1

B GIO DC V O TO OLYMPIC VT L SINH VIN TON QUC AN GIANG 2011

HI VT L VIT NAM

P N GII BI TP

CU 1
Trn hnh 1 l gin hot ng l thuyt ca ng c 4 k. ng c hot ng
nh sau: hn hp khng kh v nhin liu c t nng ln nhit cao bi
qu trnh nn on nhit (1-2), dn n trong thi gian rt ngn khi b t chy
ng p (2-3), sau kh tip tc dn n on nhit (3-4), cui cng thot ra
ngoi khng gian lm vic v c thay bi hn hp nhin liu mi. Giai on
cui ca chu trnh lm vic tng ng vi qu trnh ng tch (4-1). Thng
s =V
1
/V
2
c gi l h s nn, cn thng s =V
3
/V
2
l h s lp y ca
ng c.
Gi thit c th xem khng kh v cc sn phm chy l kh l tng hai nguyn
t. Nhit dung ring ng tch ca kh ny l c
V
=2,5 R/M, trong R l hng s
kh, cn M l khi lng mol ca cht kh. i vi qu trnh on nhit ta c
nh lut Poisson pV

= const, =c
p
/c
V
l hng s Poisson.
a. Hy xc nh cc i lng p, T cc im 2, 3 v 4 trn gin hot
ng nu cho bit cc gi tr p
1
, T
1
ti im 1 v h s nn , h s lp y
ca ng c.
b. Xc nh nhit lng nhn v ta ra bi tc nhn trong mt chu trnh v
hiu sut l thuyt tng ng ca ng c.
c. Chng minh rng i vi hiu sut l thuyt ta c h thc

1
1 1 1
1
1

.
Trc ht, hy gii cu hi a v b mt cch tng qut, sau tnh s vi cc s
liu sau: p
1
= 0,10 MPa; V
1
= 2,00. 10
-3
m
3
; T
1
= 300 K; = 1,40 ; = 20,0 ; =
1,80 .






Hnh 1.





V
1,4
V
2

V V
3

p
2,3

p
1

p
4
1
4
2 3
p
2
Bi gii

a. i vi qu trnh on nhit 1-2 ta c
1
1
2
1
1
2
2 2 1 1
2
2 2
1
1 1
, ,

=
|
|

\
|
= = =

V
V
T
T
V p V p
T
V p
T
V p
.
Do ,
1
2 1
T T

= ,
2 1
p p

= .

i vi qu trnh ng p 2-3 ta c
3 3
2 2
T V
T V
= = ,
do
1
3 2 1 3 2 1
, T T T p p p

= = = = .

i vi qu trnh on nhit 3-4, ta c
1
1
1
1
3
3
4
4 4 3 3
1
,

=
|
|

\
|
= =

V
V
T
T
V p V p ,
suy ra


1
1 1
3 4
T T T = =

.
Ta cng c

1
1
3
3 4
p
V
V
p p =
|
|

\
|
= .
Kt qu tnh s: (ch s ch s c ngha trong kt qu)
T
1
=300 K , T
2
=994 K , T
3
=1790 K , T
4
=683 K .
p
1
=0,10 MPa , p
2
=6,63 MPa , p
3
=6,63 MPa , p
4
=0,23 MPa .

b. Ta c th biu din khi lng khng kh i qua th tch lm vic trong mt
chu trnh l
1
1 1
RT
M V p
m = .
Do

1
1 1
5 , 2
T
V p
mc
V
= .
Trong qu trnh t chy nhin liu 2-3, tc nhn nhn mt lng nhit l
) ( 5 , 2 ) ( ) (
2 3
1
1 1
2 3 2 3 1
T T
T
V p
T T c m T T mc Q
V p
= = = .
Trong qu trnh ng tch 4-1, tc nhn ta ra mt lng nhit l
3
) ( 5 , 2 ) (
1 4
1
1 1
1 4
'
2
T T
T
V p
T T mc Q
V
= = .
Cc giai on khc ca chu trnh l qu trnh on nhit nn khng c s trao
i nhit. V vy, hiu sut l thuyt ca ng c l
2 3
1 4
1
'
2
1
'
2 1
1
1 1
T T
T T
Q
Q
Q
Q Q

= =

.
Kt qu tnh s:
Q
1
= 1857 J 1860 J ,
'
2
Q = 638 J , = 0,66 = 66%

c.
1
1 1 1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
3
1
4
2 3
1 4

T
T
T
T
T
T
T T
T T
.


CU 2
Xt s va chm ca ht pion

vi proton p ng yn trong h quy chiu

phng th nghim, sinh ra hai ht
0
K v
0
. Phn ng c vit di dng
0 0
+ +

K p .
1. Hy tnh ng nng ngng ca pion phn ng trn xy ra.
2. Trong mt th nghim, cc pion c ng lng 2,50.10
3
MeV/c. Ngi ta
quan st thy cc ht
0
c ng lng 0,60.10
3
MeV/c v hng chuyn
ng ca chng lp gc 45
0
so vi hng chuyn ng ca cc pion.
a. Hy tnh tc ca h quy chiu khi tm i vi h quy chiu phng
th nghim.
b. Hy tnh ng lng ca cc ht
0
K trong h quy chiu phng th
nghim v trong h quy chiu khi tm.
Cho bit 140 =

m MeV/c
2
, m
p
=938 MeV/c
2
, =
0
K
m 498 MeV/c
2
, 1116
0
=

m
MeV/c
2
.
Ch thch:

l ht -meson (gi l pion) mang in tch m,

0
K l ht K-meson
(gi l kaon) khng mang in tch, ht
0
(gi l ht lambda) khng
mang in tch.
Theo thuyt tng i hp, khi chuyn t h quy chiu qun tnh ny sang
h quy chiu qun tnh khc, cc i lng
|

\
|
p
c
E r
, bin i ging nh
cc i lng ) , ( r ct
r
.
4
Bi gii
1. K hiu p, E v p, E l ng lng, nng lng tng cng ca h trc phn
ng xt trong h quy chiu phng th nghim S v h quy chiu khi tm S, v l
tc ca S so vi S. T php bin i Lorentz i vi ta v thi gian suy
ra php bin i ca ng lng v nng lng
p = [ p + (v/c) (E/c)] , E/c = [ E/c + (v/c) p] , (1)
Ta c
p = 0 , p
E
c
E'
p c
v ,

E
E'
2 2
r r
= = = , (2)
trong
2
= 1- v
2
/c
2
.
T (2) rt ra
( )
2 2 2

2
p
4 2

2
p
2
2
2 2 2 2
p
2 2
(pc) ) c (m c 2m )c m (m
pc) ( pc) ( ) c (m c m
(pc) E E'
+ + + =
+ + =
=

(3)
Khi ht

c nng lng ngng, cc ht sau phn ng ng yn trong h quy

chiu khi tm. Ti ngng, nng lng tng cng ca h ht sau phn ng
trong h S l
2
K
)c m (m
0 0
+ . Theo nh lut bo ton nng lng ta c

2
K
2 2 2

2
p
4 2

2
p
)c m (m (pc) ) c (m c 2m )c m (m
0 0
+ = + + + . (4)
Do ,

| |
p
2 2
p
2 2
K 2 4 2

2m
c ) m (m ) m (m
(pc) c m
0 0 + +
= +

. (5)
ng nng ngng ca ht

l

| |
p
2 2
p
2
K
2

2 4 2
ng ,
2m
c ) m (m ) m (m
c m (pc) c m T
0 0
+ +
= + = (6)
= 769 MeV .

2.a. Theo (2), ta c
p = 2,50.10
3
MeV/c , E = + + =
2
p
2 4 2

c m (pc) c m 3,44.10
3
MeV .
v = (c
2
/E) p = 0,73 c . (7)
2.b. Chn hng chuyn ng ca cc pion lm trc x (vc t n v i), trc y
(vc t n v j) nm trong mt phng cha qu o ca pion v ht K-meson.
Trong h quy chiu S, gc gia 0

p
r
v

p
r
l , gia 0
K
p
r
v

p
r
l . Trong h
S, cc gc tng ng l v .
Theo nh lut bo ton ng lng, ta c
5 , 2 0 0 = =

p p p
K
r r r

i ( 6 , 0 cos i + sin j)
=2,08 i 42 , 0 j (10
3
MeV/c) . (8)
5
Vy ta nhn c
tan =
08 , 2
42 , 0
= - 11,42
0
= - 0,20 rad .
= 0
K
p
r
2,12.10
3
MeV/c .
Nng lng ca ht K-meson l
= + =
2 4 2
) (
0 0 0
c p c m E
K K K
2,18.10
3
MeV . (9)
Nng lng v ng lng ca ht K-meson trong h quy chiu khi tm lin h
vi nng lng v ng lng ca n trong h quy chiu phng th nghim bi
bin i Lorentz
p
x
= [ p
x
- (v/c) (E/c)] , E/c = [ E/c - (v/c) p
x
] ,
p
y
= p
y
, p
z
= p
z
.
Do ,
p
x
= 0,72.10
3
MeV/c , p
y
= - 0,42.10
3
MeV/c .
Vy
=
,
0
K
p 0,83.10
3
MeV/c , = - 0,53 rad = - 30,22
0
.


CU 3

Cho mch in hnh vung, chiu di mi cnh l d=5 cm, gm hai kha S
1
v
S
2
, ngun in c sut in ng U=6 V, v in tr R=1,0 . on dy dn CD
pha di c bc cch in bi vt liu in mi c khi lng M=0,1 kg v
tch in Q=10 mC. Khi lng v in tr ca dy dn v cc thnh phn khc
nh, c th b qua. on dy dn gia (c chuyn mch S
2
) nm cch on
dy dn pha di mt khong d/2. Mch in c treo sao cho c th quay
khng ma st quanh trc OO nm ngang trng vi on dy dn pha trn (c
ngun in). Mch in khng b bin dng trong mi trng hp. Mch in
nm trong t trng u c cm ng t B=10,0 T v in trng u c cng
in trng E=1000 N/C. C hai trng c hng song song vi nhau v
vung gc vi mt phng thng ng i qua trc quay OO (xem hnh v 2).






Hnh 2.





U
S
1
S
2
R

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

O

O

B

E

C

D

6
a. C hai kha S
1
v S
2
m. Xc nh gc gia mt phng mch in v
ng thng ng.
b. Kha S
1
ng, kha S
2
m. Xc nh gc cn bng .
c. Kha S
1
m, kha S
2
ng, mch in quay t v tr thng ng =0 ln
v tr nm ngang =/2 trong thi gian t=5 ms. Hy tnh cng thc hin
trong qu trnh .
d. Mch in c th t v tr nm ngang vi c hai kha m. Hy m t
chuyn ng ca mch in v tnh nhng thng s cn thit i vi
chuyn ng . Nu ng kha S
2
trong qu trnh mch in chuyn
ng th c hiu ng g xy ra?

Bi gii

a. Nu c hai kha m, trong mch khng c dng in. Tc dng ln on dy
dn CD ch c trng lc F
g
v lc in F

. Khi mch in nm v tr cn bng,

ta c

Mg
QE
F
F
tan
g

1
= = r
r
.
Do ,
1
= 84,4
0
.


b. Nu S
1
ng, S
2
m, dng in cng I =
R
U
i qua dy dn CD. T
trng tc dng ln on dy dn CD lc F
t
. v tr cn bng, gc nghing
2

c xc nh bi phng trnh

BId Mg
QE
F F
F
an t
t g

2
+
=
+
= r r
r
,
hay
2
= 68,2
0
.


c. Khi kha S
1
m, S
2
ng, mch in chuyn t v tr thng ng sang v tr
nm ngang, trong mch gm dy dn CD, in tr R v kha S
2
c dng in
cm ng cng trung bnh I
tb
=
t

R
1

.
Theo nh lut bo ton nng lng, cng W cn thit lm mch in thay
i v tr bng tng ca bin thin th nng ca mch in v nhit lng ta ra
trn in tr. Ta c

t 4R
d B
QEd Mgd t R I QEd Mgd W
4 2
2
tb
+ = + = .
F

F
g

F

F
g
+F
t

2
7
Du + ng vi trng hp (i) quay mch in ngc chiu tc dng ca in
trng, du - ng vi trng hp (ii) quay mch theo chiu tc dng ca in
trng.
- Trng hp (i): W = 0,58 J
- Trng hp (ii): W = - 0,42 J

d. Khi hai kha m, v tr cn bng ca mch in ng vi gc
1
. Nu mch
in v tr vi gc lch so vi v tr cn bng, lc ko mch in tr v v tr
cn bng l

. sin Mg
sin ) sin
M
QE
cos M(g
) cos( QE ) sin( Mg F
hd
1 1
1 1

+ =
+ + =


Ging vi trng hp con lc n, nu gc lch nh, mch in s thc hin
dao ng iu ha vi tn s gc
d
g

hd
= = 44,83 rad/s, chu k T = 0,14 s.
Nu ng kha S
2
trong qu trnh mch in dao ng, trong mch in cha
dy CD, in tr R v kha S
2
xut hin dng in cm ng c tc dng chng
li s dao ng ca mch.
Do , mch in s dao ng tt dn, cui cng s dng li v tr cn bng
vi gc lch
1
so vi v tr thng ng.


CU 4

Chit sut n ca khng kh nhit 300 K v cao ngang mc nc bin
ng vi nh sng c bc sng nm gia vng ph nhn thy l 1,0003. Gi
thit rng kh quyn c nhit ng u l 300 K v i lng (n-1) t l vi
mt khng kh. Hi kh quyn ca Qu t phi m c hn bao nhiu ln
nh sng bc sng s i vng quanh Qu t cao ngang mc nc
bin. Bit rng ln cao 8700 m th mt khng kh gim e ln. Bn knh Qu
t l R = 6400 km.

Bi gii
Theo gi thit kh quyn c nhit ng u, s ph thuc ca mt khng
kh d(r) vo chiu cao r tun theo phn b Boltzmann
kT
R) mg(r
e d(r)

,
trong r l cao tnh t tm Qu t. Ta c biu thc cho chit sut ca
khng kh ph thuc cao
8
h
R - r
e 1 n(r)

= hay
h
R - r
e 1 n(r)

+ =
vi l h s t l lin quan n mt khng kh, h=8700 m. Do

h
R r
e
h

dr
dn(r)

= . (1)

Gi s kh quyn c mt m c n mc nh sng truyn theo cong ca
b mt Qu t cao r, tc l truyn theo cung trn bn knh r, t im A
n im B. di quang trnh t A n B l
s = n(r) r .
Ta bit ng truyn ca nh sng tha mn iu kin di quang trnh l cc
tr. Do
0 n(r) r
dr
dn(r)
dr
ds
=
(

+ = hay
r
n(r)
dr
dn(r)
= . (2)
T (1) v (2) ta c

h
R r
e
h

r
n(r)

= . (3)
t r = R, ta nhn c
1
h
R
+ =
h R
h

= = 0,00136 . (4)
Trong thc t, chit sut cao ngang mc nc bin l n
0
=1,0003, suy ra
hng s
0
= n
0
-1 = 0,0003.
Nh vy, nh sng truyn theo cong ca b mt qu t cao ngang
mc nc bin, kh quyn phi m c hn kh quyn tht /
0
ln:
= =
0,0003
0,00136

0
4,53 .


HT