ee COCCOOCOOCOCCOE COC OE Ce C. Masivannan ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS (Fourth Semester) Re Haig Koren 01-5250 Hil @ EA, BWA) segte tee SATHYABAMA UNIVE! SITY Established under section 3 of UGC Aut, 1986) Accredited with B+ + Grade by NACC Prof.C. MURUGESAN Dr, A. SAMPATH. R. RAJAKUMAR, Faculty of Mathematics Sathyabama University Chennai — 600.119 SHRUTHI PUBLISHERS No: S4-A, Anand Nag, Tharapakkam. Chenns = 606096. Phone No" 044.2496 3933 CelLNo: D4a42 #7015 94442 32360First Edition: December 2006 (DAI Rights Reserved 'No part ofthis book may be reprodvced by’ any means without the ‘pros permission ofthe publisher an author Price Rs. 195". Design, Type-setting & Printing IMPRESSIONS Chena - 600 015 Cell: 98401 16488 | PREFACE ns Book Engineering Mathematics is writen in oF Sates ih the latest syllabus ofthe BEB Techn, cag OF Sathyabama University and other umversnics umber of University q simple manner. ‘FESS our heartfelt gratitude to our ru. JEFPIAAR, M.A. BL. for es pesings fo bring out his book. We express incense Baa ure Thiru. P. CHINNADURAL MLA, Mpa Mg Dieser Thiru N. MARIE JOHNSON, yi MBAy 2, Tmt MARIAZEENA JOHNSON BE” MBA. Sathyabama University, Chenn iii ~ 119. for theit encouragement and supporto prepare thie hank tke this opportunity to com RK. Mouly, Dr. S.S. Rau, MLB.A., PhD, We t Wey our gratitude to vs Vice » Registrar. Out sineere thane latha for their whole ty atrial and printing 'ypeset ofthe text. Any errors, omissions a improvement of this book will incomporated inthe next edition ind suggestions for the bbe acknowledged and Authors, eee ee ee 2aecoer COCOCOCCEOCEOCOECEE ECO EE 4 ( CONTENTS ee Chapter Name Page 1. | Fourier Series 1 2. | Partial Differential Equation 129) 3. | One Dimensional Wave Fquat 207 Heat Equations 4. | Two Dimensional Heat Flow Equation | 209 5. | Fourier Transforms 359| CHAPTER - Fourier Series Periodic Function: A function (x) is said tbe periodic i it iesetined for all real x and if there is some postive numb T ae that fo+T= fo), ‘he smallest value of T scaled the period ofthe fanetion For example, sin(e-+2n)= sin, sin (e+ 4m) = sina sin 461) “int Hence the period ofthe function is 2 Continuity of a function The Left hand limit of 42) at x = a is det fined as 'spproachesaffom the lef and is denoted by ya-) S(0V= Lf fla—B) as h-0 through postive values, ‘The right hand limit of /(s) at x = @ is dines approaches fom the ight andi denoted hy fas) Hae)= Lt fla+hy (2) A fascton /(2) is continuons nine interval [6 *iscontinwous at every point of be interval A function f(xdis said to be Har)=fla)= fa} eee eeSe ey Engineering Mathematics "The Function /(s) ¥ pieeowse continuous i an Tera (e.8)means that f(s) is continous at all but a finite number of points in (2,5) Fourier series: Let f(s)be a petiodic fntion. It can be expanded sa tigonomete sees “This series is called a Fourier series. The constants ay, a,and 2, ar called Fourier coefficients. ex's Farmola: Hf /(2)is a periodic function in the interval ESET reoycante wpresenedina tigate oes o, comme +35, sin me 2 Freer, fHe)sce mds i and 3 ee paaticamite fepettsScjonmeFicserm AD Integrating both sides of (1) wer 10x, We eet Fourier Series , Froa- [eB a =] Here the term by trm integration i allow Its possible, ifthe sens is uniformly convergent. frteac =F aes Fa, feos meds sine ce +E aso} Fite ‘To determine 0, multiply both sides of (1) by cos ax and Imegrate wr tox fom eto e+ 2 F reercosneate="f Secon nede +f ($1, cosn eae male F(a camenmen te eeeEngineering Mathematics Joos wr 4 Frtedeos mee To determine 4, muliply both ses of (1) by sin ny and imegrate ws. 103 from eto + 22 : Hein nc t= Fin mee T(Grmn)ae +P Se. sin sin mee =0406 fi, sia? mca (oy formula) sin? de = bya E frtesinmcade es.) Pree () sin These ae called Euler's Formulae Note(1) + He ~ 0 then Euler's formulas can be writen as ie frbosin neat Note (2): Ife, then Euer’s formulas can be writen as fra oleae aay | ee ee ee eePCE COTTE EE EEC ECC CC® Engineering Mathematics —_ - _ Drichlet’s conditions > The cxpansion of & function C0 iw @ Pasa able nincrwen ene ©) FG2Vis well defined and single valued i) —¥¢e) has Site number of points of discontimity iy FC) has ont Finite number of maxima and minima, These conditions are Driehlet's conditions, The conditions sven hove are not necessary Convergence of Fourier Set 1 The Fourier series of /(s) converges to f(s) at all points where F(s)is continuous IF fis continuous then the sum of Fourier series offs) atx = mis ft) 2. Ata point of discontimsity, the series converges t the average value of the right and left hand limits. the sum of the Ge) IF FCxVis discontent Fourier series = fbb. I+ 16 2] Jeena st ©) Jato no fea - OE @ Jom awn sw ro and vare functions of 4.0" 0" successive derivatives of wad, 0s, 05. integrals of v denote denote successive Example 1) 6 (5 (7-10), find the Fourie series off) in the interval (0,2) Solution Let the required Fourcr series be o -s'heo fy eosmedr= 1 Fle s)eosme ds Using integration by pans we get - SR (08m1 = £08 ne sin me “lec T _samy Example (2): Determine the Fou ‘ ae, etemine the Fourier sees expansion of Solution: Ey cos ne +34, sin ne o Here /02) | ° - . - - - - - - : - . - froin rete Fle Using Bernoulli's formulae we get SA a3) comme Yo, Hen-s 8 (2)CCC OCECCCEE CCC OCCT OCT Cteg Example 3): Find the Fourier series of (2)=b¢e= x)? mO- 108] Wek tat fo sin br r= asin ben fe = bn anians-tow] Fam = Consine cos] ale osew}-tos0 are OU are ‘The complex form ofthe Fourier Series is 1. Prove thatthe complex form ofthe Fourier series ofthe function Heyaem hewed is Eevee 2, Show thatthe complex form ofthe Fourier series ofthe function flaynein-w exer is poy $ cy 3. Find the complex of the Fourier series forthe following, seme (9) fl)=cosar mI) 4, Find the comple form of the Fourier series of =m Ld 103Engineering Mathematics _ Fourier Series 5. Find the complex form of FS of fls)=e™ lw —woxe min o the forme = SDHC Hence deduce that @ ° complex form of FS. for ms: *88-28§ £ 7 Find the complex form of the FS. of sah na we 1E cv 8. Findthe complex form of FS. of f(x) =@ ia Harmonic Analysis: “The process of finding the Fourier Soies of (8) from the en st of mumerial data is known as Harmonic Analysis. Consider the function f (2) defined in the interval (0, 2 ‘The Fourier series of fa) is siven by so0r=860$ acounes bine Wetnow tat} feorer=@-af wt | length ofthe interval » average of Using this formula in equations (1). 2, @) we get Lfar—o) [Average value of f (2) in the imervat (20) 2x (Average value off) inthe interval (0,271) pe Again, 0 = L{(2e 0) (average value of /() 0s nein 0, 22) on fEsaeee] 1s ee eeeCe CeCe ceCeetcetrr eee eeececd Engineering Mathematles = Note Gr W/ /(a) is defined in (0, then the Fouior Coefficients are given by va, =2 (Average value of (x) in (0.201 «a, =2 [Average value of /(e}eos!£in (0, 231 7 [Average value of /(a)sin 85m (0,20) The term o,co8-+ sin is called fundamental of fst ed second harmonic Note i harmonic, the term cos 2+, sin2% is cal and s0 0a Note (i: cosine series coeFicients are given by 1a, ©? [Average value of (0 ©. 1 1W-¢0) is defined in (0,1), then the Fourier af range ca,=2 tAverage value of /ateos”™£ in (0D) Note tiv): IF /) is defined in (0, 2, then the Fourier haf range sine series coefficients are given by b,=2 (Average value of /(2)sin”4 in (0,1) Ets Fourier Series Example 17 Compute tho ret three harmonics ofthe Fourier series for.) from the fllosing data om "iE | | 3 | 3 Tey [io jt 19 1 Solution: Here the function (2) is defined inthe interval 0 102 | oS] Hence the Fourier series i ofthe form ws 2 a, co8 3048, sine Fo 0804 +h, sin 2h, sin 3 (upto frst thresharmonies] (1) fist, take the Since the last value is a mere repetition of FY] Fe | ioe opto] ae Epis yor To] aos =p 1s | 07s =p ia | oe a7 wr= outer Serie oe Sohation =] > lo a | oe a ee aS | Ome as awe af oa aa a Teens IS ae as oe | om sed 1 pE/inin EP ae as are Pos poe ass ze . : pp ELsinsye : = Equation (1) cam be writen as AAs) =1A5 ~03665e08 0.120825 + 103c0838 +0.17sin x -0.058sin 2 2: Obtain Fourier series wp tothe second harmonic to ‘epresent the relation between x and yt the following data, PrTel2l 122 3 [3 3 | 3 err pop Sin 2s] Pee eRe eh EERE OEoes toctarcenr “Engineering Mathematics E y= (cone + sins) +(0,cos20 6, sn28) LS 5 1)cos 0280s x [0 (0.0003) 2s] 075 4(0.1)c0sx-0.289sinx + (0.0003)sin 2 Example 3: Determine the frst two harmonic of the Fourie series forthe folowing values PT°l=/2|*]2 12 _ _ b [nae re Solution: elem eee eee eee es Fourier Series | 0 (cos + sin3) +(@, cos2e +b, sin 2x) = 15 (0.373608 +1.005sin»)+(0,028¢0s2x—0.109sin23) 75-4 (03TReas: + 1005s) + (0.023e08 20 109sin 20) Example 4 Expand yin terms of a Fourier serie, upto the frst wo Ceaccelert no. Iamnanics o7)2 72] =e t ope pe 17s [aT m1aap saw [seme | afer | (65.702) 18567 Fourier Series ae 2 Eom) 1 Sgr a-1ss9 deaem ya (a cone +h sin) + (0, one by) 23.467 1.20508 +18 567sin x) + (-7.733e082x 1 559sin 28) 17335-41208 e084 18 $67 sax) = (1733c08 28 +15895in 20) Example $ ; The values of x and the corresponding values off) ‘over period Tare given Below. Show that fls)=0.7$-+0.376060 + 1.004sinde where = 22 eee [me [ars [ste TT) Fe [iam [aso | CaS] THO Frome [Os [THR Solution: Since the last value isa repetition ofthe first valus, we take the fist 6 values for our analysis. n= 6 Given T when x=0, 76,7 /3,7/3,7/2,27/3,57 6,7 where otakes the values 0,2/3,207/3,,402/3,5/3 respectively ween a tance epaeeawe Oh eeeCOCCOCOOCOCOOCE CE OC ci eaeeetiaeae « ees _ — eee ee T= =e Por~ tag + a, 0030 +6, sind “ eae eee eee ep pve Snantt® ee [as 130 5666 S F(a) = By sin + 6, 5in ZED) t 1 [vter) ms | 105 3 866 a i Tis) | sine [sim de | ysinx | ysin 2x t 130 oa 0 2 o 0 0 o en bape ao} oat [as 5 866 =a 26s Se O87 087 139 ~ ; a6 ost oa | —087 om | aa) m6 oe OS O87 oe | Sunn te above vein we bne soye 133-035 «10ms6xied Bxample 6 + Find the Half range sine series upto second Harmonie forthe funetion («defined in (2) af Eaee] eae 6 Substituting fond bin (1) the half range sine series is se 40sinx+1.207sin2x“Engincering Mathematics Example 7 Find the Fourier following data TTT 7 Lae] Solution: Hero six datas are given a6 (glad “The requied Fourier fais is roy=t » Senco ts Soy sn "(> second harmonic} 2 fa)» La, +4008 +.0,c08 7 ax +h sin ehsin2®() fot=3) Fourier Series py) =) = 2) 2 [=e p= Seige vain Tepe ee pa 700) = 9 ssc 633002 1 13a 0695 ste aa cals = ae dd Be (8) = 2083-83308 = 6.330082 Tpu pease pa ape to 3 3 (ERE eee =115sn 465028 7 [apes ee [al aa pas | ae 3 a0 sea oes | 0 aid ata} ate Example 8 ; Obtain the constant term and the coefficients of the ne 5 first sine and cosine tems inthe Fourie expansion of yas given in - the following table. ooo es 6 owes 1-9 Z| 5 8h oo 5 lon ae eee een heehee eens5 COCeCE COCCCOCECOC ECO ECO EE c € ee ei “Example 9” Obian the constant term and the fst armmonic inthe Engineering Mathematics _ Solution: Fourier series expansion fr if) where fs) is given in the follow ‘ere the length of the interval i different from 2 a oes 7 = (ie) = 3 since yis defined in (0,29 Ge) (06) since the FS. PT pe tar free fier [tre [ise [Tre [83 [oo ‘contains both consine and sine terms, 2 “The required Fourier series is of the form 10 | safes pias [57] o | Solution: We know thatthe Fourier series is given by T | sqeux+h sine 2 a (2 ee Fain ops fa fe 7 ae Tp eT Ys | OI | TOTO PTET I 3 [ae a ire aanar | as | THT | Te w08F | pe ee 5p Ta [aso | oan | iss TTS ee 7 ao] | oe pane foes arses | smi | a7 =z ota STREP | ssi AIT | 79889 | popper | aaa S12 | aT | a7 733 [oso | 06570 [3996554821 a [vedas | oper | oor | oa [3-90 aa ora e988 3 FORT iw} aero sao_| ios 67886 a} ae 0000 | RET | =F co Saat | 65197 1Fourier Series 3 Using 3 ondinates analyse harmonically the following dat to ola] [=] he 3. Computer the first two harmonies ofthe Fourier Sine series of fx) som the following data 130] 180] = Bt ajcoses hsine ye Br ajcosss [ze =12-1.5281c084.+ 1.0866 x 4. Using 6 ordinate scheme, analyse harmonically the data to 10 1. Compute the fst three harmonics of the Fourier series fof) fiom the folowing data, 1 be FS. of fs) fom the following capute the 1" 2 harmonics of th a0 oa 2.101 ~ 2805», 780052x + 0c083+ 495 sin2e+.202sin3 360" Tr] Ans: f(s) =2.10 ~ 0.283 cos x~ 0,18 cos 2.x + 16sin 0.49 sin 2 . ° - ° - - . - . - . . - . . ° “ “ . . . “ “ aCOCCOOCOECOOCOCOCE EE ae ee cecece Engincering Matematis _ 20. Obtain” the Fourier Series af the function 0, -e 30.Find the half range cosine series of (.x/2) ot x in (/2,0) soor[, 1. Find the half range eosin series of )=(e ~ lence find the sum of the series 32. Find the half range sine and cosine series of f(x) = tn (0) Deadce the sum ofthe series 33. Find the half range cosin series of f(x)=xsinx in (Ox) Deuce the sum of the series = a2Engineering Mathematics TaProve that iy these —e ve? a 35, Find the Fourier seriet of period 2x for the function Fl)=2 =x in (m.n), Hence the deduce the sum of the fet wee ee 36, Find the Fourier series expansion of period 2 forthe function x O Substituting the values of" and°B"an (1), get x + ay, whi isthe requted PDE. of ore | Example (2) + For the PDE by eliminating the constants fom (x=ay (yb) #1 Solution: Given 22(r-0)? +(y-9) 41 From (1), p= 2 (x-a)and g= 2b) ~a= Land pba d a typo$ ‘Substituting these values in (1), we get4225 +42 +4, which isthe requited PDE, Example (3): Form the PDE by eliminsting the arbitrary constant from 2 (8+) QB) Solution: Given z= (x24) 7 +) 0 Diferentiting (1) partly wer. tox and ye got a a 2x(y? +5) p= 28097 +B wants? eb)= p20" +6) Q) and q=2y (9 +9) °) Mutiplying (2) and (3), we get am day 43 740) a tayz froma) (pg 4uy2 which s@ PDE of fis onder "Example (4): Form the PDE by eliminating the arbitary constants from 2 Solution: Given 2. “ Then 2p = 2) and 24 = By (2) and (3), (1) cam be writen 25 peaks shy ay xt y which is @ PDE of 1 order ‘Example (6): Form the PDE by eliminating the arbitrary constants Solution: Given 2= 7+ Ve =a +b a then p=y+ @) and gee o From), (py =a? #9 a From 3), 1 > (p-yka-2=9 e+ "pa which isa PDE of Bist order Example (6): Form the PDE by eliminating the arbieary constants from2=ax’ thay ey": Here Solution: Givens = ae + hey + oy 0 Fe« « COCOCOCOCOCECOCOEOCEOCCOCOE OEE ce Se) ant+2 ° Here the number arbitrary constants tobe elimsnat is moe dan the number of independent variable. So we require the second (ot) higher other partial derivatives to eliminate the constants From(2), r=2a-2a=Land s=6 from (3), Substituting in (1, we gt Let toys ty? wrt ys + yt ~ 2e which isa PDB of second order From (1), 25+ 22 w0ssctes aap a0 ey ong 22-28 o-se*y «bag 0 @ Ditterentating (2) partially with espect tox 4 Partial Diferenial Equations aye Sa ptesso Be pono from@2) sere ap (9 Diteeniatng() partly wit respect oy Cab gq sbta=0 Gee fom) vats yg? = Example () + Find the PDE ofall planes cutting equal inereep from the x and y axes. Solution: Leta, bse be the intercepts on x,y and 2 axes respectively. Then the equation ofthe plane is 24 2+ 2.21 ae atte ere intercepts fom x and y axes are equal Z wy Differentiating partially with respect 0x and yEngineering Mathematics @ a From (2) and (3) we get 1 Hep a)=0-2 p~4=Owhich isa fst onder PDE. Example (9): Form the PDE ofall spheres whose center les on the Solution: The equation of a sphere with centre (a,b, 6) is (0) 0B) Hee =e Here the centre lies on the =~ axis(a= 0,60) Pay sGno? a Differentiating (1) partially with respect ox any, 2e+2(2 ps0 (2-ap=—¥ @ and 2y+2(2 eg =0=9(2-eg=-y 8) Ora 4 pv gr=0 whichisa PDE of frst onder. Exercise: Form the PDE by eliminating the arbitrary constants from the fatlowing baa (rear) Ans. a2 2eaxtby tab? Ans: 20 pat ay + pita? 3. lop ae ty=x tay +b ‘Ans: p (#1) = ge Part Eby the i piterntat Equations ination of arbitrary ‘Zia Formation of P functions The elimination of one srbitrary function gives paral differential cquations of fist onder, while the elimination of two arbitrary fimections gives partial differential equations of second of higher orders. [Example (1): Form the PDE by eliminating the arbitrary function fiom the elation z= f(s + ay), where ais a constant. Solution: Given 2 f(r ay) co) ‘We have to form the PDE by eliminating the arbitrary funtion J- Differentiating (1) partially with respect to. Differentiating (1) parally with respect toy retara o Dividing @2) by @).we get wa epg op, which nthe requied POE [Example (2): Form the PDE by climinating the arbitary funtion from he relation 2= f(x? +47 +7 Pa ytesty a From (1). p= "Ge! +97 + 249284250) @ anda = ("02 +7 424 N2y = 25p) “ eee ee ee ee© VOGUGGGCG COCO ECE CEE Engineering Mathematics Dividing (2) by Gh. we Bet Soluslon: gepeeead( Et aes Differentiating (1) partially with espest to, ye yps pros sltetsp =e (e+ yng etre) ee (+99 Dividing (2) by (3) we get, Corp ros Cornerar) entre yp ZG a 2) e _ Paria Dilferential Equations Form the PDE by eliminating the artery function Example Gh free the relation ay ye #2 Sol Given a+ o Diffretaing (1) patil with espect tx we get Gane yom prvzap ENB eh wen . atnens Ororermpss Eee ° ” a ay Diterensating (1) paral with respect toy we get (yn siggereganp Gem Gs Ge 5 (er pecreyge sy) Stes ° Gey From 2) and 6) GereeccryM Gre (+2) #22) (4 YN D)PH ZU AY He the rogue PDE. Example (5): Form the PDE by eliminating the arirary anton # from the relationEngineering Mathematics Solution: From the given a @ From (1) and (2) 22a 9P qa 20) - 2p pro ay pray =O which isthe equired PDE} Example (6: Find the PDE by climinating the arbitrary functions oe yt a2) from the rlation 292 Solution: Given sp2=60s! + “ Diflerentiating (1) pstilly with respect tox we Bet spt ye =p'(2r+ 2ep) @ Diferentiating (1) patil with respect toy we get va o Dividing (2) by (3) Paral Diferentat Equations Example @): Form the PDE by eliminating the arbitrary funetion J Srom the station = « 2) a) Using (1) and @)in @), we get zoe, * = xp + yp=2, which isthe required PDE. Example (8); Form the PDE by eliminating the arbitrary funesion from the relation *a{touss) Given 2 = afteres) 7 r{toms ene eaeeaan tance enreee eensCeOCCECEOCOCOEOC CECE Ce Cecece c eo is the required PDE. Example 9: For » PDE by eliminating the arbitrary fonetion fom te relaion 217 241064] y Solution: Given a From(), and g=2 6 Substituting (3) in 2), we get pater gat ye Wemps ante Note: Consider wo arbitrary functions and f,. So we can form the second or higher order PDE. Z= HO L009 o we Parva itfrentia Equations HOW Q) From, © OO ae HOOF'on Differentiating (2) parually with respect wo» we get See KOnW “ay alee Fo) ‘The equation (4) can be writen as and 0) 4°) vwhich i the eequited second order PDE. smple (10): Form the PDE by eliminating the arbitrary functions Sand g fromthe relation Solution: o @)Engincering Mathemat ®) ae a (usin g(2nd0) vs ye Ogo)+@) »E-ws0r+y _ BE <1 65% siete pied sso er PDE xample (1); Form he PDB by timate bier Funsons — sotaton: Gen saafter ne fiero © Kom DE aw eene Kerner) — i) ® mn Z ayers filer © Ditesitng 2) paral wirespet ox we gt seeesnertesne frees “ __ aria Disterenial Equations patterning Gy paraly wit respeet tor we wet, leon Keen Differentiating (2) parilly with eespest to we get BE Layne etye Hee fMEHO 1 Fe Mert HON AED [Nove (4) and (6) can be written as ats _ate F222 ape o ae ae ED ez _ ats and EASE pete 8) te BAe meen Substituting (8) in), we get ate ats, fate aera Law a" | ats ates Boe ar Example (12): Form the PDE by eliminating the arbitrary fnction from the vation 2= f(2x+3y)+ s+) Solution: Given 20 f(2e+3y) +8269) a a rom (1), E=2p(aue 3y)+ 2p e+ 2) From (1), B=2r@rv3y+ 292x499 c and Za3paxesy)+s'Qx+y) @) ee aeanaaaeCececce Ceeceecetee c Engineering Mathematics 3 From 21, 22 a4 ran 3yy+ag"v ey a 0) Fa spares sagtareyy “ From (), 22 opr as eaye gtt2es y) 6 Again fiom 2), 22 = 6" 2r4 39) 42642n+ 2, Sore 2x43) 46) 2 21928 a 26923 o (6) x4~ (9623 622-422 wiograce yy (8) a5? yee ‘Example (13): Form the PDE by eliminating the arbitary function 9 andy from the relation == w(x 39) + hr 39) Goes r= 9 sve) From) Eats 9yewtes3) o BOC INO IEW Gy M6 2 - From (223 = 6" #39) #y"U +399 ZS = s9"r4 39) From). = 9p" Gr #3y)-+6H'E8 £30) -oy"(r 39) and 22 y and The auxilary equations are ae _dy de Tc From 2 = we get logx = log y+ log a. 169 FE .« COgGdgauag COCCCEOCOCE CEE EOE Engineering Mathematies Similarly fom = & we ge Hine the ger iarae o£ Example (2) Solve: (me mp + (ne fehg 9b) mm. Pe nea == me Solution: ‘Using the set of multiplies xy, 2 each ofthe ratio in (1) xdrtydyeeds_ Woe 1y) + yom) 3) ‘Using the et of mulipiers m,n each ofthe ratio in (1) Dade + mde + de “Tome — ny) > moe a) + ly =) _ ade ydy ezds ay ° 0 Hence x de + ydy +2 de = Dand fds + my mde ~ 0, Integrating we get, Ha and Bes my tne =b Hence the general integral is 68 ty est teeny eyo Example @): Find the general solution of AG? =p )p ey 2 g=20" 8) The auxillary equations are 170 0 wee ‘Taking the set of multiplies as, reach of ratio in) enh See) eae o Using the set of moltiptiers 4.44, in (ay favs aye tae re) facet ays tae ° Hence x dx +y dy +2de=0and Luce Lays Integrating, x2 ¢ 9° F224 =a and log x + logy" log ek te, x ty’ +2 =a and xyz=b, Hence the general ineysal is @( x74 y"-+ 21 xyz = 0. Example (Solve: 2 py ‘The suilary equations are sie de deFrom the hist equality, Sax = Oy eB rom the ist and the last equality we get sdeaeds, 1 x Henge the genera integral is FU" =? yx? == ‘Example (5): Find the genera solution of (tsp + (¢ +g =x 4y “The auiiary equation are oa per ete ey derdy edz _dendy dyn cach scqulto SPB nd Taking the fist two ratios, disp) de») Beery) G3) lotr + 942) ogy) +o z logtx + y+2)=log(e— 99? + lovk (ory eae=y) =k Talang the last two ratios of equations (1), die~y)_dly=2) =F Imegraing. log (xy) =lon(y 2) + Ion m O) @ 0°) Solutions given by @) and (3) are independent. J le (Find the general solution p tan x +9 tan y= tan x Hence, the general solution is sles ys re ‘The auniliary equations are a ae Jrotsde= foots = foots ae Taking the fist two ratios, ny+ loge ae wy siny Similarly, taking the last two ratios, We get Example (1): Solve: (”-2)p +(@—24 ‘The auxiliary equations are a a a ee eee‘ COC Coecece Ceccecce ace necting M: Each is equal yore Since the denominators zero, d(x + y+) =0 ey tent Also taking Lagrange’s multiplies 38x 3:2 1 . Lag? yt Fae? ots) cach radio ig = 228+ 2+ se —_—_ Readies = Gaye yea) 7 Menee, dé +? +23) ~0. cavern “The general solution is (x4 9+ le (S)e Solve: x(y=2)p + HC2 The auxiliary equations are od ¥en Fe) syq=st~ 9») Fach is equal io Sts. D0-) Hence, d(xtyt2) =0 ie xtyiz=a ing the Lagrangian mulipicrs 14" we have Hence, 4 4 Integrating, log x + logy + log 2 Heence the general solution is f(x + y #2, 292) Example (9): Solve: (a2) p+ (2g = + NE—¥) Solution. The auxiliary equations are wy ee dead ede Bach sequal to ———_2#t 204s __ ‘aval t0 aaa) aye ep aD = too) ° dooy +2) -0.Honceny + 2-0 w ean cch oul in — reo, 9 — | _ a . Hence ty? + usnginetrng Mathratie OC eye awee Example (10) Solve pz gy 5% “The auiliary equations are age Poy x “Taking the fist and the last ratios, we get dx = ade egg“ sien of eo = SEA AE ab datyen Integrating. logy = log (x +» +2) Tog b o wey Hee, tegen one <2, 2) Bs ample (11): Solve: (Bz ~ 4y)p + (4x2: ‘The auniliary equations are dy “ des yd Bye +29 vtyteea Using the multipliers 2 3, 4 Each of equation (1) Ba hy ae Ber Ry + Be 6 By 2s + By 4 Hence 2x +39 #42~b ey Pest, Beesyeds Genera solution is 808" + 24. Partial Differential Equation of Higher order We shall study only linear partial diferemtial equations of higher order with constant coefficients. We can classify this study imo 690, ‘groups. Vie. () homogencous linear and (ji) non homogeneous linear equations For example, the equation, 22, a 22,2: 30 aay a eeCOOCOCCEOOCCOCEE COC COCO ER “Bngincering Mathematics ‘san equation which she paral derivatives occurring are al of the samte oie and the eaeffiiens are constants whereas, the equation 2, oe gt Be yh 98 : poy ®) ae ta possesses derivatives which are stall of the same order but with constant coeficents, (4) sealed» homogeneous Hnear equation ‘ith constant coefficients whereas (iis called a non homogenous tinea equation wth constant coetcins. We shall use the differential operators D and D’ to denote 2 nt pie 2 Sant ak. (@ Homogeneous linear equation ‘A homogencous linear paral differential equation of nt order with constant coefficients i af the form +05 Foy) ti) where a's are constants and F isa known function of x,y. Writing symbolically, () can Be wetten as ("+ aD D+ ADM Ds aD) F ey i) oF fDD)2= FOS») ity where /(D, D7) stands forthe polynomial expression aD" FD" DF aD" Dt aD" ‘The method of solving (ii) is analogous t0 that oF solving ordinary linear differential equation with constant eoetTcients. The complete solution of (ii) consists of two parts namely. the — ___ aia piterentat Equations omplementary finclion andthe particular integral, The ‘complementary finetion of (i) 4 he slation of SD.D9:=0 “9 sd he patoular integral of (i) a particular soltion of (giver symbolically by 1 Foy Hence the complete solutor Fee fomplementary function + particular smegral CF +P Complementary function of homogencous linear equations, with ‘constant coefficients Lel(ab" + aD"! D' +b" D+ 69) Or fD.D == Fay) 2 he the given homogeneous linear equation wth constant coefficients +aD")2" [Now the complementary funetion of (2) isthe solution of FD,DY:=0 °) Since f(D") is « polynomial which is homogeneous of degree inDand we ean fctories f(D," nt linear fctors, and hence (3) an be writen a8 (D-mDYD~m,D)..D=mD==0 “ where my ms. mae the 1088 of (0m Kor I onde my eset flomi)=0.inginering Mathematics Equation (3) wil be sl component differential equations 0,(D-m,D) the solution oF (om 0.-(D- (o-m,.b1 is agange’s equation Here the sida ito re eb Tmo “Therefore, y+ myx =e and 2k Hence the general solution of (D-m.D).2= 0s £-b,0-+m). Putting r= 1, 2aouy m WE get the general solutions of the component equations (6). Hence the most general solution of (3) 6 E474 m4 HALTH MADE ot BEL MEDD Where beady are arbieary fonctions ‘That is, the complementary function of (1) i (=m ADE BL EMA ALF MAD where msm my_ ate the roots of the auxiliary equation {Flr} =0 which is got by replacing D by m and Deby 1 in F{D.D’) and equating ito zero. Note. The above argument is vali only ifm #85 #0 me Aullary equation with repeated roots Suppose the auxiliary equation f(m)= O possesses two eq roots, say my ~ my, Then the above method “will give a complementary function with (a ~ 1) arbitrary funetions nly which will no be the complete solution of the given equation Parva Difereatial tn; =, we come BeOS the Component equation (o-mpyz0 o Let (D-mD= ® “Thon (7) becoes (o-mpw=0. wenorrme substituting this vals of in (8), mest @O-mD)=H-eme) o “Thins Lagrng's ation whos sary eins re oe Tom oem Sotvng thes, He yams cand sri ema ence the soln of (i sox. mad=he0 +m) ie, poahoremad=gaCo4me an) (10) isthe solution of (7) Note: [fhe auxitiry equation f(m.1)=0 has r equal roots m= me = co me then the corresponding part in the complementary function is Ot ms) + bay tm) ex, Om, “The partlowlar integral 181 ae ee ee ee‘ coce « COCCOCEE COE CEE € [Engineering Mathematis Evaluation of the paiicular wiegral in POD.E, is analogous to that ofthe PA in an ordinary Knear differentia equation, There ate methods fo evaluate the particular integrals of the homogeneous Tinear equation with consti: cooficents, ‘The methods are given tai st mo faben ret amy vewyeys ‘Type tt 1 3 (axe by) FD* DD D™ jos Bryon) * 659% oe hens) ON FD aD sin arsinhy _ sinaxsin by TypeV. pre Sarsindy se denominator + re TDD) fal 7 osaxcosby _ sosaxcosby IF denominator #0 Firs Ghange p10 marin F (yp ntegrate wet treating yas 9 constant and then in the resulting integral shange y to L Finn. me y+ mx. The result thus go is the value of ‘The result thus > or Integrate F(x, me) wart. x and after integration replace “a” by y+ me 1 4m +4= 0 [Replace D by mand D' by 1 in F(D_D') and equate 2er0 1 oes) 2a Solving m Since RILS. 820, there ino Particular integral, le. ee flye2e) expr 29) Genera solution is 2 = fy 43+ L429) Example @: ("= DD” -DD'= D')z=0 ‘The ausliary equation is -0 at (m— Dee isoineig Mathnaice “ (m1) mat ivi General solution is Z=$ 498 (+i FO =H) Example (4: Solve: Writing this equation symbolically, we get, (D +p0'-20” ° “ “The auiiary equation ism’ + m—2= 0, ving m= 1,2. Hence the CF of (1) given by Z=H0 944,029) @ RUS. of (1) 2010, Hence the complete solution of (1) s the CE. itso Thus the complete soto i (2). Example (8): Solve: (Dp! -3p°D' + 4D%)r=e""” “The auxiliary equation ism’ Sm +40, ie. (m+ im-2)=0 4, Hence the CB. §)(9 9 49560-42014 18500428) wil Equations p'=b=2) ‘Example (6): Solve: (D? ~72DD"~6D" jr = ‘The auiiary equation is mW? Tm -6=0 Bvienly —-m=Tisa root Factorzin, (nm? m8) (ov Wom 3342) 20 23 CF hy -940y (y-20) 4850 439 aoa PL“ DY SappF 60" ae (w-2, d= a= 8s ee ee caeceteeceeeeeeeneeseeearCOOCCOOCEC COCO ER c Le Engineering Mathematics The complete solution is CR+ PL Bah 940-2946 030) pr By “a Herc, ie complee sion i Example (8: Sov: a wae ‘Writing in the symbolic form, we have (D-20*D):=0" ‘Auxiliary equation isn? = 2 CF is§,009 428,000,020 86 FO) 4 OE He" Partial Diferental Equations ‘The complete solution is s=borestsoneoa be (where Denominator vanishes when Note: D- 5" Disreplced by sand. by) Example (9: (D” ~4DD"+ 4D"*)e=e" Aualiary equation is mt dms4=0 CF 24,042 438,0 420 ad 20 Replacing Dby 2, D’ by I the denominator is zr. z using the result P. The complete olution is (y+20)+29,0420 + 17engosiing Example (10) Solve: Away equation s mn? stms1=0 mat CF Ey 8,0-) Leora (en, = Sere) 20" = Moxy aby et eee ODF ‘The complete solution is CEAPL = 3)+x6,07- 2) +L Sinh(xe yy Lertr LODE AO ESintre spk Example (11): Solve: = Site ee Partial Diferent P26 wet Bry Oa? Give 3 D°s-SDD's 16D" 2=0"” (? -spp' + 60" To get the Auniliary equation, replace D by m and D! by AB is m=23 10+ 204850439) Do veD™ Here a = Tat Replace D by Land 0” by | 1 Tossa” “2 a Hence the complete solution is syeker 104296 O34 ‘Example (12): Sol Solve: (D? —4D*D’ +4DD")z=6sin(2x +23) Given: (D? ~4D2D' + 4DD")z = 6sin(Sx +29) AB is m? dn? + = mG? 4m +4) 0 m=0,2,2 CF 4,60) 4856042014 2,042) ee eeCoeccceces CCCCECOOCOEC ECC EOE 4 Engineering Matherat . ‘DDT DD Replace D# by—3*,D” by. 2°, DD’by (3.2) ° Dp? ap a0) singe +29) Plm B Pl. 6sin(Qu +23) Gsin@x +23) 6 sin(Sx +29) S88 129). aeoue4 29) Hence the complete solution is 228,09 4:04 20) 420,014 22) + Boost») ‘Example (15): Solve: e: aiey a = Given: m=2,3 CF=8,04 29 +6:0-30) costs +) Hence the complete solution is (+ 22)+ 430-39) Example (14): Solve a2 os ae Bay sin xeos2y ee: aa DYz~ DD'z=sinxcos2y Givens ZF sinxeos2y cs ABis m? —m=>m=04 CF=4,0) 48,09 sin xe0s2y [sin(x + 29) +sin(2 299] XL eapsmes 2) wr-2)] 21D = po" 1 alpen +4, pipe Ph] PL, sin( #29) Di Replace D? by -1? =Land DD" by ~(-2)=2ngincering Mathenates L ned ings =25)= 4 site 259 Ply= fosesay-! Lfmt29)-tonts-2)] seboretsoeniedane20 Example (15): Solve: 53S 6 a oy ay ( -Db"- 6D)== ABs m? +m 620-5) [Take the highest power of D as the common term in the denominator fen Partial Diterental Equations Ben [omit the iaher ipower of De Since frepowerof Vist] Hence the complete solution is 810420460399 2 Example (16): Solve: es, ee (p -2'D)z=38'y AB is m? —201? =0= m=0,0,2. 094x640) +0.07 28) 3 pee eee eee staeceeesecarOOO COCOA COR EOC OEE Engineering Mashematis _ als) by omiting the ems D2, Do Wet piel Bley st, .2] Af} sab 13 @ Example (17): Sob ry 82 He, a ey 8 (p' -3pb'+ 2D" )z=e" since 2) 2 4 inte —29) AB is m? 3422055 m= 12. 10+) +0504 20) oF fer + since 299] 1 Pie DP spp 2DD™ ——! Dea 30+ 2D" singe 299 lo ferential Equations z ae “pap 20" Replace D by 2, D’ by 3 Pr, singe 29) “spp e2D* Dt =a) =-4 po'=-.-)=2 singe 29) sin(x—29) eran 7 is 1 ate singe ~2 pred a) Hence the complete sostion is L arr Ls 29 spsints- 29? 46+ 04820 20+ a Example (18): Solve: (D? -20D)2=2° ABis m? =2m=0= m=02 CF=4,) +0429) wsHence the complet solution is ho) etn e ELE 00440142922 Example 19): 8 (D* ~200'+ "Vz =coxtx 39) "he ausillary equation is mam 20, CF=40 +N 4 b+) Pra S= 39) = 200+ 20s 39) 28-5 1 Tete) 196 o pala 64 mend spiag gy HO proves #=? fassnsinx fen scasjhere ar * example 0: 5 pyzeryte wr 201 solve © “pe ausilary eatin mt 2m wy SeORS CR CORE RE OR eee AEee o¢ eet Engineering Mathematics Dy en The complete sootion is, oe oe ee (0) +8202) SE Example 22): Solve: (D? + 3DD'+2D")e= x+y “The ausilary equation is CF 88,009) +8,0- 29 zy pe Tapp" 207 195 Example 23): Solve: (D? ~ PDs “The auaillary equation is CF=8,0)4809 _ D+ Dsinsxsin2y ~D@- DDO +P ati] Diterentat Equations fernngineering Mathematis 1 1 DD + Do sin sin 400. 2y HO! + DDsip-xsin2y 1 Hsin sin2y + 2c08x€0829] Hence, the general solution is #=610)+8,(742)~412e063c082y~ sin xsin2y] Example 24): Solve: (D? + 20's D)z=2e08y ~asiny ‘The ausillay equation is me s2ms 120 Lot CF $40 = 439,09) pro ees ~Fpr [comas 9 rsinas ide where pata [2sin(a + x)+ veosta + 2) singx +a) where y= + a ai Do cosa $x) +sin( a+ 3) 1 Bop ttcosy +siny] = flrcota ++ sintas ye where yas + Partial Differentat Equations Xain(G AY ¥ Osa yA) COMa* x) where yea te The general solution is 2240-804 9200+ 83m Example Q5): Solve: (D* ~ 30D" 20")2=(2+4xJe""”" ‘The ausillary equation is mr? —3m42=0. 12 Fishy ened y-29 er nay) T3ppr+2D* PB et x 44n) (@=2Dy(D- DF WWW HOs)-T IH aed @-w-HO-B-H eeseae Pan ee ee rr acCocece « COoCeeece € COO E € Engineering Mathematics (D+ DD" 6D") =e0s(2+y) ABs m? 4 m=-6=0= m 07 +22) +4,0'= 39) costs +») = frcosiae+e+30)de, = freosisr tds sinSx+0)_(_ cone +6) saso. (sa) Hence the complete solution is x 1 2409+ 22) 46,0730) + Zain(2e+ 99+ Leost2e+ 4419420) +6.07~ 38) + Zsin(2e+ 91+ Zecosle +) Example 27}: Solve: (D* -DD'-20")z=(y De" AB is m? -m—2=0-9 (m+ IN —2) 0-3 m=—b2 CF =§\(r=2) 4,074 28) 202 i itterentil Equations 1 GSD VD ye D=3D) oD 10-2) 0300+ 28) + 90 Example 28): Solve: (D? -200'+ D*)e ints —2y) +e 29) Given; (D? = 2DD' + D")z=sinlx—2)) + e°(2 +29) AB As me? 2m 5 o> CF =H 40 O48) 1 Pi fide) (042) D appa" : a oe sn tet) es Bwoe Bw (e429) PI= Ply+ Ply 1 Ply = sin Dip oT 20Engnciring Mat sie ana Jeter 2t0-myy —B pp Sore toe ae [x4 200" — De") rH 20¢me! te"peayse (e+ 2y)e" +e") = fiz+2c—ole'des fora, y=e-x = flees 2c" 408] de=[Cxs 2e,e" (pe! +e") mare 27+ set 420! alee dy)et azet Hence, the complet solution is Ore aoe Dates dpi oe! Lame-29) 20 Tyaeeayp since —29 «Loins — ine —294 «—Faints 29) Exercises 1 Se te flowing squats © W800" 100") 200" shieernetioaorter Gi) (D’-3D*D'+4D") ze" Ho-Me hordes fO28 (iy ©0060") sneaks) Fehv429«f0-39~bsotae+39 Gv) (DP -4D'D'4 ADD") 2 =6sinGe+ 29) 24,0) +9.) +20)4 xby(y +24) + Deos(Bx +29) () @* + DD"-6") Fe fl+20+ Ky —A9+ (vi) (BP +300"+ 20") 22H 0-94 h-2 (sip (DY 70D? ~6D%) z= sin(x+2y) +e" Fe AU M16 O-20)+ HO B0)~ Leeoks + 39) — he” (il) (D* + DD'~6D") z= yeoss Fa GOEI+ LOI sin x— yeoss ferential Equations ne eeecocece COCOCCOOCOCEEOCOEOEECEEE Engineering Mather ‘ix) (0 - DD'-2D7) 2=0 De" {0000+ fal 20+ Det &) wo) cos 698) (xi) (DPD) ze cos2xC083y (xi) (DP 4300-40") z=siny 1 aye fornetsn hb dye ho enetsiny CHAPTER -3 Application of Partial Differential Eqi ONE DIMENTIONAL WAVE EQUATION &HEAT EQUA’ 3.1 Introduction ‘The partial differenti! equations commonly arise from the mathematical formulation of physical problems. We have to find solutions of such equations which satisfy certain intial and boundary conditions, Such problems ate called Boundary value problems The conditions which are given from time t = 0 ae called int conditions. ‘The conditions atthe boundary of the region are called boundary conditions. Inthe previous chapter we found solutions of paral diferent equations which involved arbitrary functions. “These arbitrary functions are dificult to adjust so as o satisfy given boundary conditions. For imposing the boundary conditions of the ‘physical problem on the solution of PDE, we apply the method of ‘separation of variables (oF) produet method. “Method of separation of variables: Let be the dependent variable and x. y be the independent variables. Assume te solution t be the product of two functions, 1 and the other fonction of y alone ‘one of them a function of x ‘Then the solution of the partial differential equations is converted {nto the solution of ordinary differential equations. ‘This method is explained in the following examples.Engineering Mathematics —_ - Example (1): Solve by the method of separation of varsbles The ee: til ditfeential equation =. par uation Solution: 2a ae Given 22%, 2 a ee Here Zea finetion of and y So let Z = XY (2) be the solution of (1) [Xisa function of x only; Yis a function ofy only} 2 ra Wax ra Vs 47' 20 a) By separating the variables, we get Aten oy xy LAS is a function of x only and RHS is function of y only. Since the variables x and y are independent, each side is equal fo 8 0) “a Equations (3) and (4) are ordinary differential equations For (3), and AB.is m? -2m—h =O Wee 208 Application of Patil Diferntal Equations Solution of 3) 4e"V" 5 pelne Integrating (4 with respect ty, we get log ¥ =-by + og ey => tog” Substiatng the values of X and ¥ (2), Wess 2a[acbRh 5 aeb oA, «ro an [bRh peb hh “The constants 4=AC, and ac, ‘The constant 4, and k can be determined s0 a8 to satify the siven boundary conditions. Example (2) + Using the method of separation of variables, solve where u(x,0) 66°", Solution Here wis a fonction of x and Let w= AT. where Xs a function of x only and Tis ¢ funetion of «only, be a solution ofthe given equation ‘The given equation can be writen as MOT 2247" XT = xeren a eeCOCCCEOCECECOCOCOCOCEEE € Enginvering Mathematics Application of Partin Diferntial Ea r Integrating (1) we get log A =ke+logaand logT =1U-1) t 40g Fee x substitting the values of Yand Tin (2), we et Ge) us,t)= ae" be oh om wen that 1,0) = 66" From 2), w(x.0) = abe abe” ab-6 and k oh side i «constant “ @) @ Hence uxt 68 which is the required solusion au _du sample (2): Find a solution ofthe equation 2-4 = 4.4 20 in the Bxample (3): Find a solution ofthe oem fiom w=.(4) ¥(9). Solve the equation subjest to the conditions for al values of y wand Hat +e when 2 Soinions Hee w=uls3 aa ae in Ee “0 ° a ey ‘he solaion of 8 Letw XY o (1) canbe writen as XY =A 2 ‘By separating the variables, we pet ALU YoY Since the variables + and y are independent, each side is fp Dak Ge Ar aT e2ok (so) ok and Ee 20k zg Yfor the equation (3), AR ism -t=0 hmesiE Solution of @)is X= 40" « pe For the equation (4) Integrating with espect », we get Log Y= (K- 2+ loga 2th sy cagt Substituting the values of and Yin (2), we get sem [te + 26 ft bo sme en Asda B= Ba ‘whichis the required solution. Giver that w = 0 when x=0 (ie) 40,9 From (5), uO,y)-=(4, + Be = (4+ Be" 20.4, 6 8 0-28, a, M4 ,9) = A fo eAE jet ‘Again we have the condition a 2 “ © Application of Partial Diterential Equation von (8), B= fe 4 0H From (5), = 4, fF f SE A200 Exe When x=0,2 224 Wee a 2a, gfhe™" tne A ese yah Bae )i2E o> Brample (4): Solve the equation 22 =e" cos.rgiven that w= 0 when t=0, and 2 owhen x =0. a ou Given cose “ Here w isa fonetion of x and, So let w= XT @ be the solution of (1), eu a From 2), Maar" and @, (2) canbe writen as sy a3 CeCe Cee Cee “ER‘oginering Matermaties = Xk os cand 7 Xaksine te, Substituting the values of Vand Tin 2), we get entciarse(-Le'sa) aoe 5 ee) (3) becomes _ oceofeneng tow Saasen(anse a EC OCOCCECOCOEECOOCEO COCO ECOCOCOCOEECE Integrating we get, ° “ Application of Parl Difeental Equations When x=0,2%=0 gives Dire) <0 400 (4) becomes, t}a(\-e"sin.c, which isthe equted solton 132Classification of Partial Differential Equations of the Second Order “The most general linear partial differential equation of second cre Sane wn au Ab yp Ze vc Th DEBE + Fad be Aig +Bing + Cty #Duy + Buy + Fa oy whore A,B,C D. Fare in general functions of andy: “The above equation (1)is (0 etiptc a point (3) i the pane i 440-0 (i) parabolic if - 44C=0 Gihyperboie it = 44C>0 Examples ipteType Parabolic Type—_Myperboic Type Guguiy Sete a1 oe ae” a? a? ot a a? a tee austen mre, mmr Bek anyrT | :ngineering Mathematics | _Agplication of Patil Differential Equations Tollowing equations i Pe G9) One dimensional wave equation ar? 2 = 24 | a oF | Solution: (Here A= 1, B=0,C=1 | 1 44C'= — 40 Hence the equation is elliptic B4AC = 4-4 = 0.forall xy Hence the equation is parabolic a all pons, @ a=¥,B90,071-7) Bw -sac aay) navy) For all x except x =0, is He Mo teye ty 1 isnegative BL AAC is veif-Teyel, 140 For the equation is hyperbole For.x=0 forall or for all,x,y"= 4 1 the equation is paraboti Example 2): Classify the equations: (0) The Laplace equation 2° 20 a ay e (The Poisson equation ation wy GivA= 1, C#1, B=0 Here B - 44C =~ 420 Hence tis eliptic (iy Hered = 2,820,020 B-44c=0 Hence itis parabolic (yy Heed =a", B=0,.C=-1 Hence, B 44C=4 050 ‘Therefore, the equation is hyperbotic. 3.3 Transverse Vibrations ofa stretched clastic string Derivation of one dimensional wave equation Let vs considera small transverse sibratons of an elastic string fof length, which is stretched and then fixed at its Wo ends. Nov ‘ve wil study the transverse ibration ofthe string when no extemal Jorces acon it Take an end ofthe string a the origin andthe sing fn the equilibrium postion as the xaxis and the lie through the longin and perpendicular tothe x-axis a8 the y-axis, We make the following assumptions, for derivation. (The motion takes place emirely in one plane, (chosen as the plane). (i) tn this plane, each particle of the string moves in a Aveetion perpendicular tothe equilibrium postion ofthe a ea eee eeCOCCECOCEOCEOCOCOCOOCEE EEE cee : “Engineering Mathematis (Ga) The tension T cauied by Sueiching the sting Before pooner ng (0) Teel Fey ag compe wh he weit ie sng ml ee pil tase aye vont (0) Teeter ton isepble (vi) The string is perfectly flexible. It can transmit only tonnage foe (oy These dso ee la pb asta nes ‘When the string i in motion in they plane, the displacement y ‘of any point of the string isa funtion of x and time Let P(x, 9) and O(s-+ 8, y 45) be two neighbouring points on the sing. Let \W and y +5y be the inclinations made by the tangents at P and Q _ __ Application of Partial Diferetal Equations Feapecivay withthe wane. Let me the mass per unit lenath of the string which is homogeneous. Consider the motion of the {nfisitesimal element PQ of the string The vertical component of the force to which this element subjected 10s Tsingy +8y)-P sin (approximately), Tey +8y)-wh singe in =Toy se acres of helen te OY dston 22. te length of PQ 8 Br, then the mass of PQ 8 m.8s tence by the second law of Newton, the equation of motion tecomes, nbs 22 at any ime and at any distance from the end = 0. ‘Solution: The displacement» of the pariele ata distance « from the end ¥ “Oat Ginetis ay Ben ae o ‘he boundary, condone ( yOu)=0,— forlts20 ( in=0,— fratiz0 2) <0 for Osx Wo (2) 20. prasass nore syae() forosast [Now solving (1) an sslesting the proper soltion Ito suit ‘he physical nature ofthe problem and making use ofthe boundary conditions (3) and (i) we ge, eran! (conttt pent). Asin ig bmi ction, (2) -o- pant oat) HBO, 2) becomes p(x. 1)= 0. Dao (cannot be 2-0). Hence (2) becomes, YI Application of Paral ilferential Equations where wis any integer and B18 any woun=8, cost, T “The most general solution satisfying (1) and the boundary conditions (0) (and (i) s 0° Gand 5038) “ae eT) Bye sin cost 29 gin cog ME tap BE sin cos 28 sin con Moai ‘A tity stretched string with fixed end points «= 0 itis set Example Q): {sina at rest in its equilibrium position, and ‘vibrating giving each point a velocity 3s (Fv. ind the displacement a Solulon: ‘The wave equation is 2 Sotuton: The wave equntion is =F The ends are fined at x = Q and x “J. The boundary conditions tewai) joraiir20 Aik HeO=6, forsee ih (B) ssn, joroses an Solving (1) and selecting the suitable solution. and making wse of ‘he boundary conditions () and (i) a before, we get 200) Bain ontt« ain Pt) @ ‘Again sing (i, Cin 0, for all OS x: Cin 0, forall-sx] BE a-epy (0, sm is even, and 24 itnis ot 3 fa mis oda (0.1m iseven Substituting te value of By in (3), we get, ee ee :Cocca CeeCCCOCCOEEEE « incering Mathematics imple (3): The points of wisection of ghily seh string of length with fixed ends are pulled aside through a distance d on ‘opposite sides of the position of equilibrium, and the string is ‘released ffom rest, Obtain an expression forthe displacement ofthe string at any subsequent time and shor” thatthe mid point of the string aways remains a es. Let Band Ce the points of tiseotion ofthe string OA. The initial position of the string is shown by lines ODEA, where BD =CE=d Fidisoa ‘The daplcementy fi oen by a2 Y i a a » “The boundary soning are Mon= — frrz0 fee froses! 20 “Fo Find The ital postion of the sting, we require the equation of ODEA. The equation of OD is» “The equation of EA is “The Fourth inital condition i derived uae 7 for Osxsifs sd ta weoa{ta-20 jor Lees « nal fu-a0 oe ge485 Mw 2 Monn Tee ae toe rea Example (6) 20 and ‘A tightly stretched string with endpoints lis initaly in a position given by ¥(50) = yy sin™*, Fit is eeleaed from rest from this position, find ‘the displacement y(x.) at any point ofthe string 2» eece aoe nce CO OCC OCOCOCELE EE EEE TES ce SEETETEE S SETRTES EEE ESERIES E SETETRTES SEE SEES E SURE SE ETERS EE SLES SE EEE EEEE Engineering Mathematics Salution, The boundary conditions ae 0.)=0, for 120 © Mined, for 120 w a) sin™ for OSes! @) ¢ 1 [Asan example (1) wing the first thre conditions, we have sat a r= DB sin cos = Using boundary conditions (9), in (2) 9600) = sin Comparing both sides, 8, = yp and B, -On21 Using By (1) we get a.0= 9 sin cos Example (7): A sting is stretched and fastened 10 two points! apart. Motion is started by displacing the string into the form y= k(is—x)" fiom which #6 released at time (= 0. Find the displacement of any point ofthe sting at a distaee from one end at any time ‘Solution: Using the boundary condiions (3), (i) and (i) as in the previous examples, we get penne 52, cost o ae an {aing boundary condition (4,0) (x0) = 5B, sin = ls) This shows that this isthe bal range Fourier sie series of ‘kx 2), Using the formula for Fourier coefficients, we get Je psn a foitmiseven 585 ienisoas Substtusing im (1) we ge ip 28D 5 Or Da T 7 zoSeah wee heh eteervreaewdticnagea Engineering Mathematis Example (6): A taut sing of engi 27-16 fastened at both ends ‘The mid Point of the string is taken to height band then released fiom the rest in that position. Find the displacement ofthe string ion: Taking an end as ori, the hourdary conditions are © yOn=0, 120 6) ya19=0, 20 2) seoses 09 (2), -aoeesa w M0) Bea Let the solution is WN) = (Acoshs + Beosix)(Ceosial + Dsindat) 41) ‘sing the fist boundary condition 240 Appleaion of Parta Ditferentat Fu WO AC osha» Dain ab} =O Ano, using 2,1) Owe get Bsin204Ccoshat + Dsindat) 0 BO, 20 Using (2!) ; weget D=0 vo Se sn conta @ Using boundary condition (iv) in (2), we get 0)= Sy sintt = osxst boats Pex-2 ders Using half range Fourier sine series, we get 21ere OOo een ra eeeenedr coe ‘ngineering Mathematics _2n=at m Model 101 Example (10); Solve the problem of the vibrating sting forthe {allowing boundary condition= ©) 910.0, Gi) 00 (i) Levayarte= oer! 2 Application of Part Ditferentil Equations Tae Gy 0, in Lexet 2 Sotution: In his problem, ffs) ad g(x) are given in (i) and Here g(s) "301-0 flsysindex lf? xm rexel 2 lore Cy 02 Here C, 6% front {ean feos]neering Mathematics Of seven Again, D, cae sin torn oe a eon a wei 0a ar ei oan T __# sig 22= Dna} a0re 7 | Example (10): A uniform elastic sting of length 60 ems i subjected toa constant tension of 2 kg, If the ends are fixed and the Inia) displacement (1,0) = 60 7.0.<<60,while the initia ‘elvis 6nd te dpacementfncon 3), Satan The diplacement yx. sma the equation are a 1s sotaton H(A or A sn de)(4contars usin tax) 0) co Were the following condition © 0.00, (x In this problem » Gi) Fexoy00 69) y40) ‘By applying the conditions (i), (i), and (i, we get Meth Sy sin oe at @ Ms a 4 Sige ee eos 4seocece COCCOCOOEE COCOCCOOCE EE Enginering Mathematics BY the condition (1), we have ayers 5 2 Here =, = BGO fume v= = iol Jef) a Applicaton of Partial Ditferential qu Example GO}r A ighly svetched sting with fed end poi and x = Fis initlly at rest in its equilibrium postion. If is set vibrating by ving ald 9), fd 9400 The displacement (x0) satisfies the equation cach of its points @seocity “The solution of (1) 8 st) =(dy 6082 + Ay si 2s)(A €05 Rat + Ay sin Fat) @ Here we have the conditions, 6) 90.9=0, GH yt.)=0 Giy O=0 By applying the conditions (3, (i). end Gil) in 2), we ast wat o 7 BC = SA, sin cos A ee a SA, sin By the condition (0), n-9oB a“Engineering Mathematis Which is the Half range sine series representing” the Tanctio; dx in 0.0. Which is the requized solution (ns od). 35 One dimension: hheat flow equation In this article, we s I consider the low of heat and the sccompanying variation of temperature with postion and with time im conducting solids, The following empirical laws are taken asthe basis of investigation, (© Heat ows fom a higher to lower temperature. (Gi) The amount of heat required to produce a given temperature change in body is proportional tothe mass ofthe body and to the temperate change. This eonstant of proportionality ‘sfnown as the specific heat eof the conducting materia. T Application of Parti Diferential Equations ‘Gad The rate at which heat flows though an area is proportional to the area and to the temperature gradient normal 19 the area, This constant of proportionality is known 36 the ‘thermal conductivity (A) ofthe materia. Consider a bar or rod of homogeneous material of density per fem?) and having a constant cross-sectional area A (om). We suppose that the sides ofthe har ar insulated so tat the streamlines of heat flow are all parallel and perpendicular tothe are A. Take an ‘end of the bar a5 the origin and the direction of heat flow as the postive x-axis Let be the specific heat and & the thermal conductivity of the saterial CConsider an element got between two parallel sections DEF and LMNP st distnces x and x+ Sx from the origin 0, the sections being perpendicular to the x-axis. ‘The mass ofthe element = 4px ee eeeFCCC OCOCOOC COCO OOOO ECOOCEEO LE Engincring Mathematies, _ Tet u(x.)be the temperature ata distance x atime 7 By the second law enunciated above, the rate of increase of heat inthe element ~ dpbse SE. Hf By and Rs ate respectively the rater rand (eal/sec) of inflow and outflow, for the sections wea Be, then that heat flows from higher to lower temperature (ie. ie negative (ie St ie mega Equatng the rates of inarease of heat frm the 180 empirical aus, pets. = RR, a eul(22) (2) (Beha Be) (2) Taking the limits 8x +0, when «48x uk 2(ae ial Diteretal Eqn is called the diffusivity (em*/sec.) of the substance. If ¥e swe denote t byt”, the above equation takes the frm a a Oe where a = A pe This equation is one dimensional heat equation 2.6 Solution of heat equation by the method of separation of vari es We have to solve the equation eu ee Assume solution ofthe form as) = XO), where Aisa function of x alone and P's 2 funtion oft lone. ‘Then (1) becomes, araa'x'T a @) oT “The left hand side isa fanstion of x alone and the ight hand side is fanction ofr lone, where x and ¢ are independent variablesBaginecring “The equation (2) can be tue only Wf each expiesTon We quaT Sa eons tant) N°-EY=0, and 1'-a°AT=0 ° Te nature of solution of) depends upon the values ofk Case (), Let b= Then (3) becomes, 2 positive number, R20, and Solving, we get = Ae + Be and T=C Case i), Let &=-3! ,a negative number. Then (3) becomes MY =O, ond Teaer=0 Solving, we obtain Xu A, coche + Bysindx and T= Gee Case (i. Letk=0. Then X*=0 and 7'=0 Solving, we arve Art By and TC, Hence the posible solutions of (1) are We = Ce +e Vet o UCC. = (4; e054 + By sin a ay Mentha eB)6, a 29 Application of Part Diserenial Equations ‘ul ofthese tvee possible solutions, we have to select the solution which will suit the physical nature ofthe problem and the siven boundary conditions. As we ate concemed with heat conduction, uxt) must decrease with increase of time, Therefore, ‘ve select the second solution to suit the physical nature of the problems. In the steady-state conditions, when the temperature no longer varies with ime, the solution ofthe diffusion equation (1) will be the last solution I. Example (1): A rod of em. with insulated lateral surface is initially at temperature fa) alan inner poin distant xem. from one end. If both the ends ae kept at zero temperature, find the temperature at any point ofthe rod at any subsequent time. Solution: Let u(x.)be the temperature at any point distant x fom fone end at any time ¢ sevonds. Then w satisfies the partial Aiferential equation. ou tow aaa 2 “The boundary coins ae 0,9 =0 foratt=0 © 2s A ee eeeCOCCOCOE OE eCOCCECOO EE « Pee aaee = Engineering Mathematics ula}=0 for all = a snd the initial condition i uxO= (9, fordexel «iy Solving the equation (1) by the method of separation of variables and selecting the suitable solution {10 suit the physical nature of the problem. xt) =(4eos x + Bsin dance" @ ‘Substituting the boundary condition (iin (2), we get, mo.n= a =0, forall 20 Axo Using. the Boundary condition (i) in (2), we obtain, Mb)=Bsine?* 0, forall 120 he. Bain! =o. 1610, (2) will bea vil solution. Hence sin A= 0 i= where nis any integer a integer ‘Then (2) reduces o sin 8) ax) where By is any constant, Since the equation (1) is linea, its most general solution is ‘obiained by a near combination of soluions given by (3) ence the most general solution is 2st Application of Paria Differential Equations Sainte? Oy Using (iin (4), ax (0), for O0 o (10.210 forall 150 «iy an the iit! condition is ____ pplication of Paria! Diterentia Equation WED = BREW for OI ‘Gu [Now we have non-zero boundary values and the procedure adopted in the previous problem has tobe modified ‘So we break up the required function u (1) into two pats and write ued =m Gr Hcn where u(x) is a solution of (1) involving only and satisying the boundary conditions () and (i) and u(x.) isa faneton defined by (6) and satisfying the equation (1), “Thos (x) steady-state solution of (1) and uy (1) may then be regarded as a transient solution which decrease with increase of 1 (2) satisfiest 1), au, & Solving, (9 And u(0)=5=50 using ti) 1, (10) = 10a-+50-= 10, using i) O,where (0) =$0 and (10) 10, eb, Hence a=-4, ‘Thus, (9) = 50-4, a Consequenty, 4 (0.)= 40.) -u, (0) = 50-50: ww (10,9 = oO) (10) and (8,0)= 1 (0) - ula) = Ox +20) - (50-4) ies (60) = 6x -30 ow [Now w (41 also satisfies (1) and (iv), (. Solving (1) and selecting a suitable solution 4) encecteeeaeeeeeeeeeeea OO Engineering Mathematics — ‘Using the boundary condition Wn (3, w(Oy=Ae%20 forall #20 azo Using (0) i (8) BsintOKe™ =0, sin tOn <0 forall 1>0 Since 2 +0, Hence 102 == ie, =, where mis any inte 0 a “Therefore, (5) becomes, ‘The most general solution of (1) 5 S a, sntBe ee o ‘Using the inital condition (vi) in (6). 2B, sin! 264-30, for <1 <10. 2 mento : 460) ‘Thus is itself ourierhal-zange sine series for 62-30 in O0. We note that (a) tends 10 40) 881-9 au ae sample (5): Solve wa? 2 subject to the conditions Example (5): Solve M wax? F subj ( wis not infinite ast > 0 (i) 00 for =Oand xx forallt 268Engineering Matheantios Gi) wane for iO.) Solution; Solving the differential equation by the method of separation of variables, we get ss) = (de 4 Be “ = (Aeosie+ Banke ay = (Ax +B) an 1s three possible solutions AS U9 > win colution . Hence we reject solution as isnot infinite ast + «2 per condition (i. Further solution Mis. independent of & (steady state solution). Hence we scoot solution Has suitable one Let u(x) (A 60s he + Bsn axe an Using (0. =0 in I, we get Ae 0 2A Using u(e,s)=0, int, we get Bsinane" <0 B20. (otherwise u=0) Hence, sinkn =0 rany integer u(e.0=2, sinnre** many integer Hence, the most general solution is B, since a Now, we wil se the initial condition to find By 268 sion of Parta itterenial Equations Thisis half range Fourier sine series for (= x°) Boccia a? 2 subject to arte @ —u@n=0 for t20 «uae for 120 (i) HOAX for Osess/2 1 x Jor’ 265 eoeeeeeenaeee he & 6 6@ |« COCCOEE CCeCeelCecece cece Enginecring Sol separation of w lof which we selec, t= (Acos he Bain bane Using (0,1) =O (1), we get A= Using (1) =0in(),B sin 22 =0 any imegee, Hence, u(t» B, sine Hence, the most general solution is usin = 3 By sine [Now we us the tied inital condition in (2) 10)- Fay Ege fnton 2 3 fsntttace faa 266 font "Solving the given differential equation by he method of ables we got three possible ses of solutions, ost o @) a? 2 subject to the conditions 2 () wis not infinite ast > a ii) 4-0 for x Oand x =I wo ends thermally insulted) we c Gi) wate fort =0,06R<1 ‘Asin the previous problems, we select (x) =(Aeosie + Bsin dane" “ (Al sin x + Bh cosdnye* M04) 200 Beer 202.8 =0 ee M20 -Adsind le" 0‘njlncering Mathematics Az0 Hence hmm us) = 4,008 7 Hence, the most general solution is given by ¥ (4, cost! aes Using u(x0)=be-3? forO-0 “ 16 0)- 2 eee foroesst wa a etecocece ‘ eOCOCCECOCEECE ecece i ogincering Mathematis _ ‘Now, m unsteady state, at) = (e052. x + Bsin 292 8) Using the frst to boundaries conditions, ee get 0:2" any integer Hence, w(t) =, sina 7 “The most general solution is Yasin ‘Using boundary condition (i, we get mes “a u(so)= 38, sin PoE “This is hal-range Furier sine series. mm SMe ncaylan tA ares ‘Example (11): A rod of length /em long, with insulated sides, has 5 centigrade and b” centigrade respectively until steady state conditions prevail, The temperature at Ais then its ends A and B kept at suddenly raised to centigrade and atthe same that at B is lowered. tog centigrade. Find the temperature distibution w (x1) subsequently. Solution: inthe steady state, u satisfies a je, UEDx+E AL x=0.uea AL oxehueb uo 2feea, — imsteady state @ When the temperate at A and B are changed, the state i no longer steady. Ut becomes transient. Let (41) be the temperature in the next state, The boundary conditions are © wo.nse1>0 msEngineering Mathematics and Gi) exo) rta,forocxel Now, the boundary nitions are not 2810s. This tansient ate, after a long time, will again be steady, The boundary ‘conditions both inthe transient state and subsequent steady sate will be WO.=e, hed In other words u(x.) consists of two portions C0 and Cs) where, (2)i8 the steady state fonction and is the wansient state function ae OED) ° hey (0)=e and n(0,9 Ou 0.) %Ond, ull=wOeullnad hich implies, «,(0,4)=0, a(h2)-=0 1, (9) the steady state funtion satis, ee woiewu, -ax+8 “ Now use u (0) ee, 4) Beeandal +p due Bey = 4,5 woo= Eee io Now, satisfies 26 Application of Par a Diferential Equations (A cos f+ sin daye®™ O subject 0 u,(0,1)=0 ww nanno o (0) =0x)—4 0) bee-a-d Ft erta-o wy Now find A,B, in (6) using Gv), (9). (v9 14 (02) 0 implies A= 0 yh) =0 implies = ill) =0 2 400) = 8, sin ES @ Now 4 (%0)= 30, sin PPE EAE 5 (go, ee eeCOocececce ee « Application of Partiat Dilferential Equations A ate os =2fa-0-0-an-v] using By in (7) and then using (3) we get mewn (0) +060 weune(S5Ee04) 25 end onc" jo Example (12); A rod of length Phas its end A and B kept at °C and 120°C respectively until steady state conditions prevail. If the temperature at B is reduced to OPC and kept so while that of A is maintained, find the temperature distribution in the rod Solution ‘The temperature distribution satisfies the equation aoe Oo 1 ao i ms Pu Insteady ete tierotcesto S40 o | Solving this xaation, we get | uaa a) | Given hate=0at x= 0 Beo | Again w= 120 atx =F 120 20 > AItB. Equation (3) becomes u = 122 x Now the temperature at B is reduced to ze, The state is no more steady sat. For his transient state, the boundary conditions are © wa,n=0 120 (i) Win=0, 20 “The initial temperature ofthis state isthe temperature inthe previous state 20 aa iy {the temperature distribution reached atthe steady state is x0) ‘he inital temperate distribution forthe transient state) ‘Now, we have to find u(x) stistying the equation (1) and the conditions) (i) and (i. (1) of the form a The solution of (Aces px Bain pie?" 2»Engineering Mathemitles Using the condition () an), we Azo (4) eauces 0 ests Bein pe “ sing (i in). we Bet in p= 0 fam poh Plame 2 pot ‘The mont gener sation s wn =D, sin Bere © using condition (iin (6), we get rE = 200) =2 yr 40-20} 240 yor 2 (28) 1. Arod of length (has is ends A and B kept st O°C and 100°C unit steady state condition prevail mos. Cyn ar Ifthe temperature at Bis reduced 280 = Application of Partial Dilferentil Equations Soadeny To O'C aad Kepiso while that of A is maintained, find the temperature u(x) ata distance rom A and at time & 2. The end A and B of a rod 20 cm long have the temperatures st (°C and 80°C until steady state conditions prevail. Ifthe temperature Bis reduced to O°C and kept so while that ofA is maintained, find the tomperature distribution inthe rod at any subsequent time ‘Steady State conditions and non-zero boundary conditions [Example (1): Two ends A and B of aod of length 20 ems have the temperature at 30°C and 80°C respectively until the steady state conditions prow changod to 40°C and 60°C respectively. “Then the temperatures atthe ends A and B are Find the tempersure istribution ofthe rod oF anytime Solution: ‘The temperature distribution (0) stisties the patil diferent equation. uae Se » a ae ‘ tne se,his equation becomes oe ae ® wat [And B ate arbiteary constants} = 30 when x= 0 eee tea eee ecenaeneceencraneeeaneeCoeece t coat COCCECOC ECE CEE j Engineering Mathematics —_ — From (3), we get B= 30 = 80 when x=20 fiom (3), we get20A + B= 80 When the temperatures at A and B are changed 10 40°C and IC, the state is no more steady state, For this transient state, the boundary conditions are 1 uO. =40420 (ult) ~ 60,02 0 where “The intial temperature of thie stat isthe temperature inthe previous state. Gi) ulm 5430 2 Here we have non zero boundary values. In such eases, the temperatures fanetion u(x.) is given by mex. a (2) 446.0) ” where 1 (2) is a solution of (1) involving x only and satisfying the boundary conditions (i) and (i). u, (4) function defined by 4) satisfying (1), i.e, u(x)is a steady state solution of (1) and (0), may therefore repstded os transient solution which decreases with increase of a2 Application of Partial Differential Equations eG) sates) Leo = _ ° ‘By the condition (i), we have from (5), 4,Q)=b=40 By the condition (i), we have from (5), 1+b=60 eee ul Hence 1, (8) © Now from (4). 40,1) = 0) ~1,(0) = 40~ y(ha) allt) —4,() =60-60=0 ad (2.0) 060) 0,08) Sxs30-(440) (1-20) (0) Hence the boundary conditions related to the transient solution ucanare (04 w ah “ 2s“Engineering Mathematics re Solving (1) andselesting he abe sation we get 4060) =(Acos fix + Bsin pre" a apie cnn (san) Om nboin=¥ 8,50 Now (20)= 38, sin By the condition (vi), = 10-58, sin “cost ), (3) TG (2-10)-4 (cos me0-(Me0}] 2S Ny sacaryanttt era _— vee SEL ee SD snd B kept at 20°C and 40°C respectively, until the steady state conditions prevail. The temperature at A is then suddenly eased to S0°C and atthe same instant that at Bis lowered 10 10°C. Find the subsequent tempertute function 14) Ans: ula) 2 onto Example @): A bar of length 10 cm long has its ends A and B kept at 50°C and 100°C untt steady state conditions prevail. The temperature at A is suddenly raised to 90°C and a he same instant that B is lowered to 60°C and the end temper maintained. Find the temperature ata distance « from one end at ature are thereafter Ans: ulsi)= 34+ 90-22 571 in MBE erlens Example (): The ends A and B of rod, 30 ms long ave thir leraperatures kept at 10°C and 100°C respectively, until steady state ‘conditions prevail, The temperature at A i raised to 20°C and that at Bis lowered 1 80°C suddenly and these temperatures distebution in the rod. Pxample (5): The temperature atone end ofa bar, $0 em long with Insulated sides, is kept at °C and that the otber end is kept at 100°C ‘uti steady state conditions prevail. The two ends ae then suddenly insulated, so that the temperature gradient is zero at each end thereafter. Find the temperature distribution, Solution: Let $0/em 28s ee eeCOCCOCTO COO CE er ece | ( Engineering Mathematles eS “The temperature Function w (ei) slisfies the equation Oy @ Solution of 2)5,u~ Av +B @) In steady state we have the following boundary conditions (unoarx=0 (us t00arx=1 By applying the condition () and (3), we get B Using Gin @) AL+B = 100 oe 7 80) = as “ Here (4) is the initial temperature distribution forthe subsequent unsteady tate, after the ends ae thermally insulated, ‘Since the ends are thermally indulated, we have the following boundary conditions [no heat can pass through the ends of the ro, au in 4(0,)=0 for alte om 6) He) =0 for alte 285 Applicaton of Partial Diferental Equations “The inal condition © (9) exo) =2" So, we have to solve the equation (1) subject to the (iv) and (0) Solution of (1 is us conditions (Aes p+ Bsin prye"P” (8) From (5), Booed sin px + Bpcos px)e"?* 6 a ne on= Ape Soon= Bp By the condition (ii), Bpe“°7" <0 0 Fepe0 ander 20) (6) reduces to es) Aeos peeneP* =0 o =APsin p+ Bpeos ple? From) Hun By the condition iv) CAPsin pl + Bpcos ple"? =0 = aPain ple APsin ple? Here p0,e°°*" #0. IFA =0, then (7) gives the trivial solution ue y=0 sin pl=0 ie. pl=nn => p=" (7) reduces toEngineering Mathematics vse SP ‘The most general solution is ues = SA, cos Earns (sid = SA, cook ASA, con Beene a Host) &y +34, cose By the condition (v) 2e=4y+¥ A, cos! which saat eange cosine series for 24 (0,0, Hence we can write the above series as So Foe costs 212100 150) so] tee[ An ot oe Hil gg ABE to -50-2$ 21-oa( 200) . cox CADRE gceeaa Ta 0 One end thermally insulated and other end with zero temperature Example (1): A uniform sod of length! whose surface is thermally insulated is niially at temperature 1 = uy, One end is suddenly cooled to temperature 1 = 0 and subsequently maintained at this temperature. The oter end semins thermally insulated. Find the temperature distribution w aio feecoe cn Cceercecaere ee Or “Engineering Matematies : Aplcaon of atl Deron Ege Soluton: Gate Since ane end is cooked o temperate 1 = 0, we have oa (0) 40,9 +0, forall @) retest Since ie oer ends ther insulted, Game ceo p= pants! eeaye $2, tn LIE ereoeitette 5 “ein empere a= a . ip ie. w0) By applying condition (i) in 2), we get “The temperate fino (5, sss the equation ae 2 58, sin PSD “ moe 2 a a a? ‘The halfrange sine series for tw will be of the form Solution ofthis equation is 5. =(A.c0s pa + Bsin pre" ow ‘By applying the condition (iin (1), we get A= 0 () reduces 10 x.) = Bain pr e“P* @ a se From @), 2u(ae)= Bp cos pre’ Sut = ap cos pte” By the equation (i), Boos ple’ = cot p= 0 11 an od multiple of a ple of & =n, n-§ Fa, sin 2 and nence it can nt be compared withthe series (8) Hence to find B, we adopt the following procedure. mx ae 2n—ee By sin E+ By sin E44 B, sin ADEE Bee 2 2 Qn nd integrating a 2 Muliplying both sides by sin fom 90 we ge 21Engineering Mathematics 1, fin 2D ig Dis de Since, [sinus ms ds=0U¢ mem, the shove inter retces to be sn Day 4 fo 2 ease ea [one Dm aie 2 Pay og n= Dae fe on Dele shane --0) Gre [-aieto| 28 lon of Partial Diferentil Eggatons Dnt pinata 24 Solve the equation subject to the = following conditions wisi when rr Gi BH 0 when x = 0 for allt G6) w= Owhen «#1 forall ¢and Go) w=teshen =O forall serve and Saati: aoe The equations Bnet o Given is finite when £0 ‘we have the solution Ge) n(x.) =(Aeos pet Bsin pe"? @ Here we have the folowing conditions a 6) (0.0) =Oforalle (i) ull) =O orate and o Xo. a) uno) (i) (0) =u for alt frm, Ea) AP pe Bysshe a (o.n= spe" eee en hd eae LA ee ew eeCr rr COCOCOCOCOEOC EE Cecaece € “Engincering Mathematies By the condition (i), We Rave Boe (2) reduces 19 By the condition eos pl 1 odd multiples of © e ples of ony Ene 1.2.3, mem & Dn 2 (2) bomen (50) = Aco SDE ears) “The most general form ofthe solution is 9S Ao By the condition (ii), we have EDS cca a Qn =I a cos + A, cos ++ 4, cos! 2 2 Multiplying both sides by 2! nd integrating from 0 10 J we 208 ee ‘he ahove integral reduces to wf aml “Gate sia sin2es)]ngincving Mathematics 1 Comider shof homogeneous mater Rounal ye paral planes = Oand=/, having ania emperte =f) ‘ch varie only wth he ste fom he foes the fest being Kept tamer ee See te Beaow is one inert eter is freon oad ely. Hess tyr pol of te sb nd sang the nee nent ow sation Ogee wee Example (Ds The hes of 8 sab of wih 1 ave ket at sempre 2, Ks ia tepentuegivn by = were Jo)=4 m Oexeif 20m excl Fide emperteduibuton any poi Seluions Theme incon fs) eis ade Beate o _ ____Application of Partial Diterent Tie boundaiy conditions are 6) H(0,1)=0 forall :>0 Equations 6). =0 foratt>0 “The intial conditions is (i) ue)=[ 4 for O 3C+D=0>D=-C Subetitaing (7)in (6), we et sean aint [ce ceEngineering Matemates Hence the most general salon is = Ms 9S Bn sn a Where 280=2, Now using the boundary condition (iv) in (8) we get Hl) =100sinE= $8, sin sinha for << Let 8, sin 10a Sh snort = 100sin = 7 in in 2 in Comparing on both sides we get 100=8,.5, =, = 2, == 100coseche Sink =" Substituting 8, =100cosecihe in (8), we get 44.) =100cosecin.sin™ sinh which is 4 sinh 2 which is the temperature funtion at any point ofthe pate Example 3: A recungular plate is bounded by the lines » y=0, sand y=, Nts surface are insulated and the ‘emperature along two adjacent edges are kept at 100°C while the ‘emperature along the other wo edges are at °C. Find the steady a0 ‘Two Dimensional Heat Flow Equation ‘ate Wrnpevature at any pot i the plate. Als find the steady-rate temperature at any point of a square plate of side a if two adjacent ‘edges are kept at 100°C andthe other at O°. Sotutir Let ulxy)be the temperature at say interior point of the ou ou restanglar plate, then S34 ‘The boundary conditions sre 1) u0,y)=09< ycno Applying) in (2), we have sn (de" + Be" \Dsin wy) ‘Appling boundary condion (i) in), we hve w= (40+ Be" bain po -sinpr=0 7% a boing an integer. Fn being an ites Sutsiuting (in, we gt ueay=[ det + Bet Vp sin 2 { Jomep) From (6), ale ° “ “) i) ‘Two Dimensional Heat Flow Equation Flom) R= 4 o Substituting (7 in (6) we get weaned te * [omme) = 2a eosh ™ sin ™ aaa put 2 AD ~ by and general solution is Mea) Sp, enh cin “ Applying boundary condition (i) in (8), we get 1. o0= Ep, conn ink Woeyet This a half range sine series where 6, coshnn j fosn Pay 319 eee kheceenreceeneeeeeenceeocececce ‘ CCeeeeececce Engineering Mathemates 3h, SE sochn(t ‘Substitting (8) (1), We Bet 2 $C ec cn uy) Example 2: A square plate has its faces and the edge y ~ 0 ingulated. Its edges x= 0 and r= x ate kept at zero temperature and its fourth edge y = m is kept at temperature f(s). Find the steady state temperature at any point ofthe pate Solution: “The boundary conditions are given by pene ycrer nian (3). Wy uo (sin cey = Bis insulated), O< r2,4-¥0 mth =y"Jocyen wmbao Wy =f0) Tose Solution to this problem is le" + Ber )(Ccos py + Dain py) o ‘Applying boundary condition (i) in equation (1), we have @ Sob in), et a3) = (ter + Be" eds) ° eying benday cordo (i) in 0, we wet wa) =0=(40" + Be™\D inp wena pane oo (nina inte) « m7 or ee Oe ee ee rr 2 ;« cf CCOCEEEE coca eoece 4 Engineering Mathematics Substituting (@) in G), we Be [ser + Be" Dsin) 6 woe Appling bound condition Gi) n(5)- 8 Bt le" + Be \Dsin 7») fre =0) 6 ‘Substituting (6) in (5). we get s,)) BDI say Let BD = by aad the most general solution is aye Soren o “Applying boundary condition (iv) in (D, we Bet ee Jovy rancor jo aa) wee ger =, S. if mis odd ____ wo Dimensional Heat Flow Equa Substituting i (7), wen rane is the temperature faneton. [Example 4 A rectangular plate with insulated surface i nem wide ‘and so long compared to its width that it is eonsidered 38 an infinite plate, The temperature along short edge y= 08 we geese! ws) Jrie-9 sEsese se hr ees ep FC in tye ‘ann en bt nna acon fi), O< me sren/ om ay laerse Solution to this problem s (x,y) =(Ao0s p+ Bin pr) (Ce”” + De“) ay ‘Apolving boundary conditions (), (3) and (ji) in (1, we have A=0.-2) ads) (BsinnnDe™) a3Engineering Mathematics Tet BD = b, ~ and the most general sTaion = = ats) = Sb, sine 6 Applying boundary condition (iv) in (5). we get [m= sxe 2 Rees) Rewer [fesse ve inn] (f=s22)-«(=282) (=sinne))* =) OP I, | © ow Equation Sabana Om Shwe ae we SS on stnmce ‘Two Dimensional Heat flow equation in polar co-ordinates: Derivation of equation of heat - low in two dimension in polar coordinates Let us considera sheet of conducting mater of uniform density p, thickness , thermal conductivity K and specific heat c [Let 0, the pole and OX; the initial line, be taken on the plane of sheet. Here we are dealing with two dimensional heat flow, the temperature function u(,8,4)at point (7.0) ofthe plate is a function of 7.8 and 1 where # isa time Consider an element of sheet included between the citcles rar, rarer and the straight lines 0 =0 and 0 +50 through the pole. Hest flow directions are assumed tobe positive in the positive directions associated with r and @ , The mass of the clement ABCD = pl (r8 78 0). eee eee beac ecrreePCM OC COME ORO EEO OCCT Ce gineering Mathematics Tet 5 w denote the temperature Hse iw he clement during ® short interval of ime 8 rsoeceeding the time Rate of increase of heat content in the elements Bu = inher 780), i! ba = pherd r88 a ee RR, ate the rates of flow of heat across the sides eR, ofthe element through the edges AB, CD, AD and BC respectively, 0) Mar rate “ sia The rate of increase of heat in the element R-ReR Re which He gal 19 the expression in equation (1), ‘Two Dimensional Heat Flow Equation +5502) |] Dividing by 5 7-58 Ar pe, we get SAHA. “Taking the limitas 58,8 r->0 (ese Lemar a pel aw? oF “The heatAlow equation in polar form is ee x : pe oe Nate: We know in sendy sate, M0, Hence the equation of yas, M0. Hence te equation of esto in senses ssEngineering Mathematics ‘Solution of Laplace's equ polar co-ordinates: We low tha he heat ow uation pla frm de, Oe a fart ay o where 4 = u(r @), Now let us solve the above equation by the method of separation of variables Assume a solution (8) = R()40) 2 where is function ofr alone and @ is function of @ alone ‘Substituting (2) (1), we get PRG Hb + ROT=O PR rR -9 eee oe ° Here rand Ware independent variables and hence (3) is writen as oR pee 0 8 a incom Fit eee Kaeo “ ae Ke 43) Eayaion can be rewriten as 128 an te, (0's D-K}e oy where D=2 and pia. & “Two Dimensional Hest Flow Fjuation Equation Gi @ evond order diferentat equation of variable coefficient type. To convert this 19 an equation of constant soeffcient, et ne Zo loar B= Di and 9D? = DD" Hence equation (6) becomes (WW'-)+D'-K)R=0 ie, (D2 -KYR o _Awriiary equation for equations (7) and (5) re mi -K=0 ® ©) and ms K=O tcc different cases arise for different values of K Case (pe IK = 0, for (8) and () Som =0 and ome 5m, =0,0and =m, =0.0 SRO E(4e+ Ay) and B@)=49 +A) (7.0) = RYO) fey wr) (AE +A MAB + AQ) H(A lope + A: MAD + AQ) 410) case ls IFA = p? (a positive integer) for (8) and (9) acoccer ce COoCCEE Cceccee ce € Sp Re) =(He" 6 he") a8 10) =A cos 90 + sin) ears) R048) fica Mr) (Aye + Aye"). (608 pO + 4 in p9) (ayy? + Agr? MAy 085 98 + 4 sin 0) ay ase (il): HK =p? (@ negative integer) =p? and > m= pt pand =m (Ay 608 p+ Ayn pe) ad 00)= (Aye + Ane) 2) >uir8)= RO) = (Ay 608 p+ Ag sin pa). (Aye + Aye) =LAy con ology + Ay sinptog Nye + Ae). (12) “Therefore the varlous possible solutions ofthe equation (1) are u(r.) (A loge + 4,)(A8 + 4) “ urd) (Ayr? + Aer"? A, 608 70 + Ay sin pO) eo H(r.8)= (Ay costplogr) + Ay sini ploer- (Aye? 4 Ane) 3) ‘Out ofthese three solutions, we have to select the solution which suite the physical nature of the problem and the given ‘boundary condition inthe problems. Fhe solution” choosen for this type of problems as, dr.0)=[4r + BrP {Coos p8 + Dsin pO )asr-r,u—> 0 Bs Ina semicirelar plate of radius "a * with bonding diameter at 0° Cand the circumstance at °C, show that the steady umple ate temperate distnbution is gven bY » ‘Let ur,8)be the temperature at any point (1,0) in the plate ae u(y) stsies the Lapse equation in polar coordinates. co) “The boundary conditions are @ arM)=0.05rs0 osrsa 6) er Gi) a0) =T°C.0<8 Gv) w90a87-90. mEnglncering Mathematles periodic in 0 se.) = (47? + Be? }Ce0s pO + Dein p8) 2) using boundary condition (im (2), we gt wir. 9)=(4r? 6 Ber \o=0 forall coo oy Substituting (3) in), we gst tr 0)= (ar? + -?)\Dsin po) “ ‘Appling boundary concn 2) in (we ge 8) (te? 4 Be*) (Ds ps: Sip (2 D=0 gives usa trivial solution) Spm where misan integer oy Substiating (5) in (4), we have UO) (404+ Be) asin dn) ee arora = é (ar )(Dsinnd) sn mtg tien 9 solve the equation (1), we select the soliton which “Two Dimensional Heat Haw Equation ‘ing boundary condition Gv) in) we get Wa@)=3 ba" sinnO oT; O<0- fines 90.2 8-0 o subsinsing (in equation (6, we get ie. 0)=[4e" sind) ‘pot AD =by and the rns genera soton is wr8) =, Ber sine ® sing boundary condition ) n () WE Bet © dea)eS hat tadinering Mathematics Pat ba" OL ape - ‘wa lesan ao enn [ 100 ose st ' ‘Sabathating (0) in equation @), we eet 100-0) : Feast 2S ant (2) sn [eo Seok wean-S Sean (Z) ome = B,. Equation (9) is aha range sine series where [Maven | eran | (10) [Rxample 3: Find the steady state temperature distribution of a circular plate of radius “a which has one half ofits circumference at 0°C and the osher half at 100°C. Solution: The heat fw equation ry +7, +o, o “The boundary conditions are (finite valueas 70 100 ;0<0 Gite, wegetB=0. Subetiating# =O, in equation (2), we gt str) (41? KCo08 78 +Dsin py) we “, ee eeeCOCCOCECOCEOCOCOECECEE CE nplncering Mathematies ‘The most general solution i= 7 ee) | where AC = 2, AD=B ie @)eay +5 recor +4, sna) ‘Using the boundary condition (i) equation (3), we get H(0)=a, + 5 a"(a, cosnd +8, sinw0) 100 :0<0 0then d= Lt oie -mand x= t= Fisent=t oe few seranaro aro “ If a<0 then varies from +910 ante foversorbe @) Gin) Fle fa)}= Pls +a Proofs Fle flan: Sd fensenetae 1 ood — co Fete) ten Ft fooi=co"( Se ]ro 363 pe ecceececaceeeceneeceeeneeeanee Beecececeee ‘ Ccoeccce c Enginceving Mathematics ye Je fowee Te a Foy {pero Aso cor Leerene res) (vi) FLO) -is FQ) Ff) 0 asx ee 4 root: FIP (x)= foo Sena Proof: Wee f fend -! fener abe" sf ~Provunenar sot fs fa) rae x98 (giveM] 5) FS) ifs) 904s x9 FG) a [poe] Ft a { Then HOI=FO) FLeCol= A) FCO), | ~r{frora| cretaiea | Jos on siren fro «| : Fe) ‘i Jrorw (si Modulation Theorem: I FLsCo}= FO) then [re-as Fra) usEngineering Man Proof, FLy(sycosen] J [ee rerensacde = Using 0) we get $e +0+F6-0] (4) Prove FFT) conjugate of F(s). FG) where FUG) indicates the complex _ TW-L | Wem Fw adanmy i FO= Flea), Definition: The convolution of two functions fy) and s) is a} m ee 0 OO incering Mathematics Solution: 4 Given FOV=N) wo) al>alerxraand xa s\ca(ie)-acxca aw Fog Hore alee ‘From the Fourier inversion formula, we Bet Tene yee frie es rote Y . 1 $02 conse—ian a fence oer sin 48 285% yay even fineton of and = SF ipa odd os. mm| Fourier Transform From the parseval's eat we have 2sinas Fea) = 2 FM osx di 0 sorfase roo a) ‘discontinuous at de where f(rytand Foy)denote the | Tight and and eft hand Timi of) asx approaches PE cosedra% san even funtion of s | Hence i) is proves In particular i t we Bet from the above, and =a) putes = adsoar Ffesy=1-|x ae otal 0 faE. tacts poe sone ete 22) mm Oe eee eee’ eeu rvragcensCCOCOCCOCOOCEOOCOCOOCOCOOCOCOOCE COCO Fey=i-fxhfx|et ie-tewed =0,] x[>1e)x>tand x<—1 By the definition of Fourie Transform, we have Fone [yeverac wp ft-etenaeramanee delle-tebeenacere-ebane Now (~ [cos sr is even function of x and (1-| |)sinsx is odd function of x rere t-teieascee fF fo-srenet oe Pinta jrore m6 ‘pea Pad pee fa—|x|)°ae 2 oom ve waf-tabe 7 [s-| | is aneven funetion of x] =f 4 i puts 24, Then ds = 242 wo and s=0=31=00 pe e08 2) aa lace mEnginering Mathematics Example (6): Find the Fourier transform of & Draice tar() FSE are Reed i) rhe] Le sent pene franene ] snares] © cos cris an even function of x and «M4 sin sr is am odd fanction of x FUG =e? fo cosseae rier Transform orale | [fer ste tele tes bsnol i i ‘Now By Fourier inversion formu, tee fonds foes fonetion of 5 on x9 eee cece cece cece encecoce Coe Ceoceoeeccecce Cece € engineoring Mathematics — =o, Hence (i)is proved, Now FLsf(ay=-4 F(a) Oy property (w) Fuse waecoal le = cof “lay oe Self Reciprocal [A function fx is called self reciprocal i Ff) = 9 I the transform of sfx) is 3) then fix) is called seh reciprocal, [Example (1): Find the Fourier transform of "a >0 and Solution: AUC Fler ja is . sn ax Het thenaade= dt The og when s2s0,¢=20 when = ey) reba feo ce fees re? aseven] ade =a when £0, =O; when =.= feo bap sa beeNow Take a=—L. Rd Then From (1), we have 7 cossx is even function of x and function of} “Efe *° cossxde=1 (cay) Differentiating wr 5, we get ae sin seis odd “ ! of Now Take s=0 ) __Fourle Transforms by) 2 ee eeCOCOCOOCOCECOCOOCOECOCOLE ee ee Z Engineering Ms Sram) 0) (abs le cossrde Eira fone eds aes roe Transforms 1. Show that he Fourier cansform of fel soft 1 2. Show tha the Fourier transform of etuce that () PROBLEMS. [xlea x[>a00 [xlea [xl>a of of = 285 Hence deduce that F sin as ~ascos as 16081) yyincering Matherutles 4, Show tha the Fourier transform of"? és 0, x} Hal Now rarenm [> Trenyconssae , o-1-0-0)] ripet sepa 2 fe +56 lomerd (ease ssn eh game cso) Spt-caval] ogeorats] Fourier Transform Ee eeCECCEOCOCOCCECEE COC OC OOCOCOCOCOELE | “Engineering Mathematics |. : 7 ourler Transforms Ce Foe Hae wd Coane Tantoore ot Salo! Osea 7% Solution: Bi fi [fromsrers fo senses) By the definition of Fourier sine transform, we have sein pene -Epanne ep-oroa EE] now rarnefE fra ALA] Find the Fourier sine transform of Example) [s dexet poral’, 182 Ores a se “eto, foo “al er J map te F wen fepefOR™ OEE Solution: cos reossrde a fF frcoster es sn teoe— 2 fe sim eat = fsints a sins Da eae aye ee eet rom Pure inverso fol, we ave aample (8 Pind the Fourier ie transform 7 z sor f2 frsosinseas sotaons A(t] [2 fhsnesas ‘ (24 fz tase hn Ene 6 varies from 010 22 tint Bea 1, Relation between sine and cosine transforms Prove that FLF Co =£ f,L/e0) and a ce ff [rosnae 6» poser freon 5 eeeCEC COCOCOCOCOCEOOCEO OOOO OOCOCOEOCOEEE ering Matherates es 9 Flaten [2 [rcosnsras Proof: ‘ Fad 4 raaeonefE reo Stones £ rina [Efren Zones “fn Feo EF jpireena A rtyonn [2 fren Secor oF cameo se of juersesace-rtsen Hence Fix Fool=-L (6, £001 a Example (1): Find F,[ve™ Jan F,{se"*"] using the properties. a We know that, [x fd]= +L ELF 396 Fouree Transorme roe oF feranae Fe“ Fle“ ore Gy) ARE )=-4 £ Fromme abate ‘Example (2: Find Fle") and way hence find F, (00) re fF fe comacate “fer conse dr rse-*™ cor sx isan even function of x} Solution: FeNow Ble rie agen sae Note: Fle” Fle? ?Jue? Hence e°"" js selfreciprocal under cosine transform and ef is selteciprocal under sine transform. Example @ Find the sine and cosine transforms of ea >and deduce thei inversion formal, LEfe-sne Solution: F, [er Fourer Transforms PP fe sinsca By inversion formula of sine transform, seam 2 fecsinseas oiptse sor-fE poms joe Bw Peroaae? 399 a eee(CE COCCEOCOCCOOCOEOCOOCOCEOC COCO CE Furler Transorns Mathemates = > ke Ee tence FSA dee Example (9 Find the Fourier sie transform of —-"—-and Fourier cosine transform of Solution: By te def of Fourier Sine Transform Example (9): Find the sine transform of seta: [= Ditferentiating both sides‘Engineering Mathematics Example(7): Find the inverse cosine wansform of ‘Solution: By inverse cosine transform, we have Example 8): Find /(x) tits sine waneform is ©" Hence deduce the inverse sine transform of 1 Solution: Given F,(s) a for sinseds Differentiating with respect ox, 402 Vere Integrating with respect to fom Oto Example (9): Find F,(x"Jand Fix "}0-0 £ Then Fy= fee) ads.n>0 Frome He Hence Jose Fourier Transorme © FO=0) a ee seca ecesacCOCOCOECOCCC COCO CE ee Engineering Mathematics “This resultcan also be proved even iT Ts complex Equatng the eal and imaginary parts. fpr inst EO sete Ep nt re rot Not Let Hence Lis self reciprocal under cosine and sine transforms, e 408 Fourier Transforms “Euample(l0y + Using Parsavel’s wen evalaie+s Brample 1): Brief sing east methods. Solution: Let f(x)=e and g(x)=e™ neo-fEfe cour B Similarly, G,¢3)= [2 aa Es von Freer frente ® md + scopearcura er cre aa Example (12) : Solve for /(x rom the integral equation joao oe EEjroveesofE 406 ourier Trantor Example (13): Solve for f(2) fom the integral equation . ose s0= 180042 Repco Example (1): Find the finite Fourier sine and cosine transforms of SO)= 20.0. Solution: By the definition, ie za s(n [[o 2e0r)-0-0-0] Zaevr)-0:0-0] a pere Now F,(p) 0 Fourler Transforms Faph= fren [rose puede "fenintes pe~a)in ae cosps_qy=sinpx eee etc ec cece eee eanh si enegaeaccce c eco? (eeg eae Ceece { ( nating Mathematis 7 ure Yam — amie GF Find ie Tt Foe new Sone wns a -9-F ae fej in Os) By the definition, ‘[rtareos ae (0+0)+0-0) Byte defiion, F,(9)= [aveos 7 | panel sample (0 Find te Ste cosine easton of (1 icy ocres Pe Solution: By the definition, a Fepr= [fe cos Pde [yaycos pads 1, Bnd the ite Furie ose ad sin easform of ; ’ forrs im Od = fed) cpa ans: FU 2. Find ihe fnite Fourier sine and cosine wansforn of fo)=0 0exen ans: Bp y==2 DY". 2c} 7 rae BG an an5 Find the nite Fourier sine and sowie wansform of FoyeeDerel 4, Fd the finite Fourier sine an cosine transform of fayex in (On) ans [IF =p 40 6, Find the finite Fourier sine and cosine transform of So)=e" in (On) 1. Find the finite Fourier sine and cosine transform of Soja me Ox), Ans: F,(p)=1=S082 > Aas: F.(p)=0 {8 ind he finite Fourier sine and cosine transform of Fax in (0). oo eye} 22 fey = oe Elen eB fen poe 2 fey] pa Medel Question Papers MODEL QUESTION PAPERS ‘ime: Three hours Maximum : 100 Marks PART A (1052 = 20 marks) Answer ALL questions 1. State the convergence of Fourier series ofa function (2) in any given interval, (9) when f/() is continuous throughout nd Ci) when (4) has point of discontinuity. 2S the somplex form of the Fourier series fora futon (2) in the interval (6+ 2. Define singular solution ofa pata differential equation. 44, Form the partis differential equation by eliminating the arbitrary constants ‘a and “b’ from the equation 2 ~(x? + a).(9* +b) 5. Derive the one ~ dimensional wave equation stating from the equation of motion. a a 6, List the various solutions ofthe equation 2 ea Pa 8. List all te solution for a swo-dimensional heat equation in 7. Express in its equivalent polar form steady state in polar coordinates. as ee€ CHEECH OT ORT a COCOOCECECT EOE E { : epi ato 9. Show tt F{sUdsnaded (Rens) Fash FAS) = (A (Nand F(a) is called the Fourier sine transform of £0) 10, State Prscval’s identities for Fourier sine and cosine transforms. PART Answer ALL questions 11.(@) Find the Fourier series of /( periodicity 2x. Hence, show tat the sum 3 (Express f(a) =p im the interval x

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