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1-3

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5.1.2 ........................................................... 49

1.3 .............................................................. 9

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3.4 ... ................................................................. 26

6.2.2 ............................................................................. 62

3.5 .................................................................................................. 26

6.2.3 .................................................................................... 62

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6.2.4 ..................................................................................... 63

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6.2.5 .......................................................................... 63

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4.2 ........................................................... 30

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4.2.1 ........................... 30

6.3.3 ................................................................ 67

4.2.2 .............................................. 34

6.4 ......................................................................................... 67

4.2.3 .......................... 35

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4.2.4 ....... 35

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4.3 ............................................................ 37

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1-4

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7.2.2 : Scratch Rules ................................................ 75

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10.3 .......................................................... 111

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10.4 .................................................................. 113

7.3.3 ................................................... 79

10.4.1 ................................................. 113

7.4 ..................................................................................... 80

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7.4.1 ................................................................................... 80

.................................................................................................. 115

7.4.2 ................................................................................. 81

................................................................................................. 115

7.4.3 ................................................. 82

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7.4.4 ...................................................................... 82

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11.1 .............................................................. 119

7.4.5 .................................................................... 83

11.2 scratch. ........................................... 119

7.4.6 ......................................................................... 83

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12.1. ...................................................... 129

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8.2.1: ............................ 89

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8.3 ........................................................... 92

.................................................................................................. 139

8.3.1 ...................................... 92

................................................................................................. 139

8.3.2 ........................................................ 93

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14.1. ....................... 153


1-5

14.1.1 ..................................................................... 153

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14.1.2 .......... 154

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14.1.3 ............. 156

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14.2 ................................................................................................ 157

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14.2.1 ;................................................................. 157

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14.2.2 Scratch .......................................................... 157

................................... 192

14.2.3 vs. ..................................................... 160


14.3 .............................................................................. 160
14.3.1 .......................................................................... 160
14.3.2 ...................................................................................... 163
.................................................................................................. 169
................................................................................................. 170
.................................................................................... 170
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................................... 187
15.5 ................................................................................. 188
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