Chng 7 1

Chng 7: MACH KHUECH AI HOI TIEP

7.1 Gii thieu
7.2 Khai niem c ban ve mach hoi tiep
7.3 o li cua mach khuech ai hoi tiep ien ap
7.4 Tr khang ngo vao va ngo ra
7.5 V du ve phan tch mach khuech ai hoi tiep
7.6 Mach khuech ai hoi tiep va cac ham o nhay
7.7 Ky thuat thiet ke mach khuech ai hoi tiep
7.8 Cac ng dung khac cua ky thuat hoi tiep
Mch din t 1
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Chng 7 2
7.1 Gii thieu
Mach khuech ai ly thuyet
Mach khuech ai thc te
Ky thuat hoi tiep
7.2 Khai niem c ban ve mach hoi tiep
4 cau hnh mach hoi tiep c ban:
Hoi tep ien ap, sai lech dong ien (voltage feedback and current error)
Mch din t 1
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Chng 7 3
Hoi tiep ien ap, sai lech ien ap (voltage feedback and voltage error)
Hoi tiep dong ien, sai lech dong ien (current feedback and current error)
Mch din t 1
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Chng 7 4
Hoi tiep dong ien, sai lech ien ap (current feedback and voltage error)
Thanh phan chung:
1. Bo khuech ai: R
i
, r
o
, A
i
(hoac A
v
)
2. Mach hoi tiep |: R
|
, R
f
, nguon dong (ap) phu thuoc
3. Mach cong hay tr ie n ap (hoac dong ien)
nh ngha:
1. o li toan bo (overall) hay ngoai (external) cua mach khuech ai co hoi tiep:
o li dong: A
if
= i
L
/ i
i
(hnh a va c)
o li ap: A
vf
= v
L
/ v
i
(hnh b va d)
2. o li thuan (forward) hay trong (internal) cua mach khuech ai khong hoi tiep:
o li dong:
0 0 = =
=
i i
if i
K or G
A A (hnh a va c)
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Chng 7 5
o li ap:
0 0 = =
=
|
K or K
A A
v
vf v
(hnh b va d)
7.3 o li cua mach khuech ai hoi tiep ien ap
7.3.1 Hoi tep ien ap, sai lech dong ien
Mach hoi tiep: R
|
>> R
L
Mach tng ng: (Vi mach hoi tiep, thay v
L
bang v
L
)
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Chng 7 6
Gia s tr khang nhn t mach hoi tiep vao mach tr rat nho so vi R
f
, suy ra: i
f
= G
i
v
L

Dong sai lech (Gia s R

f
>> R
i
): i
e
= i
i
i
f
= i
i
G
i
v
L

Dong tai (Gia s R

L
<< r
o
): i
L
= A
i
i
e
= A
i
(i
i
G
i
v
L
)
e tnh o li toan bo, thay v
L
bang v
L
, suy ra: v
L
= i
L
R
L
= R
L
A
i
(i
i
G
i
v
L
)
o li dong toan bo: A
if
= i
L
/ i
i
=
L i i
i
R G A
A
' 1
'
+
Nhan xet: A
i
u ln: A
if
~ 1 / (G
i
R
L
) khong phu thuoc vao mach khuech ai (A
i
).
- Theo nh ngha, o li dong thuan cua mach khuech ai khong co hoi tiep:
'
0
i
i
if i
A
G
A A =
=
=
- o li vong T (loop gain):
0
'
=
=
i
L
L
i
v
v
T
Theo nh ngha tren, khi i
i
= 0 va gia s R
f
rat ln: i
e
= -i
f
= -G
i
v
L

ngo ra: v
L
= i
L
R
L
= A
i
i
e
R
L
= -A
i
G
i
R
L
v
L

T = -A
i
G
i
R
L
9 T<0: Hoi tiep am (negative feedback)
9 T>0: Hoi tiep dng (positive feedback)
Overall gain:
T
A
A
i
if

=
1
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Chng 7 7
V du 1: Xac nh A
if
cua mach khuech ai hoi tiep ap sai lech dong sau:
a ien tr R
f
ve ngo vao va ra, mach tng ng (Chu y: Thay v
L
bang v
L
ngo vao)
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Chng 7 8
Bien oi tng ng Norton Thevenin:
Thong thng: A
i
>> R
i
/ R
f
va R
f
>> R
L
Ngo ra: R
f
xem nh khong anh hng
- o li dong thuan khi khong co hoi tiep (v
L
= 0):
(
(

+
=
=
=
i f i
f i
i
L i
L
i
R R r
R r
A
v i
i
A
) // (
) // (
0
'
'
- o li vong T:
f
L
i f i
f i
i
i
L
L
R
R
R R r
R r
A
i
v
v
T
+
=
=
=
) // (
) // (
0
'
'
- o li toan mach:
T
A
A
i
if

=
1
(Kiem chng: Xem TLTK [2])
- Nhan xet: Neu T >> 1 A
if
~ A
i
/ (-T) = - R
f
/ R
L
Neu T u ln:
9 A
if
ch phu thuoc vao ty so cua ien tr mach hoi tiep (R
f
) va ien tr tai (R
L
)
9 A
vr
ch phu thuoc vao ty so cua ien tr mach hoi tiep (R
f
) va ien tr nguon (R
L
) [2]
Mch din t 1
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Chng 7 9
V du 2: Tnh o li dong thuan khong co hoi tiep va o li vong cua mach khuech ai sau.
- Tnh o li dong thuan khong co hoi tiep A
i
:
Mach tng ng (v
L
= 0):

(
(

+ +

+
=
=
=
T ie f i
f i
L c
c
fe i
L i
L
i
R h R r
R r
R R
R
h A
v i
i
A
2 ) // (
) // (
) (
0
'
'
- Tnh o li vong T: Mach tng ng (i
i
= 0):
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Chng 7 10
(
(

+ +

+

|
|
.
|

\
|
=
=
=
T ie f i
f i
i c
c
fe i
f
L
i
L
L
R h R r
R r
R R
R
h A
R
R
i
v
v
T
2 ) // (
) // (
) (
0
'
'
- o li toan mach:
T
A
A
i
if

=
1
Nhan xet: -T >> 1, A
if
~ A
i
/ (-T) = - R
f
/ R
L
:khong phu thuoc h
fe
va A
i

7.3.2 Hoi tiep ien ap, sai lech ien ap

Mach hoi tiep:
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Chng 7 11
Mach tng ng: (Gia s mach hoi tiep khong anh hng en ngo ra)
Chu y: Thay v
L
bang v
L

Gia s R
f
khong anh hng mach tr v
f
= K
v
v
L

Ap sai lech: v
e
= v
i
v
f
= v
i
- K
v
v
L

ien ap ngo ra: (gia s r

o
<< R
L
): v
L
= A
v
v
e
= A
v
(v
i
- K
v
v
L
)
e tnh o li ap toan bo, thay v
L
bang v
L

'
'
1
v v
v
i
L
vf
A K
A
v
v
A
+
= =
Neu tnh theo o li ap thuan khi khong co hoi tiep (A
v
) va o li vong T:
- o li ap thuan khi khong co hoi tiep
'
0
v
v
vf v
A
K
A A =
=
=
- o li vong:
'
'
0
v v
i
L
L
A K
v
v
v
T =
=
=
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Chng 7 12
Overall gain:
T
A
A
v
vf

=
1
V du 3: Tnh A
vf
cua mach khuech ai hoi tiep sau. Gia s r
o
<< R
2
.
Mach tng ng:
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Chng 7 13
Mach tng ng tn hieu nho:
o li ap thuan khi khong co hoi tiep:
| |
(
(

+ +

+
=
=
=
f ie i
i c fe
o L
L
v
L i
L
v
R h r
R R h
r R
R
A
v v
v
A
2
1
) // (
0
'
'
o li vong T:
| |
(
(

+ + +

+
=
=
=
f ie i
i c fe
o L
L
v
i
L
L
R h r R R
R
R R h
r R
R
A
v
v
v
T
2
1
) // (
0
2 1
1 '
'
o li ap toan bo:
T
A
A
v
vf

=
1
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Chng 7 14
7.4 Tr khang ngo vao va ngo ra
7.4.1 Tr khang ngo vao (input impedance)
i) Sai lech dong
Xet mach sau:
Theo nh ngha, tr khang ngo vao nhn t nguon dong:
i
if
i
v
Z
1
=
Gia s R
f
>> R
L
, t mach tng ng : v
1
= i
e
R
i
Vi
(
(

+
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
f i i
f i
f
L
i e
R r R
R r
R
v
i i
//
//
Mat khac: v
L
= -A
i
i
e
R
L

T
R r R
Z
f i i
if

=
1
// //
vi o li vong
(
(

+
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
f i i
f i
f
L
i
R r R
R r
R
R
A T
//
//
'
Tr khang ngo vao khi khong co hoi tiep (v
L
= 0): Z
i
= R
i
// r
i
// R
f
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Chng 7 15
Tong quat: Tr khang ngo vao nhn t nguon dong:
T
Z
Z
i
if

=
1
Vi Z
i
: Tr khang ngo vao khi khong co hoi tiep
T: o li vong
Chu y: Cong thc tren ch ung trong trng hp r
i
mac song song. Trong trng hp r
i
mac noi tiep nh hnh ve di, tr khang ngo vao c tnh theo cac bc sau:
a) Bien oi tng ng Thevenin Norton, khi nay r
i
se mac song song
b) Tnh Z
if
theo cong thc hoi tiep tren
c) Z
if
gom r
i
mac song song vi Z
if

'
1 1 1
if
i if
Z
r Z
+ = Tnh Z
if

d) Vi mach ban au: Z

ifv
= r
i
+ Z
if

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Chng 7 16
ii) Sai lech ap
Xet mach trong v du 3:
Theo nh ngha, tr khang ngo vao:
1 b
i
ifv
i
v
Z = , t mach tng ng tn hieu nho:

ie f i
L i
b
h R r
v R R R v
i
2
)] /( [
2 1 1
1
+ +
+
= . Do A
vf
= v
L
/v
i

vf
ie f i
ifv
A R R R
h R r
Z
)] /( [ 1
2
2 1 1
+
+ +
=
Mat khac:
T
A
A
v
vf

=
1
vi
v
A
R R
R
T
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
2 1
1

T
T R R R
A
vf

+
=
1
] / ) [(
1 2 1
) 2 )( 1 (
)] 1 /( [ 1
2
ie f i
ie f i
ifv
h R r T
T T
h R r
Z + + =
+
+ +
=
Khi khong co hoi tiep (v
L
= 0) : Z
i
= r
i
+ R
f
+ 2h
ie
Tong quat: Tr khang ngo vao nhn t nguon ap: Z
ifv
= (1-T)Z
i
Vi: Z
i
: Tr khang ngo vao khi khong co hoi tiep
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Chng 7 17
T: o li vong
Chu y: Cong thc tren ch ung trong trng hp r
i
mac noi tiep.
7.4.2 Tr khang ngo ra (output impedance)
i) Hoi tiep ap Sai lech dong
Xet mach hoi tiep ap Sai lech dong sau:
Theo nh ngha, tr khang ngo ra:
0 =
=
i o
L
of
v i
v
Z
Gia s R
f
khong anh hng en ngo ra i
o
= i
L
+ A
i
i
e
Tren tai: i
L
= v
L
/ R
L
ngo vao:
f i i
f i
f
L
e
R r R
R r
R
v
i
//
//
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
Dan nap ngo ra (output admittance):
L f i i
f i
f
i
L of
of
R
T
R r R
R r
R
A
R Z
Y

=
(
(

+
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ = =
1
//
//
1 1
'
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Chng 7 18
Tr khang ngo ra:
T
R
Z
L
of

=
1
Khi khong co hoi tiep: Z
o
= R
L
Tong quat: Tr khang ngo ra:
T
Z
Z
o
of

=
1
Vi: Z
o
: Tr khang ngo ra khi khong co hoi tiep
T: o li vong
ii) Hoi tiep ap Sai lech ap
Xet mach hoi tiep ap sai lech ap sau:
Tr khang ngo ra:
0 =
=
i o
L
of
v i
v
Z vi
o
e v L
L
L
o
r
v A v
R
v
i
'

+ =
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Chng 7 19
ngo vao: ( )
i c
ie i f
L
fe
e
R R
h r R
v
R R
R h
v //
2
1
2 1
1
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ +
(

|
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
Mat khac, o li vong T: ( )
(

|
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ +
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
L o
L
v i c
ie i f
fe
R r
R
A R R
h r R R R
R h
T
'
2 1
1
//
2
1

L
L o L v
e
v
R r R A
T
v
)
`

+
=
)] /( [
'
) 1 (
1 1
) /(
1 1 1
T
r R R r R r
T
r R Z
Y
o L L o L o o L of
of

|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
+
+ = =
Khi khong co hoi tiep: Z
o
= R
L
// r
o
Tong quat: Tr khang ngo ra:
T
Z
Z
o
of

=
1
Vi: Z
o
: Tr khang ngo ra khi khong co hoi tiep
T: o li vong
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Chng 7 20
7.5 V du ve phan tch mach khuech ai hoi tiep
V du 4: Xac nh A
vf
, A
if
, T, Z
if
, Z
of
cua mach K hoi tiep sau, gia s cac TST giong nhau co
h
re
= h
oe
= 0.
V R
f
>> R
L
, chuyen R
f
ve ngo vao, mach tng ng: Mach hoi tiep ap sai lech ap
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Chng 7 21
- Mach tng ng tn hieu nho e tnh o li vong T (v
i
= 0):
( ) | |
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ +
|
|
.
|

\
|
+

+ =
=
=
1
2
'
2
1
1
0
ie i f A c
c fe
L fe
i
L
L
h r R R R
R h
R h
v
v
v
T vi R
A
= (h
fe
+1)
2
R
L
+ 2h
ie3
- Mach tng ng tn hieu nho e tnh o li ap thuan A
v
(v
L
= 0):
T
v v
v
A
L i
L
v
=
=
=
0
'
- o li ap:
T
A
A
v
vf

=
1
- o li dong:
vf
L
i
if
A
R
r
A
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
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Chng 7 22
- Tr khang ngo vao: Xet mach tng ng tn hieu nho, tr khang ngo vao khi khong
co hoi tiep nhn t nguon ap: Z
iv
= r
i
+ R
f
+ 2h
ie1
Hoi tiep ap sai lech ap Tr khang ngo vao nhn t nguon ap: Z
ifv
= Z
iv
(1-T)
Tr khang ngo vao nhn t nguon dong: Z
ifi
= r
i
// (Z
ifv
r
i
)
- Tr khang ngo ra:
Tr khang ngo ra khi khong co hoi tiep:
(
(

+
+ =
2
4
) 1 (
2 //
fe
c
ib L o
h
R
h R Z
Tr khang ngo ra:
T
Z
Z
o
of

=
1
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Chng 7 23
V du 5: Xac nh T, A
if
, Z
if
, Z
of
cua mach sau.
Chuyen R
f
ve ngo vao, mach tng ng: Mach hoi tiep ap sai lech ap:
Mch din t 1
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Chng 7 24
- Mach tng ng tn hieu nho e tnh o li vong T (v
i
= 0):
| |
(
(

+ +

+
+ =
=
=
f ie i ie c
c
fe L c fe fe
i
L
L
R h r h R
R
h R R h h
v
v
v
T
1 3 1
1
2
'
2
1
2
) // )( 1 (
0
- Mach tng ng tn hieu nho e tnh o li ap thuan A
v
(v
L
=0):
T
v v
v
A
L i
L
v
=
=
=
0
'
- Tr khang ngo vao:
Tr khang ngo vao khi khong co hoi tiep nhn t nguon ap: Z
i
= r
i
+ R
f
+ 2h
ie
Mach hoi tiep ap sai lech ap Tr khang ngo vao: Z
if
= Z
i
(1-T)
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Chng 7 25
- Tr khang ngo ra:
Tr khang ngo ra khi khong co hoi tiep: Z
o
= R
c2
// R
L
Tr khang ngo ra:
T
Z
Z
o
of

=
1
V du 6: Xac nh o li ap A
vf1
= v
o1
/ v
i
; A
vf2
= v
o2
/ v
i
; tr khang ngo vao Z
if
va tr khang ngo
ra Z
of1
va Z
of2
cua mach K hoi tiep sau:
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Chng 7 26
Mach tng ng tn hieu nho: Mach hoi tiep ap sai lech dong
- o li vong T: Khong phu thuoc ngo ra la v
L1
hay v
L2
| |
f ie f b i
f b i
ie b c
b c
fe L c fe
i
L
L
R h R R r
R R r
h R R
R R
h R R h
v
v
v
T
1
// //
// //
//
//
) // (
0
2
'
1
1
(
(

+
(

+
=
=
=
- o li ap:
o li ap thuan:
9 Ngo ra la v
L1
:
i
f
L i
L
v
r
T R
v v
v
A =
=
=
0
'
1
1
1
9 Ngo ra la v
L2
: Mach tng ng tn hieu nho (a nguon v
L2
vao mach hoi tiep)
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Chng 7 27
Bien oi tng ng Norton Thevenin:
| |
i ie b f i
b f i
ie b c fe
L i
L
v
r h R R r
R R r
h R R h
v v
v
A
1
// //
// //
) // // (
0
'
2
2
2
(
(

+
=
=
=
o li ap:
T
A
A
v
vf

=
1
1
1
va
T
A
A
v
vf

=
1
2
2
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Chng 7 28
- Tr khang ngo vao:
Mach hoi tiep ap sai lech dong Bien oi Thevenin Norton nguon ap v
i
r
i
Tr khang ngo vao nhn t nguon dong khi khong co hoi tiep: Z
i
= r
i
//R
b
//R
f
//h
ie
Tr khang ngo vao nhn t nguon dong:
T
Z
Z
i
if

=
1
Do Z
if
= r
i
// Z
if

if i
i if
if
Z r
r Z
Z

=
'
Tr khang ngo vao nhn t nguon ap: Z
ifv
= r
i
+ Z
if

- Tr khang ngo ra:

9 Nhn t v
L1
: Tr khang ngo ra khi khong co hoi tiep: Z
o1
= R
L
// R
C

T
Z
Z
o
of

=
1
1
1
9 Nhn t v
L2
: Tr khang ngo ra khi khong co hoi tiep: Z
o2
= R
c
// R
b
// h
ie

T
Z
Z
o
of

=
1
2
2
7.6 Mach khuech ai hoi tiep va cac ham o nhay
Thc te: A
i
(A
v
) rat ln o li toan mach ch phu thuoc vao mach hoi tiep.
- o nhay cua s thay oi o li (sensitivity to gain variations):
nh ngha:
i i
if if
A
A
A dA
A dA
S
if
i
/
/
=
Mch din t 1
http://www.khvt.com
Chng 7 29
T cong thc:
T
A
A
i
if

=
1

T
S
if
i
A
A

=
1
1
- Giam nhieu noi (reduction of internal disturbances):
Xet s o khoi cua mach hoi tiep vi nhieu noi i
d
nh sau: Gia s mach hoi tiep co R
f
;
R
|
.
ien ap ngo ra:
d L L i i L L
i R A v G i A A R v
2 2 1
) ( + =
Vi A
i
= A
1
A
2
va T = - A
i
G
i
R
L

|
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
.
|

\
|

=
1
1 A
i
i
T
R A
v
d
i
L i
L
Mach tng ng
ien ap ngo ra gay ra do nhieu noi:
d
L d L i
i
L
i
T
R A
A
i
T
R A
i
v

=
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
= 1 1 0
2
1
o ln cua nhieu noi ngo ra phu thuoc vao v tr cua i
d
trong mach K (A
2
):
9 i
d
xuat hien tang cuoi: A
2
= 1 i
d
b giam (1-T) ngo ra
9 i
d
xuat hien ngo vao: A
2
= A
i
: Nhieu va tn hieu vao cung c khuech ai
Mch din t 1
http://www.khvt.com
Chng 7 30
V du 7: o dn song (ripple voltage) cua nguon la v
cc
, tnh o dn song ngo ra.
Mach tng ng tn hieu nho (Gia s r
i
>> R
f
>> R
L
): Mach hoi tiep ap sai lech dong
Khi khong co hoi tiep (v
L
= 0): Superposition:
i
ie f
f
L fe cc L
i
h R
R
R h v v
+
=
o li vong:
ie f
L fe
L
L
h R
R h
v
v
T
+
= =
'

i
ie f f L fe
cc
L
i
T
h R R R h
T
v
v

=
1
) /(
1
Gia s T >> 1
i f
cc
L
i R
T
v
v

~
o dn song ngo ra do v
cc
:
T
v
v
cc
ripple L

: B suy hao bi o li vong T.

7.7 Ky thuat thiet ke mach khuech ai hoi tiep
7.8 Cac ng dung khac cua ky thuat hoi tiep
Xem TLTK [1], [2]
Mch din t 1
http://www.khvt.com