khong phai la phan xa than kinh) SI T NHEN? Neu ben cac si t nhen mong manh thanh 1 si co ng knh c ong nha mem dung e ti cay th co the dung no keo cung 1 luc 2 chiec may bay Boing 737. Tuy nhien ta khong the san xuat t nhen giong nh kieu nuoi tam lay t v khi nuoi nhen vi so lng ln chung se an tht lan nhau. Hien nay ngi ta san xuat t nhen bang con ng cong nghe sinh hoc: cu the la phan lap gen quy nh s tong hp protein cua nhen ( spiroinII) roi bang k thuat di truyen chuyen gen nay vao he gen cua de tao nen con de bien oi gen cho sa cha protein t nhen. Sau o, bang cong nghe ac biet, ngi ta lay sacho vao may keo thanh cac si t nhen. Vai det t cac si t nhen ben en noi ta co the may ao chong an E CNG ON TAP HOC K I MON SINH LP 9 Cau 1: Menen a nghien cu s di truyen cac tnh trang ( tm ra cac quy luat di truyen) bang phng phap g? Noi dung cua phng phap o? 15

TAI LIEU ON THI HOC SINH GIOI Cau 2: Trnh bay Th nhiem lai 1 cap tnh trang cua Menen? Menen giai thch ket qua th nghiem cua mnh nh the nao? Phat bieu noi dung cua quy luat phan li? Cau 3: Muon xac nh kieu gen cua 1 ca the mang tnh trang troi can phai lam g? Cau 4 : Troi khong hoan toan la g? cho v du? Cau 5: Can c vao au ma Menen cho rang cac tnh trang mau sac va hnh dang hat au trong th nghiem cua mnh lai di tuyen oc lap vi nhau? cau 6: Bien di to hp la g? no xuat hien trong hnh thc sinh san nao? Cau 7: Thc chat cua s di truyen oc lap nhat thiet F2 phai nh the nao? Cau 8: Neu noi dung cua quy luat phan li oc lap? y ngha cua quy luat phan li oc lap. Cau 9 : giai bai tap 2,3,4 5 trang 22,23 sgk : cau 10: Neu v du ve tnh ac trng cua bo NST cua moi loai sinh vat. Phan biet bo NST lng boi va n boi ? Cau truc ien hnh cua NST nhn ro nhat k nao cua qua trnh phan chi te bao? mo ta cau truc o.? Vai tro cua NST oi vi s di truyen cac tnh trang. Cau 11: Nhng dien bien c ban cua NST trong NP va GP? Cau 12: Y ngha cua NP, GP, thu tinh ? Cau 13: Trnh bay qua trnh phat sinh giao t ong vat? Giai thch tai sao bo NST trong cac loai sinh san hu tnh lai c duy tr va on nh qua cac the he c the? Cau 14: Neu nhng iem khac nhau gia NST thng va NST gii tnh? Tai sao trong cau truc dan so, t le nam: n xap x 1:1. Cau 15: The nao la di truyen lien ket? Y ngha cua di truyen lien ket? Hien tng nay bo sung cho quy luat di truyen cua Menen nh the nao? Cau 16: Neu ac iem hoa hoc cua phan t ADN? V sao ADN a dang va ac thu ? Cau 17: Mo ta cau truc khong gian cua phan t ADN? He qua cua NTBS: ? Viet 1 oan mach bo sung vi oan mach sau: - AGXAGGXAX Cau 18: Mo ta s lc qua trnh nhan oi cua ADN? Tai sao 2 ADN con c tao ra qua c che nhan oi lai giong ADN me( Trnh bay nguyen tac nhan oi) Cau 19: Nhng iem khac nhau c ban trong cau truc cua ADN va ARN? Cau 20: Mot oan mach ARN co trnh t cac nucleotit nh sau: - A A U G X X U U - Xac nh trnh t cac Nutronh gen a tong hp ra oan mach ARN tren? Cau 21: Tnh a dang va ac thu cua PROTEIN do nhng yeu to nao xac nh? Cau truc nao co vai tro chu yeu? Cau 22: Moi quan he gia gen va ARN , gia ARN va protein. Cau 23; ot bien gen la g? cho v du? Tai sao ot bien gen thng co hai cho ban than SV 16

TAI LIEU ON THI HOC SINH GIOI Cau 24: ot bien cau truc NST la g? Nguyen nhan gay ot bien? Tai sao thpng cohai? Cau 25: The d boi la g c che hnh thanh the d boi 2n+1 va 2n 1? Cau 26: The a boi la g? v du? c che hnh thanh? Cau 27: Thng bien la g? Phan biet thng bien va ot bien? CAU 28: Neu cac phng phap nghien cu s di truyen ngi? Y ngha cua cac phng phap o? Tai sao khong ap dung cac phng phap giong nh cac sinh vat khac? Cau 29: Neu nguyen nhan phat sinh cac tat benh di truyen ngi? bien phap han che ?

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