Mạng Máy Tính: Sách Hướng Dẫn Học Tập

HC VIN CNG NGH BU CHNH VIN THNG
- - - - - - - - - - - - - -

SCH HNG DN HC TP
MNG MY TNH
Bin son : Ts. PHM TH QU

Lu hnh ni b

H NI - 2006

M U
Ti liu ny phc v cho sinh vin h o i hc t xa hc tp v nghin cu v Mng
my tnh.
Ti liu gm cc ni dung chnh sau:
Chng I: Gii thiu tng quan v mng my tnh. Khi nim c bn v kin trc v cc
giao thc mng, cc loi mng my tnh v mc tiu ng dng ca n.
Chng II: Nghin cu cc nguyn tc c bn thit k mt m hnh giao thc mng my
tnh theo quan im chia cc tin trnh truyn thng thnh cu trc nhiu tng, c xp chng ln
nhau thc hin mt tin trnh truyn thng hon chnh. Gii thiu m hnh OSI, c xem nh
l mt m hnh chun, mt chin lc pht trin cc h thng m v mt khung khi nim v giao
thc v dch v.
Chng III: Gii thiu mt s b giao thc mng mang tnh c trng v c p dng ph
bin. c bit trong chng ny tm hiu su hn b giao thc TCP/IP tr thnh chun chung
cho mng my tnh ton cu, mng Internet.
Chng IV: Chng ny gii thiu cc cng ngh mng cc b. Kin trc mng cc b
Ethrnet, Virtual LAN, Local ATM , LAN ARCnet..
Chng V: Gii thiu v cng ngh v k thut mng din rng WAN. C th xem xt
cng ngh cc mng tch hp s a dch v ISDN v bng rng B-ISDN, Frame Relay v X25,
dch v SDMS v phng thc truyn dn khng ng b ATM.
Chng VI: Gii thiu mt s cng ngh mi nh cng ngh ng dy thu bao s DSL,
cc mng chuyn mch gi chuyn ti ting ni trn nn IP, ATM v Frame Raly. Cc cng ngh
chuyn mch nhn a giao thc IP/MPLS, chuyn mch mm Softswitch s dng trong mng hi
t v mng th h sau NGN.
Chng VII: cp n mt s vn bo v thng tin trn mng. Chng ny gii thiu
cch tip cn cc h mt m, cc giao thc bo mt, mng ring o VPN v cc gii php an ton
mng, xc thc in t, cc gii php ch k in t, xc minh ch k v t chi ch k gi mo..
Ti liu khng ch cp n nhng vn c s l lun m cn trnh by mt s k nng,
kinh nghim cn thit thit k v ci t cc mng my tnh. Hy vng s c ch cho cc bn hc
sinh sinh vin v nhng ngi mun xy dng cc h thng tin hc ng dng phc v cho sn
xut, qun l trong cc doanh nghip. C th cn nhiu thiu st trong trnh by v bin son do
kh nng, trnh , nhng ngi bin son mnh dn gii thiu ti liu ny v mong nhn c s
gp ca bn c.

TS Phm Th Qu
Chng 1: Khi nim v mng my tnh
CHNG I: KHI NIM V MNG MY TNH
Ni dung ca chng s trnh by cc khi nim c bn ca mng my tnh, nh ngha
mng my tnh, mc tiu v ng dng ca mng, cu trc v cc thnh phn c bn ca mt mng
my tnh. Cc thc th trn mng c th tham gia truyn thng vi nhau cn tun theo tp cc
phn mm iu khin hot ng ca mng, c gi l chun, hay cn gi l tp cc giao thc
mng (Protocols). Ni dung ca chng bao gm cc phn sau:
nh ngha mng my tnh
Mc tiu mng my tnh.
Cc dch v mng.
Cu trc mng (Topology)
Khi nim giao thc mng my tnh (Protocols)
Mng LAN, MAN, WAN.
Mng chuyn mch knh (Circuit switched Networks)
Mng chuyn mch gi (Packet Switched Networks).
Cc m hnh x l d liu
1.1. nh ngha mng my tnh
Mng my tnh l tp hp cc my tnh n l c kt ni vi nhau bng cc phng tin
truyn vt l (Transmission Medium) v theo mt kin trc mng xc nh (Network Architecture).
Mng vin thng cng l mng my tnh. Cc node chuyn mch l h thng my tnh c
kt ni vi nhau bng cc ng truyn dn v hot ng truyn thng tun theo cc chun m
hnh tham chiu OSI. Hnh 1.2 m t khi qut cc thnh phn ca nh ngha.

Terminal
Cc node mng
Printer

Hnh 1.1 Mng my tnh
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Kin trc mng gm cu trc mng (Topology) v giao thc mng (Protocols). Topology l
cu trc hnh hc ca cc thc th mng v giao thc mng l tp cc quy tc chun cc thc th
hot ng truyn thng phi tun theo.
1.2. Mc tiu mng my tnh
1.2.1. Mc tiu kt ni mng my tnh
- Cng chia s cc ti nguyn chung, bt k ngi s dng no cng c quyn khai thc, s
dng ti nguyn ca mng m khng ph thuc vo v tr a l ca n.
- Nng cao tin cy ca h thng nh kh nng thay th khi mt s thnh phn ca mng
xy ra s c k thut th vn duy tr s hot ng bnh thng ca h thng.
- To mi trng giao tip gia ngi vi ngi. Chinh phc c khong cch, con ngi
c th trao i, tho lun vi nhau cch xa nhau hng nghn km.
1.2.2. Li ch kt ni mng
- C th gim s lng my in, a cng v cc thit b khc. Kinh t trong vic u t xy
dng cho mt h thng tin hc ca mt c quan, x nghip, doanh nghip...
- Dng chung ti nguyn t tin nh my in, phn mm...Trnh d tha d liu, ti nguyn
mng. C kh nng t chc v trin khai cc n ln thun li v d dng.
- Bo m cc tiu chun thng nht v tnh bo mt, an ton d liu khi nhiu ngi s
dng ti cc thit b u cui khc nhau cng lm vic trn cc h c s d liu.
Tm li, mc tiu kt ni cc my tnh thnh mng l cung cp cc dch v mng a dng,
chia s ti nguyn chung v gim bt cc chi ph v u t trang thit b.
1.3. Cc dch v mng
1.3.1. Cc xu hng pht trin dch v mng my tnh
- Cung cp cc dch v truy nhp vo cc ngun thng tin xa khai thc v x l thng
tin. Cung cp cc dch v mua bn, giao dch qua mng...
- Pht trin cc dch v tng tc gia ngi vi ngi trn phm vi din rng. p ng
nhu cu trao i thng tin a dch v, a phng tin. To cc kh nng lm vic theo nhm bng
cc dch v th in t, video hi ngh, cha bnh t xa ...
- Xu hng pht trin cc dch v gii tr trc tuyn (Online) hin i. Cc hnh thc dch
v truyn hnh, nghe nhc, chi game trc tuyn qua mng......
1.3.2. Cc dch v ph bin trn mng my tnh
- Dch v tp (File services) cho php chia s ti nguyn thng tin chung, chuyn giao cc
tp d liu t my ny sang my khc. Tm kim thng tin v iu khin truy nhp. Dch v th
in t E_Mail (Electronic mail) cung cp cho ngi s dng phng tin trao i, tranh lun
bng th in t. Dch v th in t gi thnh h, chuyn pht nhanh, an ton v ni dung c th
tch hp cc loi d liu.
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- Dch v in n: C th dng chung cc my in t tin trn mng. Cung cp kh nng a
truy nhp n my in, phc v ng thi cho nhiu nhu cu in khc nhau. Cung cp cc dch v
FAX v qun l c cc trang thit b in chuyn dng.
- Cc dch v ng dng hng i tng: S dng cc dch v thng ip (Message) lm
trung gian tc ng n cc i tng truyn thng. i tng ch bn giao d liu cho tc nhn
(Agent) v tc nhn s bn giao d liu cho i tng ch.
- Cc dch v ng dng qun tr lung cng vic trong nhm lm vic: nh tuyn cc ti
liu in t gia nhng ngi trong nhm. Khi ch k in t c xc nhn trong cc phin giao
dch th c th thay th c nhiu tin trnh mi hiu qu v nhanh chng hn.
- Dch v c s d liu l dch v ph bin v cc dch v ng dng, l cc ng dng theo
m hnh Client/Server. Dch v x l phn tn lu tr d liu phn tn trn mng, ngi dng
trong sut v d s dng, p ng cc nhu cu truy nhp ca ngi s dng.
1.4. Cu trc mng (Topology)
Topology l cu trc hnh hc khng gian ca mng thc cht l cch b tr v tr vt l cc
node v cch thc kt ni chng li vi nhau. C hai kiu cu trc mng: kiu im - im (Point
to Point) v kiu qung b (Multi Point).
1.4.1. Kiu im - im (Point to Point)
ng truyn ni tng cp node li vi nhau theo mt hnh hc xc nh. Mt knh truyn
vt l s c thit lp gia 2 node c nhu cu trao i thng tin. Chc nng cc node trung gian:
tip nhn, lu tr tm thi v gi tip thng tin sang node tip theo khi ng truyn ri. Cu trc
im- im gi l mng lu v gi tip (Store - and - Forward).
u im l t kh nng ng thng tin (Collision). Nhc im ca n l hiu sut s
dng ng truyn thp. Chim dng nhiu ti nguyn, tr ln, tiu tn nhiu thi gian thit
lp ng truyn v x l ti cc node. V vy tc trao i thng tin thp.

Mng hnh sao
(Star)
Mng chu trnh
(Loop)
Mng y
(Complete)
Hnh 1.2 Cc mng c cu trc im - im

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1.4.2. Kiu a im hay qung b (Point to Multipoint, Broadcasting)
Tt c cc node cng truy nhp chung trn mt ng truyn vt l. Mt thng ip c
truyn i t mt node no s c tt c cc node cn li tip nhn v kim tra a ch ch trong
thng ip c phi ca n hay khng. Cn thit phi c c ch gii quyt vn ng thng
tin (Collision) hay tc nghn thng tin trn ng truyn trong cc mng hnh BUS v hnh RING.
Cc mng c cu trc qung b c phn chia thnh hai loi: qung b tnh v qung b
ng ph thuc vo vic cp pht ng truyn cho cc node. Trong qung b ng c qung b
ng tp trung v qung b ng phn tn.
Qung b tnh: Chia thi gian thnh nhiu khong ri rc v dng c ch quay vng
(Round Robin) cp pht ng truyn. Cc node c quyn c truy nhp khi n ca thi
gian ca n.
Qung b ng tp trung: Mt thit b trung gian c chc nng tip nhn yu cu lin lc v
cp pht ng truyn cho cc node. Kiu cp pht ny gim c ti a thi gian cht ca ng
truyn, hiu sut knh truyn cao, nhng thit k phc tp v kh khn.
Qung b ng phn tn: Khng c b trung gian, cc node t quyt nh c nn hay khng
nn truy nhp ng truyn, ph thuc vo trng thi ca mng.

Mng hnh BUS

Mng hnh vng RING

V tinh
Hnh 1.3 Cc mng c cu trc qung b
1.5. Khi nim giao thc mng my tnh (Protocols)
1.5.1. Khi nim v giao thc
Cc thc th ca mng mun trao i thng tin vi nhau phi bt tay, m phn v mt s
th tc, quy tc... Cng phi ni chung mt ngn ng. Tp quy tc hi thoi c gi l giao
thc mng (Protocols). Cc thnh phn chnh ca mt giao thc bao gm:
- C php: nh dng d liu, phng thc m ho v cc mc tn hiu.
- Ng ngha: thng tin iu khin, iu khin lu lng v x l li..
Trao i thng tin gia hai thc th c th l trc tip hoc gin tip. Trong hai h thng kt
ni im - im, cc thc th c th trao i thng tin trc tip khng c s can thip ca cc thc
th trung gian. Trong cu trc qung b, hai thc th trao i d liu vi nhau phi thng qua cc
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thc th trung gian. Phc tp hn khi cc thc th khng chia s trn cng mt mng chuyn
mch, kt ni gin tip phi qua nhiu mng con.
1.5.2. Chc nng giao thc
ng gi: Trong qu trnh trao i thng tin, cc gi d liu c thm vo mt s thng tin
iu khin, bao gm a ch ngun v a ch ch, m pht hin li, iu khin giao thc... Vic
thm thng tin iu khin vo cc gi d liu c gi l qu trnh ng gi (Encapsulation). Bn
thu s c thc hin ngc li, thng tin iu khin s c g b khi gi tin c chuyn t tng
di ln tng trn.
Phn on v hp li: Mng truyn thng ch chp nhn kch thc cc gi d liu c nh.
Cc giao thc cc tng thp cn phi ct d liu thnh nhng gi c kch thc quy nh. Qu
trnh ny gi l qu trnh phn on. Ngc vi qu trnh phn on bn pht l qu trnh hp li
bn thu. D liu phn on cn phi c hp li thnh thng ip thch hp tng ng dng
(Application). V vy vn m bo th t cc gi n ch l rt quan trng. Gi d liu trao
i gia hai thc th qua giao thc gi l n v giao thc d liu PDU (Protocol Data Unit).
iu khin lin kt: Trao i thng tin gia cc thc th c th thc hin theo hai phng
thc: hng lin kt (Connection - Oriented) v khng lin kt (Connectionless). Truyn khng
lin kt khng yu cu c tin cy cao, khng yu cu cht lng dch v v khng yu cu xc
nhn. Ngc li, truyn theo phng thc hng lin kt, yu cu c tin cy cao, m bo cht
lng dch v v c xc nhn. Trc khi hai thc th trao i thng tin vi nhau, gia chng mt
kt ni c thit lp v sau khi trao i xong, kt ni ny s c gii phng.
Gim st: Cc gi tin PDU c th lu chuyn c lp theo cc con ng khc nhau, khi
n ch c th khng theo th t nh khi pht. Trong phng thc hng lin kt, cc gi tin
phi c yu cu gim st. Mi mt PDU c mt m tp hp duy nht v c ng k theo
tun t. Cc thc th nhn s khi phc th t cc gi tin nh th t bn pht.
iu khin lu lng lin quan n kh nng tip nhn cc gi tin ca thc th bn thu v
s lng hoc tc ca d liu c truyn bi thc th bn pht sao cho bn thu khng b trn
ngp, m bo tc cao nht. Mt dng n gin ca ca iu khin lu lng l th tc dng
v i (Stop-and Wait), trong mi PDU pht cn phi c xc nhn trc khi truyn gi
tin tip theo. C tin cy cao khi truyn mt s lng nht nh d liu m khng cn xc nhn.
K thut ca s trt l th d c ch ny. iu khin lu lng l mt chc nng quan trng cn
phi c thc hin trong mt s giao thc.
iu khin li l k thut cn thit nhm bo v d liu khng b mt hoc b hng trong
qu trnh trao i thng tin. Pht hin v sa li bao gm vic pht hin li trn c s kim tra
khung v truyn li cc PDU khi c li. Nu mt thc th nhn xc nhn PDU li, thng thng
gi tin s phi c pht li.
ng b ho: Cc thc th giao thc c cc tham s v cc bin trng thi v nh ngha
trng thi, l cc tham s v kch thc ca s, tham s lin kt v gi tr thi gian. Hai thc
th truyn thng trong giao thc cn phi ng thi trong cng mt trng thi xc nh. V d
cng trng thi khi to, im kim tra v hu b, c gi l ng b ho. ng b ho s kh
khn nu mt thc th ch xc nh c trng thi ca thc th khc khi nhn cc gi tin. Cc gi
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tin khng n ngay m phi mt mt khong thi gian lu chuyn t ngun n ch v cc gi
tin PDU cng c th b tht lc trong qu trnh truyn.
a ch ho: Hai thc th c th truyn thng c vi nhau, cn phi nhn dng c
nhau. Trong mng qung b, cc thc th phi nhn dng nh danh ca n trong gi tin. Trong
cc mng chuyn mch, mng cn nhn bit thc th ch nh tuyn d liu trc khi thit lp
kt ni.
1.6. Cp mng - phng tin truyn (Network Medium)
Phng tin truyn vt l l vt truyn ti cc tn hiu in t gia cc thnh phn mng vi
nhau, bao gm cc loi cp v cc phng tin v tuyn.
1.6.1. c trng c bn ca ng truyn
Bng thng (Bandwidth): Bng thng ca mt ng truyn l min tn s gii hn thp v
tn s gii hn cao, tc l min tn s m ng truyn c th p ng c. V d bng thng
ca cp thoi t 400 n 4000 Hz, c ngha l n c th truyn cc tn hiu vi tn s t 400 n
4000 chu k/giy. Bng thng ca cp ph thuc vo chiu di ca cp. Cp ngn bng thng cao
v ngc li. V vy khi thit k lp t cp, chiu di cp sao cho khng vt qua gii hn cho
php, v c th xy ra li trong qu trnh truyn.
Thng lng (Throughput) Thng lng ca ng truyn l s lng cc bit (chui bit)
c truyn i trong mt giy. Hay ni cch khc l tc ca ng truyn dn. K hiu l bit/s
hoc bps. Tc ca ng truyn ph thuc vo bng thng v di ca n. Mt mng LAN
Ethernet tc truyn 10 Mbps v c bng thng l 10 Mbps.
Suy hao (Attenuation): L o s suy yu ca cc tn hiu trn ng truyn. Suy hao ph
thuc vo di ca cp, cp cng di th suy hao cng cao. Khi thit k cp cng rt cn quan
tm n gii hn chiu di cho php ca tng loi cp.
1.6.2. Cc loi cp mng
Cp ng trc (Coaxial cable): L phng tin truyn cc tn hiu c ph rng v tc
cao. Bng thng ca cp ng trc t 2,5 Mbps (ARCnet) n 10 Mbps (Ethernet). Thng s
dng lp t mng hnh BUS (cc loi mng LAN cc b Thick Ethernet, Thin Ethernet) v
mng hnh sao (mng ARCnet).
Cp ng trc gm: mt dy dn trung tm, mt dy dn ngoi, to nn ng ng bao
quanh trc, tng cch in gia 2 dy dn v cp v bc ngoi.
Cc loi cp ng trc .
- Cp RC-8 v RCA-11, 50 Ohm dng cho mng Thick Ethernet.
- Cp RC-58 , 50 Ohm dng cho mng Thin Ethernet.
- Cp RG-59 , 75 Ohm dng cho truyn hnh cp.
- Cp RC-62, 93 Ohm dng cho mng ARCnet.
Cp xon i (Twisted Pair cable): Cp xon i c s dng trong cc mng LAN cc
b. Gi thnh r, d ci t, c v bc trnh nhit , m v c loi c kh nng chng nhiu
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STP (Shield Twisted Pair). Cp c bn c 2 dy ng xon vo nhau, gim nhy ca cp vi
EMI, gim bc x m nhiu tn s radio gy nhiu. Cc loi cp xon:
- Cp c mng chn (STP): Loi cp STP thng c tc truyn vo khong 16 Mbps
trong loi mng Token Ring. Vi chiu di 100 m tc t 155 Mbps (l thuyt l 500 Mbps).
Suy hao cho php khong 100 m, c tnh EMI cao. Gi thnh cao hn cp Thin Ethernet, cp
xon trn, nhng li r hn gi thnh loi cp Thick Ethernet hay cp si quang. Ci t i hi
tay ngh v k nng cao.
- Loi cp khng c v bc UTP (Unshield Twisted Pair): Cp trn khng c kh nng
chng nhiu, tc truyn khong 100 Mbps. c tnh suy hao nh cp ng, gii hn di ti
a 100m. Do thiu mng chn nn rt nhy cm vi EMI, khng ph hp vi mi trng cc nh
my. c dng ph bin cho cc loi mng, gi thnh h, d lp t.
Cp si quang (Fiber Optic Cable) rt l tng cho vic truyn d liu, bng thng c th
t 2 Gbps, trnh nhiu tt, tc truyn 100 Mbps trn on cp di vi km. Cp si quang gm
mt hoc nhiu si quang trung tm c bao bc bi mt lp v nha phn x cc tn hiu tr
li, v vy hn ch s suy hao, mt mt tn hiu. Cp si quang ch truyn cc tn hiu quang. Cc
tn hiu d liu c bin i thnh cc tn hiu quang trn ng truyn v khi nhn, cc tn hiu
quang chuyn thnh cc tn hiu d liu. Cp si quang hot ng mt trong hai ch : ch
n (Single Mode) v a ch (Multi Mode). Ci t cp si quang i hi phi c k nng cao,
quy trnh kh v phc tp.
1.6.3. Cc phng tin v tuyn
Radio: Quang ph ca in t nm trong khong 10 KHz n 1GHz. C nhiu gii tn:
Sng ngn (Short Wave), VHF (VeryHightFrequency)-Tivi&Radio FM v UHF (Ultra Hight
Frequency)-Tivi
c tnh truyn: tn s n, cng sut thp khng h tr tc d liu cc mng cc b
LAN yu cu. Tn s n, cng sut cao d ci t, bng thng cao t 1 - 10 Mbps, suy hao chm.
Kh nng nhiu t thp, bo mt km. Gi thnh cao trung bnh. Radio quang ph tri (Spread
spectrum) tin cy cao, bo mt d liu. Bng thng cao, tc truyn c th t theo yu cu
ca cc mng cc b.
Viba: Truyn thng viba c hai dng: Viba mt t v v tinh. Viba mt t s dng cc
trm thu v pht. K thut truyn thng v tinh s dng cc trm thu mt t (cc a v tinh) v
cc v tinh. Tn hiu n v tinh v t v tinh n trm thu mt lt i hoc v 23.000 dm. Thi
gian truyn mt tn hiu c lp vi khong cch. Thi gian truyn tn hiu t v tinh n cc
trm nm vng trn 1/3 chu vi qu t l nh nhau, gi l tr lan truyn (Propagation Delay).
Thng thng l 0,5-5 giy.
Tia hng ngoi (Infrared system): C 2 phng thc kt ni mng Point - to - Point v
Multi Point. Point - to Point tip sng cc tn hiu hng ngoi t thit b ny sang thit b
khc.Gii tn t 100 GHz n 1000 THz, tc truyn khong 100 Kbps-16 Mbps. Multi Point
truyn ng thi cc tn hiu hng ngoi n cc thit b. Gii tn s t 100 GHz n 1000 THz,
nhng tc truyn ch t ti a 1 Mbps.
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1.7. Phn loi mng
1.7.1. Theo khong cch
a. Mng cc b LAN (Local Area Networks):
Mng cc b LAN: kt ni cc my tnh n l thnh mng ni b, to kh nng trao i
thng tin v chia s ti nguyn trong c quan, x nhip... C hai loi mng LAN khc nhau: LAN
ni dy (s dng cc loi cp) v LAN khng dy (s dng sng cao tn hay tia hng ngoi). c
trng c bn ca mng cc b:
Quy m ca mng nh, phm vi hot ng vo khong vi km. Cc my trong mt ta nh,
mt c quan hay x nghip.. ni li vi nhau. Qun tr v bo dng mng n gin.
Cng ngh truyn dn s dng trong mng LAN thng l qung b (Broadcast), bao gm
mt cp n ni tt c cc my. Tc truyn d liu cao, t 10100 Mbps n hng trm Gbps,
thi gian tr nh (c 10s), tin cy cao, t s li bit t 10
-8
n 10
-11
.
Cu trc tp ca mng a dng. V d Mng hnh BUS, hnh vng (Ring), hnh sao (Star)
v cc loi mng kt hp, lai ghp.....

Terminator
Bus
Terminator
T-connector

Hnh 1.4 Cu trc mng hnh BUS

- Mng hnh BUS hot ng theo kiu qung b (Broadcast). Tt c cc node truy nhp
chung trn mt ng truyn vt l c u v cui (BUS). Chun IEEE 802.3 c gi l
Ethernet, l mt mng hnh BUS qung b vi c ch iu khin qung b ng phn tn, trao i
thng tin vi tc 10 Mbps hoc 100 Mbps.
Phng thc truy nhp ng truyn c s dng trong mng hnh BUS hoc TOKEN
BUS, hoc a truy nhp s dng sng mang vi vic pht hin xung t thng tin trn ng
truyn CSMA/CD (Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection).
- Mng hnh vng (RING) l mng qung b (Broadcast), tt c cc node cng truy nhp
chung trn mt ng truyn vt l. Tn hiu c lu chuyn trn vng theo mt chiu duy nht,
theo lin kt im - im. D liu c chuyn mt cch tun t tng bit quanh vng, qua cc b
chuyn tip. B chuyn tip c ba chc nng: chn, nhn v hy b thng tin. Cc b chuyn tip
s kim tra a ch ch trong cc gi d liu khi i qua n.
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Repeater
Chiu truyn
d liu

Hnh 1.5 Cu trc mng hnh RING

- Mng hnh sao (Star) cc trm kt ni vi mt thit b trung tm c chc nng iu khin
ton b hot ng ca mng. D liu c truyn theo cc lin kt im - im. Thit b trung
tm c th l mt b chuyn mch, mt b chn ng hoc n gin l mt HUB.
- Mng LAN hng ngoi (Infrared) s dng sng hng ngoi truyn d liu. Phm vi
hot ng ca mng b hn ch trong mt phng, v tn hiu hng ngoi khng i xuyn qua t-
ng. C hai phng php kt ni im- im v kt ni qung b. Cc mng im - im hot
ng bng cch chuyn tip cc tn hiu hng ngoi t mt thit b ti thit b k tip. Tc d
liu t khong 100Kb/s n 16Mb/s. Cc mng qung b hng ngoi c tc truyn d liu
thc t ch t di 1Mb/s.

Thit b
trung tm
Hub, Switch or
Repeater

Hnh 1.6 Cu trc mng hnh sao

- Mng LAN tri ph (Spread spectrum) S dng k thut tri ph, thng dng trong cng
nghip v y t.
- Mng LAN vi ba bng hp: Hot ng vi tn s vi ba nhng khng tri ph. C hai
dng truyn thng: vi ba mt t v v tinh. Cc h thng vi ba mt t thng hot ng
bng tn 4-6 GHz v 21- 23 GHz, tc truyn d liu khong vi chc Mbps.
13
b. Mng th MAN (Metropolitan Area Networks)
Mng th MAN hot ng theo kiu qung b, LAN to LAN. Mng cung cp cc dch v
thoi v phi thoi v truyn hnh cp. Trong mt mng MAN, c th s dng mt hoc hai ng
truyn vt l v khng cha thc th chuyn mch. Da trn tiu chun DQDB (Distributed
Queue Dual Bus - IEEE 802.6) quy nh 2 cp n kt ni tt c cc my tnh li vi nhau, cc
my bn tri lin lc vi cc my bn phi thng tin vn chuyn trn ng BUS trn. Cc my
bn tri lin lc vi cc my bn phi, thng tin i theo ng BUS di.

...
Bus A
Head-End
Hng truyn d liu trn bus A
Hng truyn d liu trn bus B

Bus B

Hnh 1.7: Cu trc mng th MAN

c. Mng din rng WAN (Wide Area Networks)
c trng c bn ca mt mng WAN:
- Hot ng trn phm vi mt quc gia hoc trn ton cu.
- Tc truyn d liu thp so vi mng cc b.
- Li truyn cao.

Router

Hnh 1.8: Cu trc mt mng din rng WAN

Mt s mng din rng in hnh
- Mng tch s hp a dch v ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network)
14
- Mng X25 v chuyn mch khung Frame Relay
- Phng thc truyn khng ng b ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode)
- Mng hi t- mng th h sau NGN (Next Generation Network)
d. Kt ni lin mng (Internet Connectivity)
Nhu cu trao i thng tin v chia s ti nguyn chung i hi cc hot ng truyn thng
cn thit phi kt ni nhiu mng thnh mt mng ln, gi l lin mng.
Lin mng (internet) l mng ca cc mng con, l mt tp cc mng LAN, WAN, MAN
c lp c kt ni li vi nhau. Kt ni lin mng c mt s li ch sau:
Gim lu thng trn mng: Cc gi tin thng c lu chuyn trn cc mng con v cc
gi tin lu thng trn lin mng khi cc mng con lin lc vi nhau.
Ti u ho hiu nng: Gim lu thng trn mng l ti u hiu nng ca mng, tuy nhin
my ch (Server Load) s phi tng ti khi n c s dng nh mt Router.
n gin ho vic qun tr mng: C th xc nh cc s c k thut v c lp d dng hn
trong mt mng c quy m nh, thng l trong mt mng cc b chng hn.
Hiu qu hn so vi mng WAN c phm vi hot ng ln, chi ph gim, hiu nng lin
mng tng v phc tp ca vic qun l nh hn.
Mt trong nhng chc nng ch yu ca cc thit b kt ni lin mng l chc nng nh
tuyn (Routing). C 3 phng thc kt ni lin mng c bn:
- Kt ni cc mng LAN thun nht ti tng vt l to ra lin mng c phm vi hot ng
rng v tng s lng cc node trn mng, gim bt lu lng trn mi mng con, hn ch tc
nghn v ng thng tin. Cc mng con hot ng hiu qu hn.
- Kt ni cc mng LAN khng thun nht ti tng 2 (Data Link) to ra mt lin mng bao
gm mt s mng LAN cc b kt ni vi nhau bng cc b chuyn mch n cc my ch c lp
vi tc cao.
- Kt ni cc mng LAN cc kiu khc nhau ti tng 3 (Network Layer) to ra mt mng
WAN n. Cc node chuyn mch kt ni vi nhau theo mt cu trc li. Mi mt node chuyn
mch cung cp dch v cho tp hp cc thit b u cui (DTE) ca n.
1.7.2. Mng chuyn mch knh (Circuit Switched Networks)
- Trc khi trao i thng tin, h thng s thit lp kt ni gia 2 thc th bng mt ng
truyn vt l. Thc th ch nu bn, kt ni ny s b hu b.
- Duy tr kt ni trong sut qu trnh 2 thc th trao i thng tin.
- Gii phng kt ni: Sau khi truyn xong d liu, kt ni s c hu b, gii phng cc ti
nguyn b chim dng sn sng phc v cho cc yu cu kt ni khc.
Nhc im l cn nhiu thi gian thit lp knh truyn, v vy thi gian thit lp knh
chm v xc sut kt ni khng thnh cng cao. Khi c hai khng cn thng tin truyn, knh b
b khng trong khi cc thc th khc c nhu cu.
1.7.3. Mng chuyn mch gi (Packet Switched Networks)
15
Nguyn l chuyn mch gi: Thng ip (Message) ca ngi s dng c chia thnh
nhiu gi nh (Packet) c di quy nh. di gi tin cc i (Maximum Transfer Unit) MTU
trong cc mng khc nhau l khc nhau. Cc gi tin ca mt thng ip c th truyn c lp trn
nhiu tuyn hng ch v cc gi tin ca nhiu thng ip khc nhau c th cng truyn trn mt
tuyn lin mng. Ti mi node, cc gi tin c tip nhn, lu tr, x l ti b nh, khng cn
phi lu tr tm thi trn b nh ngoi (nh a cng) v c chuyn tip n node k tip. nh
tuyn cc gi tin qua mng nhanh hn v hiu qu hn.
K thut chuyn mch gi c nhiu u im hn so vi chuyn mch knh:
- Cc gi tin lu chuyn hng ch c lp, trn mt ng c th chia s cho nhiu gi
tin. V vy hiu sut ng truyn cao hn.
- Cc gi tin c xp hng v truyn qua tuyn kt ni.
- Hai thc th c tc d liu khc nhau c th trao i cc gi vi tc ph hp.
- Trong mng chuyn mch knh, khi lu lng tng th mng t chi thm cc yu cu kt
ni (do nghn) cho n khi gim xung. Trong mng chuyn mch gi, cc gi tin vn c chp
nhn, nhng tr phn pht gi tin c th tng ln.
Cc cng ngh chuyn mch gi: Nu mt thc th gi mt gi d liu qua mng c di
ln hn kch thc gi cc i MTU, n s c chia thnh cc gi nh c di quy nh v gi
ln mng. C hai k thut c s dng trong cc mng chuyn mch gi l k thut datagram
trong mng khng lin kt (Connectionless) v k thut knh o cho mng hng lin kt
(Connection- Oriented).
- Phng thc datagram s dng trong mng khng lin kt: Mi mt gi tin c lu
chuyn v x l c lp, khng cn tham chiu n cc gi tin gi trc. Mi mt gi tin c
xem nh l mt datagram.
u, nhc im ca phng thc datagram: Giai on thit lp v gii phng kt ni s
c b qua. Ph hp vi yu cu truyn khi lng d liu khng ln trong thi gian ngn.
Phng thc linh hot hn so vi phng thc knh o. Nu xy ra nghn thng tin, cc datagram
c th c nh tuyn ra khi vng nghn. V nu c node b hng, cc gi tin t tm mt tuyn
khc lu chuyn hng ch, vic phn pht cc gi tin tin cy hn.
Phng thc knh o VC (Virtual Circuit) s dng trong mng hng lin kt: Trc khi
trao i thng tin, hai thc th tham gia truyn thng m phn vi nhau v cc tham s truyn
thng nh kch thc ti a ca gi tin, cc ca s, ng truyn.... Mt knh o c hnh
thnh thng qua lin mng v tn ti cho n khi cc thc th ngng trao i vi nhau. Ti mt
thi im, c th c nhiu knh o i v n t nhiu hng khc nhau. Cc gi tin vn c m
ti mi node v c xp hng u ra trn mt ng truyn, cc gi tin ca cc thng ip khc
trn knh o khc c th chia s s dng ng truyn ny.
u, nhc im ca phng php knh o: Mng c th cung cp cc dch v knh o, bao
gm vic iu khin li v th t cc gi tin. Tt c cc gi tin i trn cng mt tuyn s n theo
th t ban u. iu khin li m bo khng ch cc gi n ch theo ng th t m cho tt c
cc gi khng b li. Mt u im khc l cc gi tin lu chuyn trn mng s nhanh hn v
khng cn phi nh tuyn ti cc node. Tuy nhin s kh khn hn vic thch ng vi nghn. Nu
16
c node b hng th tt c cc knh o qua node s b mt, vic phn pht datagram cng kh
khn hn, tin cy khng cao.
1.8. Cc m hnh x l d liu
1.8.1. M hnh Client-Server
M hnh Client/Server m t cc dch v mng v cc ng dng c s dng truy nhp
cc dch v. L m hnh phn chia cc thao tc thnh hai phn: pha Client cung cp cho ngi s
dng mt giao din yu cu dch v t mng v pha Server tip nhn cc yu cu t pha
Client v cung cp cc dch v mt cch thng sut cho ngi s dng.
Chng trnh Server c khi ng trn mt my ch v trng thi sn sng nhn cc
yu cu t pha Client. Chng trnh Client cng c khi ng mt cch c lp vi chng
trnh Server. Yu cu dch v c chng trnh Client gi n my ch cung cp dch v v
chng trnh Server trn my ch s p ng cc yu cu ca Client. Sau khi thc hin cc yu
cu t pha Client, Server s tr v trng thi ch cc yu cu khc.

http://
Host A (Web Server)
http://www.hostA.com
Host B (Web Client)
(Trang Web t hotsA.com)
My khch yu cu
My ch p ng
Hnh 1.9: M hnh ch /khch (Client / Server)

Trong m hnh Client/Server nhiu lp, qu trnh x l c phn tn trn 3 lp khc nhau
vi cc chc nng ring bit. M hnh ny thch hp cho vic t chc h thng thng tin trn
mng Internet/ Intranet. Pht trin m hnh 3 lp s khc phc c mt s hn ch ca m hnh 2
lp. Cc h c s d liu c ci t trn cc my ch Web Server v c th c truy nhp
khng hn ch cc ng dng v s lng ngi dng.
Lp khch (Clients) cung cp dch v trnh by (Presentation Services), giao tip ngi s
dng vi lp giao dch thng qua trnh duyt Browser hay trnh ng dng thao tc v x l d
liu. Giao din ngi s dng l trnh duyt Internet Explorer hay Netscape.
Hnh 1.10 V d m hnh Client-Server 2 lp
1. Trnh duyt Browser gi yu cu cho Web Server.
2. Web Server tr kt qu v cho trnh duyt
Tower System

Main Frame Computer
Data base

Network

17
Lp giao dch (Business) cung cp cc dch v qun tr, t chc v khai thc c s d liu.
Cc componenet trc y c ci t trn lp khch, nay c ci t trn lp giao dch. V d,
mt ngi s dng trn my khch t mua hng, lp giao dch kim tra m mt hng quyt
nh tip tc bn hay khng bn. Thnh phn ca lp giao dch trong m hnh Internet l Web
Server v COM+/MTS. Cng ngh ca Microsoft vi Web Server l IIS (Internet Information
Services) s dng ASP kt ni Client vi COM. Web Server giao tip vi COM+/MTS
component qua COM. COM+/MTS component iu khin tt c giao tip vi lp d liu ngun
thng qua ODBC hoc OLE - DB.
Lp ngun d liu (Data Source) cung cp cc dch v t chc v lu tr cc h c s d
liu quan h. Sn sng cung cp d liu cho lp giao dch. c trng ca lp ny l ngn ng tm
kim, truy vn d liu SQL.
1.8.2. M hnh ngang hng (Peer-to-Peer)
Trong m hnh ngang hng tt c cc my u l my ch ng thi cng l my khch.
Cc my trn mng chia s ti nguyn khng ph thuc vo nhau. Mng ngang hng thng c
t chc thnh cc nhm lm vic Workgroup. M hnh ny khng c qu trnh ng nhp tp
trung, nu ng nhp vo mng c th s dng tt c ti nguyn trn mng. Truy cp vo cc
ti nguyn ph thuc vo ngi chia s cc ti nguyn , v vy c th phi bit mt khu
c th truy nhp c ti cc ti nguyn c chia s.
M hnh lai (Hybrid): S kt hp gia Client-Server v Peer-to-Peer. Phn ln cc mng
my tnh trn thc t thuc m hnh ny.

Tower System

Application
Server

Database
Tower System

Middleware
Server
Tower System

Application Server
Tower System

Database Server

Network

Network

Hnh 1.11 M hnh Client-Server nhiu lp

18
Cu hi trc nghim:
1. Hy chn cu ng nht v nh ngha mng my tnh:
A. Tp cc my tnh kt ni vi nhau bng ng truyn vt l.
B. Tp cc my tnh kt ni vi nhau v hot ng tun theo tp giao thc.
C. Tp cc my tnh kt ni vi nhau bng cc ng truyn vt l v hot ng theo
mt kin trc mng xc nh
2. Mc tiu kt ni mng my tnh:
A. Chia s ti nguyn mng, nng cao tin cy, chinh phc khong cch.
B. Chia s phn cng, phn mm, nng cao tin cy, chinh phc khong cch.
C. Chia s thng tin, nng cao tin cy, chinh phc khong cch.
D. Cung cp cc dch v mng a dng, chia s ti nguyn, nng cao tin cy, chinh
phc khong cch v gim bt cc chi ph v u t .
3. Cc xu hng pht trin dch v mng my tnh:
A. Cung cp cc dch v truy nhp vo cc ngun thng tin xa
B. Pht trin cc dch v tng tc gia ngi vi ngi trn phm vi din rng.
C. Xu hng pht trin cc dch v gii tr trc tuyn (Online) hin i.
D. C 3 cu trn.
4. Mng c cu trc im- im (Point to Point) l:
A. Mng lu v gi tip (Store - and - Forward).
B. Ni tng cp node li vi nhau theo mt hnh hc xc nh.
C. Cc node trung gian: tip nhn, lu tr tm thi v gi tip thng tin
5. Nhc im ca mng c cu trc im- im (Point to Point) l:
A. Kh nng ng thng tin (Collision) thp.
B. Hiu sut s dng ng truyn thp. Chim dng nhiu ti nguyn
C. tr ln, tn nhiu thi gian thit lp ng truyn v x l ti cc node.
D. Tc trao i thng tin thp.
6. c trng ca mng qung b (Point to Multipoint, Broadcasting)
A. Tt c cc node cng truy nhp chung trn mt ng truyn vt l.
B. Ni tng cp node li vi nhau theo mt hnh hc xc nh.
C. Cc node trung gian: tip nhn, lu tr tm thi v gi tip thng tin
7. Chc nng giao thc:
A. ng gi, phn on v hp li
B. iu khin lin kt v gim st.
C. iu khin lu lng v iu khin li.
D. ng b ho v a ch ho.
19
E. Tt c cc khng nh trn.
8. c trng c bn ca ng truyn
A. Bng thng (Bandwidth).
B. Thng lng (Throughput)
C. Suy hao (Attenuation)
D. Tc truyn dn.
9. Mng cc b LAN (Local Area Networks):
A. Quy m ca mng nh, phm vi khong vi km.
B. Cng ngh truyn dn s dng thng l qung b (Broadcast)
C. Tc truyn d liu cao, t 10100 Mbps n hng trm Gbps,
D. Thi gian tr c 10s , tin cy cao, t s li bit t 10-
8
n 10
-11
.
E. Cu trc tp ca mng a dng.
F. Tt c cc khng nh trn.
10. c trng c bn ca mt mng WAN:
A. Hot ng trn phm vi mt quc gia hoc trn ton cu.
B. Tc truyn d liu thp so vi mng cc b.
C. Li truyn cao.
D. Tt c cc khng nh trn.
11. Li ch khi kt ni lin mng:
A. Gim lu thng trn mng
B. Ti u ho hiu nng
C. n gin ho vic qun tr mng
D. Hiu qu hn so vi mng WAN c phm vi hot ng ln.
12. Mng chuyn mch knh (Circuit Switched Networks)
A. Thit lp kt ni vt l gia 2 thc th, duy tr kt ni trong qu trnh trao i thng
tin v gii phng kt ni khi truyn xong d liu.
B. Thit lp kt ni logic gia 2 thc th , duy tr kt ni trong qu trnh trao i thng
tin v gii phng kt ni khi truyn xong d liu.
C. Truyn d liu gia 2 thc th.
13. Khng nh ng nht trong mng chuyn mch gi (Packet Switched Networks):
A. Gi tin lu chuyn trn cc kt ni logic.
B. Gi tin lu chuyn trn cc kt ni vt l.
C. Gi tin lu chuyn c lp hng ch.
D. Cc gi tin lu chuyn hng ch c lp v trn mt ng c th chia s cho nhiu
gi tin.
20
14. di gi tin cc i MTU (Maximum Transfer Unit)
A. Trong cc mng khc nhau l khc nhau.
B. Trong cc mng khc nhau l nh nhau.
C. Trong cc mng khng quan tm n di gi tin
15. Hy chn nhng khng nh ng sau:
A. K thut datagram s dng trong cc mng khng lin kt (Connectionless)
B. K thut datagram s dng trong cc mng hng lin kt (Connection- Oriented).
K thut datagram s dng trong cc mng chuyn mch knh.
C. K thut datagram s dng trong cc mng chuyn gi X25.
16. Hy chn nhng khng nh ng sau:
A. K thut knh o VC (Virtual Circuit) s dng trong cc mng khng lin kt
B. K thut knh o VC s dng trong cc mng hng lin kt
C. K thut knh o VC s dng trong cc mng chuyn mch knh.
D. K thut knh o VC s dng trong cc mng chuyn gi X25.
Cu hi
1. Hy trnh by mc tiu v ng dng mng my tnh.
2. Hy pht biu cc li ch khi ni my tnh thnh mng.
3. Hy trnh by tng qut v xu hng pht trin cc dch v mng.
4. Hiu th no l mng my tnh. Hy trnh by tm tt chc nng cc thnh phn ch yu
ca mt mng my tnh ?.
5. Hy trnh by khi qut v cc c trng c bn ca ng truyn: Bng thng
(bandwidth), thng lng (throughput) v suy hao (attenuation).
6. Khi qut cc c trng c bn ca cc phng tin truyn: Cp ng trc (Coaxial
cable), cp xon i (Twisted pair cable), cp si quang (Fiber optic cable).
7. Hy trnh by cu trc kiu im - im (Point to Point).
8. Trong k thut chuyn mch knh, vai tr a ch nh th no ?.
9. Hy trnh by kiu qung b (Point to Multipoint, Broadcast).
10. Trnh by u, nhc im cc phng thc qung b tnh v ng, Qung b ng tp
trung v phn tn ?.
11. Nhng khc bit c bn gia kiu im - im v qung b ?.
12. Hiu th no l giao thc, vai tr ca giao thc trong truyn thng ?.
13. Trnh by cc chc nng ca giao thc.
14. Mng cc b LAN (Local Area Networks) v cc c trng c bn ca n
15. Hy trnh by cu trc mng hnh BUS, RING v STAR.
16. S khc nhau c bn gia mng hnh BUS v mng hnh RING ?.
21
17. Hy trnh by nhng c trng c bn ca cc mng LAN khng dy ?.
18. Mng th MAN (Metropolitan Area Networks) v c trng c bn ca n.
19. Mng din rngWAN v nhng c trng ca mng din rng.
20. Hiu th no l lin mng (Internetworking). Mng WAN l mt lin mng ?.
21. Chc nng ca cc thit b kt ni lin mng.
22. HUB l thit b kt ni lin mng ?.
23. Chc nng ca b nh tuyn ROUTER. C th thay th HUB trong kt ni lin mng. V
d minh ha ?.
24. Hiu th no l dch v hng lin kt (Connection - Oriented) v khng lin kt
(Connectioless). Hy cho th d minh ha.
25. Nguyn tc hot ng ca mng chuyn mch knh (Circuit Switched Networks).
26. Trnh by u, nhc im ca k thut chuyn mch knh.
27. Trnh by nguyn tc hot ng ca mng chuyn mch gi (Packet Switched Networks).
28. V sao ni k thut chuyn mch gi c hiu sut knh truyn cao, v sao ?.
29. u nhc im ca k thut chuyn nch gi ?.
30. Ni mng chuyn mch gi l mng X25 ?.
31. K thut chuyn mch gi nhiu u im hn k thut chuyn mch knh, v sao ?.
32. Trnh by phng thc Datagram.
33. Trnh by phng thc knh o VC (Virtual circuit)
34. So snh u, nhc ca phng php knh o v Datagram.
35. Phng thc knh o v chuyn mch knh khc nhau, ging nhau ?.
36. V sao mng chuyn mch gi c tc trao i thng tin nhanh hn tc trao i thng
tin trong mch chuyn mch tin bo.
37. Hiu th no l cu trc mng Client/Server, Peer to Peer ?
22
Chng 2: Kin trc mng v m hnh kt ni cc h thng m OSI
CHNG II: KIN TRC MNG V M HNH
KT NI CC H THNG M OSI
Ni dung ca chng ny s trnh by cc khi nim v kin trc phn tng v m hnh kt
ni cc h thng m OSI (Open System Interconnection) vi mc tiu kt ni cc sn phm ca
cc hng sn xut khc nhau. M hnh OSI l gii php cho cc vn truyn thng gia cc my
tnh v c thit k theo quan im c cu trc a tng. Mi mt tng thc hin mt s chc
nng truyn thng, cc tng c xp chng ln nhau, gi l chng giao thc, thc hin cc tin
trnh truyn thng hon chnh. Gia cc tng k nhau c xc nh bi giao din bng cc hm
dch v nguyn thu. Ni dung gm cc phn nh sau:
Cc t chc chun ha mng
M hnh kin trc a tng v cc quy tc phn tng.
M hnh kt ni cc h thng m OSI .
Nhng vn c bn thit k m hnh kin trc.
nh gi tin cy ca mng.
Mt s m hnh kin trc chun khc.
2.1. Cc t chc tiu chun ha mng my tnh
2.1.1. C s xut hin kin trc a tng
S khc bit v kin trc mng gy tr ngi cho ngi s dng khi kt ni lin mng,
nh hng n sc sn xut v tiu th cc sn phm v mng. Cn xy dng m hnh chun lm
c s cho cc nh nghin cu v thit k mng to ra cc sn phm m v mng v to iu kin
cho vic pht trin v s dng mng. V vy cc t chc tiu chun quc t ra i. Cc nh sn
xut c ting ni chung cho cc sn phm ca h, l cc chun, cc khuyn ngh quy nh
thit k v sn xut cc sn phm mng.
2.1.2. Cc t chc tiu chun
ISO (International Standards Organization): T chc tiu chun quc t hot ng di s
bo tr ca Lin Hip Quc. Chia thnh nhiu ban k thut- Technical Commitee- k hiu l TC,
trong ban TC97 m nhn vic nghin cu chun ho x l thng tin. Cc sn phm ca n gi
l cc chun- Standard - M hnh OSI - Open Systems Interconnection l sn phm in hnh ca
t chc ny.
CCITT (International Telegraphand Telephone Consultative Commintte): U ban t vn in
tn & in thoi quc t nay l Hip hi Vin thng quc t ITU (International Telecommunication
Union). L t chc bao gm cc c quan Bu chnh Vin thng ca cc nc. Cc sn phm c
gi l cc khuyn ngh (Recommendation):
23
- Khuyn ngh loi V: Tp cc tiu chun v truyn d liu bng Modem: V21 tc 300
bps, V32 tc 9600 - 14.400 bps, V90, V92 cho tc 56 Kbps.
- Khuyn ngh loi X: Tp cc tiu chun lin quan n mng truyn s liu. Quy nh cc
th tc giao din ngi s dng v giao din mng: X21, X25,...
- Khuyn ngh loi I: Cc tiu chun lin quan n mng ISDN
- IEEE (Institute of Electronical And Electronic Engineers): Vin cc k s in v in t.
Tp cc th tc tng vt l.
2.2. M hnh kin trc a tng
Cc mng my tnh c thit k v ci t theo quan im c cu trc a tng. Mi mt
thnh phn ca mng c xem nh mt h thng gm nhiu tng v mi mt tng bao gm mt
s chc nng truyn thng. Cc tng c chng ln nhau, s lng v chc nng ca cc tng
ph thuc vo cc nh sn xut v thit k. Tuy nhin quan im chung l trong mi tng c nhiu
thc th (cc tin trnh) thc hin mt s chc nng nhm cung cp mt s dch v, th tc cho
cc thc th tng trn hot ng.
2.2.1. Cc quy tc phn tng
T chc tiu chun quc t ISO quy nh cc quy tc phn tng nh sau:
- Khng nh ngha qu nhiu tng, s lng tng, vai tr v chc nng ca cc tng trong
mi h thng ca mng l nh nhau, khng qu phc tp khi xc nh v ghp ni cc tng. Chc
nng cc tng c lp vi nhau v c tnh m.
- Trong mi h thng, cn xc nh r mi quan h gia cc tng k nhau, mi quan h ny gi
l giao din tng (Interface). Mi quan h ny quy nh nhng thao tc v dch v c bn m tng k
di cung cp cho tng k trn v s cc tng tc qua li gia hai tng k nhau l nh nht.
- Xc nh mi quan h gia cc ng tng thng nht v cc phng thc hot ng
trong qu trnh truyn thng, mi quan h l tp cc quy tc v cc tho thun trong hi thoi
gia cc h thng, gi l giao thc tng.
- D liu khng c truyn trc tip t tng th i ca h thng pht sang tng th i ca h
thng nhn (tr tng thp nht- tng vt l) m c chuyn t tng cao xung tng thp nht bn
h thng pht v qua ng truyn vt l, d liu l chui bit khng cu trc c truyn sang
tng thp nht ca h thng nhn v t d liu c chuyn ngc ln cc tng trn. Gia cc
ng tng xc nh lin kt logic, gia cc tng vt l c lin kt vt l.
Nh vy mi mt tng c hai quan h: quan h theo chiu ngang v quan h theo chiu dc.
S lng cc tng v cc giao thc tng c gi l kin trc mng (Network Architecture).
Quan h theo chiu ngang phn nh s hot ng ca cc ng tng. Cc ng tng trc
khi trao i thng tin vi nhau phi bt tay, hi thoi v tha thun vi nhau bng cc tham s ca
cc giao thc (hay l th tc), c gi l giao thc tng.
Quan h theo chiu dc l quan h gia cc tng k nhau trong cng mt h thng. Gia
chng tn ti giao din xc nh cc thao tc nguyn thy v cc dch v tng di cung cp cho
tng trn. c gi l giao din tng.
24
Trong mi mt tng c mt hoc nhiu thc th (Entity) hot ng. Cc thc th c th l
mt tin trnh (Process) trong mt h a x l, hoc c th l mt chng trnh con....Chng thc
hin cc chc nng ca tng N v giao thc truyn thng vi cc thc th ng tng trong cc h
thng khc. K hiu N_Entity l thc th tng N.
Cc thc th truyn thng vi cc thc th tng trn n v cc thc th tng di n thng
qua cc im truy nhp dch v trn cc giao din SAP (Service Access Point). Cc thc th phi
bit n cung cp nhng dch v g cho cc hot ng tng trn k n v cc hot ng truyn
thng ca n c s dng nhng dch v g do tng k di n cung cp thng qua cc li gi
hm qua cc im truy nhp SAP trn giao din cc tng.
Khi m t hot ng ca bt k giao thc no trong m hnh OSI, cn phi phn bit c
cc dch v cung cp bi tng k di, hot ng bn trong ca tng v cc dch v m n khai
thc. S tch bit gia cc tng gip cho vic b sung, sa i chc nng ca giao thc tng m
khng nh hng n hot ng ca cc tng khc.

Giao thc tng 2
Giao thc tng N -1
Giao thc tng 1
Giao thc tng N
Tng N
Tng N-1
Tng 2
Tng 1
Tng N
Tng N-1
Tng 2
Tng 1
Giao din
tng N/N-1
Hinh 2.1 M hnh kin trc phn tng
ng truyn vt l
H thng A
H thng B
Giao din
tng 2/1

2.2.2. Lu chuyn thng tin trong kin trc a tng
Hnh 2.2 l mt v d minh ho cho s lu chuyn thng tin trong mng my tnh kt ni
gia 2 h thng A v B gm N=5 tng.

25

Hinh 2.2 V d v lu chuyn thng tin
ng truyn vt l
M M
Giao thc tng 5
M H
4
M H
4
M
1
H
4
H
3
M
2
H
4
H
3
M
1
H
4
H
3
M
2
H
4
H
3
T
2
M
2
H
4
H
3
H
2
T
2
M
1
H
4
H
2
T
2
M
2
H
4
H
3
H
2
T
2
M
1
H
4
H
3
H
2
(5)
(4)
(3
(2)
(1)
Giao thc tng 4
Giao thc tng 3
Giao thc tng 2
H thng A
H
3
H thng B
2.2.3. Nguyn tc truyn thng ng tng
truyn thng ng tng, gi tin khi chuyn xung qua cc tng s c b sung thm
vo phn u bng thng tin iu khin ca tng. Vic thm Header vo u cc gi tin khi i qua
mi tng trong qu trnh truyn d liu c gi l qu trnh Encapsulation. Qu trnh bn nhn
s din ra theo chiu ngc li, khi i qua cc tng, gi tin s tch thng tin iu khin thuc n
trc khi chuyn d liu ln tng trn.
n v d liu c s dng trong cc tng bao gm
- Thng tin iu khin giao thc PCI (Protocol Control Information): Thng tin c thm
vo u cc gi tin trong qu trnh hot ng truyn thng ca cc thc th. K hiu N_PCI l
thng tin iu khin tng N.
- n v d liu dch v SDU (Service Data Unit): L n v d liu truyn thng gia cc
tng k nhau. K hiu N_SDU l n v d liu truyn t tng (N+1) xung tng N cha thm
thng tin iu khin.
- n v d liu giao thc PDU (Protocol Data Unit) : n v d liu giao thc tng. K
hiu PDU = PCI + SDU, ngha l n v d liu giao thc bao gm thng tin iu khin PCI c
thm vo u n v d liu dch v SDU.
2.2.4. Giao din tng, quan h cc tng k nhau v dch v
Chc nng ca cc tng l cung cp dch v cho tng trn k n. Trong mi tng c mt hay
nhiu thc th. Thc th tng N thc hin cc dch v m tng N+1 yu cu s dng, Cc thc
th trao i dch v vi nhau qua cc im truy cp dch v SAP (Service Access Points). Cc
thc th tng N cung cp dch v cho tng N+1 qua cc SAP trn giao din N+1/N. Mi mt SAP
c mt nhn dng duy nht.
26

Giao thc tng (N-1)
Hnh 2.3 Khi nim giao din v dch v trong mi trng cc h thng m
N - SDU N - PCI
N - PDU
SAP SAP
N- SDU N - PCI
N - PDU
SAP
(N-1) SDU (N-1) PCI
(N-1) PDU
SAP
(N-1) SDU (N-1)PCI
(N - 1) PDU
Tng N
Tng N-1

Hai tng trao i thng tin vi nhau phi c nhng tho thun v thit lp cc quy tc giao
din. Thc th ca tng N+1 chuyn mt PDU ti thc th tng N qua SAP. PDU bao gm mt
n v d liu dch v SDU v thng tin iu khin PCI. SDU l thng tin gi qua mng ti thc
th ng tng v sau a ln tng N+1. Nu di ca SDU ln hn di quy nh, cc thc
th tng N chia SDU ra nhiu gi nh c di quy nh v thm Header PCI vo mi gi tin.
Header ca PDU c cc thc th ng tng nhn dng PDU no cha d liu v PDU no cha
thng tin iu khin.....
Hnh 2.3 minh ho giao din v dch v trong cc tng k nhau. Nh bit, thc th tng
N t h thng A khng th truyn d liu trc tip sang tng N ca h thng B m phi chuyn
tun t xung cc tng di n, cho ti tng thp nht, tng vt l. Bng phng tin truyn vt
l, d liu l nhng chui bit 0 v 1 c truyn sang tng vt l ca h thng B. T y d liu
c chuyn ln cc tng trn.
2.2.5 Dch v v cht lng dch v
Tng N s phi bit s dng dch v no ca tng N-1 v cung cp nhng dch v g cho
tng N+1. Qu trnh cung cp dch v thng qua cc im truy nhp SAP trn cc giao din tng
N/N+1. C hai loi dch v khc nhau: dch v hng lin kt (Connection Oriented) v dch v
khng lin kt (Connectionless).
a. Dch v hng lin kt (Connection Oriented): Cc dch v v giao thc trong cc m
hnh h thng m thc hin truyn thng 3 giai on theo th t thi gian nh sau:
27
Thit lp lin kt: Mt knh logic c thit lp gia cc thc th ng tng ca hai h
thng khc nhau. Chng s m phn, thng lng vi nhau v tp cc tham s v s dng cc
tham s ny nh th no trong qu trnh truyn s liu.
Truyn d liu: D liu c truyn gia hai tng ng tng theo c ch kim sot v qun
l qu trnh truyn d liu, thc hin vic ghp knh, ct hp d liu... bo m c th t
truyn, pht hin li, kim sot lung d liu, pht hin tc nghn thng tin...nhm tng cng
tin cy cao v hiu sut truyn.
Gii phng lin kt: Sau khi kt thc qu trnh truyn d liu, cc ti nguyn ca h thng
c cp pht cho qu trnh thit lp lin kt v truyn d liu s c gii phng, sn sng cp
pht cho lin kt tip theo.
Hnh 2.4 minh ha phng thc truyn hng lin kt trong cc dch v thoi.

Hnh 2.4 V d hot ng kt ni lin kt
Chung reo (yu cu kt ni )
m thoi (truyn d liu )
Kt thc cuc gi (ngt lin lc)
Giai on
Thit lp
lin kt
Giai on
Truyn d liu
Giai on
Gii phng
lin kt

b. Dch v khng lin kt (Connectionless): Dch v khng lin kt khng cn tiu tn
thi gian thit lp lin kt v gii phng lin kt gia cc thc th ng tng. Khng yu cu
kim sot lung d liu, d liu c truyn vi tc cao nhng tin cy thp. Khng
truyn li trong trng hp xy ra li ng truyn. Cc dch v khng lin kt ph hp vi cc
yu cu truyn dung lng khng ln, cc cuc trao i thng tin ri rc v c lp.
Mi dch v c c trng bi cht lng dch v. Mt s dch v yu cu c tin cy
cao, bng cch yu cu thc th ch gi xc nhn phn hi sau khi nhn gi tin. V vy my thu
lun bo m gi tin n ng v khng mt d liu. X l xc nhn phn hi i hi phi
chn thm vo gi tin mt s thng tin iu khin v lm tng thi gian tr. Mt loi dch v
hng lin kt tin cy l dch v truyn file vi yu cu mi bit gi n u chnh xc v ng th
t nh khi gi i. Mt s loi dch v chp nhn c mt s li nhng yu cu yu cu tr nh
nh thoi s, video. Vi dch v loi ny th khng cn xc nhn c bo nhn, nhm gim thi
gian tr ti cc nt.
Ngoi dch v hng lin kt v khng lin kt, cn c kiu dch v hi-p. My gi s
gi cc thng tin cha yu cu xc nhn trong cc gi tin v yu cu my nhn tr li. Khi my
nhn nhn c gi tin, s gi cc tr li n my gi. Dch v hi-p c s dng truyn
28
thng trong m hnh khch-ch (Client-Server). My khch (Client) gi cc yu cu cho my ch
(Server) v my ch tr li kt qu cho my khch.

Hnh 2.5 Cc loi dch v khc nhau hng lin kt v khng lin kt
Dch v V d
Truyn/nhn cc gi tin, yu cu c xc nhn. Gi cc trang sch theo ng th t.
Truyn/nhn dng byte, yu cu c xc nhn. Truy nhp v khai thc t xa.
Kt ni khng yu cu c xc nhn. Cc dch v thoi s

Datagram khng xc nhn Th in t, nhn tin
Datagram c xc nhn Th c ng k, th khn
Hi-p Cu truy vn trong c s d liu

Hng
lin
kt
Khng
lin
kt

2.2.6. Cc hm dch v nguyn thu (Primitive)
Vic cung cp v nhn cc dch v gia cc thc th trong cc tng k nhau thng qua vic
gi cc hm dch v nguyn thy. Mt dch v c c t hnh thc bng nhiu hm dch v
nguyn thy. Cc hm dch v nguyn thy s dng nh ngha s tng tc gia cc tng k
nhau, ch r chc nng cn thc hin v s dng chuyn d liu v thng tin iu khin. C th
hn, cc hm dch v nguyn thy l c t cc thao tc cn thc hin mt yu cu hay tr li mt
yu cu ca cc thc th ng tng.
C bn kiu hm dch v nguyn thy c bn:
1. Request (Yu cu): c mt thc th s dng gi mt chc nng, yu cu cc
phng tin cung cp dch v mng.
2. Indication (Ch bo): c mt thc th ch bo yu cu cung cp dch v. Ch bo
yu cu bng cch:
- Gi mt chc nng no .
- Ch bo mt chc nng c gi ti mt im SAP.
3. Response (Tr li): c thc th yu cu s dng hon tt mt chc nng c
gi bi hm Indication ti im truy nhp dch v.
4. Confirm (Xc nhn): c thc th cung cp dch v s dng xc nhn hon tt
cc th tc c yu cu t trc bi hm dch v nguyn thy Request.
Hnh 2.6 minh ha nguyn l hot ng ca cc hm dch v nguyn thu.
Trong h thng A:
- Tng (N+1) gi hm Request xung tng N qua SAP trn giao din (N+1)/N.
- Ti tng N, kin to mt n v d liu gi yu cu sang tng N ca h thng B qua giao
thc tng N.
29
Trong h thng B:
- Tng N nhn c yu cu, ch bo- ln tng (N+1) bng hm Indication qua SAP trn
giao din (N+1)/N .
- Tng (N+1) tr li tng N bng hm Response qua SAP ca giao din 2 tng.
- Tng N, kin to mt n v d liu gi tr li sang tng N ca h thng A qua giao thc
tng N.
Nhn tr li, tng N ca h thng A gi xc nhn ln tng (N+1) bng hm Confirm qua
SAP trn giao din. Kt thc giao tc gia 2 h thng.
Qu trnh yu cu thit lp lin kt gia cc thc th ng tng c th c xc nhn
(Confirmed) hoc khng c xc nhn (Unconfirmed).

N - Layer

N - Layer
Hnh 2.6 S nguyn l hot ng ca cc hm nguyn thu
R
e
s
p
o
n
s
e

System A
(N+1) - Layer
System B
R
e
q
u
e
s
t

C
o
n
f
i
r
m

I
n
d
i
c
a
t
i
o
n

(N+1) - Layer
S

A

P
Giao thc tng N

S

A

P

2.2.7. Quan h gia dch v v giao thc
Mi mt lp giao thc c hai c trng: c trng dch v v c trng giao thc. c
trng dch v l cc tham s dch v trong cc hm nguyn thy. Thng qua cc tham s dch v
m cc tng trn c th giao tip vi ng tng trong h thng khc. c trng giao thc bao
gm: Khun dng PDU, cc tham s dch v s dng cho mi mt loi PDU v phng thc hot
ca thc th giao thc.
Dch v v giao thc l nhng khi nim khc nhau. Mt dch v l mt tp cc cc thao tc
ca cc thc th (th tc..) ca tng cung cp dch v cho cc hot ng cc thc th ca tng trn
k n. Dch v tng c nh ngha trong sut i vi i tng s dng dch v. Ngc li, mt
giao thc l mt tp cc quy tc, quy c v kt ni, ng ngha, nh dng, ngha ca khung, gi
hoc bn tin c cc thc th ng tng m phn, thng lng vi nhau. Cc thc th s
dng giao thc thc hin s xc nh cc dch v.

30

Request
Cornfirm
Cornfirmed
(c xc nhn)
Uncornfirmed
(khng xc nhn)
Request
Tng
Indication
Respone
Indication
Hnh 2.7 Biu din thi gian cc hm dch v nguyn thy
N+1 N N N+1
T
h
i

g
i
a
n

T
h
i

g
i
a
n

2.3 M hnh kt ni cc h thng m OSI (Open System Interconnection)
M hnh kt ni cc h thng m OSI l m hnh cn bn v cc tin trnh truyn thng,
thit lp cc tiu chun kin trc mng mc Quc t, l c s chung cc h thng khc nhau
c th lin kt v truyn thng c vi nhau. M hnh OSI t chc cc giao thc truyn thng
thnh 7 tng, mi mt tng gii quyt mt phn hp ca tin trnh truyn thng, chia tin trnh
truyn thng thnh nhiu tng v trong mi tng c th c nhiu giao thc khc nhau thc hin
cc nhu cu truyn thng c th.
2.3.1 Nguyn tc nh ngha cc tng h thng m

Hnh 2.8 M hnh kt ni cc h thng m OSI
ng truyn vt l
Application Protocol
Application
7
Tng ng dng
Presentation Protocol
Presentation
6
Tng Trnh by
Session Protocol
Session
5
Tng Phin
Transport Protocol
Transport
4
Tng Vn chuyn
Network Protocol
Network
3
Tng Mng
Data Link Protocol
Data link
2
Tng Lin kt
Physiccal Protocol
Physical
1
Tng Vt l
31
M hnh OSI tun theo cc nguyn tc phn tng nh sau:
- M hnh gm N =7 tng. OSI l h thng m, phi c kh nng kt ni vi cc h thng
khc nhau, tng thch vi cc chun OSI.
- Qu trnh x l cc ng dng c thc hin trong cc h thng m, trong khi vn duy tr
c cc hot ng kt ni gia cc h thng.
- Thit lp knh logic nhm thc hin vic trao i thng tin gia cc thc th.
2.3.2. Cc giao thc trong m hnh OSI
Trong m hnh OSI c hai loi giao thc c s dng: giao thc hng lin kt
(Connection - Oriented) v giao thc khng lin kt (Connectionless).
Giao thc hng lin kt: Trc khi truyn d liu, cc thc th ng tng trong hai h
thng cn phi thit lp mt lin kt logic. Chng thng lng vi nhau v tp cc tham s s s
dng trong giai on truyn d liu. D liu c truyn vi cc c ch kim sot li, kim sot
lung d liu, ct/hp d liu, nhm nng cao tin cy v hiu qu ca qu trnh truyn d liu.
Sau khi trao i d liu, lin kt s c hy b. Thit lp lin kt logic s nng cao tin cy v
an ton trong qu trnh trao i d liu.
Giao thc khng lin kt: D liu c truyn c lp trn cc tuyn khc nhau. Vi cc
giao thc khng lin kt ch c giai on duy nht truyn d liu.
2.3.3 Truyn d liu trong m hnh OSI
Data Application Application Data
H
A
Data Presentation Presentation H
A
Data
H
P
H
A
Data Session Session H
P
H
A
Data
H
S
H
P
H
A
Data Transport Transport H
S
H
P
H
A
Data
H
T
H
S
H
P
H
A
Data Network Network H
T
H
S
H
P
H
A
Data
H
N
H
T
H
S
H
P
H
A
Data Data link Data link H
N
H
T
H
S
H
P
H
A
Data
110011101010101 Physical Physical 110011101010101

100111010101011110100110

Tng Header Tn d liu
Application H
A
Application Header Message & Packet
Presentation H
P
Presentation Header Packet
Session H
S
Session Header Packet
Transport H
T
Transport Header Datagram,Segment & Packet
Network Header H
N
Network Header Datagram & Packet
Data Link H
D
Data Link Header Frame & Packet
Physical Physical Bit

Hnh 2.9: B sung phn u thng ip & tn d liu s dng
32
2.3.4. Vai tr v chc nng ch yu cc tng
Vai tr & chc nng tng ng dng (Application Layer) Xc nh giao din gia ngi s
dng v mi trng OSI. Bao gm nhiu giao thc ng dng cung cp cc phng tin cho ngi
s dng truy cp vo mi trng mng v cung cp cc dch v phn tn. Khi cc thc th ng
dng AE (Application Entity) c thit lp, n s gi n cc phn t dch v ng dng ASE
(Application Service Element). Mi thc th ng dng c th gm mt hoc nhiu cc phn t
dch v ng dng. Cc phn t dch v ng dng c phi hp trong mi trng ca thc th
ng dng thng qua cc lin kt gi l i tng lin kt n SAO (Single Association Object).
SAO iu khin vic truyn thng v cho php tun t ha cc s kin truyn thng.
Vai tr & chc nng tng trnh by (Presentation Layer): Tng trnh by gii quyt cc vn
lin quan n c php v ng ngha ca thng tin c truyn. Biu din thng tin ngi s dng
ph hp vi thng tin lm vic ca mng v ngc li. Thng thng biu din thng tin cc ng
dng ngun v ng dng ch c th khc nhau bi cc ng dng c chy trn cc h thng c
th khc nhau. Tng trnh by phi chu trch nhim chuyn i d liu gi i trn mng t mt loi
biu din ny sang mt loi khc. t c iu n cung cp mt dng biu din truyn thng
chung cho php chuyn i t dng biu din cc b sang biu din chung v ngc li.
Vai tr & chc nng tng phin (Session Layer): Tng phin cho php ngi s dng trn
cc my khc nhau thit lp, duy tr, hu b v ng b phin truyn thng gia h vi nhau. Ni
cch khc tng phin thit lp "cc giao dch" gia cc thc th u cui.
Dch v phin cung cp mt lin kt gia 2 u cui s dng dch v phin sao cho trao i
d liu mt cch ng b v khi kt thc th gii phng lin kt. S dng th bi (Token) thc
hin truyn d liu, ng b ha v hy b lin kt trong cc phng thc truyn ng thi hay
lun phin. Thit lp cc im ng b ha trong hi thoi. Khi xy ra s c c th khi phc hi
thoi bt u t mt im ng b ha tha thun.
Vai tr & chc nng tng vn chuyn (Transport Layer): L tng cao nht c lin quan n
cc giao thc trao i d liu gia cc h thng m, kim sot vic truyn d liu t mt ti mt
(End- to -End). Th tc trong 3 tng di (vt l, lin kt d liu v mng) ch phc v vic
truyn d liu gia cc tng k nhau trong tng h thng. Cc thc th ng tng hi thoi,
thng lng vi nhau trong qu trnh truyn d liu.
Tng vn chuyn thc hin vic chia cc gi tin ln thnh cc gi tin nh hn trc khi gi
i v nh s cc gi tin v m bo chng chuyn theo ng th t. L tng cui cng chu trch
nhim v mc an ton trong truyn d liu nn giao thc tng vn chuyn ph thuc nhiu vo
bn cht ca tng mng. Tng vn chuyn c th thc hin vic ghp knh (multiplex) mt vi
lin kt vo cng mt lin kt ni gim gi thnh.
Vai tr & chc nng tng mng (Network Layer): Thc hin cc chc nng chn ng
(Routing i cho cc gi tin t ngun ti ch c th trong cng mt mng hoc khc mng nhau.
ng c th c c nh, cng c th c nh ngha khi bt u hi thoi v c th ng i
l ng (Dynamic) c th thay i vi tng gi tin tu theo trng thi ti tc thi ca mng. Trong
mng kiu qung b (Broadcast) routing rt n gin.
33
Mt chc nng quan trng khc ca tng mng l chc nng iu khin tc nghn
(Congestion Control). Nu c qu nhiu gi tin cng lu chuyn trn cng mt ng th c th
xy ra tnh trng tc nghn. Thc hin chc nng giao tip gia cc mng khi cc gi tin i t
mng ny sang mng khc ti ch.
Vai tr & chc nng tng lin kt d liu (Data link Layer): Chc nng ch yu ca tng
lin kt d liu l thc hin thit lp cc lin kt, duy tr v hu b cc lin kt d liu. Kim sot
li v kim sot lu lng.
Chia thng tin thnh cc khung thng tin (Frame), truyn cc khung tun t v x l cc
thng ip xc nhn (Acknowledgement Frame) t bn my thu gi v. Tho g cc khung thnh
chui bt khng cu trc chuyn xung tng vt l. Tng 2 bn thu, ti to chui bt thnh cc
khung thng tin. ng truyn vt l c th gy li, nn tng lin kt d liu phi gii quyt vn
kim sot li, kim sot lng, kim sot lu lng, ngn khng nt ngun gy ngp lt
d liu cho bn thu c tc thp hn. Trong cc mng qung b, tng con MAC (Medium Acces
Sublayer) iu khin vic truy nhp ng truyn.
Vai tr & chc nng tng Vt l (Physical layer): Tng vt l l tng thp nht trong m
hnh 7 lp OSI. Cc thc th tng giao tip vi nhau qua mt ng truyn vt l. Tng vt l xc
nh cc chc nng, th tc v in, c, quang kch hot, duy tr v gii phng cc kt ni vt
l gia cc h thng mng. Cung cp cc c ch v in, c hm, th tc ...nhm thc hin vic
kt ni cc phn t ca mng thnh mt h thng bng cc phng php vt l. m bo cho cc
yu cu v chuyn mch hot ng nhm to ra cc ng truyn thc cho cc chui bit thng tin.
Cc chun trong tng vt l l cc chun xc nh giao din ngi s dng v mi trng mng.
Cc giao thc tng vt l c hai loi truyn d b (Asynchronous) v truyn ng b
(Synchronous).
Tm tt chc nng cc tng nh sau:
Tng Chc nng ch yu Giao thc
7- Application Giao tip ngi v mi trng mng ng dng
6-Presentation Chuyn i c php d liu p ng yu cu truyn
thng ca cc ng dng.
Giao thc
Bin i m
5-Sesion Qun l cc cuc lin lc gia cc thc th bng cch thit
lp, duy tr, ng b ho v hu b cc phin truyn thng
gia cc ng dng
Giao thc
phin
4-Transport Vn chuyn thng tin gia cc my ch (End to End).
Kim sot li v lung d liu.
Giao thc
Vn chuyn
3-Network

Thc hin chn ng v m bo trao i thng tin trong
lin mng vi cng ngh chuyn mch thch hp.
Giao thc
Mng
2-Data Link To/g b khung thng tin (Frames), kim sot lung v
kim sot li.
Th tc
kim sot
1-Physical m bo cc yu cu truyn/nhn cc chui bt qua cc
phng tin vt l.
Giao din
DTE - DCE
34
2.4. Mt s kin trc khc
2.4.1. Systems Nework Architecture (SNA)
Kin trc mng SNA c cng ty IBM thit k, c t kin trc mng x l d liu phn
tn. Giao thc nh ngha cc quy tc, cc tin trnh cho s tng tc gia cc thnh phn trong
mng nh my tnh, terminal v phn mm.
- Mng SNA s dng kin trc 6 tng: tng1- Physical Control (X21,RS-232), tng 2-Data
Link Control (SDLC) , tng 3- Path Control (chn ng v kim sot d liu), tng 4 -
Transmission Control (kim sot truyn), tng 5- Data Flow Control (kim sot lung) v tng 6 -
Function Management (qun tr).
- Chc nng ca cc node trong mng: Node loi 5- kim sot ti nguyn mng v cc dch
v mng, gi l node Host. Node loi 4 nh tuyn v iu khin lung d liu. Node loi 2.0 v
2.1 l cc loi node ngoi vi c ni vi node loi 4 hoc loi 5. y l node iu khin cm v
l b x l phn tn.
2.4.2. Internetwork Packet Exchange/Sequenced Packet Exchange (IPX/SPX)
Giao thc IPX/SPX c cng ty Novell thit k s dng cho cc sn phm mng ca chnh
hng. SPX hot ng trn tng Transport ca OSI, c chc nng bo m tin cy ca lin kt
truyn thng t mt n mt. N m bo chuyn giao cc gi tin ng trnh t, ng ch nhng
khng c vai tr trong nh tuyn. IPX tun theo chun OSI, hot ng tng mng, chu trch
nhim thit lp a ch cho cc thit b mng. N l giao thc nh tuyn, kt hp vi cc giao
thc Routing Information Protocol (RIP) v Netware Link Services Protocol (NLSP) trao i
thng tin nh tuyn vi cc b nh tuyn ln cn.
2.4.3. AppleTalk
L kin trc mng do hng Apple Computer pht trin cho h cc my tnh c nhn
Macintosh. Giao thc AppleTalk cng c pht trin trn tng vt l ca Ethernet v Token Ring.
- Cc vng ti a trn mt phn mng: Phase 1 l 1; Phase 2 l 255 .
- Cc node ti a trn mi mng: Phase 1: 254; Phase 2: khong 16 triu.
- a ch ng da trn cc giao thc truy nhp : Phase 1: Node ID; Phase 2: Network
+

Node ID; Phase 1&2: LocalTalk , Phase 1: Ethernet; Phase 2: IEEE 802.2, IEEE 802.5.
- nh tuyn Split-horizon: Phase 1: khng; Phase 2: c.
2.4.4. Digital Network Architectur (DNA)
Kin trc mng DNA l sn phm ca hng Digital Equipment Corporation. c bit
Digital kt hp vi cc hng Intel v Xerox pht trin cc phin bn Ethernet, trong c
Ethernet Version 2.
2.4.5. H IEEE 802 (Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineer)
L chun cho kin trc cc mng LAN, WAN v MAN:
35
- Chun IEEE 802.2 nh ngha mt tng con LLC c giao thc tng di s dng. Giao
thc tng mng c th thit k c lp vi tng vt l.
- Giao thc tng di: 802.3 (1Base5, 10Base5, 10Base2, 10Basef, 10Broad36, 10BaseT,
10BaseX), 802.4 (TokenBus), 802.5 (Token Ring) , 802.6 , 802.9, 802.11, 802.12.
2.4.6. TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol)
L h cc giao thc cng lm vic vi nhau cung cp phng tin truyn thng lin
mng. V lch s ca TCP/IP gn lin vi B quc phng M, nn vic phn lp giao thc TCP/IP
c gi l m hnh DOD ( Department of Defense ). y l h cc giao thc c s dng ph
bin trn mng Internet, mang tnh m nht , ph dng nht v c h tr ca nhiu hng kinh
doanh. TCP/IP c ci t sn trong phn thc thi UNIX BSD (Berkely Standard Distribution).
M hnh DOD gm 4 tng:
- Network Access Layer (truy nhp mng) tng ng Physical Layer & Data Link Layer
trong OSI.
- Internetwork Layer: nh tuyn gi d liu gia cc my ch.
- Host to Host Layer: Kt ni cc thnh phn mng.
- Application Layer: H tr cc ng dng .
Cu hi trc nghim
1. Cc pht biu no v nguyn tc phn tng l ng
A. Chc nng cc tng c lp vi nhau v c tnh m.
B. Xc nh mi quan h gia cc tng k nhau
C. Xc nh mi quan h gia cc ng tng
D. D liu khng truyn trc tip gia cc tng ng h thng (tr tng vt l).
E. C 4 pht biu u ng.
2. Kin trc mng (Network Architecture) l:
A. Giao din Interface gia 2 tng k nhau.
B. Giao thc tng- quan h ng tng
C. S lng tng.
D. Dch v tng.
E. Tp cc giao din, s lng tng v giao thc tng- quan h ng tng
3. im truy nhp dch v SAP (Service Access Point) l g ?
A. Ni trao cung cp dch v cc tng k nhau.
B. Ni hot ng ca cc dch v.
C. Ni cung cp dch v ca tng di cho cc hot ng tng trn.
4. Nhng pht biu no ng:
36
A. Cung cp v nhn cc dch v gia cc thc th trong cc tng k nhau thng qua
vic gi cc hm dch v nguyn thy.
B. Cc dch v nguyn thu l cc th tc trao i thng tin.
C. Cc hm dch v nguyn thy tng tc gia cc tng k nhau.
D. Cc hm dch v nguyn thy c t cc thao tc thc hin yu cu hay tr li mt
yu cu ca cc thc th ng tng.
5. Tng no xc nh giao din gia ngi s dng v mi trng OSI.
A. Tng ng dng
B. Tng trnh by
C. Tng phin
D. Tng vn chuyn
6. Tng no cung cp mt dng biu din truyn thng chung cho php chuyn i t dng
biu din cc b sang biu din chung v ngc li.
A. Tng mng
B. Tng trnh by
C. Tng phin
D. Tng vt l
7. Tng no thit lp, duy tr, hu b cc giao dch" gia cc thc th u cui.
A. Tng mng
B. Tng lin kt d liu
C. Tng phin
D. Tng vt l
8. Tng no c lin quan n cc giao thc trao i d liu
A. Tng mng
B. Tng vn chuyn
C. Tng lin kt d liu
D. Tng vt l
9. Nhng thut ng no dng m t cc n v d liu s dng trong tng lin kt d liu:
A. Datagram.
B. Packet.(*)
C. Message
D. Frame (*)
10. Tng no thay i, duy tr tuyn kt ni gia cc thit b truyn thng.
A. Tng vt l.
B. Tng con MAC.
C. Tng con LLC(*)
37
D. Tng mng.
11. Phng php chuyn mch no s dng mch o ?.
A. Message.
B. Packet(*).
C. Bit
D. Circuit Switching
12. Tng no thc hin m ho d liu?
A. Tng mng
B. Tng vn chuyn.
C. Tng lin kt d liu.
D. Tng phin.
E. Tng ng dng
F. Tng trnh by.(*)
13. Tng no thc hin bn giao cc thng ip gia cc tin trnh trn cc thit b?
A. Tng mng.
B. Tng vn chuyn.(*).
C. Tng lin kt d liu..
D. Tng phin.
E. Tng ng dng.
14. Tng no thc hin vic phn gii a ch/tn?
A. Tng mng.
B. Tng vn chuyn.(*).
C. Tng lin kt d liu..
D. Tng ng dng
15. Khng nh no ng:
A. Bng thng mng hiu sut cao khi s dng k thut chn ng DIJKTRA.
B. Bng thng mng hiu sut cao khi s dng k thut chn ng BellMan Ford (*).
C. C hai kt hp.
16. Hot ng no c lin quan n ID giao kt
A. Chuyn mch gi.
B. nh tuyn.
C. Pht trin phn on.(*)
D. iu khin lung
17. Khng nh no ng:
A. Tng lin kt d liu x l lu thng gia cc thit b.(*).
B. Tng mng x l lu thng gia cc tin trnh ca tng trn..
38
C. Tng lvn chuyn x l lu thng gia cc thit b u cui.(*)
D. Tt c u ng.
18. iu khin cuc lin lc l chc nng ca tng:
A. Vt l.
B. Tng mng.
C. Tng phin.(*)
D. Tng trnh by.
19. Chc nng iu khin phin lm vic ca mt cuc lin lc l:
A. Thit lp tuyn lin kt.(*).
B. Pht hin li bng CheckSum.
C. Chuyn giao d liu.(*)
D. Gii phng cc lin kt.(*)
20. Chc nng ca vic thit lp lin kt:
A. Bt u khi phin truyn thng b gin on.
B. Xc minh tn ng nhp v mt khu.(*)
C. Xc nh cc dch v cn thit.(*).
D. Pht tn hiu bo nhn d liu.
21. Chc nng ca tng trnh by:
A. M ho d liu.(*).
B. Trnh by d liu trn cc thit b hin th.
C. Phin dch d liu.(*)
D. Chuyn i dng thc hin th.
22. Chc nng ca tng ng dng
A. Dch v in mng.(*).
B. Cc ng dng ca ngi s dng u cui.
C. H khch truy nhp cc dch v mng.(*)
D. Qung co cc dch v.(*).
23. ng hay sai khng nh sau: Trong mng LAN hnh BUS, mi mt my trn BUS u c
a ch ring, nhiu my c th ng thi gi d liu ln mng m vn m bo c d
liu s n ch?
24. M hnh tham kho OSI chia hot ng truyn thng thnh..... tng.
25. Mc ch ca mi mt tng l cung cp cc dch v cho tng ..... v bo v cho tng ......
khi nhng chi tit v cch thc dch v c thc hin. Trong mi tng, cc gi d liu
c b sung thm thng tin iu khin, l cc thng tin v.....
26. Mi mt tng hot ng giao tip vi ........tng.... ..
27. Tng ..... quyt nh ng i ca d liu t node ngun n node ch.
39
28. Tng Data Link chu trch nhim gi...... t tng Network xung tng Physical.
29. Thng tin ...... trong khung d liu (Frame) c s dng ch r loi khung, ng i v
thng tin v phn on.
30. Tng con ...... giao tip trc tip vi Card mng v chu trch nhim chuyn giao d liu
khng li gia hai my tnh trn mng.
31. D liu c phn chia thnh nhiu .... nh ..... x l d dng.
32. Nhiu giao thc phi hp cng thc hin hot ng truyn thng, gi l.....
33. S lin kt ..... s cho bit ...... ca tng no ang hot ng.
34. C ba kiu giao thc ng vi m hnh OSI, l cc loi giao thc....
35. Giao thc ng dng hot ng trn tng cao nht v cung cp trao i d liu gia cc
chng trnh ng dng. ?
36. Khi gi d liu c truyn gia cc b nh tuyn vi nhau, a ch ngun v ch ca
tng Data Link b loi b v _________
A. Sau c to li.
B. tip tc c gi ring ri s c ti to ti node ch.
C. Cc gi tin c chuyn tip da trn di tnh bng Byte
D. Gi tin c truyn tip da trn mc u tin.
37. Chuyn tip gi d liu da trn a ch tng con MAC (Media Access Control________
A. B chuyn tip
B. Cng giao tip
C. SONET.
D. SMDS
E. Cu ni (Bridge)
38. Tp hp cc giao thc mng chuyn mch gi________
A. B chuyn tip
B. Cng giao tip
C. SONET.
D. X25
39. Lin kt nhiu mng s dng cc giao thc khc nhau________
A. B chuyn tip
B. Cng giao tip
C. SONET.
D. B nh tuyn.
Cu hi v bi tp
1. Hy cho bit ngha ca khuyn ngh loi V, khuyn ngh loi X v loi I.
2. Tng qut v khi nim kin trc a tng v cc quy tc phn tng
40
3. Hiu th no l quan h ngang v quan h dc trong kin trc N tng.
4. Trnh by cc nguyn tc truyn thng ng tng
5. Giao din tng, quan h cc tng k nhau v dch v
6. Dch v v cht lng dch v
7. Trnh by khi nim dch v v dch v lin kt, dch v khng lin kt
8. Trnh by cc kiu hm dch v nguyn thy c bn.
9. Trnh by tm tt tt qu trnh yu cu thit lp lin kt ca cc thc th ng
10. Quan h gia dch v v giao thc
11. Cc tham s dch v v tng tc gia cc tng
12. Trng thi hot ng cc hm dch v trong m hnh OSI
13. Vai tr v chc nng ch yu cc tng phin (Session Layer)
14. Vai tr & chc nng tng vn chuyn (Transport Layer)
15. Vai tr & chc nng tng mng (Network Layer)
16. Vai tr & chc nng tng lin kt d liu (Data link Layer)
17. Hiu th no l thc th tng vt l v dch v tng vt l.
18. Giao thc tng vt l khc vi giao thc cc tng khc nh th no ?
19. Khi nim DTE v DCE, v d?
41
Chng 3: Mng Internet v giao thc TCP/IPv4
CHNG 3: MNG INTERNET V GIAO THC
TCP/IPv4
Ni dung ca chng s gii thiu tng qut v mng Internet v kin trc m hnh TCP/IP.
B giao thc TCP/IP tr thnh chun chung cho mng my tnh ton cu. Tm hiu v chng
giao thc TCP/IP s cung cp nhng kin thc c bn v cc thnh phn giao thc khc nhau cn
thit cho cc ng dng TCP/IP trn nn cc h iu hnh mng. Phn cui ca chng s trnh
by nhng hn ch ca IPv4 v s cn thit ra i giao thc IPv6. Ni dung ca chng bao gm:
Gii thiu m hnh kin trc TCP/IP.
Mt s giao thc c bn ca b giao thc TCP/IP
Mt s hn ch ca giao thc IPv4 v nguyn nhn ra i IPv6
Cc lp a ch IPv6
3.1. M hnh TCP/IP
TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) l chng giao thc cng hot
ng nhm cung cp cc phng tin truyn thng lin mng. Nm 1981, TCP/IP phin bn 4
(IPv4) c hon thnh v s dng ph bin trn my tnh s dng h iu hnh UNIX, tr thnh
mt trong nhng giao thc c bn ca h iu hnh Windows 9x. Nm 1994, mt phin bn mi
IPv6 c hnh thnh trn c s ci tin nhng hn ch ca IPv4.
3.1.1. M hnh kin trc TCP/IP

Process

Hnh 3.1 Tng quan M hnh OSI v m hnh TCP/IP
Application
Layer
ng dng
Host -To-Host
Internet Layer
Access Layer
V
Network
n chuyn
ng
Truy nhp
mng
ng dng Application
Trnh by
Phin
Vn chuy
M
n
Mng
Lin kt d
Vt l
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical
M hnh TCP/IP M hnh OSI
42
3.1.2. Vai tr v chc nng cc tng trong m hnh TCP/IP
Tng ng dng (Process/Application Layer): ng vi cc tng Session, Presentation v
Aplication trong m hnh OSI. Tng mg dng h tr cc ng dng cho cc giao thc tng Host
to Host. Cung cp giao din cho ngi s dng m hnh TCP/IP. Cc giao thc ng dng gm
TELNET(truy nhp t xa), FTP (truyn File), SMTP (th in t),.......
Tng vn chuyn Host to Host: ng vi tng vn chuyn (Transport Layer) trong m hnh
OSI, tng Host to Host thc hin nhng kt ni gia hai my ch trn mng bng 2 giao thc:
giao thc iu khin trao i d liu TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) v giao thc d liu
ngi s dng UDP (User Datagram Protocol).Giao thc TCP l giao thc kt ni hng lin kt
(Connection - Oriented) chu trch nhim m bo tnh chnh xc v tin cy cao trong vic trao
i d liu gia cc thnh phn ca mng, tnh ng thi v kt ni song cng (Full Duplex).
Khi nim tin cy cao ngha l TCP kim sot li bng cch truyn li cc gi tin b li. Giao
thc TCP cng h tr nhng kt ni ng thi. Nhiu kt ni TCP c th c thit lp ti mt
my ch v d liu c th c truyn i mt cch ng thi v c lp vi nhau trn cc kt ni
khc nhau. TCP cung cp kt ni song cng (Full Duplex), d liu c th c trao i trn mt
kt ni n theo 2 chiu. Giao thc UDP c s dng cho nhng ng dng khng i hi tin
cy cao.
Tng mng (Internet Layer):ng vi tng mng (Network Layer) trong m hnh OSI, tng
mng cung cp mt a ch logic cho giao din vt l mng. Giao thc thc hin ca tng mng
trong m hnh DOD l giao thc IP kt ni khng lin kt (Connectionless), l ht nhn hot ng
ca Internet. Cng vi cc giao thc nh tuyn RIP, OSPF, BGP, tng tng mng IP cho php kt
ni mt cch mm do v linh hot cc loi mng "vt l" khc nhau nh: Ethernet, Token Ring,
X.25... Ngoi ra tng ny cn h tr cc nh x gia a ch vt l (MAC) do tng Network
Access Layer cung cp vi a ch logic bng cc giao thc phn gii a ch ARP (Address
Resolution Protocol) v phn gii a ch o RARP (Reverse Address Resolution Protocol). Cc
vn c lin quan n chun on li v cc tnh hung bt thng lin quan n IP c giao
thc ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) thng k v bo co. Tng trn s dng cc dch
v do tng Lin mng cung cp.
OSI Model TCP/IP Architectual Model
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data link
Physical
Telnet
FTP SMTP DNS SNMP
Transmision Control
Protocol (TCP)
UserDatagram
Protocol (UDP)
RIP
ICMP
Internet Protocol (IP)
ARP
Ethernet Tokenbus
Token Ring FDDI
IEEE802.3 IEEE802.4 EEE802.5 ANSI X3 T95
Hnh 3.2 M hnh OSI v m hnh kin trc ca TCP/IP
43
Tng tng truy nhp mng (Network Access Layer): Tng ng vi tng Vt l v Lin kt
d liu trong m hnh OSI, tng truy nhp mng cung cp cc phng tin kt ni vt l cp, b
chuyn i (Transceiver), Card mng, giao thc kt ni, giao thc truy nhp ng truyn nh
CSMA/CD, Tolen Ring, Token Bus..). Cung cp cc dch v cho tng Internet phn on d liu
thnh cc khung.
3.1.3. Qu trnh ng gi d liu Encapsulation
Cng nh m hnh OSI, trong m hnh kin trc TCP/IP mi tng c mt cu trc d liu
ring, c lp vi cu trc d liu c dng tng trn hay tng di k n. Khi d liu c
truyn t tng ng dng cho n tng vt l, qua mi tng c thm phn thng tin iu khin
(Header) t trc phn d liu c truyn, m bo cho vic truyn d liu chnh xc. Vic
thm Header vo u cc gi tin khi i qua mi tng trong qu trnh truyn d liu c gi l
Encapsulation. Qu trnh nhn d liu s din ra theo chiu ngc li, khi qua mi tng, cc gi
tin s tch thng tin iu khin thuc n trc khi chuyn d liu ln tng trn.

User Data

Segment/Datagram

14
46 -- 1500 byte
Ethernet Frame

Hnh 3.3 ng gi d liu khi chuyn xung tng k di
Header
Applicatio
Application Dataa
User Data
Header
TCP/UDP
Header
TCP/UDP
Application Dataa
IP
Header
Packet IP
Header
TCP/UDP
Application Dataa
IP
Header
Ethernet
Header
Ethernet
Trailer
20 20 4

Appliction
TCP
IP
iu khin
Ethernet
Ethernet
- Process/Application Layer: Message (Thng ip )
- Host - To- Host Layer: Segment/ Datagram (on/B d liu)
- Internet Layer: Packet (Gi d liu)
- Network Layer: Frame (Khung d liu).
44
3.1.4. Qu trnh phn mnh d liu Fragment
D liu c th c truyn qua nhiu mng khc nhau, kch thc cho php cng khc
nhau. Kch thc ln nht ca gi d liu trong mng gi l n v truyn cc i MTU
(Maximum Transmission Unit). Trong qu trnh ng gi Encapsulation, nu kch thc ca mt
gi ln hn kch thc cho php, t ng chia thnh nhiu gi nh v thm thng tin iu khin
vo mi gi. Nu mt mng nhn d liu t mt mng khc, kch thc gi d liu ln hn MTU
ca n, d liu s c phn mnh ra thnh gi nh hn chuyn tip. Qu trnh ny gi l qu
trnh phn mnh d liu Fragment.
Qu trnh phn mnh lm tng thi gian x l, lm gim tnh nng ca mng v nh hng
n tc trao i d liu trong mng. Hu qu ca n l cc gi b phn mnh s n ch chm
hn so vi cc gi khng b phn mnh. Mt khc, v IP l mt giao thc khng lin kt, tin
cy khng cao, khi mt gi d liu b phn mnh b mt th tt c cc mnh s phi truyn li. V
vy phn ln cc ng dng trnh khng s dng k thut phn mnh v gi cc gi d liu ln
nht m khng b phn mnh, gi tr ny l Path MTU.
3.2. Mt s giao thc c bn ca b giao thc TCP/IP
3.2.1. Giao thc gi tin ngi s dng UDP (User Datagram Protocol)
UDP l giao thc khng lin kt (Connectionless). UDP s dng cho cc tin trnh khng
yu cu v tin cy cao, khng c c ch xc nhn ACK, khng m bo chuyn giao cc gi
d liu n ch v theo ng th t v khng thc hin loi b cc gi tin trng lp. N cung cp
c ch gn v qun l cc s hiu cng nh danh duy nht cho cc ng dng chy trn mt
Client ca mng v thc hin vic ghp knh. UDP thng s dng kt hp vi cc giao thc
khc, ph hp cho cc ng dng yu cu x l nhanh nh cc giao thc SNMP v VoIP.
- Giao thc SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol) l giao thc qun l mng ph
bin, kh nng tng thch cao. SNMP cung cp thng tin qun tr MIB (Management
Information Base) v h tr qun l v gim st Agent.
- VoIP ng dng UDP: K thut VoIP (Voice over IP) c tha k k thut giao vn IP.
Cc mng IP s dng hai loi giao thc nh tuyn: nh tuyn vect khong cch v nh tuyn
trng thi lin kt. H thng m bo tnh nng thi gian thc, tc truyn cao, cc gi thoi
khng c tr qu mc v tin cy cao.
3.2.2. Giao thc iu khin truyn TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)
TCP l mt giao thc hng lin kt (Connection Oriented), tc l trc khi truyn d liu,
thc th TCP pht v thc th TCP thu thng lng thit lp mt kt ni logic tm thi, tn
ti trong qu trnh truyn s liu. TCP nhn thng tin t tng trn, chia d liu thnh nhiu gi
theo di quy nh v chuyn giao cc gi tin xung cho cc giao thc tng mng (Tng IP)
nh tuyn. B x l TCP xc nhn tng gi, nu khng c xc nhn gi d liu s c truyn
li. Thc th TCP bn nhn s khi phc li thng tin ban u da trn th t gi v chuyn d
liu ln tng trn.
TCP cung cp kh nng truyn d liu mt cch an ton gia cc thnh trong lin mng.
Cung cp cc chc nng kim tra tnh chnh xc ca d liu khi n ch v truyn li d liu khi
c li xy ra. TCP cung cp cc chc nng chnh sau:
45
- Thit lp, duy tr, gii phng lin kt gia hai thc th TCP.
- Phn pht gi tin mt cch tin cy.
- To s th t (Sequencing) cc gi d liu.
- iu khin li.
- Cung cp kh nng a kt ni cho cc qu trnh khc nhau gia thc th ngun v thc
th ch thng qua vic s dng s hiu cng.
- Truyn d liu theo ch song cng (Full-Duplex).
TCP c nhng c im sau:
- Hai thc th lin kt vi nhau phi trao i, m phn vi nhau v cc thng tin lin kt.
Hi thoi, m phn nhm ngn chn s trn lt v mt d liu khi truyn.
- H thng nhn phi gi xc nhn cho h thng pht bit rng n nhn gi d liu.
- Cc Datagram IP c th n ch khng ng theo th t , TCP nhn sp xp li.
- H thng ch pht li gi tin b li, khng loi b ton b dng d liu.
Cu trc gi tin TCP: n v d liu s dng trong giao thc TCP c gi l Segment.
Khun dng v ni dung ca gi tin TCP c biu din nh sau

0 15 16 31
Source port Destination port
Sequence number
Acknowledgment number
Offset Reserved U A P R S F Window
Checksum Urgent pointer
Options Padding
TCP data

Hnh 3.4 Cu trc gi tin TCP (TCP Segment)

- Cng ngun (Source Port): 16 bt, s hiu cng ngun.
- Cng ch (Destination Port): di 16 bt, cha s hiu cng ch.
- Sequence Number: 32 bits, s th t ca gi s liu khi pht.
- Acknowlegment Number (32 bits), Bn thu xc nhn thu c d liu ng.
- Offset (4 bts): di Header gi tin TCP.
- Reserved (6 bt) lu li: Lp y bng 0 dnh cho tng lai.
- Control bits: Cc bits iu khin
URG : Vng con tr khn c hiu lc.
ACK : Vng bo nhn (ACK number) c hiu lc .
PSH: Chc nng PUSH.
46
RST: Khi ng li (reset) lin kt.
SYN : ng b cc s liu tun t (sequence number).
FIN : Khng cn d liu t trm ngun .
- Window (16bits): S lng cc Byte d liu trong vng ca s bn pht.
- Checksum (16bits): M kim sot li (theo phng php CRC).
- Urgent Pointer (16 bits): S th t ca Byte d liu khn, khi URG c thit lp .
- Option ( di thay i): Khai bo di ti a ca TCP Data trong mt Segment .
- Padding ( di thay i): Phn chn thm vo Header.
Vic kt hp a ch IP ca mt my trm v s cng c s dng to thnh mt Socket.
Cc my gi v nhn u c Socket ring. S Socket l duy nht trn mng.
iu khin lu lng v iu khin tc nghn
C ch ca s ng l mt trong cc phng php iu khin thng tin trong mng my
tnh. ln ca ca s bng s lng cc gi d liu c gi lin tc m khng cn ch thng
bo tr li v kt qu nhn tng gi d liu . ln ca s quyt nh hiu sut trao i d liu
trong mng. Nu chn ln ca s cao th c th gi c nhiu d liu trong cng mt n v
thi gian. Nu truyn b li, d liu phi gi li ln th hiu qu s dng ng truyn thp. Giao
thc TCP cho php thay i ln ca s mt cch ng, ph thuc vo ln b m thu ca
thc th TCP nhn.
C ch pht li thch nghi: m bo kim tra v khc phc li trong vic trao i d liu
qua lin mng, TCP phi c c ch ng h kim tra pht (Time Out) v c ch pht li
(Retransmission) mm do, ph thuc vo thi gian tr thc ca mi trng truyn dn c th.
Thi gian tr ton phn RTT (Round Trip Time) c xc nh bt u t thi im pht gi d
liu cho n khi nhn c xc nhn ca thc th i tc, l yu t quyt nh gi tr ca ng h
kim tra pht T
out
. Nh vy T
out
phi ln hn hoc bng RTT.
C ch iu khin tc nghn: Hin tng tc nghn d liu th hin vic gia tng thi
gian tr ca d liu khi chuyn qua mng. hn ch kh nng dn n tc nghn d liu trong
mng, iu khin lu lng da trn vic thay i ln ca s pht.
Thit lp v hu b lin kt: TCP l mt giao thc hng lin kt, tc l cn phi thit lp
mt lin kt gia mt cp thc TCP trc khi truyn d liu. Sau khi lin kt c thit lp,
nhng gi tr cng (Port) hot ng nh mt nhn dng logic c s dng nhn dng mch o
(Virtual Circuit).Trn knh o d liu c truyn song cng (Full Duplex). Lin kt TCP c
duy tr trong thi gian truyn d liu. Kt thc truyn, lin kt TCP c gii phng, cc ti
nguyn nh b nh, cc bng trng thi.. cng c gii phng.
Thit lp lin kt TCP: c thc hin trn c s phng thc bt tay ba bc (Tree -
Way Handsake):
Bc 1: Nh hnh 3.7 yu cu lin kt lun c trm ngun khi to tin trnh bng
cch gi mt gi TCP vi c SYN=1 v cha gi tr khi to s tun t ISN ca Client. Gi
tr ISN ny l mt s 4 byte khng du v c tng mi khi lin kt c yu cu (gi tr ny
quay v 0 khi n ti gi tr 232). Trong thng ip SYN ny cn cha s hiu cng TCP ca
phn mm dch v m tin trnh trm mun lin kt.
47
Mi thc th lin kt TCP u c mt gi tr ISN mi, s ny c tng theo thi gian.
V mt lin kt TCP c cng s hiu cng v cng a ch IP c dng li nhiu ln, do
vic thay i gi tr ISN ngn khng cho cc lin kt dng li cc d liu c (Stale) vn
cn c truyn t mt lin kt c v c cng mt a ch lin kt .
Bc 2: Khi thc th TCP ca phn mm dch v nhn c thng ip SYN, n gi li
gi SYN cng gi tr ISN ca n v t c ACK=1 trong trng hp sn sng nhn lin kt .
Thng ip ny cn cha gi tr ISN ca tin trnh trm trong trng hp s tun t nhn
bo rng thc th dch v nhn c gi tr ISN ca tin trnh trm.
Bc 3: Tin trnh trm tr li li gi SYN ca thc th dch v bng mt thng bo tr
li ACK. Bng cch ny, cc thc th TCP trao i mt cch tin cy cc gi tr ISN ca nhau
v c th bt u trao i d liu. Khng c thng ip no trong ba bc trn cha bt k d
liu g , tt c thng tin trao i u nm trong phn Header ca thng ip TCP.

Syn, Seq=x
TCP_A
a) Thit lp lin kt
TCP_B TCP_A
Syn, Seq=y
Fin,Seq=x
Ack (x+1)
Ack (x+1)
Ack (y+1)
Fin, Seq=y
Ack (x+1)
Ack (y+1)
b) Kt thc lin kt
TCP_B

Hnh 3.5 Qu trnh thit lp v kt thuc lin kt TCP 3 bc

Kt thc lin kt: Khi c nhu cu kt thc lin kt TCP, v d A gi yu cu kt thc lin kt
vi FIN=1. V lin kt TCP l song cng (Full-Duplex) nn mc d nhn c yu cu kt thc lin
kt ca A, thc th B vn c th tip tc truyn cho n khi B khng cn s liu gi v thng bo
cho A bng yu cu kt thc lin kt vi FIN=1. Khi thc th TCP nhn c thng ip FIN v
sau khi gi thng ip FIN ca mnh, lin kt TCP thc s kt thc. Nh vy c hai trm phi
ng gii phng lin kt TCP bng cch gi c FIN=1 trc khi chm dt lin kt xy ra, vic ny
bo m d liu khng b tht lc do n phng t ngt chm dt lin lc.
Truyn v nhn d liu Sau khi lin kt c thit lp gia mt cp thc th TCP, cc thc
th truyn d liu. Lin kt TCP d liu c th c truyn theo hai hng. Khi nhn mt khi d
liu cn chuyn i t ngi s dng, TCP s lu tr ti b m. Nu c PUST c xc lp th
ton b d liu trong b m s c gi i di dng TCP Segment. Nu PUST khng c xc
lp th d liu trong b m vn ch gi i khi c c hi thch hp.
48
Bn nhn, d liu s c gi vo b m. Nu d liu trong m c nh du bi c
PUST th ton b d liu trong b m s c gi ln cho ngi s dng. Ngc li, d liu vn
c lu trong b m. Nu d liu khn cn phi chuyn gp th c URGENT c xc lp v
nh du d liu bng bit URG bo d liu khn cn c chuyn gp.
3.2.3. Giao thc mng IP (Internet Protocol)
Cc chc nng chnh ca IP: IP (Internet Protocol) l giao thc khng lin kt. Chc nng
ch yu ca IP l cung cp cc dch v Datagram v cc kh nng kt ni cc mng con thnh lin
mng truyn d liu vi phng thc chuyn mch gi IP Datagram, thc hin tin trnh nh
a ch v chn ng. IP Header c thm vo u cc gi tin v c giao thc tng thp
truyn theo dng khung d liu (Frame). IP nh tuyn cc gi tin thng qua lin mng bng cch
s dng cc bng nh tuyn ng tham chiu ti mi bc nhy. Xc nh tuyn c tin hnh
bng cch tham kho thng tin thit b mng vt l v logic nh ARP giao thc phn gii a ch.
IP thc hin vic tho ri v khi phc cc gi tin theo yu cu kch thc c nh ngha cho
cc tng vt l v lin kt d liu thc hin. IP kim tra li thng tin iu khin, phn u IP bng
gi tr tng CheckSum.
a ch IP : Mi mt trm (Host) c gn mt a ch duy nht gi l a ch IP. Mi a
ch IP c di 32 bit c tch thnh 4 vng (mi vng 1 byte), c th c biu din di dng
thp phn, bt phn, thp lc phn hoc nh phn. Cch vit ph bin nht l di dng thp phn
c du chm tch gia cc vng.
a ch IP c chia thnh 5 lp k hiu l A, B, C, D, E vi cu trc mi lp c xc
nh. Cc bit u tin ca byte u tin c dng nh danh lp a ch (0-lp A, 10 - lp B,
110 - lp C, 1110 - lp D, 11110 - lp E).
- Lp A cho php nh danh ti a 126 mng (byte u tin), vi ti a 16 triu Host (3 byte
cn li) cho mi mng. Lp ny c dng cho cc mng c s trm cc ln.
0 7 8 15 16 31
Netid Subnetid Hostid
- Lp B cho php nh danh ti 16384 mng con, vi ti a 65535 Host trn mi mng.
Dng a ch ca lp B: (Network number. Network number.Host.Host).
0 7 8 15 16 31
- Lp C cho php nh danh ti 2.097.150 mng v ti a 254 Host cho mi mng.
0 23 24 26 27 31
- Lp D dng gi IP Datagram ti mt nhm cc Host trn mt mng. Tt c cc s ln
hn 233 trong trng u l thuc lp D.
49
- Lp E d phng dng trong tng lai.

Lp Bit c
trng
S lng
Mng
S lng
Host
Biu din bng s
Thp phn
A 0 127 16.777.214 0.1.0.0 126.255.255.255
B 10 16.383 65.534 128.1.0.0 191.255.255.255
C 110 2.097.151 234 192.1.0.0 223.255.255.255
D 1110 223.0.0.0 239.255.255.255
E 11110 240.0.0.0 247.255.255.255
Hnh 3.6: Cu trc cc lp a ch IP

Cu trc gi d liu IP: Cc gi d liu IP c gi l cc Datagram. Mi Datagram c
phn tiu (Header) cha cc thng tin iu khin. Nu a ch IP ch cng mng vi trm
ngun th cc gi d liu s c chuyn thng ti ch, nu a ch IP ch khng cng mng IP
vi my ngun th cc gi d liu s c gi n mt my trung chuyn IP Gateway chuyn
tip. IP Gateway l mt thit b mng IP m nhn vic lu chuyn cc gi d liu IP gia hai
mng IP khc nhau. Hnh 3.3 m t cu trc gi IP.
- VER (4 bits): Version hin hnh ca IP c ci t.
- IHL(4 bits): Internet Header Length ca Datagram, tnh theo n v word (32 bits).
- Type of service(8 bits): Thng tin v loi dch v v mc u tin ca gi IP:
- Total Length (16 bits): Ch di Datagram,
- Identification (16bits): nh danh cho mt Datagram trong thi gian sng ca n.
- Flags(3 bits): Lin quan n s phn on (Fragment) cc Datagram:
- Fragment Offset (13 bits): Ch v tr ca Fragment trong Datagram.
- Time To Live (TTL-8 bits): Thi gian sng ca mt gi d liu.
- Protocol (8 bits): Ch giao thc s dng TCP hay UDP.
- Header Checksum (16 bits): M kim sot li CRC(Cycle Redundancy Check).
- Source Address (32 bits): a ch ca trm ngun.
- Destination Address (32 bits): a ch ca trm ch.
- Option (c di thay i): S dng trong trng hp bo mt, nh tuyn c bit.
- Padding ( di thay i): Vng m cho phn Header lun kt thc 32 bits
- Data ( di thay i): di d liu ti a l 65.535 bytes, ti thiu l 8 bytes.

50
VERS IHL Service
type
Toltal length
Identification Flags Fragment offset
Time to live Protocol Header checksum
Source IP address
Destination IP address
IP options(may be none) Padding
IP Datagram data(up to 65535 bytes)
Hnh 3.7 Cu trc gi d liu IP

Phn mnh v hp nht cc gi IP: Cc gi IP c nhng trong khung d liu tng lin
kt d liu tng ng trc khi chuyn tip trong mng. Mt gi d liu IP c di ti a 65.536
byte, trong khi hu ht cc lp lin kt d liu ch h tr cc khung d liu nh hn ln ti a
ca gi d liu IP nhiu ln (v d di ln nht ca mt khung d liu Ethernet l 1500 byte). V
vy cn thit phi c c ch phn mnh khi pht v hp nht khi nhn i vi cc gi d liu IP.
di ti a ca mt gi lin kt d liu l MTU (Maximum Transmit Unit). Khi cn
chuyn mt gi d liu IP c di ln hn MTU ca mt mng c th, cn phi chia gi s liu
IP thnh nhng gi IP nh hn di ca n nh hn hoc bng MTU gi l mnh
(Fragment). Trong phn tiu ca gi d liu IP c thng tin v phn mnh v xc nh cc
mnh c quan h ph thuc hp thnh sau ny.
Qu trnh hp nht din ra ngc li vi qu trnh phn mnh. Khi IP nhn c mt gi
phn mnh, n gi phn mnh trong vng m, cho n khi nhn c ht cc gi IP trong
chui phn mnh c cng trng nh danh. Khi phn mnh u tin c nhn, IP khi ng
mt b m thi gian (gi tr ngm nh l 15s). IP phi nhn ht cc phn mnh k tip trc khi
ng h tt. Nu khng IP phi hu tt c cc phn mnh trong hng i hin thi c cng trng
nh danh. Khi IP nhn c ht cc phn mnh, n thc hin hp nht cc gi phn mnh thnh
cc gi IP gc v sau x l n nh mt gi IP bnh thng. IP thng ch thc hin hp nht
cc gi ti h thng ch ca gi.
3.2.4. Giao thc thng bo iu khin mng ICMP(Internet Control Message Protocol)
Giao thc IP khng c c ch kim sot li v kim sot lung d liu. Cc nt mng cn
bit tnh trng cc nt khc, cc gi d liu pht i c ti ch hay khng
Cc chc nng chnh: ICMP l giao thc iu khin ca tng IP, s dng trao i cc thng
tin iu khin dng d liu, thng bo li v cc thng tin trng thi khc ca b giao thc TCP/IP.
- iu khin lu lng (Flow Control): Khi cc gi d liu n qu nhanh, thit b ch
hoc thit b nh tuyn gia s gi mt thng ip ICMP tr li thit b gi, yu cu thit b gi
tm thi ngng vic gi d liu.
- Thng bo li: Trong trng hp khng ti c a ch ch th h thng s gi mt
thng bo li "Destination Unreachable".
51
- nh hng li cc tuyn (Redirect Router): Mt Router gi mt thng ip ICMP cho
mt trm thng bo nn s dng Router khc. Thng ip ny c th ch c dng khi trm
ngun trn cng mt mng vi hai thit b nh tuyn.
- Kim tra cc trm xa: Mt trm c th gi mt thng ip ICMP "Echo" kim tra
trm c hot ng hay khng.
Nhm Loi bn tin Type
Hi v phc p Echo (Echo Request v Echo Reply) 8/0
Hi v phc p nhn thi gian (Timestamp Request v
Timestamp Reply)
13/14
Yu cu v phc p mt n a ch (Address mask
Request v Address mask Reply)
17/18
Thng ip truy vn
(ICMP Queries)
Yu cu v qung b b nh tuyn (Router soliciation
v Router advertisement)
10/9
Khng th t ti ch (Destination Unreachable) 3
Yu cu ngng hoc gim tc pht (Source Quench) 4
nh hng li (Redirection) 5
Thng ip thng bo li
(ICMP Error Reports)
Vt ngng thi gian (Time Exceeded) 11
Hnh 3.8 Cc loi thng ip ICMP.

Cc loi thng ip ICMP: Cc thng ip ICMP c chia thnh hai nhm: cc thng ip
truy vn v cc thng ip thng bo li. Cc thng ip truy vn gip cho ngi qun tr mng
nhn cc thng tin xc nh t mt node mng khc. Cc thng ip thng bo li lin quan n
cc vn m b nh tuyn hay trm pht hin ra khi x l gi IP. ICMP s dng a ch IP
ngun gi thng ip thng bo li cho node ngun ca gi IP.
3.2.5. Giao thc phn gii a ch ARP (Address Resolution Protocol)
Giao thc TCP/IP s dng ARP tm a ch vt l ca trm ch. V d khi cn gi mt
gi d liu IP cho mt h thng khc trn cng mt mng vt l Ethernet, h thng gi cn bit
a ch Ethernet ca h thng ch tng lin kt d liu xy dng khung gi d liu. Thng
thng, mi h thng lu gi v cp nht bng thch ng a ch IP-MAC ti ch (cn c gi l
bng ARP Cache). Bng thch ng a ch c cp nht bi ngi qun tr h thng hoc t ng
bi giao thc ARP sau mi ln nh x c mt a ch tng ng mi.
Trc khi trao i thng tin vi nhau, node ngun cn phi xc nh a ch vt l MAC
ca node ch bng cch tm kim trong bng a ch IP. Nu khng tm thy, node ngun gi
qung b(Broadcast) mt gi yu cu ARP(ARP Request) c cha a ch IP ngun, a ch IP
ch cho tt cc cc my trn mng. Cc my nhn, c, phn tch v so snh a ch IP ca n vi
52
a ch IP ca gi. Nu cng a ch IP, ngha l node ch tm trong bng thch ng a ch IP-
MAC ca n v tr li bng mt gi ARP Rely c cha a ch MAC cho node ngun. Nu khng
cng a ch IP, n chuyn tip gi yu cu nhn c di dng qung b cho tt c cc trm
trn mng.
Tm li tin trnh ca ARP c m t nh sau:
- IP yu cu a ch MAC.
- Tm kim trong bng ARP.
- Nu tm thy s tr li a ch MAC.
- Nu khng tm thy, to gi ARP yu cu v gi ti tt c cc trm.
- Tu theo gi tin tr li, ARP cp nht vo bng ARP v gi a ch MAC cho IP.
3.2.6. Giao thc phn gii a ch ngc RARP (Reverse Address Resolution Protocol)
RARP l giao thc phn gii a ch ngc. Qu trnh ny ngc li vi qu trnh ARP
trn, ngha l cho trc a ch mc lin kt, tm a ch IP tng ng. Nh vy RARP c s
dng pht hin a ch IP, khi bit a ch vt l MAC. V cng c s dng trong trng hp
trm lm vic khng c a
Khun dng gi tin RARP tng t nh khun dng gi ARP trnh by, ch khc l
trng Opcode c gi tr 00003 cho m lnh yu cu(RARP Request) v c gi tr 00004 cho
m lnh tr li(RARP Reply).
Nguyn tc hot ng ca RARP ngc vi ARP, ngha l my bit trc a ch vt l
MAC tm a ch IP tng ng ca n. Hnh 3.12 minh ha hot ng ca giao thc RARP. My
A cn bit a IP ca n, n gi gi tin RARP Request cha a ch MAC cho tt c cc my
trong mng LAN. Mi my trong mng u c th nhn gi tin ny nhng ch c Server mi tr
li RARP Reply cha a ch IP ca n.

Node B
IP Address: 128.0.10.4
MAC Address: 08:00:20:02:15:45
ARP Reply
ARP Request - Broadcast to all hosts
What is the hardware address for IP address
Hnh 3.9 Minh ho qu trnh tm a ch MAC bng ARP
53

RARP Request - Broadcast to all hosts
My Ethernet address is 22:BC:66:17:01:75
Does anyone know my IP address?
Host A
RARP Reply
RARP Server
Your IP Address is 128.213.1.17

Hnh 3.10 Minh ha qu trnh tm a ch IP bng giao thc RARP.

3.3. Giao thc IPv6 (Internet Protocol Version Number 6)
Giao thc IPng (Next General Internet Protocol) l phin bn mi ca giao thc IP c IETF
(Internet Engineering Task Force) xng v nm 1994, IESG (Internet Engineering Steering
Group) ph chun vi tn chnh thc l IPv6. IPv6 l phin bn k tha pht trin t IPv4.
3.3.1. Nguyn nhn ra i ca IPv6
- Internet pht trin mnh, nhu cu s dng a ch IP tng dn n khng gian a ch ngy
cng b thu hp v tnh trng thiu ht a ch tt yu s xy ra trong vi nm ti.
- Vic pht trin qu nhanh ca mng Internet dn n kch thc cc bng nh tuyn trn
mng ngy cng ln.
- Ci t IPv4 bng th cng hoc bng giao thc cu hnh a ch trng thi DHCP
(Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol), khi m nhiu my tnh v cc thit b kt ni vo mng
th cn thit phi c mt phng thc cu hnh a ch t ng v n gin hn.
- Trong qu trnh hot ng IPv4 pht sinh mt s vn v bo mt v QoS. Khi kt
ni thnh mng Intranet cn nhiu a ch khc nhau v truyn thng qua mi trng cng cng.
V vy i hi phi c cc dch v bo mt bo v d liu mc IP.
- Mc d c cc chun m bo cht lng dch v QoS trong IPv4 trng IPv4 TOS (Type of
Service), nhng hn ch v mt chc nng, cn thit h tr tt hn cho cc ng dng thi gian thc.
V vy vic cn thit phi thay th giao thc IPv4 l tt yu. Thit k IPv6 nhm mc ch
ti thiu ha nh hng qua li gia cc giao thc lp trn v lp di bng cch trnh vic b
sung mt cch ngu nhin cc chc nng mi.
54
3.3.2. Cc c trng ca IPv6
IPv6 c chn thay th cho giao thc IPv4 khng ch do IPv4 khng cn ph hp vi
yu cu pht trin hin ti ca mng Internet m cn v nhng u im ca giao thc IPv6:
- n gin ho Header: Mt s trng trong Header ca IPv4 b b hoc chuyn thnh cc
trng tu chn. Gim thi gian x l v tng thi gian truyn.
- Khng gian a ch ln: di a ch IPv6 l 128 bit, gp 4 ln di a ch IPv4. gian
a ch IPv6 khng b thiu ht trong tng lai.
- Kh nng a ch ho v chn ng linh hot: IPv6 cho php nhiu lp a ch vi s
lng cc node. Cho php cc mng a mc v phn chia a ch thnh cc mng con ring l. C
kh nng t ng trong vic nh a ch. M rng kh nng chn ng bng cch thm trng
Scop vo a ch qung b (Multicast).
- T ng cu hnh a ch: Kh nng t cu hnh ca IPv6 c gi l kh nng cm v
chy (Plug and Play). Tnh nng ny cho php t cu hnh a ch cho giao din m khng cn s
dng cc giao thc DHCP.
- Kh nng bo mt: IPsec bo v v xc nhn cc gi tin IP:
+ M ha d liu: Pha gi s tin hnh m ha gi tin trc khi gi.
+ Ton vn d liu: Pha nhn c th xc nhn gi tin nhn c m bo rng d
liu khng b thay i trong qu trnh truyn.
+ Xc nhn ngun gc d liu: Pha nhn c th bit c pha gi gi tin. Dch v
ny ph thuc vo dch v ton vn d liu.
+ Antireplay: Pha nhn c th pht hin v t chi gi tin gi li.
- Cht lng dch v QoS (Quanlity Of Service): Cht lng dch v QoS trong IPv4 khng
cao.Trong Header IPv4 cha a ch ngun v a ch ch, truyn c tin cy khng cao. IPv6
Header c thm mt s trng mi x l v xc nh lu lng trn mng. Do c ch xc nhn
gi tin ngay trong Header nn vic h tr QoS c th thc hin c ngay c khi gi tin c m
ha qua IPsec.
- Giao thc pht hin ln cn NDP (Neighbor Discovery Protocol) ca IPv6 l mt dy cc
thng bo ICMPv6 cho php qun l tng tc gia cc node ln cn, thay th ARP trong IPv4.
Cc thng bo ICMPv4 Router Discovery v ICMPv4 Redirect c thay bi cc thng bo
Multicast, Unicast Neighbor Discovery.
- Kh nng m rng: Thm vo trng Header m rng tip ngay sau Header, IPv6 c th
c m rng thm cc tnh nng mi mt cch d dng.
- Tnh di ng: IPv4 khng h tr cho tnh di ng, IPv6 cho php nhiu thit b di ng kt
ni vo Internet theo chun ca PCMCIA (Personal Computer Memory Card International
Association) qua mng cng cng nh sng v tuyn.
55
3.3.3. So snh IPv4 v IPv6
IPv4 IPv6
di a ch l 32 bit (4 byte) di a ch l 128 bit (16 byte)
IPsec ch l ty chn IPsec c gn lin vi IPv6.
Header ca a ch IPv4 khng c trng
xc nh lung d liu ca gi tin cho cc
Router x l QoS.
Trng Flow Label cho php xc nh lung gi
tin cc Router c th m bo cht lng dch
v QoS
Vic phn on c thc hin bi c
Router v my ch gi gi tin
Vic phn on ch c thc hin bi my ch
pha gi m khng c s tham gia ca Router
Header c cha trng Checksum Khng c trng Checksum trong IPv6 Header
Header c cha nhiu ty chn Tt c cc ty chn c trong Header m rng
Giao thc ARP s dng ARP Request
qung b xc nh a ch vt l.
Khung ARP Request c thay th bi cc thng
bo Multicast Neighbor Solicitation.
S dng giao thc IGMP qun l thnh
vin cc nhm mng con cc b
Giao thc IGMP c thay th bi cc thng bo
MLD (Multicast Listener Discovery)
S dng ICMP Router Discovery xc
nh a ch cng Gateway mc nh ph
hp nht, l ty chn.
S dng thng bo qung co Router (Router
Advertisement) v ICMP Router Solicitation thay
cho ICMP Router Discovery, l bt buc.
a ch qung b truyn thng tin n tt
c cc node trong mt mng con
Trong IPv6 khng tn ti a ch qung b, thay
vo l a ch Multicast
Thit lp cu hnh bng th cng hoc s
dng DHCP
Cho php cu hnh t ng, khng s dng nhn
cng hay cu hnh qua DHCP
a ch my ch c lu trong DNS vi
mc ch nh x sang a ch IPv4
a ch my ch c lu trong DNS vi mc
ch nh x sang a ch IPv6
Con tr a ch c lu trong IN
ADDR ARPA DNS nh x a ch
IPv4 sang tn my ch
Con tr a ch c lu trong Ipv6 INT DNS
nh x a ch t IPv4 sang tn my ch
H tr gi tin kch thc 576 bytes (c
th phn on)
H tr gi tin kch thc 1280 bytes (khng cn
phn on)
Hnh 3.11 So snh IPv4 v IPv6
56
3.4. Cc lp a ch IPv6
3.4.1. Phng php biu din a ch IPv6
a ch IPv6 c biu din bng chui s Hexa c chia thnh cc nhm 16 bit tng
ng vi bn ch s Hexa, ngn cch nhau bi du :. V d mt a ch IPv6 : 4021 : 0000 :
240E : 0000 : 0000 : 0AC0 : 3428 : 121C.Cc th thu gn bng cch thay cc nhm 0 lin tip
bng k hiu ::. V d 12AB : 0000 : 0000 : CD30 : 0000 : 0000 : 0000 : 0000 /60 c th vit l
12AB : 0 : 0 : CD30 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 /60 hoc 12AB :: CD30 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 /60 hoc 12AB : 0 : 0 :
CD30 :: /60 . Khng c vit 12AB :: CD30 /60 hay 12AB :: CD30 :: /60
3.4.2. Phn loi a ch IPv6
- a ch Unicast: L a ch ca mt giao din. Mt gi tin c chuyn n a ch
Unicast s ch c nh tuyn n giao din gn vi a ch
- a ch Anycast: L a ch ca mt tp giao din thuc ca nhiu node khc nhau. Mi
gi tin ti a ch Anycast c chuyn ti ch mt trong tp giao din gn vi a ch (l giao
din gn node gi nht v c Metrics nh nht).
- a ch Multicast: a ch ca tp cc giao din thuc v nhiu node khc nhau. Mt gi
tin gi ti a ch Multicast s c gi tt c cc giao din trong nhm.
3.4.3. So snh a ch IPv4 v a ch IPv6
a ch IPv6 v IPv4 c mt s im chung nh cng s dng mt s loi a ch vi mt
s chc nng tng t, nhng trong IPv6 c mt s thay i th hin trong bng sau:
Bng So snh a ch IPv4 v IPv6
IPv4 Address IPv6 Address
Phn lp a ch (Lp A, B, C v D) Khng phn lp a ch. Cp pht theo tin t
Lp D l Multicast (224.0.0.0/4) a ch multicast c tin t FF00::/8
S dng a ch Broadcast Khng c Broadcast, thay bng Anycast
a ch unspecified l 0.0.0.0 a ch Unspecified l ::
a ch Loopback 127.0.0.1 a ch Loopback l ::1
S dng a ch Public Tng ng l a ch Unicast ton cu
a ch IP ring (10.0.0.0/8,
172.16.0.0/12, and 192.168.0.0/16)
a ch Site-lLcal (FEC0::/48)
a ch t cu hnh (169.254.0.0/16) a ch Link-Local (FE80::/64)
Dng biu din: chui s thp phn
cch nhau bi du chm
Dng biu din: chui s Hexa cch nhau bi du hai
chm; c th nhm chui s 0 lin nhau vo mt k t
S dng mt n mng con Ch s dng k hiu tin t ch mng
Phn gii tn min DNS: bn ghi ti
nguyn a ch my ch IPv4 (A)
Phn gii tn min DNS: bn ghi ti nguyn a ch
my ch IPv6 (AAAA)
Tn min ngc: IN-ADDR.ARPA Tn min ngc: IP6.INT domain
57
Cu hi v bi tp
1. Hy trnh by tng qut m hnh kin trc TCP/IP
2. Vai tr v chc nng cc tng trong m hnh TCP/IP
3. Tng ng dng (Process/Application Layer) v cc giao thc ng dng.
4. Tng vn chuyn Host to Host v cc giao thc.
5. Tng mng (Internet Layer) v cc giao thc tng mng.
6. Trnh by khI qut cc giao thc nh tuyn RIP, OSPF, BGP.
7. Qu trnh ng gi d liu Encapsulation
8. Qu trnh phn mnh cc gi d liu Fragment
9. Khi nim n v truyn cc i MTU (Maximum Transmission Unit).
10. Qu trnh phn mnh lm tng thi gian x l, lm gim tnh nng ca mng.
11. Vai tr v chc nng, cu trc gi tin ca UPP (User Datagram Protocol)
12. Vai tr v chc nng ca TCP :
13. Trnh by cc c im ca TCP
14. iu khin lu lng v iu khin tc nghn
15. Trnh by cc c ch ca s ng, pht li thch nghi, iu khin tc nghn.
16. Thit lp v hu b lin kt:
17. tin cy v iu khin lung ca TCP:
18. Cc chc nng chnh ca IP:
19. a ch IP, cu trc gi d liu IP.
20. Phn mnh v hp nht cc gi IP:
21. Trnh by chc nng giao thc thng bo iu khin mng ICMP.
22. Tin trnh ca Giao thc phn gii a ch ARP (Address Resolution Protocol)
23. Nguyn tc hot ng, khun dng gi tin ca giao thc RARP
24. Cc c trng ca IPv6
25. Cht lng dch v v bo mt trong IPv6
26. Cu trc khun dng Datagram Ipv6
27. Header m rng
28. So snh IPv4 header v IPv6 header
29. Lp a ch IPv6, biu din, cc loi a ch IPv6
30. So snh a ch IPv4 v a ch IPv6
31. M hnh kin trc TCP/IP v so snh vi m hnh OSI.
58
Chng 4: K thut mng cc b
CHNG 4: K THUT MNG CC B
Ni dung ca chng ny s trnh by cc khi nim c bn v k thut mng cc b LAN,
cc phng php truy nhp ngu nhin v c iu khin c s dng trong cc mng qung b.
Ni dung ca chng gm cc phn sau:
Cc phng thc truy nhp ng truyn.
Mng Ethernet v h chun IEEE 802.
Mng cc b Token Ring.
Giao din s liu phn b s dng cp si quang.
Gii thiu mng LAN ATM.
4.1. Cc phng thc truy nhp ng truyn
4.1.1. Phng thc a truy nhp s dng sng mang c pht hin xung t CSMA/CD
(Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection)
y l phng php truy nhp ngu nhin s dng cho mng c cu trc dng hnh Bus. Tt
c cc node truy nhp ngu nhin vo Bus chung. V vy cn c c ch trnh xung t v nghn
thng tin. CSMA/CD l phng php ci tin ca phng php CSMA (Nghe trc khi ni -
Listen before talk).
Nguyn tc hot ng: Khi mt trm truyn d liu, trc ht n s phi nghe xem ng
truyn bn hay ri. Nu ri n s truyn d liu i (theo khun dng chun), nu ng
truyn ang bn th n s thc hin 1 trong 3 gii thut sau:
1. Trm tm rt lui ch i trong mt thi gian ngu nhin, sau li bt u nghe ng
truyn (Non persistent)
2. Trm tip tc nghe n khi ng truyn ri th truyn d liu i vi xc sut bng 1
(persistent).
3. Trm tip tc nghe n khi ng truyn ri th truyn d liu i vi xc sut bng
0<p<1 xc nh trc (p-persistent).
u, nhc im ca tng gii thut trn: Gii thut 1 c hiu qu trong vic trnh xung
t. Tuy nhin, c th c thi gian cht ca ng truyn v c hai cng i. Gii thut 2 ngc
li, c gng gim c thi gian cht ca ng truyn nhng nu c hn mt trm cng truyn
th kh nng xy ra xung t s cao v gii thut 3 vi gi tr p chn mt cch hp l c th ti
thiu ho c kh nng xung t cng nh gim c thi gian cht ca ng truyn.
Tuy nhin, xung t xy ra thng do tr truyn dn. CSMA thc cht l cc trm ch
Nghe trc khi ni m khng nghe trong khi ni, nn thc t c xung t nhng cc trm vn
59
khng th bit v tip tc truyn d liu dn n tc nghn, xung t thng tin trn ng truyn.
Gii php CSMA/CD (hay cn gi l LWT - Listen while talk) c th pht hin xung t nh sau:
- Khi mt trm ang truyn, vn tip tc nghe ng truyn. Nu pht hin thy xung t,
n ngng ngay vic truyn nhng vn tip tc gi sng mang i thm mt thi gian m bo
rng cc trm trn mng u c th nghe c xung t .
- Sau , trm ch i trong mt thi on ngu nhin, n tip tc th truyn li theo
nguyn tc cc gii thut ca CSMA.
Vi CSMA/CD, thi gian chim dng v ch ng truyn gim xung ng bng thi gian
dng pht hin mt xung t. CSMA/CD cng s dng 3 gii thut kin nhn ca CSMA,
trong gii thut (2) (1-persistent) l c dng hn c.
4.1.2. Token Bus
cp pht quyn truy nhp ng truyn cho mt trm cn truyn d liu, mt th bi
c lu chuyn trn mt vng logic c thit lp bi cc trm c nhu cu. Khi mt trm nhn
c th bi n c quyn truy nhp ng truyn trong mt thi gian xc nh v c th truyn
mt hoc nhiu n v d liu. Khi ht d liu hoc ht thi gian cho php, n chuyn th bi
cho trm tip theo trn vng logic. Th bi (Token) l mt n v d liu c bit, c kch thc
v ni dung gm cc thng tin iu khin c quy nh ring cho mi phng php.

A
Tr=B
S=F
E
Tr=F
S=C
F
Tr=A
S=C
B
Tr=C
S=A
D

Hnh 4.1 Token BUS
Token
C
Tr=E
S=B
Thit lp vng logic: Vng logic gia cc trm c nhu cu truyn, c xc nh theo mt
chui c th t m trm cui cng lin k vi trm u tin ca vng. Mi trm c bit a ch
ca trm lin k trc v sau n. Th t ca cc trm trn vng logic c lp vi th t vt l.
Cc trm khng hoc cha c nhu cu truyn d liu th khng a vo vng logic v chng ch
c th tip nhn d liu.
Duy tr trng thi thc t ca mng
- B sung nh k cc trm nm ngoi vng logic nu c nhu cu truyn d liu.
- Loi b mt trm khng cn nhu cu truyn d liu ra khi vng logic.
- Qun l li: Li: c th t vng hoc trng a ch.
60
- Khi to vng logic: Khi ci t mng hoc t vng cn phi khi to li vng. Vic
khi to vng logic c thc hin khi mt hoc nhiu trm pht hin Bus hot ng vt qua gi
tr ngng thi gian (Time-out) hoc th bi b mt. C nhiu nguyn nhn, chng hn mng mt
ngun hoc trm gi th bi hng. Lc , trm pht hin s gi thng bo yu cu th bi ti
mt trm c ch nh trc c trch nhim sinh th bi mi v chuyn i theo vng logic.
4.1.3. Token ring
Nguyn tc ca phng php: Dng th bi lu chuyn trn ng vt l cp pht truy
nhp ng truyn. Mt trm mun truyn d liu th phi i n khi nhn c mt th bi
ri. Khi trm s i bit trng thi ca th bi sang trng thi bn v truyn mt n v d
liu cng vi th bi i theo chiu ca vng. Cc trm khc mun truyn d liu phi i. D liu
n trm ch phi c sao li, sau cng vi th bi i tip cho n khi quay v trm ngun.
Trm ngun s xo b d liu v i bit th bi thnh ri v cho lu chuyn tip trn vng
cc trm khc c th nhn c quyn truyn d liu.

A
C
D
B
A c nhu cu truyn d
liu n C. i Free
Token,chuyn sang trng
thi Busy, gi km Packet
d liu
Node B c, phn tch v
so snh a ch ch vi
a ch MAC. Node C sao
chp d liu
A
C
D
B
Khi Packet d liu quay
v, Node A chuyn trng
thi Token thnh Free.
A
C
D
B
Hnh 4.2 Token Ring
S quay v li trm ngun ca d liu v th bi nhm to ra c ch bo nhn t nhin: trm
ch c th gi vo n v d liu (phn header) cc thng tin v kt qu tip nhn d liu ca mnh.
Chng hn, cc thng tin c th l: (1) trm ch khng tn ti hoc khng hot ng; (2) trm
ch tn ti nhng d liu khng c sao chp ; (3) d liu c tip nhn; (4) c li.
Cc vn lin quan: Cn gii quyt hai vn c th dn n ph v h thng. Mt l mt
th bi. Hai l mt th bi bn lu chuyn khng dng trn vng. C th c nhiu gii php
khc nhau khc phc vn ny, sau y l mt gii php c khuyn ngh:
i vi vn mt th bi: C th quy nh trc mt trm iu khin ch ng (Active
Monitor), pht hin mt th bi bng cch dng c ch ngng thi gian Time-out. Sau khong
thi gian , nu khng nhn li c th bi, trm s pht hin tnh trng phc hi bng cch
pht li th bi mi.
i vi vn th bi bnlu chuyn trn vng khng dng: trm Monitor s dng mt
bit trn th bi nh du (M=1) khi gp mt th bi bn i qua n. Nu n gp li mt th bi bn
61
vi bit nh du th c ngha l trm ngun khng nhn li c n v d liu ca mnh
v th bi bn c quay vng mi. Lc , trm Monitor s i bit trng thi ca th bi thnh
ri v chuyn tip trn vng. Tuy nhin, cn chn mt gii thut chn trm thay th cho trm
monitor khi b hng.
4.1.4. So snh CSMA/CD vi cc phng php dng th bi
phc tp ca phng php dng th bi ln hn nhiu so vi phng php truy nhp
ngu nhin CSMA/CD, x l n gin hn.Trong iu kin ti nh phng php th bi khng
cao do mt trm c th i kh lu mi n lt (c th bi). Ngc li,: trong iu kin ti nng,
phng php dng th bi hiu qu hn so vi CSMA/CD.
u im ln nht ca phng php dng th bi l kh nng iu ho lu thng trong mng
bng cch cho php cc trm truyn s lng n v d liu khc nhau khi nhn c th bi hoc
bng cch lp ch u tin cp pht cho cc trm cho trc.
4.2. Ethernet v chun IEEE 802
4.2.1. Gii thiu chung v Ethernet
Ethernet l cng ngh ca mng LAN cho php truyn tn hiu gia cc my tnh vi tc
10Mb/s n 10 Gigabit/s. Trong cc kiu Ethernet th kiu s dng cp xon i l hay thng
dng nht. Hin nay c khong 85% mng LAN s dng cng ngh Ethernet.
Nm 1980, Xerox, tp on Intel v tp on Digital Equipment a ra tiu chun Ethernet
10 Mbps (Tiu chun DIX).
IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc- Vin cng ngh in v in
t) a ra tiu chun v Ethernet u tin vo nm 1985 vi tn gi "IEEE 802.3 Carrier Sense
Multiple Access with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD) Access Method and Physical Layer
Specifications"
Gn y, vi cc phng tin truyn dn v cng ngh mi, cng ngh Ethernet ngy
cng pht trin v t c tc trao i s liu n 10 Gigabit trn giy.

Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data link
Physical
Medium

Upper Upper
Layer Layer
Protocols LSAP Protocols

LLC LLC Scope of
MAC MAC IEEE 802
Physical Physical Standard
Medium
Hnh 4.3 Quan h ca cc chun IEEE 802 vi m hnh tham chiu OSI.
62
Thnh phn mng Ethernet bao gm:
- Data terminal Equipment (DTE): Cc thit b truyn v nhn d liu DTEs thng l PC,
Workstation, File Server, Print Server ...
- Data Communication Equipment (DCE): L cc thit b kt ni mng cho php nhn v
chuyn khung trn mng. DCE c th l cc thit b c lp nh Repeter, Switch, Router hoc cc
khi giao tip thng tin nh Card mng, Modem ..
- Interconnecting Media: Cp xon i, cp ng (mng/dy), cp quang.
Nhng c im c bn ca Ethernet
- Cu hnh truyn thng: Bus ng thng/ Star
- Cu hnh khc Star bus
- K thut truyn: Base band
- Phng php truy nhp: CSMA/CD.
- Quy cch k thut: IEEE 802.3.
- Vn tc truyn 10Mbps, 100Mbps ... 10Gbps
- Loi cp: Cp ng trc mnh, cp ng trc dy, cp xon i, cp quang ...
4.2.2. Chc nng cc tng trong IEEE 802
Chun IEEE 802 bao gm chc nng tng vt l (Physical) v lin kt d liu (Data Link)
trong m hnh OSI. iu ny c ngha l U ban 802 ca IEEE nhn mnh ti vic tiu chun ho
cc cng ngh phn cng s dng ti tng vt l v tng lin kt d liu.
Chun IEEE chia tng lin kt d liu thnh hai tng con, tng iu khin truy nhp MAC
(Media Access Control) v iu khin lin kt logic LLC (Logical Link Control).
Tng LLC (Logical Link Control ):Tt c mng LAN theo chun IEEE c cng lp LLC
c nh ngha bi 802.2. Dng chung tng con LLC, c ch cc tng trn nh nhau bt k loi
phn cng no c s dng. Giao din gia tng k trn vi LLC c nh ngha bi cc im
LSAP (Link Service Access Points ). LSAP l cc a ch lin kt logic. a ch Ethernet c nhiu
a ch LSAP, nhng a ch ny cho php lin kt gia cc thc th trn mng. a ch MAC l
duy nht.
- Nu thit b l DTE, n quy nh giao din gia gia tng MAC v tng mng. LLC qun
l lin kt d liu v nh ngha cc im truy nhp dch v (Service Access Point - SAP). LLC
Sublayer c tiu chun ho trong IEEE 802.2
- Nu thit b DCE l Bridge. Brige cung cp giao din LAN-to-LAN s dng chung
Protocol (Ethenet to Ethenet) hoc gia cc LAN s dng khc Protocol (nh Ethernet to Token
Ring). Bridge c tiu chun ho trong IEEE 802.1
- LLC Header:

DSAP (1)
SSAP (1) Cont (1) Data (43 )
+ DSAP (Destination Service Access Point): Con tr thng bo cho NIC v tr b m
lu tr thng tin nhn.
63
+ SSAP (Source Service Access Point) V tr b m lu tr thng tin i.
+ DSAP and SSAP cho php nhiu giao thc cng s dng chung NIC Card.
+ Cont (Control). Kiu ca LLC.
+ Data: D liu c a xung t lp Network, c chiu di ti a l 1497 bytes.
Tng con LLC cung cp cc dch v sau:
- Type 1: Dch v Datagram khng lin kt v khng c c ch bo nhn bit
(Unacknowledgement). Cung cp kt ni Point to Point, Multipoint v Broadcast.
- Type 2: Dch v mch o, kiu lin kt (Connection -Oriented ). Cung cp cc dch v tun
t, kim sot lung, khng li gia cc LSAP.
- Type 3: Dch v Datagram kiu khng lin kt v c c ch bo nhn bit
(Acknowledgement).
Tng Ethernet Mac Sublayer: Lin quan n cc phng php truy nhp v kim sot truy
nhp n ng truyn chung. Token RING v Ethernet thc hin trong tng MAC bng cc
phng php khc nhau cng chia s ng truyn.
- To Frame: Thm cc trng PRE, SFD, DE, SA, Length/Type, PAD, FCS v d liu t
LLC a xung to thnh khung d liu cung cp cho tng Vt l.
- Nhn khung d liu t tng Vt l, kim tra li v gi d liu cho tng LLC.
- iu khin truy nhp phng tin truyn dn.
Tng Vt l: Xc nh tc truyn, phng php m ho v phng tin truyn dn v
cch thc kt ni vt l. Tng vt l ca IEEE 802.3 c phn chia l 2 phn:
- Phn c lp vi ng truyn c t giao din gia tng MAC v tng vt l.
- Phn ph thuc ng truyn v c t giao din vi ng truyn ca LAN v cc tn
hiu trao i vi ng truyn. C nhiu tu chn khc nhau v kiu ng truyn, phng thc
truyn tn hiu v tc truyn, cch thc m ho.
4.2.3. Cu trc khung Ethernet:

PRE SFD DA SA Length/Type Data PAD FCS
7 1 6 6
46-1500
4 4

Vng tnh FCS
Vng pht hin li FCS
Th t truyn dn: tri qua phi, theo chui bit

Hnh 4.4 Token Ring
64
- PRE (7bytes): nh du im u khung, ng b.
- SFD (1byte): 10101011
- DA/SA (6 bytes): a ch ch, a ch ngun.
- Length/Type (2 bytes): Chiu di d liu nu nh hn 1500.
- Data: D liu gi t LLC a xung, gm n byte (n<1501).
- PAD: C th c hay khng. Nu n<46 th thm 1 s byte (ton 0) vo PAD chiu di
tng cng ca Data+Pad l 46 byte
- FCS (4 bytes) kim tra li ca cc trng DA, SA, Length /Type v Data v PAD.
4.2.4. H IEEE 802
Bridge c tiu chun ho trong IEEE 802.1, kin trc mng, cung cp giao din LAN-to-
LAN s dng chung Protocol LAN (v d: Ethenet to Ethenet) hoc gia cc LAN s dng khc
Protocol (nh Ethernet to Token Ring).
Logical Link Control (LLC) c tiu chun ho trong IEEE 802.2, c t chun giao din
(Interface) gia MAC v tng mng LLC qun l lin kt d liu v nh ngha cc im truy
nhp dch v (Service Access Point SAP). IEEE 802.2 cung cp 3 kiu giao thc LLC:Type1,
Type2, Type3. Cc giao thc ny theo phng thc cn bng (Balanced Mode) ca giao thc
HDLC v c cc khun dng d liu v chc nng tng t.
EEE 802.3 c t mt mng cc b da trn mng Ethernet do Digital, Intel v Xerox hp
tc php trin t nm 1980. IEEE 802.3 tng t nh DIX Ethernet, bao gm c tng vt l v
tng con MAC vi cc c t sau:
- c t dch v MAC (MAC ServicesSecification)
- Giao thc MAC (MAC Protocol).
- c t vt l (Medium-Independent Physical Specification) c lp vi ng truyn
- c t vt l ph thuc ng truyn (Medium - Dependent Physical Specification)
- c t dch v MAC nh ngha cc dch v IEEE 802.3 cung cp cho tng LLC hoc
ngi s dng tng cao hn.
Tng MAC vi giao thc truy nhp ng truyn CSMA/CD, lm gim tnh trng xung
t v nghn thng tin bng cch mi thit b trc khi truyn phi lng nghe ng truyn
v trong khi truyn vn tip tc nghe x l khi c hin tng va chm.
Tng vt l ca IEEE 802.3 c chia lm hai phn. Phn c lp vi ng truyn,
c t giao din gia MAC v tng vt l. Phn ph thuc ng truyn l bt buc phi c
v c t giao din vi ng truyn ca LAN v cc tn hiu trao i vi ng truyn. C
cc dng sau cho tng vt l ca IEEE 802.3:
- Tc truyn tn hiu (1 Mb /s hoc 10Mb /s hoc 100 Mb /s)
- BASE (nu l Baseband) hoc BROAD (nu l Broadband)
- Ch nh c trng ng truyn.
10BASE -F: Dng cp quang, tc 10 Mb/s, phm vi cp 4km Chun ny c phn
thnh 3 dng con: 10BASE-FL, 10BASE-FB v 10BASE-FP.
65
10BASE-T: S dng nt di tn rng h tr cho cc tc tn hiu 10Mb/s. Dng cp
UTP, tr khng 75 Ohm, vi mng hnh sao.
100 BASE-X: Gi l Fast Ethernet, mng hnh sao tng t 10BASE-, tc 100Mb/s.
Chun ny gm 100 BASE-TX dng cho cp UTP hoc STP 2 I, 100 BASE-FX dng cho
cp quang, 100 BASE-T4 dng cho cp UTP 4 i (Four Twisted Pairs).
10BROAD36: Dng Broadband, tc 10Mb/s, cp ng trc 75 Ohm, phm vi cp
1800 m (ln ti 3600m trong cu hnh cp i), s dng topo dng BUS.
IEEE 802.4: M t mt mng cc b vi cu trc dng hnh BUS v c ch iu khin truy
nhp ng truyn th bi Token BUS. Mng dng cp ng trc 75 ohm vi c hai dng
Baseband v Broadband. IEEE 802.4 bao gm tng vt l v tng MAC. IEEE 802.4 s dng cp
ng 75-ohm (tc 1 Mbps, 5 Mbps v 10 Mbps) hoc cp quang (tc 5 Mbps, 10 Mbps v
20 Mpbs). N c thit k ng dng trong cc vn phng v trong cc mi trng cng
nghip v qun s.
Chun IEEE 802.5: L chun c t mng cc b vi mng dng vng (RING) s dng th
bi Token RING iu khin truy nhp ng truyn. IEEE 802.5 bao gm c tng vt l v
tng con MAC.
IEEE 802.6: M t mt mng tc cao kt ni nhiu LAN thuc cc khu vc khc nhau ca
mt th (cn c gi l MAN - Metropolitan Area Network). Mng s dng cp quang vi
mng dng Bus kp (Dual - BUS), v th cn c gi l DQDB (Distributed Queue Dual Bus).
Lu thng trn mi Bus l mt chiu v khi c cp Bus cng hot ng s to thnh mt cu hnh b
qua c cc li (Fault - Tolerant). Phng php iu khin truy nhp da trn mt gii thut xp
hng phn tn c tn l QPDS (Queued - Packet, Distrubuted -Switch). DQDB l Bus qung b a
truy nhp, tng t nh CSMA/CD, nhng phi dng mt phng php truy nhp theo "khe
(Slotted Access) khc phc cc hn ch v truy nhp ca CSMA/CD. qung b d liu cn
phi ci t Bus di dng cp Bus mt chiu tng t nh mt dng vng (Ring). V hai Bus
chuyn d liu ngc chiu nhau nn vic qung b d liu i hi phi truyn c trn hai Bus.

Hnh 4.5: S ni bus ca DQDB
Slot
generator
Bus B
Bus A
Slot
generator
n v d liu c dng trong cc mng DQDB c thit k tng thch vi th h mi
ca cc mng din rng cng cng gi l B-ISDN (Broadband Integrated Services Digital
Networks). Cc mng ny s dng k thut chuyn mch gi nhanh (Fast Packet Switching) vi
cng ngh ha hn nht l ATM. V th n v d liu dng trong cc mng DQDB cng c
gi l "t bo (Cell) vi khun dng tng qut gm 53 bytes, trong c bytes ca phn Header
c nh v 48 bytes d liu.
66
Cc mng IEEE 802.6 cho php truyn d liu vi tc cao t vi chc n hng trm
Mb/s. p ng cc yu cu truyn d liu a phng din.
- IEEE 802.9: c t mt mng tch hp d liu v ting ni bao gm 1 knh d b 10 Mb/s
cng vi 96 knh 64 Kb/s (tng cng 6Mb/s). Gii thng tng cng l 16 Mb/s. Chun ny cn
c gi l Isochronous Ethernet (IsoEnet) v n c thit k cho cc mi trng c lng lu
thng ln v cp bch.
- IEEE 802.10: Chun c t v an ton v m ho thng tin trong cc mng cc b.
- IEEE802.11: lchun c t mng cc b khng dy (Wireless LAN), hin ang tip tc
pht trin vi phng php truy nhp CSMA/CD.
- IEEE 802.12 l chun c t mng cc b bi AT&T, IBM v HP, gi l 100 VG -
AnyLAN hay 100BASE-VG. Mng s dng dng hnh sao xp tng (Cascaded Star Topology) v
phng php truy nhp ng truyn c iu khin tranh chp. Khi c nhu cu truyn d liu,
mt trm s gi yu cu n HUB v trm ch c th truyn d liu khi HUB cho php. Chun
cung cp mt mng tc trn 100 Mb/s, c th hot ng trong cc mi trng hn hp Ethernet
v Token Ring. V th n chp nhn c hai dng Frame.
- IEEE 802.14: Chun cui cng hin nay l 802.14. Chun ny dng cho truyn d liu
qua ng cp TV, nhm nng cao tc truy nhp Internet ti gia nh.
4.2.5. Ethernet 100 Mbps
Mng Ethernet 100 Mbps c gm 2 chun :
* Fast Ethernet (IEEE 802.3u): 100Base-TX, 100Base-T4 v 100Base-FX.
Cc loi cp s dng
- 100BASE-T4 s dng bn i dy cn bng cp UTP Cat-3 hoc Cat-5.
- 100BASE-TX s dng hai i UTP Cat-5 hoc i dy STP.
- 100BASE-FX s dng i dy cp quang a mode.
M ha:
- 100Base-TX v 100Base-FX s dng k thut m ha 4B/5B.
- 100Base-T4 s dng k thut m ha 8B/6T.
Phng thc iu khin truy nhp CSMA/CD
- 100Base-T4 s dng phng thc hot ng bn song cng.
- 100Base-TX s dng phng thc hot ng song cng.
- 100Base-FX s dng c phng thc hot ng song cng v bn song cng.
* 100VG-AnyLAN l cng ngh cnh tranh vi Fast Ethernet, t c s dng.
4.2.6. Gigabit Ethernet.
S ra i ca Gigabit Ethernet m ra mt k nguyn mi Ethernet tc cao. Gigabit
Ethernet c thit lp da trn cc nguyn l c bn ca 10BASE-T, Fast Ethernet v chuyn
mch Ethernet. C 2 chun Gigabit Ethernet:
67
* IEEE 802.3z: Mng Gigabit Ethernet trn cp quang chun ha nm 1998. Phng tin
truyn dn c bn l si quang n mode (SMF) vi ng knh li l 10 m, hay si quang a
mode vi ng knh li l 50 m hoc 62.5 m. Tn hiu c truyn dn ch yu trn hai bc
sng l 850nm (bc sng ngn) v 1310 nm (bc sng di). Nu s dng cp ng th l loi
cp bn i Cat-5 UTP, vi khong cch c th ln ti 100m.
Ti tng vt l: IEEE 802.3z :
1000Base-SX : chun cho cp quang bc sng ngn.
- Vi cp quang a mode 62.5 m, khong cch ti a 220-275 m
- Vi cp quang a mode 50 m, khong cch ti a 500-550 m
1000Base-LX : chun cho cp quang bc sng di
- Vi cp quang a mode 62.5/50 m, khong cch ti a 550 m
- Vi cp quang n mode 9 m, khong cch ti a 5000 m
1000Base-CX : chun cho cp ng tuyn ngn.
- Vi cp ng trc, khong cch ti a l 25 m
Ti tng lin kt d liu:
- Hot ng ch song cng v chuyn mch.
- iu khin truy nhp: CSSMA/CD trong phng thc song cng.
- Trong phng thc bn song cng s dng CSMA/CD ci tin.
Gigabit Ehernet trn cp ng: Chun IEEE 802.3ab c trng bi 1000Base-T. S dng
c 4 i dy cp UTP Cat 5 (hoc Cat-6, Cat- 7) vi khong cch ti a 100m. Tn hiu truyn
dn song cng trc tip 2 chiu trn c 4 i vi tc 250 Mbps/ 1 i dy.
4.2.7. Gigabit Ethernet qua cp si quang
10 Gigabit Ethernet (GbE) c trnh by trong d tho tiu chun IEEE 802.3ae. Tc
Ethernet tng t 1 Gbps ln 10 Gbps, cho php Ethernet c th tch hp vi nhng cng ngh
tc cao trn mng ng trc WAN vi tc xp x 9,5 Gbps. Ngoi ra, 10 GbE c th tng
thch vi cc h thng SONET/SDH, c th h tr cho tt c cc dch v ti cc tng 2 v 3.
Nguyn tc c bn khi xy dng cc mng chuyn mch tc cao l kt hp nhiu on mng
tc thp li vi nhau. Khi mt v s lng cc on c tc 100 Mbps trong mng tng
ln th 1000BASE-X v 1000BASE-T tr thnh cng ngh truyn dn mc cao hn c s
dng trn cc li mng.
4.3. Mng cc b Token Ring
Cu trc mng hnh vng (Ring) l mt chui kt ni im - im cc node li vi nhau to
thnh vng trn. V vy Ring LAN khng phi l mng qung b nh Ethernet, chng c xem
nh mng truyn tun t, im im. Cng ngh Ring LAN l s ho, khng ging nh cng
ngh mng Ethernet trong c ch cm nhn sng mang l tn hiu tng t (Analog). Ring
LAN thng s dng l IEEE 802.5
68
4.3.1. Hot ng ca Token Ring
Mi trm hot ng nh l mt b chuyn tip h tr cho s khuych i tn hiu suy hao.
C th s dng cc loi cp ng trc, cp si quang, cp xon i. S dng phng thc truy
nhp ng truyn Token RING, gm 24 bit. Nu tc trn vng l 4 Mbps th vng phi c
thi gian tr hon l 24/2 Mbps = 6 Micro giy.
Cc trm ca mng cc b Token Ring hot ng theo 4 ch sau: Ch truyn, ch
lng nghe, ch b qua. v ch nhn. Hnh 4.6 minh ho 4 trm hot ng: Gi s A truyn
d liu n D. Trm A nhn Token, kim tra bit T. Nu gi tr bng 0, Token bn, ngha l c
trm trn mng ang trong ch truyn. Nu gi tr bit T bng 1, ng truyn ri, trm chuyn
gi tr 1 bng 0 sang trng thi bn v A bc vo ch truyn (Transmit Mode). V A truyn
n D, nn a ch ch s l D, a ch ngun l A. V a ch ch khng phi l ca B, n bc
vo ch lng nghe (Listen Mode). Trm C v khng cung cp in (gi s b mt in chng
hn), do n ch b qua (Delay bypassesMode). Trm ch D pht hin ra rng a ch ch
chnh l ca n, n bc vo ch nhn (Receive Mode). Khung d liu c sao chp vo b
nh ca trm.

A: Transmit
Mode
D: Receive
Mode
B: Listen
Mode
C: Relay
Bypasses Mode
Hnh 4.6 Cc ch lm vic ca cc trm Token Ring

Trong Frame c mt s c kim sot qu trnh truyn v nhn d liu. C Frame Status Flags
nhn bit da vo phn cng. C Frame Status gm cc c nhn bit a ch A (Address
Recognized), c sao chp khung C (Frame Copied) v c li E (Error).
4.3.2. Chun Token Ring
L chun c t mng cc b vi Topo dng vng (Ring) s dng th bi iu khin truy
nhp ng truyn tun th chun IEEE 802.5. Chun IEEE 802.5 hot ng trong tng vt l v
tng con MAC .
Giao thc MAC l phn ct li ca IEEE 802.5, s dng phng php Token Ring iu
khin truy nhp ng truyn. Khun dng ca Frame dng trong giao thc MAC ca IEEE 802.5
c trnh by trong hnh 4.8
69
SD AC FC DA SA
SFS
INFO FCS ED ES
Phm vi ph ca FCS EFS
Hnh 4.7 Khun dng tng qut ca IEEE 802.5 Frame

- SFS = Start Frame Sequence .
- SD = Starting Delimiter (1 byte): SD ch bt u ca mt Frame hoc Token.
- AC = Access Control (1 byte): iu khin truy nhp.
- FC=Frame Conrtol (1byte): iu khin Frame cha LLC data hay l mt MAC Control Frame.
- DA = Destination Address (2/6 byte): a ch ch ca Frame.
- SA = Source Address (2/6 byte): a ch ngun ca Frame.
- INFO = Information (0 hoc nhiu bytes).
- FCS = Frame Check Sequence (4 bytes): FCS: m kim sot li CRC 32 bit cho cc vng
FC, DA, SA, v INFO.
- EFS = End - of - Frame Sequence
- ED = Ending Delimiter (1 byte): Cc k hiu kt thc Frame.
- FS = Frame Status (1 byte): Tnh trng Frame.
4.4. Giao din s liu phn b s dng quang FDDI (Fiber Distributed Data
Interface)
4.4.1. Gii thiu FDDI
FDDI l mt tp cc giao thc ANSI truyn d liu qua cp quang. Cc mng FDDI s
dng phng thc truy nhp Token Passing, tc c th t n 100 Mbps. FDDI c s dng
lm Backbone cho cc mng din rng MAN,WAN. Cu hnh Ring cp quang, c th kt ni trc
tip cc trm u cui v cc my ch trong mt nhm lm vic hay lin kt cc mng trong phm
vi mt ta nh, trong mt khu vc hay trong mt thnh ph. Mt trong cc ng dng l kt ni
cc my ch tc cao. Khi ng vai tr l mt mng xng sng (Backbone), FDDI lin kt cc
thit b mng khc nhau nh Router, Switch, Brigde, cc b tp trung... to thnh mt mng
ln hn t cc mng con. Tuy nhin FDDI khng c dng cho cc mng din rng (WAN) c
bn knh ln hn 100 km.
Mc d b thay th bi cc cng ngh LAN khc, FDDI vn c nhng u im nht nh.
FDDI c th c cu hnh nh l hai mng Ring ngc nhau c lp. iu ny lm tng
tnh n nh h thng cao hn. Nu cu hnh (Topo) ca mng c thit k hai ng quang ca
c hai mng khc nhau v mt vt l th s m bo cho hai mng khng b ph hy trong cng
mt thi gian khi xy ra cc s c lin quan n h thng cp.
70
FDDI c c tnh t hi phc bng k thut Autowraping. Li pht sinh Ring s cp
(Ring ang hot ng) s c khc phc bng cch ni vng vi Ring th cp (Ring d phng),
to thnh mt Ring n v cho php mng FDDI hot ng tc cao nht. Phn cng mng c
kh nng pht hin ra s c ca cp gia cc im kt ni, do c hai ng cp nn trm pht
hin ra li s t ng ni vng hai Ring vi nhau thnh mt Ring n. Khung tin ca FDDI c
di ti 4500 Byte, iu ny lm tng hiu xut mng, gim cc thng tin Header giao thc.FDDI
m ha d liu khc bit vi cc cng ngh khc tng hiu qu truyn dn.
FDDI-2 l cng ngh m rng ca FDDI, h tr truyn dn cc tn hiu ting ni, hnh nh
v d liu. Mt bin th khc ca FDDI l FFDT (FDDI Full Duplex Technology) s dng h
tng mng nh FDDI nhng c th tc truyn s liu ln n 200 Mbps.
FDDI s dng cu trc vng kp vi lu lng truyn trn mi vng Ring theo hng
ngc nhau. Vng Ring kp bao gm mt Ring th cp v mt Ring s cp. Trong qu trnh hot
ng, Ring th cp s dng truyn s liu cn Ring s cp trng thi ri. Mc ch ca vic
s dng vng Ring kp l m bo tnh bn vng v n nh hn.
4.4.2. So snh nhng gia FDDI v IEEE 802.5
FDDI IEEE 802.5
- Dng cp quang .
- Tc 100Mb/s
- Phng php m ho NRZI -4B/ 5B
- c t tin cy tng minh
- ng b phn tn
- Quay vng th bi theo thi gian.
- Sinh th bi mi sau khi truyn
- Chim th bi bng cch thu li
- Khun dng Frame FDDI
- Kch thc Frame ti a 4500 Bytes
- Cc a ch 16 v / hoc48 bits
- Chc nng phc hi phn tn cho cc trm
- Dng cp i xon
- Tc 1,4 v 16 Mb/s
- Phng php m ho Manchester v sai
- ct tin cy khng tng minh
- ng b tp trung
- S dng cc bit priority v reservation
- Sinh th bi mi sau khi nhn
- Chim th bi bng cch i bit trng thi
- Khun dng Frame IEEE 802.5
- Khng qui nh kch thc Frame ti a
- Cc a ch 16 hoc 48 bits
- Trm iu khin (Active Monitor) m
nhim chc nng phc hi.
Bng 4.8 Nhng im khc nhau gia FDDI v IEEE 802.5

4.4.3. Cc kiu kt ni u cui FDDI
Mt trong nhng c im c trng ca FDDI l vic h tr nhiu cch kt ni khc nhau
gia cc thit b trn mng FDDI. FDDI a ra bn kiu kt ni
- Trm kt ni n SAS (Single Attachment Station) - c kt ni vo duy nht mt Ring
qua mt b tp trung.
71
- Trm kt ni kp DAS (Dual Attachment Station). Mi DAS c hai port v c kt ni
vo c hai Ring.
- B tp trung kt ni n SAC (Single Attachment Concentrator)
- B tp trung kt ni kp DAC (Dual Attachment Concentrator
4.4.4. Kh nng chu li ca FDDI
FDDI l mt cng ngh mng c c tnh chu li cao v mng c cu trc Ring kp, s
dng cc chuyn mch vng quang, h tr k thut Dual Homing.
Ring kp: Ring kp c kh nng chu li cao. Nu mt trm trn Ring b li hoc mt ng
cp b t th cc thit b phn cn li s t ng khp li thnh mt Ring n. Cc hot ng
ca mng vn tip tc c duy tr trn cc trm cn li ca Ring.Tuy nhin FDDI nu hai hay
nhiu li xy ra, Ring FDDI s b phn mnh thnh hai hoc nhiu Ring con c lp v cc thit
b trn mi Ring vn c kh nng trao i thng tin vi nhau.
Chuyn mch vng quang (Optical Bypass Switch): Chuyn mch vng quang m bo s
hot ng ca Ring kp mt cch lin tc nu mt thit b no trn Ring b li. N c s
dng ngn chn vic phn mnh Ring cng nh loi b cc trm c li ra khi Ring. Chuyn
mch vng quang bng cch s dng cc gng quang hc truyn trc tip cc tia sng t Ring
ti cc thit b truy nhp kp DAS. Nu mt li no xy ra trn thit b DAS, th chuyn mch
quang ny s chuyn tia sng qua chnh n bng cc gng ni ti, v vy vn duy tr c hot
ng ca Ring . Li ch mang li t kh nng ny l Ring s khng phi chuyn sang trng thi
Ring n khi thit b c li. Hnh 8 m t chc nng ca mt chuyn mch vng quang trong mt
mng FDDI.
Cc thit b quan trng (Router,Mainframe) c th s dng cng ngh Dual-homing cc
kt ni d phng, nhm m bo cho thit b hot ng mt cch lin tc. Theo m hnh Dual-
homing, cc thit b quan trng c gn vo Ring qua hai b tp trung.
FDDI l mt cng ngh mng LAN/MAN s dng cp quang, tc 100 Mbps c thit
k theo dng Ring, c thit k p ng nhu cu ca ngi s dng mng cn tc truyn
dn ln hn so vi cc mng Ethernet/802.3 v token Ring hin thi. Cng ngh ny c thc
hin trc khi c s pht trin ca Fast Ethernet v Gigabit Ethernet.
Hin nay, mng FDDI khng c dng ph bin v chi ph thc hin ln, phc tp (thit b
quang t) v b cnh tranh bi cc mng Ethernet/802.3 c gi thnh r, d thc hin, . Tuy
nhin, vn cn c nhng nghin cu vi mc ch ci tin tn dng kh nng cung cp bng
thng rt ln cng kh nng chng li ca n.
4.5. Mng LAN ATM
Mng LAN c xy dng a trn k thut ATM gi l Local LAN (LATM). B iu
khin mng t trong tng i ATM, tng i nh l trnh cc thng bo v kim sot truy nhp
trong trng hp nghn mch. Ngc vi k thut LAN truyn thng, vic iu khin c ci
t trong cc b giao tip mng.
72
4.5.1. c trng ca ATM LAN
- H tr nhiu lp dch v tin cy, v d dch v video trc tuyn c th yu cu mt cu ni
tin cy c tc 2Mbps cht lng dch v c th chp nhn c.
- Thng lng rng, c kh nng m rng dung lng trn tng Host ( cho php cc ng
dng cn lng d liu xut nhp ln trn mt host) v c trn dung lng phi hp ( cho php
ci t v m rng t vi host n vi trm host tc cao).
- L phng tin lin kt mng gia k thut LAN v WAN.
- ATM c th p ng cc yu cu nh cc ng dn o v cc knh o, rt d tch hp cc
lp a dch v. Theo kiu kt ni c nh hay chuyn mch, ATM rt d m rng bng cch thm
nhiu node chuyn mch tc cao (hay thp) cho cc thit b ni vo.
- Cc gi tin l t bo c di c nh, v vy vic dng ATM trong mt mng u cui
cho php xo dn ranh gii gia LAN v WAN.
4.5.2. Cc loi ATM LAN
- Getway to ATM LAN: L mt chuyn mch ATM ng vai tr nh mt Router v b tp
trung ti lin kt mt mng u cui phc tp vo ATM WAN.
- Backbone ATM Switch: L chuyn mch ATM hay mt chuyn mch ATM cc b lin
kt cc LAN khc nhau.
- Workgroup ATM: L cc my trm a phng tin cht lng cao v cc h thng u
cui c kt ni trc tip vo mt chuyn mch ATM .
Trn y l 3 cu hnh thun nht. Trong thc t mt hn hp ca 2 hoc 3 loi cng c th
c s dng to ra mt mng ATM LAN theo yu cu ca doanh nghip.
Hnh 4.9 minh ho mt v d mng LAN ATM s dng b nh tuyn chuyn mch ATM
v cc giao tip ATM ti cc trm lm vic.

10 Mbps Ethernet

100 Kbps
Mng ATM cng cng
155 Kbps

FDDI
10 Mbps Ethernet

Chuyn mch
ATM
622 Mbps
155 Mbps

Hnh 4.9 Mng LAN ATM
73
4.5.3. K thut chuyn mch ATM LAN
Phi c kh nng chuyn i tc t b chuyn mch ATM n mng LAN phi ph hp
vi tc d liu ca LAN. ng thi ATM c nhim v chuyn i giao thc t MAC (iu
khin truy nhp a phng tin) s dng cho LAN thnh dng cc t bo ATM dng trong mng
ATM. V vy cn phi s dng thm cu ni (Bridge) v nh tuyn.
Vi chuyn mch ATM Backbone, c th thm cc b chuyn mch ATM, ngha l tng
thm dung lng ca trc sng sng, tc d liu ca cc trung k gia cc chuyn mch v
LAN lc ny cng tng. Tuy nhin s lng chuyn mch thm vo c hn v trc chnh ATM n
gin khng th p ng mi nhu cu ca LAN. H thng u cui b hn ch tc d liu, v vy
cn s dng cng ngh ATM vi HUB. Mt HUB thng c nhiu cng ni vi nhiu thit b u
cui v cc cng hot ng vi tc d liu v giao thc khc nhau, gi l ATM - LAN thun tu.
Quy c s dng mt tp cc giao thc tng vt l trong cc mng LAN truyn thng khc
vi quy c tp cc giao thc trong tng vt l mng WAN. V vy khi lin kt cc mng LAN li
thnh mt mng din rng cn thit phi s dng cc thit b nh Gateway, Router.. chuyn i
cc giao thc LAN, tc d liu v cc tn hiu giao thc s dng cho WAN. Hnh 4.54 minh
ho mt mng LAN/WAN c xy dng a trn cc b nh tuyn ATM, nh cc mng
LAN/WAN truyn thng.
Trong k thut ATM, giao thc ATM c th dng cho c mng LAN v WAN. iu ny
cho php xy dng mt mng LAN hoc mng WAN ch cn s dng cc tng i ATM. kt
ni mt mng Local ATM vo mng WAN, ch cn s dng mt cng duy nht trong tng i
ATM kt ni n mng ca tng i TM.
Cu hi trc nghim
1. Pht biu no ng:
A. Dng th bi lun chuyn trn vng logic
B. Trc khi truyn xc nh ng truyn bn hay ri, nu bn th thc hin 1
trong 3 gii thut Non persistent, Persistent v P-persistent.
C. Trong khi truyn pht hin thy xung t, n ngng ngay truyn nhng v thng bo
cho cc node khc bit. Sau ch i vi thi on ngu nhin, thc hin gii
thut ca CSMA.
2. Chc nng ca Token Bus
A. B sung nh k cc trm nm ngoi vng logic nu c nhu cu truyn d liu.
B. Loi b mt trm khng cn nhu cu truyn d liu ra khi vng logic.
C. Qun l li.
D. Khi to vng logic
E. Khi phc d liu b mt do gy vng logic
3. Trong phng php Token ring cn gii quyt vn ph v h thng:
A. Mt l mt th bi.
B. Th bi bn lu chuyn khng dng trn vng.
74
C. Khi to vng logic
D. Khi phc d liu b mt do gy vng logic
4. Phng php no c c ch xc nhn ACK
A. CSMA/CD
B. TOKEN BUS
C. TOKEN RING
D. C 3 phng php.
5. Phng php no c phc tp hn cc phng php cn li
A. CSMA/CD
B. TOKEN BUS
C. TOKEN RING
D. C 3 phng php.
6. Phng php no x l hiu qu hn trong trng hp ti nh
A. CSMA/CD
B. TOKEN BUS
C. TOKEN RING
D. C 3 phng php.
7. Nhng c im k thut c bn ca Ethernet
A. Cu hnh Bus / Star hoc lai ghp Bus -Star
B. Quy cch k thut: IEEE 802.3.Phng php truy nhp: CSMA/CD.
C. Vn tc truyn 10Mbps, 100Mbps ... 10Gbps
D. Loi cp: Cp ng trc mnh, cp ng trc dy, cp xon i, cp quang ...
E. Tt c u sai.
Cu hi v bi tp
1. Phng thc a truy nhp s dng sng mang c pht hin xung t CSMA/CD
2. u, nhc im ca tng gii thut trong CSMA/CD
3. Token Bus: Thit lp vng logi, duy tr trng thi thc t ca mng v khi to vng logic
khi ci t mng hoc t vng.
4. Token ring, nguyn tc ca phng php. Cn gii quyt hai vn c th dn n ph v
h thng.
5. So snh CSMA/CD vi cc phng php dng th bi
6. Token ring th h th hai: Switched Token Ring, Token ring chuyn dng (Dedicated
Token ring), Full-duplex Token ring (Token ring song cng (hai chiu), 100 Mbps Token
ring (HSTR- high speed token ring).
7. Ethernet v chun IEEE 802
75
8. Gii thiu chung v Ethernet. Thnh phn mng Ethernet, nhng c im c bn ca
mng Ethernet
9. Vai tr, chc nng cc tng trong IEEE 802
10. LLC Header:
11. Cc dch v tng con LLC
12. Tng Ethernet Mac sublayer:
13. nh dng khung Ethernet:
14. H IEEE 802
15. Chun IEEE 802.5:
16. IEEE 802.6 v cc mng IEEE 802.6
17. IEEE 802.9:
18. IEEE 802.10
19. IEEE802.11:
20. IEEE 802.12
21. IEEE 802.14:
22. Ethernet 100 Mbps.
23. Gigabit Ethernet.
24. Mng cc b Token Ring
25. Chun Token Ring
26. Giao din s liu phn b s dng quang FDDI
27. S tng quan ga FDDI v m hnh OSI
28. So snh FDDI v IEEE 802.5
29. Cc kiu kt ni u cui FDDI
30. Kh nng chu li ca FDDI
31. Khun dng tng qut ca FDDI Frame
32. Mng LAN ATM, c trng v cc loi ATM LAN
33. K thut chuyn mch ATM LAN
34. Kin trc giao thc ATM LAN
35. Tng no thay i, duy tr tuyn kt ni gia cc thit b truyn thng.
76
Chng 5: K thut mng din rng WAN
CHNG 5: K THUT MNG DIN RNG WAN
Ni dung ca chng ny s trnh by tng qut v mng din rng WAN v cc loi mng
din rng: mng tch hp a dch v s ISDN, B_ISDN, mng chuyn mch gi X25, chuyn mch
khung Frame Relay v cc u nhc im ca n v phng thc truyn dn khng ng b ATM.
Lin kt lin mng.
Mng tch hp a dch v s ISDN
Bng rng B_ISDN
Mng chuyn mch gi v chuyn mch khung Frame Relay.
Dch v chuyn mch d liu megabit
Phng thc truyn dn khng ng b ATM
5.1. Khi nim v lin mng (Internetworking)
Lin mng (internetworking) l mt tp cc mng ring l c ni vi nhau bi cc thit b
mng trung gian, c chc nng nh l mt mng n. Cc mng thnh phn to nn lin mng
c gi l mng con (Subnetworks), Cc thit b c ni n cc mng con c gi l h
thng u cui (End nodes) v nhng thit b ni cc mng con li vi nhau c gi l cc thit
b lin kt lin mng (Intermediate nodes)
Thut ng internetworking thng c s dng di dng rt gn l internet. Mt
cch chung nht, internet l mt tp hp cc mng c ni vi nhau. Khi s dng I hoa
trc, th thut ng Internet l cp n mng internetwork ton cu, bao gm hng triu
mng trn th gii lin kt vi nhau v hot ng theo chun TCP/IP.
Lin mng c th c lin kt bi LAN to LAN, LAN to WAN v WAN to WAN. C ba
phng php lin kt lin mng ph bin tng ng vi 3 tng cui ca m hnh OSI. Phng
php lin kt ti tng vt l, cng cu trc v phng thc trao i thng tin. B lp Repeater hot
ng ti tng vt l, l thit b c s dng m rng chiu di ca mt mng LAN. Phng
php lin kt ti tng lin kt d liu (Datalink), c cu trc khc nhau v phng thc trao i
thng tin khc nhau. Cu (Bridge) v cc b chuyn mch (Switched) tng 2 hot ng ti tng
lin kt d liu. Nhng thit b ny h tr cho cc giao thc tng vt l khc nhau v c th lin
kt gia cc mng LAN c cu trc khc nhau. Phng php lin kt s dng tng mng
(Network Layer) hay tng Internet (Inernet Layer) cho cc mng khc nhau v phn cng, khc
nhau v phn mn, khc nhau v giao thc v thng cung cp nhng chc nng v ng dng
khc nhau. Thit b lin kt lin mng tr gip cho cc giao thc mng nh IP, IPX, Apple Talk.
Vic ni kt c thc hin bi vic nh dng gi tin t mt mng n mt mng khc bi thng
tin iu khin tng mng nh a ch ngun, a ch ch. Thc hin chuyn i giao thc mng
(Network Protocol Translation). Mt thit b cung cp cc lin kt ti tng mng c gi l mt
b nh tuyn (Router). Chc nng ch yu ca mt Router l lin kt cc mng khc nhau v vt
77
l v chuyn i cc gi tin t mt mng ny sang mt mng khc, quyt nh ng i ca cc
gi tin n node ch.
5.2. Mng tch hp a dch v s ISDN (Integrated Service Digital Network)
5.2.1. ISDN l g
Khi nim v mng tch hp a dch v s c CCITT nh ngha l: Mt mng vin
thng, da trn k thut chuyn knh v chuyn mch gi, cung cp cc ng truyn s, c kh
nng phc v nhiu loi dch v khc nhau, bao gm dch v thoi v phi thoi. Cc thu bao lin
kt mng phi tun theo cc chun
Mng ISDN c nhng c im sau:
- L mt mng a dch v, thay th nhiu mng vin thng khc nhau ang cng tn ti
bng mt mng duy nht c kh nng cung cp tt c cc dch v hin ti v cc dch v tng lai
vi mt giao tip thu bao duy nht.
- ISDN c h thng bo hiu s 7 v cc node chuyn mch thng minh.
- Kin trc ISDN tng thch vi m hnh OSI. Cc giao thc c pht trin c lin
quan ti cc ng dng ca m hnh OSI c th s dng c trong ISDN. Cc giao thc c th
pht trin s dng mt cch c lp cho cc tng khc nhau, cho cc chc nng ring ca tng
tng m khng nh hng n cc tng k nhau.
Mc tiu chnh ca mng l chun ho tt c cc thit b u cui, cho php cc phng tin
nh m thanhi, hnh nh, vn bn...c tch hp chung vo mt mng duy nht. Nhm s dng
c hiu qu cc ti nguyn ca mng.
Nguyn l chung ca ISDN l lin kt cc thit b u cui khc nhau ln cng mt ng
dy thu bao v c th ng thi truyn thng s gia thu bao v mng. Cc ph c tnh theo
dung lng thng tin truyn i, khng tnh ring cho mi loi dch v s dng. Cc dch v khc
nhau c h tr bi h thng bo hiu s 7 gia mng v bo hiu DSS1 thu bao.

NT2
S T U

NT1
NT2
S T U

NT1
NT2
S T U

NT1
TE1 Device

(ISDN Telephone)
TE1 Device
(Computers)
TE1 Device
(Standard Telephone)
Switched
Network
Packet
I
S
D
N

S
w
i
t
c
h
e
d

I
S
D
N

S
w
i
t
c
h
e
d

Network
Private Line
Network
78
5.2.2. Cc phn t c bn ca mng ISDN
- TE1 (Termination Equipment 1) l cc thit b u cui c cc thuc tnh ISDN nh: in
thoi s ISDN, cc u cui thoi, s liu, digital fax,
- TE2 (Termination Equipment 2) l cc thit b u cui khng c tnh nng ISDN, c
th lin kt vi ISDN phi c thm cc b phi ghp u cui TA (Terminal Adapter).
- NT1 (Network Termination 1):Thc hin cc chc nng thuc tng vt l ca m hnh
OSI, tc l cc tnh nng v in, v giao tip gia ISDN v ngi s dng, cc chc nng kim
sot cht lng ng truyn, u vng,
- NT2 (Network Termination 2) l mt thit b thng minh c kh nng p ng cc chc
nng n tng mng ca m hnh OSI. NT2 c th l tng i ring PBAX, b iu khin u cui
hoc l mng cc b LAN.
R, S, T, U : Cc im chun phn cch (R: rate, S: system, T: terminal, U: user)
5.2.3. Cc loi knh trong mng ISDN
Knh l ng truyn thng tin gia ngi s dng v mng, c gi l knh thu bao.
Trong ISDN knh thu bao ch truyn cc tn hiu s v c chia thnh 3 loi knh c bn: knh
D, knh B v knh H, c phn bit vi nhau v chc nng v tc :
* Knh D: Dng truyn bo hiu gia ngi s dng v mng. V c th khng s dng
ht bng tn ca knh, nn c th dng knh D truyn d liu ngi s dng. Knh D hot
ng vi tc 16 Kbps hoc 64 Kbps, ph thuc vo giao din ngi s dng.
* Knh B: Dng truyn tn hiu ting ni, m thanh (Audio), s liu v hnh nh (Video)
ca ngi s dng. Knh B lun hot ng tc 64 Kbps. Ba loi lin kt c th thit lp qua
knh B :
- Chuyn mch knh (Circuit-switched): Qu trnh thit lp lin kt khng thc hin
trn knh B m s dng h thng bo hiu knh chung.
- Chuyn mch gi (Packet-switched): Thu bao c ni ti mt node chuyn mch
gi v s liu s c chuyn i nh chun X25.
- Lin kt bn c nh (Semipermanent): loi lin kt ny khng i hi th tc thit
lp lin kt, tng t nh thu bao knh ring (Leased line).
* Knh H cung cp cc dch v tc cao v ghp cc lung thng tin tc thp hn. c
4 loi knh H :
- Knh H0 : tng ng vi 6 knh B, c tc 384 Kbps.
- Knh H10 : tng ng vi 23 knh B, c tc 1.472 Mbps.
5.2.4. Giao din ISDN
- Giao din BRI (Basic Rate Interface): C cu trc knh l 2B+D, trong knh D hot
ng vi tc 16 Kbps. Tng cng tc ca giao din ny l 144 Kbps nhng trong thc t
79
cu trc ca giao din tc c s c th ln ti 192 Kbps. Giao din ny dnh cho cc thu bao
nh cung cp cc dch v truy nhp mng bng cc thit b u cui a nng hoc cc thit b
ring l.
- Giao din PRI (Primary Rate Interface): Dng cho thu bao c dung lng ln nh tng
i PBAX hoc cc mng cc b LAN. Do cc tiu chun truyn dn khc nhau nn c 2 loi truy
nhp l: 23B+D cho tiu chun Bc M 1544 Kbps v 30B+D cho tiu chun Chu u 2048
Kbps ( giao din ny knh D lun c tc l 64 Kbps).
5.2.5. Chc nng cc tng trong kin trc ISDN
Mng ISDN l s tch hp k thut chuyn mch knh v chuyn mch gi, trn c s s
ho ton b mng li. V vy n c u th v dch v m cha mt mng no c c.
* Tng vt l trong ISDN: Cu trc trong tng ny ph thuc vo hng lin kt t thit b
u cui n mng hay t mng n thit b u cui. Giao din ca tng gm:
- NT Frame (Network to Terminal)
- TE Frame (Terminal to Network)
* Tng 2 trong ISDN: Tng ng vi tng lin kt d liu (Data Link Layer) ca m hnh
OSI. Hot ng trong tng ny c giao thc LAP-D (Link Access Protocol - D channel). LAP-D
c dn xut t giao thc HDLC (High Level Data Link Control). LAP-D thc hin cc chc
nng sau y :
- Cung cp dch v thit lp mt hay nhiu lin kt Data Link trn cng knh D cho cc
hot ng ca cc thc th tng 3
- To khung (Frame).
- Kim sot ng b.
- Pht hin li v t ng pht li khung c li.
- Ghi nhn cc sai st v th tc.
- Kim sot lung.
- Cc chc nng gim st tng 2.

Application
Presentation
Transport
Network
Data link
Physical
ISDN

LAP-D
Session

Hnh 5.2: Kin trc ISDN v m hnh OSI
80
Cu trc khung ca LAP-D nh sau.

SAPI
Flag
C/R EA TEI EA PD L CRV MOIE MT
Address Control Information CRC Flag
1 2 2 < 260 Byte 2 1

Hnh 5.3: Cu trc khung v cc trng ca LAP-D

Flag : biu th s bt u hay kt thc ca khung.
Address : a ch ISDN.
- SAPI (Service Access Point Identifier):im truy nhp dch v cho tng 3 (6 bit).
- C/R (Command/ Response): Khung ny l mt lnh hay mt p ng (1 bit).
- EA (Extended Address - Higher/Lower Order) bt u hay kt thc ca trng a
ch (bng 1 l byte cui ca a ch) (2 bit).
- TEI (Terminal Endpoint Identifier) :a ch c bit hoc n nh ID cho mi thit b
u cui ISDN lin kt vi mng ISDN thng qua giao din S/T (7 bit ).
Control : Trng iu khin.
Information : Trng d liu
- PD (Protocol Discriminator) (1 byte).
- L (Length) cho bit chiu di ca trng CRV (1 byte).
- CRV (Call Reference Value) thit lp s hiu cho mi cuc gi (1 hoc 2 byte).
- MT (Message Type) Loi Message (1byte).
- MOIE (Mandatory/ Optional Information Elements)
CRC : Trng kim tra.
* Tng 3 trong ISDN: Chc nng ca tng ny l thit lp, duy tr v gii phng cc lin
kt. Cc thc th tng 3 s cung cp cc thng ip (Message) truyn trong cc trng tng 2.
Cc thng ip thng c di 8 bit v c nhiu loi thng ip s dng trong cc trng hp
khc nhau. V d nh thng ip SETUP (00000101) thit lp cuc gi.
Mng tch hp a dch v s ISDN nu c trin khai s thc s l mt cuc cch mng
trong cng ngh thng tin. T mt mng duy nht n c th cung cp cc dch v khc nhau m
hin nay ang c cung cp bi cc mng vin thng khc nhau. Vic trin khai ISDN khng ch
dng li vic nng cp cc h thng vin thng hin c c kh nng truyn ti c nhng
dng d liu ln vi tc nhanh m cn phi tin hnh ng b v pha ngi dng v v pha
cc nh cung cp dch v.
81
5.3. Mng bng rng B_ISDN (Broadband ISDN)
5.3.1. Tng quan v s ra i ca B-isdn
Gia thp k 80, CCITT trin khai nghin cu m hnh mng vin thng mi gi l
ISDN bng rng (Broadband- ISDN). B-ISDN l mng thng tin s a dch v, tr gip tt c cc
ng dng a dch v trn cng mt h thng mng. Ngha l mng phi c kh nng cung cp cc
dch v truyn thng vi tc thay i t mt vi Kbps n hng trm Gbps cho cc loi knh
Analog v knh Digital bao gm nhng dch v ang c v nhng dch v s c trong tng lai.
Cng ngh truyn dn khng ng b ATM da trn nguyn l truyn dn v chuyn mch gi
c CCITT chn lm gii php cho B-ISDN. u nhng nm 90 cc khuyn ngh cho B-ISDN
da trn cng ngh ATM c ban hnh.
Giao tip B-ISDN ban u cung cp tc truyn 51 Mbps, 155 Mbps hoc 622 Mbps trn
ng cp quang. Tng vt l h tr B-ISDN c cung cp bi SONET (Synchronous Optical
Network) v ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode). Tng Client c th h tr Frame Relay,
SMDS hoc IEEE 802.2
B-ISDN c th c xem nh mt mng thng tin c pht trin t mng ISDN bng hp
hin ang c s dng.

Hnh 5.4: B-ISDN h tr c s h tng

IEEE
802.2
SMDS Frame
Relay
Other
Services
Adaptation
Layer
Adaptation
Layer
Adaptation
Layer
Adaptation
Layer
ATM
SONET/SDH, FDDI ...

B-ISDN

5.3.2. c im ca dch v B-ISDN
Mc tiu ca B-ISDN l kt hp tt c cc dch v hin c vo mt mng truyn thng duy
nht. V c bn n cung cp cc dch v bng hp. Ngoi ra, n c kh nng cung cp nhiu dch
v bng rng nh in thoi thy hnh, hi ngh t xa, truyn s liu tc cao...
B-ISDN c kh nng cung cp dch v bng rng tc n Mbit/s, cn cc tn s m n
s dng v phn b thi gian s dng th c phm vi rt rng.
c tnh phn b khc ca tn hiu dch v B-ISDN l cc tn hiu lin tc. Cc tn hiu
ting ni v hnh nh c th cng "sng chung" vi cc tn hiu nhm nh s liu u cui. Tuy
nhin, cc tn hiu d liu khc nhau c cc tc bin i rt rng. Mt khc, cc tn hiu hnh
nh v m thanh i hi phi x l theo thi gian thc.
K thut chuyn mch gi l tng i vi tc thp hoc s liu nhm, trong khi , i
vi tn hiu thoi v hnh nh th chuyn mch knh l thch hp. Ngoi ra vi cc tn hiu thoi
82
cng thch hp chuyn mch phn chia thi gian v vi cc tn hiu video tc cao th thch hp
vi chuyn mch knh phn chia theo khng gian.
V vy, tm c mt h thng truyn dn c kh nng trao i cc tn hiu tc thp/cao
v cc tn hiu lin tc/ nhm l cc k kh khn.
5.3.3. Cu trc chc nng ca B_ISDN
M hnh cu trc chc nng chung ca ISDN bng rng v c bn ging nh ISDN bng
hp. C ngha l v mt cu hnh tiu chun, nhm chc nng v im gc, c hai cu trc l
nh nhau. N ch ra rng B-ISDN c hnh thnh trn c s khi nim ca ISDN. Cu trc ca
ISDN bng rng bao gm kh nng mc cao v kh nng mc thp.
Kh nng mc cao l chc nng lin quan n thit b u cui (TE) v kh nng mc thp
bao gm kh nng ISDN bng hp da trn kh nng bng rng, 64 bit/s v kh nng bo hiu
lin tng i.
5.3.4. So snh gia ISDN v B_ISDN
B-ISDN l mt mng s lin kt a dch v nh ISDN, nhng vic thit lp B-ISDN thc
hin khc vi thit lp ISDN. B_ISDN n bo m lin kt cc tn hiu bng rng v c kh nng
ng thi x l cc tn hiu bng rng bng hp. M hnh cu trc c bn ca B-ISDN v ISDN nh
nhau. Tuy nhin, chng ch tng t nhau v mt khi nim m khng tng thch v mt hot
ng. Cc thit b B_ISDN khng th hot ng nu u ni vo mng ISDN hoc TE ca ISDN
khng th u ni ti NT ca B-ISDN. Trong thc t B-ISDN khc rt xa vi ISDN, v ISDN tch
hp k thut chuyn mch knh v k thut chuyn mch gi, trong khi B-ISDN s dng cng
ngh ATM hon ton khc vi cc h thng ca ISDN. Ngha l, trong khi ISDN ch yu iu
khin h thng thng tin chuyn mch knh th B-ISDN ch yu s dng h thng thng tin chuyn
mch gi, ng thi vn iu khin h thng thng tin knh. B-ISDN khc hn so vi ISDN.
S pht trin ca ISDN v B_ISDN l bc m cho s ra i cc k thut mng vin thng
mi vi mc ch cung cp a dch v trn cng mt mng vin thng duy nht. Mng th h sau
NGN ang c nghin cu v pht trin p ng nhu cu ngy cng cao ca x hi, l mt
bc tin mi trong k thut mng vin thng? Mt cu hi c gii p trong tng lai khng xa.
5.4. Mng chuyn mch gi X25
5.4.1. Khi qut k thut mng X25
X25 nh ngha chun giao din gia cc thit b u cui s liu ca ngi s dng DTE
(Data Terminal Equipment) vi thit b kt cui knh d liu DCE (Data Circuit Terminating).
X25 c chc nng va iu khin giao din DTE/DCE va thc hin chc nng truyn d liu
gia DTE vi node ca mng chuyn mch gi. Cc mng X.25 cung cp cc la chn cho
chuyn mch o hoc c nh. X.25 cung cp cc dch v tin cy cng nh iu khin lung d
liu t node ti node (End to End).
Cc mng X25 c tc ti a 64 Kbps. Tc ny thch hp vi cc tin trnh truyn
thng chuyn giao tp v cc thit b u cui c lng lu thng ln. Tuy nhin vi tc nh
vy khng thch hp vi vic cung cp cc dch v i hi t 1 Mbps tr ln. V vy cc mng
83
X25 khng hp dn khi cung cp cc dch v ng dng LAN trong mi trng WAN. Nm 1976,
CCITT cng b khuyn ngh loi X v giao thc X25 trong cc mng chuyn mch gi cng cng
(Public Packet Switched Networks).

Mng chuyn mch gi
DTE DCE DCE DTE
Giao din Giao din
Knh o Knh logic Knh logic

Hnh 5.5: Mt v d mng X25 n gin

5.4.2. Giao thc X.25
X25 hot ng trn 3 tng: tng vt l, tng lin kt d liu v tng mng.
Tng vt l: Tng ng vi tng vt l m hnh OSI, giao thc X25.1 xc nh cc vn
v in, hm, th tc v kiu cc b u chuyn c s dng. Bao gm cc chun ca CCITT
X26/27 v EIA (USA Electronic Institue Association), RS :X.21, X.21 Bis, V.32...

Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data link
Physical
X.25
LAP-B
Physical

Hnh 5.6: Mi quan h X.25 vi m hnh OSI

Tng lin kt d liu: X.25.2 cung cp cc lin kt gia hai thit b u cui ca mt tuyn
thng tin c tin cy cao, kim sot lung v kim sot li. LAP-B (Link Access Procedure
Balanced) l giao thc LLC tng con ca Lin kt d liu, chun hng bit, hot ng theo ch
song cng v ng b.
Tng cp mng: X.25.3 l giao thc gia mt DTE v mt DCE. DTE c th l mt PAD
cn DCE c th l mt thit b X.25. Giao thc X.25 cung cp cc kh nng chn mch o thng
trc hay theo nhu cu. X.25 yu cu cung cp dch v tin cy v tnh nng iu khin lung d
84
liu End to End. Do cc thit b trn mng c th hot ng theo nhiu mch o, nn X25 phi
cung cp tnh nng iu khin lung cho mi mch
Bng sau tng kt cc chc nng ca cc tng trong m hnh X25:
Tng 1: ng b ho lin kt
Tng 2: Pht hin li v pht li.
iu khin lung
Tng 3: To s th t gi tin.
Truyn d liu theo phng thc Datagram
Thc hin ghp knh.
Thit lp kt ni v giI phng knh o.
Thc hin bo hiu
5.4.3. Hot ng ca giao thc X25
X25 hot ng da trn c s knh c nh PVC (Permanent Virtual Chanel) v knh o
chuyn mch SCV (Switch Virtual Chanel). PCV thay th chc nng cho knh lin kt im-im
c nh gia cc thit b u cui. S dng loi knh ny, giao din c hiu qu hn nh s lin
kt c m bo v khng b tr cuc gi. SVC s dng ti a s mm do linh hot ca chuyn
mch gi trong thc t.
Hot ng ca X25 theo cc giai on: giai on thit lp knh o, giai on trao i thng
tin v giai on gii phng knh o. Ngay sau khi thit lp knh o, mt thng bo tm tt ca cu
trc gi tin s c node ngun gi i n node ch. Nu chp nhn, node ch s hin th v
thng bo li cho node ngun. ng truyn song hng c thit lp. Giai on trao i d
liu: Node ngun gi khung thng tin, node ch s tin hnh kim tra tnh hp l ca khung
thng qua cc bit FCS. Nu khng hp l th loi b khung v gi thng bo li cho node ngun
bit, yu cu truyn li. Nu khung l hp l th node ny tip tc cc th tc truyn gi khung ti
node tip theo trong mng, ng thi thng bo li cho node ngun bit l nhn c thng tin.
Node ngun sau khi nhn c thng bo m t node ch, tip tc gi gi tin tip theo...Sau
khi kt thc, knh o s c gii phng.
Nh vy hot ng ca X25 cho php s dng mt cch c hiu qu knh thng tin lin kt
gia ngi s dng v cc node mng. Cc th tc ca tng mng m bo trao i thng tin c t
l li bit thp, vi xc sut ln cc gi tin c gi ti ch khng c li, ng th t, iu ny rt
cn thit i vi cc ng truyn c tin cy khng cao.
5.5. Mng chuyn mch khung Frame Relay
5.5.1. Gii thiu chung
Nhng nm cui ca th k XX cc h thng vin thng s dng cng ngh cp quang c
tin cy cao, m bo tc v cht lng truyn dn, gim thiu tnh trng nghn mch v t l
li d liu. Cc giao thc trc y cho mng chuyn mch gi c t cc th tc qun l lu
85
lng, qun l tc nghn v x l li, m bo tnh thng nht, ton vn thng tin trn ng
truyn tr nn phc tp, cng knh, lm gim thng lng.
Frame Relay ra i nh l mt cng ngh k tha nhng c im u vit ca mng chuyn
mch gi nh tnh tin cy, mm do, kh nng chia s ti nguyn. ng thi hn ch ti a th tc
kim sot, hi p.. khng cn thit gy ra tr ln. N cho php tn dng cc u th v tc
truyn ti v tnh n nh ca cng ngh truyn dn, tha mn nhu cu dch v tc cao, s
dng nhiu thng lng mng din rng WAN trn truyn ti mt lng ln d liu vi nhiu
nh dng khc nhau.
Cng ngh Frame Relay tch hp tnh nng dn knh tnh v chia s cng ngh X.25. D liu
c t chc thnh cc khung c di khng c nh c nh a ch tng t nh X.25. Tuy
nhin, khc vi X.25, Frame Relay loi b hon ton cc th tc tng 3 trong m hnh OSI. Ch
mt s chc nng chnh tng 2 c thc hin. V vy tc truyn trong mng Frame Relay cao
hn nhiu so vi X.25 v mng Frame Relay c gi l mng chuyn mch gi tc cao.
5.5.2. Cu hnh tng qut mng Frame Relay

Frame
Relay
Network
FRND FRND FRAD FRAD
F.R
UNI
F.R
UNI
Hnh 5.7 Cu trc mng Frame Relay

Hnh 5.7 trnh by cc thnh phn chnh ca mng Frame Relay. Cc knh ring to ra lin
kt vt l gia DTE v DCE. DTE cn c gi l thit b truy nhp mng FRAD (Frame Relay
Access Device) thng l cc Router, Bridge, ATM Switch... DCE cn c gi l thit b mng
FRND (Frame Relay Network Device) l cc thit b chuyn mch Frame Relay Switch. FRAD
v FRND chuyn i d liu thng qua cc quy nh ca giao tip UNI. Mng trc ca Frame
Relay c th l cc mng vin thng IP, PSTN...
5.5.3. So snh Frame Relay vi X25
S khc bit gia cn bn gia cng ngh Frame Relay v X.25 l Frame Relay khng k
tha cng ngh X.25 m l mt giao thc tin tin c nhiu im tng ng vi X.25. X.25 l
mt giao thc ca cng ngh chuyn mch gi, c t giao tip gia DTE v DCE.
D liu trong tng 3 ca X.25 s c chia thnh cc gi (Packet), trong mi gi c b
sung phn Network Header. Cc gi ny s c chuyn xung tng 2, cc hm chc nng ca
LAP-B s b sung Layer 2 Header v cc Flag vo mi gi to thnh cc khung LAP-B. Cc
khung s c chuyn xung tng vt l v truyn n ch.
86
Hot ng ca cc thc th cht ch, cc node mng X25 phi lun bit trng thi ca mng
trong mi lin kt logic. Cc gi tin iu khin v bo nhn, bo mt (ACK/NACK) thng xuyn
c truyn trn cng lin kt ca gi tin d liu khng ch ti cc giao tip DTE-DCE m cn ti
tt c cc node mng. Ti cc node mng phi duy tr bng trng thi cho mi lin kt logic
qun l lin kt v iu khin li v lu lng, m bo gi tin n ng a ch ch c lu
trong Network Header v s lng gi tin gi vo mng khng c vt qu kh nng x l ca
mng. Nh vy cc giao thc ti tng mng l tuyt i cn thit nht l khi trin khai h thng
mng X.25 trn cc ng truyn c tin cy thp, d b nhiu lon, suy gim tn hiu...
Frame Relay c thit k loi b nhng hn ch trong cc mng X.25 khi trin khai trn
tuyn truyn dn tc cao bng cch:
- Cc gi tin iu khin v d liu c truyn trn cc lin kt logic ring bit. V vy, ti
cc node khng cn duy tr bng trng thi, khng x l cc gi tin iu khin.
- Dn knh, chuyn mch cc lin kt logic c thc hin tng lin kt. Loi b cc qu
trnh trnh x l tng mng.
- Khng iu khin lu lng v iu khin li theo tng on mng (Hop-by-Hop
Control). Trong trng hp cn thit s cc tng cao hn m trch.
Frame Relay ch s dng mt phn cc chc nng tng 2 nn khung thng tin ca Frame
Relay s c cu trc n gin hn so vi khung thng tin ca X.25 nhng vn duy tr c im
ca mt khung thng tin quy nh bi giao thc iu khin.
Khung Frame Relay khng c Header ca tng mng. V Frame Relay khng s dng cc
th tc iu khin lu lng, iu khin li ca tng mng. Mt khc, giao thc c s dng ti
tng lin kt ch l phn li ca giao thc iu khin (LAP-F Core) nn vic x l ti cc node
mng s t hn nhiu so vi X.25. Kch thc phn d liu (User Data) trong khung Frame Relay
c th ti a 2048 byte trong khi phn d liu trong khung X.25 ch c th t ti a 128 byte.
DCE thc hin ba chc nng chnh:
- Kim tra cc khung, loi b cc khung c li.
- Cn c vo a ch trong khung chn ng.
- Kim tra c b nghn hay khng. Nu c th lp bit bo nghn hoc loi b khung ty
trng hp c th.
5.5.4. Frame Relay v m hnh OSI
Tng vt l: Cc giao thc chun nh ngha giao tip vt l gia thit b truy nhp FRAD
v thit b mng FRND, gia cc node mng theo chun giao tip vt l ca ISDN. Frame Relay
tng thch vi nhiu giao din vt l khc nhau nh V.35, X.21...
Tng lin kt: Cc th tc lin kt ca Frame Relay c nh ngha bng giao thc truy
cp LAP-D v LAP-F. Giao thc truy cp LAP-F c ci tin t LAP-D v c s dng ph
bin trong cc mng Frame Relay. qun l lin kt v truyn d liu LAP-F chia thnh 2 tng
chc nng l Upper Function (LAP-F Upper) v Coreunction (LAP-F Core).
- Core Function: c cc chc nng kim sot di khung, pht hin li ng truyn, iu
khin nghn qua trng bo hiu trong cu trc khung.
87
- Upper Function: c chc nng iu khin DLCI (Data Link Connection Identifier), xc
nh lin kt logic gia FRAD v FRND.
Tng mng (Network Layer): Tng mng nh ngha cc khung d liu lu chuyn trong h
thng, m bo vic nh tuyn trong mt mng hay gia cc mng vi nhau. Trong Frame Relay,
cc giao tip gia DTE v DCE tng 3 khng c th tc nn tc nhanh hn nhiu so vi X.25.
Tuy nhin, nu mt lin kt logic c thit lp ng (SVC), Frame Relay c th s dng mt
phn ca giao thc c t chun Q.931 ca giao thc iu khin ISDN (cn gi l Q.933) thit
lp lin kt.
Giao thc lin kt hai node mng X.25 l X.75, cn lin kt hai node mng Frame Relay
ngi ta s dng giao din NNI (Network to Network Interface).

Hnh 5.8: So snh m hnh OSI vi X25 v Frame Relay

5.5.5. iu khin qun l lu lng
Hu ht cc nh cung cp dch v Frame Relay u s dng phng thc tc cam kt
CIR (Committed Information Rate) gii thch chnh xc thng tin no c truyn n mt
dch v m bo, thng tin no nhn c dch v h tr ln nht v thng tin no b loi b
cng vo ca Frame RelayH node ngun.
Vi lu lng trn knh PVC c tc trong khong gia 0 Kbps v ph thuc ngi s
dng. Khi chng s c truyn i bnh thng qua mng m khng b tn hao l dch v
m bo "Guaranteed". i vi cc khung thng tin vt qu CIR mt lng tc thng tin
bng n EIR (Excess Information Rate) th c th b Frame Relay node tip theo hy nu xy ra
nghn. y chnh l dch v h tr ln nht. Khi d liu vt qu ngng CIR + EIR th cc
khung thng tin s b hy ngay bi Frame RelayH node ngun cho n khi tc ca ngi s
dng gim xung di ngng CIR + EIR.
Tc EIR thng c cc nh khai thc mng t bng ng tc CIR.

Manage
Network
Data Link
Physical
OSI - RM
X25 PLP
LAP - B
X25
X21,V35
(56/64 Kbps)
LAP - F
PC only
(With link
Management)
V35
(DS-0,DS-1..)
Management
LAP - F
Non ISDN
SVC
(With link
V35
(DS-0,DS-1..)
Q.933 Subnet
Management
LAP - F
ISDN SVC
(With link
Management)
Full Q.933
Management
V35
(DS-0,DS-1..)
88

Dch v h tr ln nht
(Best Effect)
Dch v loi b
(Discarded)
Dch v m bo
(Guaranteed)
CIR+EIR Kb CIR Kb
DE=1
DE=0
0 Kb
Tc truy nhp Kb
DE: Discard Eligibility-Bit nh du khung c kh nng b loi b
CIR: Committed Information Rate- Tc cam kt.
EIR: Eccess Information Rate- Tc thng tin bng n
Hnh 5.9: iu khin qun l lu lng mng

5.5.6. Cc dch v Frame Relay
Hin nay, phn ln cc dch v mng Frame Relay c cung cp di hai dng:
- Mng dch v cng cng (Public Carrier-Provided Networks): Frame Relay v FRAD,
FRND ca nh cung cp, khch hng c tnh cc trn c s thng s mng thu, vic bo
tr v qun tr do cc nh cung cp thc hin.
- Mng ring doanh nghip: Cc doanh nghip c quy m ton cu trin khai cc mng
Frame Relay ring. Ton b thit b mng l ti sn ca doanh nghip. Cng tc qun tr, vn hnh
v bo dng do chnh doanh nghip thc hin.
Hin ti, Vit Nam ph bin hnh thc mng dch v cng cng do gi thnh s dng r
hn, khng i hi doanh nghip duy tr i ng nhn vin k thut chuyn trch. Ngn hng
Chu (ACB) l mt trong s cc n v ang khai thc hiu qu dch v ny.
Frame Relay l cng ngh c u tin la chn bi ngy cng c nhiu ngi dng ang
tm kim cc gii php mng din rng trn nn tng h tng vin thng hin i. Mt d c
nhiu cng ngh mi ra i c tnh nng hin i hn nhng vi xu th khch hng ang a
chung mng trn nn IP, Frame Relay tip tc th hin tnh u vit qua kh nng kt hp mng
IP vi cc u im nh qun l dch v d dng, truyn d liu tc cao an ton, chi ph lin kt
thp. C th khng nh, cng ngh Frame Relay vn c th c tip tc s dng hiu qu trong
thi gian di.
5.6. SMDS (Switched Multimegabit Data Service)
5.6.1. Gii thiu chung.
SMDS - Switched Multimegabit Data Service l mt dch v WAN c thit k cho cc
lin kt LAN-to-LAN. SMDS c Bellcore v Cc cng ty Regional Bell Operating (RBOCs)
pht trin tho mn nhu cu khch hng v lin kt LAN Multimegabit trong vng mng chnh.
SMDS c thit k l mt dch v chuyn mch gi gi c hp l, cung cp cc lin kt v m
rng cht lng cao.
89
Khc vi s thnh cng ca SMDS chu u, M SMDS khng pht trin. SMDS
Interest Group, mt t chc ln nht ti tr SMDS ngng hot ng t nm 1997. Hn na,
trong ngy k nim ln th 25 ca Truyn thng s liu - Data Communications (21/10/1997),
SMDS c bnh chn l mt trong 25 tht bi tiu biu nht - Top 25.
5.6.2. SMDS l g
SMDS l mt dch v mng din rng c thit k dnh cho lin kt t mng LAN vi
mng LAN. L mt mng MAN c c trng: n v d liu l t bo (Cell-based), khng lin kt
(Connectionless), tc cao, chuyn mch gi bng thng rng. SMDS cng l mt dch v d
liu, ngha l ch truyn d liu (mc d n c th truyn c m thanh v hnh nh). SMDS l mt
dch v tht s, khng gn vi mt cng ngh truyn s liu no.
5.6.3. Tng quan v SMDS
T bo SMDS l n v c bn c di c nh. Tng t nh t bo ca ATM gm 53
bytes - 44-byte d liu, 7-byte Header v 2-byte du vt. iu ny to cho n s tng thch vi
cc mng din rng cng cng B-ISDN s dng cng ngh chuyn mch gi nhanh v cng ngh
ATM. Mi t bo ca SMDS cha a ch ch cho php cc thu bao SMDS c th truyn d liu
vi nhau.L mt dch v d liu khng lin kt, SMDS thit lp mt ng knh o (Virtual
Circuit) gia thc th ngun v ch, cc t bo d liu truyn i mt cch c lp vi nhau v
khng theo mt th t c bit no.
Mng SMDS cung cp bng thng theo yu cu cho cc bng n giao thng, mt thuc tnh
ca cc ng dng mng LAN.V khng cn phi nh ngha trc ng truyn gia cc thit b,
d liu c th i qua nhng ng t tc nghn nht trong mng SMDS, v vy s cung cp mt
ng truyn nhanh hn, tng tnh bo mt v mm do hn Kha cnh bng rng ca SMDS l
t s tng thch ca n vi B-ISDN v tng thch vi chun IEEE 802.6 MAN.
5.6.4. Tng quan v k thut SMDS
SMDS da trn mt tp con ca tng vt l ca IEEE 802.6 v chun tng di ca MAC
(Media Access Control), v vy n hot ng tng t nh Token Ring tc cao.
- c im tng vt l: IEEE 802.6 c th c thit k nh mt Bus h hoc mt Bus
vng. Khi thit k Bus h, cc Bus khi u v kt thc ti cc node khc nhau.Vi Bus dng
vng, cc Bus khi u v kt thc ti cng mt node .
- c im tng lin kt d liu - DQDB (Distributed Queue Dual Bus): Ti tng lin kt d
liu, mng SMDS c qun l bi giao thc DQDB bus qung b a truy nhp. IEEE 802.6, chia
nh mi bus thnh cc khe truyn d liu. Trong mi bus c mt bit bn v mt bit yu cu.
DQDB lm vic nh sau:
V d node 2 truyn d liu cho node 3, trc khi truyn, t bit Req trn Bus B thng bo
cho cc bus pha trn ca Bus A bit rng ti node ang c d liu cn gi. Sau khi yu cu mt
khe, node 2 quan st c hai bus v duy tr mt s m cc yu cu. S m s tng 1 khi node 2
thy mt bit yu cu c thit lp trn Bus B v gim i 1 cho mi khe trng trn Bus A. Nh vy s
m ti mi node cho bit chiu di hng cc t bo ang i truyn bi cc node pha di. Khi s
m bng 0 ngha l khng cn node di no c d liu cn gi th node bt u gi d liu.
90
DQDB h tr dich v khng lin kt v hng lin kt v c kh nng truyn d liu, ting
ni v hnh nh. Mc d l mt tp con ca IEEE 802.6, SMDS ch truyn d liu.

u kt thc
Bus A
u Bus A sinh ra
khe thi gian
Node 1
Bus B
Node 3 Node 3 Node 2
u Bus B sinh ra
khe thi gian
u kt thc
Bus A
Bus B
Node 1 Node 2 Node 3 Node 4
Hnh 5.10: Cu hnh vt l ca mng SMDS.

Giao thc giao din mng SMDS (SMDS Interface Protocol - SIP): SIP c nh ngha
bi Bellcore v cu thnh bi ba mc giao thc: SIP mc 3, SIP mc 2, v SIP mc 1, hot ng
trong tng Lin kt d liu v tng vt l.

ng dng
Trnh din
Phin
Giao vn
Mng
Lin kt d liu
Vt l
LLC
MAC

SIP

Hnh 5.11: Cc tng ca SIP tng ng vi m hnh OSI

5.6.5. SMDS so vi cc cng ngh ATM v Frame Relay.
- SMDS l mt dich v, khng phi mt cng ngh; Frame Relay v ATM l cng ngh .
- SMDS dch v chuyn mch gi khng lin kt (Connectionless), Frame Relay v ATM l
hng lin kt (Connection-Oriented).
91
- SMDS cung cp nhiu cch qun l mng c trng.
- SMDS b cnh tranh bi ATM v Frame Relay nc M.
- DQDB cung cp cc cng ngh cn thit cho s truyn cc ng dng thi gian thc.
- SDMS h tr tnh bo mt, cho php dng cc mng cng cng, chia s mt mng ring
nh mng xng sng. Khi nim ny b che lp bi Internet v VPN.
L mt dich v, khng phi l mt cng ngh nn c th trin khai trn c Frame Relay v
ATM. Khng ph thuc v giao thc, nn c th h tr nhiu giao thc mng LAN hay mng
my tnh. C bng thng t 56/64 Kbps ti tc SONET, ph hp vi gii thng cho mi ng
dng. L dch v khng lin kt, khng cn nh ngha cc PVC nh Frame Relay. T bo 53 byte
tng thch vi ATM, c th chuyn i thun tin sang mng ATM.
Tuy nhin mt s im khng thun li lm cho SMDS b ATM v Frame Relay che
khut nh l c nhn nhn l mt dch v t tin, mc c kh nng truyn c hnh nh
nhng SMDS khng h tr tnh nng ny...
5.7. Phng thc truyn dn khng ng b ATM (Asynchronous Transfer
Mode)
5.7.1. Gii thiu chung
Cng ngh truyn dn khng ng b ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode) ra i nh l
mt nn tng cho mng t hp a dch v s bng rng B-ISDN. ATM cho php truyn thng a
phng tin, p ng y cc loi hnh dch v v c kh nng cung cp cht lng dch v
theo yu cu. ATM c mt s c trng khc vi cc cng ngh chuyn mch khc. n v d
liu dng trong ATM gi l t bol (Cel), c di 53 byte (5 byte Header v 48 byte d liu).
Trong cc cng ngh khc di ca khung d liu thay i (t 64 n 1500 Byte). Nhng Cell
ny l n v c s cho truyn d liu. Lu lng d liu t nhiu knh c ghp vi nhau ti
mc Cell. Kch thc Cell c nh, nn cc c ch chuyn mch hot ng truyn thng ca mng
ATM hiu qu cao, tc cao. Mt s mng ATM c th hot ng ti tc 622 Mbps, tc
chung 155 Mbps.
ATM hot ng tng 2 v 3 trong 3 tng cui ca OSI. Tng vt l c cc giao thc h tr
nh SONET, FDDI,... ATM hot ng khng ph thuc vo ng truyn vt l. ATM c chia
lm hai Channel c cha cc (Cell) hot ng nh tc truyn bit c nh khi d liu c
truyn gia cc mch (Circuit) c kch thc khc nhau.
Cc thit b mng ATM lin kt vi nhau bng cc ng dn o VPI (Virtual Path
Identifier). Trong mi ng o, c nhiu knh o VCI (Virtual Circuit Identifier). Mc d ATM
c pht trin nh l cng ngh ca mng WAN nhng ATM c nhiu chc nng h tr cho cc
mng LAN hiu nng cao. l ATM cho php s dng cng mt cng ngh cho c mng LAN
v WAN.

92

Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data link
Physical
ATM
SONET/SDH,FDDI...

Hnh 5.12 Mi quan h ATM v m hnh OSI

V c bn, mng ATM ging nh mng Frame Relay, cc t bo c truyn t ngun ti
ch qua cc mng con chuyn mch ATM. Node mng giao tip vi thit b u cu qua giao
din ngi s dng - mng UNI (User Network Interface) v thit b chuyn mch ATM giao tip
vi nhng thit b khc qua giao din mng-mng NNI (Network Network Interface). Mt mng
ATM n gin in hnh nh sau:

ATM
Router
Rout
Switch Switch
Rout
Chuyn
mch
dch v
ATM
Chuyn
mch
dch v
ATM
LAN B
Public NNI
Private
NNI
UNI
Pha thu bao
ATM
Router
LAN A

Hnh 5.13 Mi quan h ATM vi m hnh OSI

5.7.2. Kin trc phn tng ATM
Kin trc ATM khng c s tng ng hon ton vi cc tng ca m hnh OSI. M hnh
kin trc ATM bao gm cc mt bng qun l, mt bng iu khin (kim tra) v mt bng ngi
s dng. Mt bng qun l gm c qun l mt bng v qun l tng.
93
a. Cc mt bng qun l
- Mt bng iu khin: Cung cp cc chc nng thit lp, gim st v gii phng lin kt.
Mt bng ny c nhim v khi to v qun l cc yu cu bo hiu.

M hnh OSI
Tng thch ng ATM
Giao thc
tng cao
Mt bng iu khin
Mt bng
Khch hng
M hnh mt bng qun l
Qun
L
mt
bng
Tng ATM
Tng Vt l
Tng Vt l
Tng Lin kt
Tng Vn chuyn
Tng Mng
Tng ng dng
Tng Trnh by
Tng Phin
Qun
l
lp
M hnh ATM
Giao thc
tng cao
Hnh 5.14 Kin trc phn tng m hnh ATM

- Mt bng khch hng: Cung cp chc nng iu khin vn chuyn cc lung thng tin,
iu khin lung v qun l cc lung d liu , sa li.
- Mt bng qun l: Cung cp chc nng gim st mng lin quan n d liu v thng tin
iu khin. Gm cc chc nng qun l lp v qun l mt bng.
- Qun l lp: Thc hin vic iu hnh cc tham s ngi s dng, cc thng tin qun l
khai thc v bo dng.
- Qun l mt bng: iu khin h thng bng cch can thip vo gia cc mt bng.
b. Vai tr v chc nn cc tng ATM
Ngoi ra giao thc ca mt bng iu khin v mt bng khch hng c phn loi tip
thnh tng giao thc mc cao, tng thch ng, tng ATM v tng vt l nh sau:
- Tng vt l: Tng t nh lp vt l ca OSI, ATM qun l mi trng truyn dn, bao
gm 02 tng con: Tng con mi trng vt l PMD (Physical Medium-Dependent) v tng con
kt hp truyn dn TC (Transmission Convergence).
- Tng ATM: Tng ATM kt hp vi tng thch ng ATM c chc nng tng t nh tng
lin kt d liu trong m hnh tham chiu OSI. H tr cho vic tch/ghp t bo, dch VPI v
VCI, pht sinh t bo mo u, iu khin lung chung.
- Lp thch ng ATM - AAL (ATM Adaption Layer): C nhim v giao tip vi lp bc cao.
Cung cp cc phng tin hi t cho php cc dng truyn thng khc nhau c th tng thch vi
94
cc dch v ATM. Lp AAL chun b d liu ca ngi s dng v phn on d liu thnh 48
byte trong t bo ATM. Tng AAL chia thnh hai tng con: Tng con hi t CS (Convergence
Sublayer) v tng con phn chia v kt hp SAR (Segmentation and Reassembly Sublayer), thc
hin vic ct cc n v d liu ca ngi s dng thnh cc Cell ATM 48-byte truyn v hp
cc Cell ATM thnh n v d liu ca ngi s dng khi nhn.

Physical Bit Timing
Dependent Physical Medium
Upper
Layers
Protocols
Physical
Layers
ATM
Layers
AAL
Layers
Cell Rate Decoupling
Transmission HEC Header Sequence Generation/ Ceritfication
Convergence Cell Delineation.Cell .
Transmission Frame Adaptation
Transmission Frame Genaration/Recovery
Synchronous Generic Flow Control
Transfer VPI/VCI Translation
Mode Cell Multiplexing Demultiplexing
ATM Convergence Sublayer (CS)
Adaptation Segmentation and Reassembly (SAR)
TCP/IP, SPX/IPX,AppleTalk...
Hnh 5.15 Cc tng trong ATM

- Giao thc cc tng trn (Upper Layers Protocols) : Nm trn lp AAL, n tp hp cc d liu
khch hng c chp nhn, sau tin hnh sp xp vo trong cc gi, v lin kt vi lp AAL.

95
Chc nng thng tin thi gian bt
Chc nng tng ng mi trng vt l
Mi trng vt l
Phn chia tc t bo
To v xc nh tn hiu HEC
Nhn dng bin ca t bo
To v xc nh khung truyn dn
Truyn dn hi t
tng con
Tng
vt l
iu khin lu lng chung
To v tch thng tin ghp u
Dch cc t bo VPI/VCI
Ghp v tch t bo
Tng
ATM
Chc nng phn chia v kt hp li
Chia v tp hp lp
Chc nng kt hp Tng con hi t
Tng
ATM
thch ng
Chc nng ca tng bc cao
Tng bc
cao
Cc chc nng
Phn tng
Tng

Hnh 5.16 Vai tr & chc nng cc tng trong ATM

5.7.3. Lin kt o (Virtual Connections)
Lin kt ATM gm hai loi lin kt o:
- Lin kt knh o VCC (Virtual Channel Connection): Mt knh o cung cp mt lin kt
logic gia cc thit b u cui ATM. Knh o c th l knh o c nh PVC (Permanent VC)
hoc knh o chuyn mch SVC (Switch VC).
- Lin kt ng dn o VPC (Virtual Path Connection): Mt lin kt ng dn o cung
cp mt tp hp logic cc knh o m c cng im cui.
Knh o v ng dn o c th nhn din qua cc trng VCI v VPI trong Header ca
ATM Cell. Trong mt ng dn o c th c nhiu knh o v knh o trong cc ng dn o
khc nhau c th c cng mt VCI. Do mt knh o hon ton c th xc nh bi s kt hp
gia VPI v VCI.
Trong k thut ATM, cc t bo cha cc loi d liu khc nhau c dn knh trn mt
ng dn o VPI, thng mt ng trung k tc cao hoc mt lin kt s dng thit b
ATM. Trong mt ng dn o c th c mt s knh o VCI (Virtual Channel Identier) ring
bit. Trong cu trc khung ca mt t bo ATM, trng VPI l 1 byte, tip theo trng VCI 2
byte. Thit b chuyn mch ATM c th nh tuyn ATM trn c s byte u tin. Khi Cell n
ch, VCI c dng xc nh su hn v tr chnh xc truyn Cell. Nh vy cp VPI v VCI
to mt trng 3 byte, cho php s dng ti a 16 triu knh o trn mt giao din n.
VPI/VCI phi qua qu trnh nh x da trn bng l trnh lu tr ti cc tng i chuyn
mch ATM. Khi mt knh o c thit lp, bng chn ng ti cc node chuyn mch ATM
96
tm kim v cung cp a ch ch ca cc Cell n da trn a ch Header ca Cell. Bng chn
ng thng xuyn c cp nht cc a ch mi VPI/VCI khi c cc b chuyn mch ATM
chp nhn. Trong giai on thit lp cuc gi, cc Cell c truyn t node ny sang node khc,
ng dn gi l Virtual.

Hnh 5.17 Khi nim knh o v ng dn o

Cng ngh truyn dn khng ng b ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode) ra i nh l
mt nn tng cho mng t hp a dch v s bng rng B-ISDN. ATM cho php truyn
5.7.4. So snh ATM vi cc dch v v k thut khc
ATM so snh vi Frame Relay:
- ATM v Frame Relay l hai cng ngh chuyn mch tc nhanh . C th ni ATM
tng t vi Frame Relay. Tuy nhin, khung d liu (Frame) trong Frame Relay c kch thc
thay i, th ATM s dng cc gi tin c nh 53 bytes (c gi l t bo Cell).
- Frame Relay cho php vt ngng 64 Kb/s ca X25, nhng thng lng ti a ch t ti
2 Mb/s, trong khi thng lng ATM c th t 155 Mb/s hoc 622 Mb/s.
- ATM c th chn cc t bo c tr truyn dn nhy cm, iu ny khng th c vi
Frame Relay, bi v Frame Relay c khung d liu di hn, tr ln hn v khng th d on
c tr khi x l truyn thng ting ni v hnh nh. V vy Frame Relay khng ph hp cho
cc dch v yu cu thi gian thc cao.
- Mc du cha p ng c yu cu ca truyn thng a phng tin, Frame Relay vn l
mt gii php qu c la chn trong khi ch i k thut ATM a vo ng dng rng ri.
ATM v SONET
- SONET n gin l mt k thut truyn dn, c th h tr cho nhiu loi topo thay i,
bao gm : im-im, hnh sao, hnh vng.
- Khi pht trin ATM, thay v pht trin mt lp vt l mi, nhng nh thit k ca ATM
s dng k thut lin kt d liu ca SONET v s dng n cho chuyn mch ATM. Hn na,
ATM Forum xc nh tc 622-Mbps ATM chy trn SONET. Tm li SONET l mt dch
v vn chuyn bit t ngun ti ch v ATM l mt k thut s dng SONET nh l mt dch v
vn chuyn ca n.
So Snh ATM v Ethernet Gigabit
- Tc Fast Ethernet v Ethernet Gigabit nhanh hn tc ca ATM v y dng ATM
kh t. Tuy nhin ATM Forum ang pht trin ATM 2,5 Gbps cho LAN.
97
- Ethernet Gigabit c kh nng truyn d liu v ting ni mc chp nhn c, tuy nhin
n vn ch l mt k thut VBR (tc bit thay i) v gp phi kh khn khi mng tc nghn
hoc i hi truyn hnh phn gii cao (HDTV).
- Giao thc gi trc ngun ti nguyn RSVP (Resource Reservation Protocol) v giao thc
truyn dn thi gian thc RTP (Realtime Transport Protocol) l phng thc li cht lng dch
v ca Ethernet Gigabit. C hai giao thc cho php cc ng dng bo tn tng s ring bit ca
gii thng truyn d liu. So snh Ethernet Gigabit vi ATM:
Khung Ethernet 802.3 c s phn chia tc khng ph hp, v chiu di thay i t 64
n 1518 bytes. Trong khi t bo ATM phn chia tc n nh v m bo s phn chia c th
t trong khung thi gian ring bit m bit d liu n theo th t ng thi gian.
Trong Ethernet 802.3, khung c xp hng ti mt node chuyn mch trn c s vo
trc-ra trc (FI-FO). Hn na trc khi chuyn mch truyn hng khung n th ton b d
liu cha trong hng khung n-1 phi c truyn. Theo mt chuyn mch pht hng khung
lin tc theo th t chng c m. S x l ny trong ATM th khc hn, ti node chuyn
mch ATM , hng i khung khng theo th t chng c m, m chuyn mch ATM da vo
s u tin truyn dn: khung c u tin cao hn s c truyn dn trc v ngc li. Do
ATM c th to ra ng thi nhiu hng dch v c lp nhau vi s u tin truyn dn khc
nhau da trn loi dch v m vn cung cp mt tc phn chia khng i. y chnh l th
mnh v s thng minh ca ATM. Do vy mng nhanh khng phi l gii php cho nhiu vn
hi t.
Cng ngh ATM xut hin vi mng din rng, a dch v bng rng. Phng thc truyn
ti nh l mt Mng trong mng, khng ng b, tch hp chuyn mch gi v chuyn mch
knh. Thng tin c t trong cc gi c di c nh. ATM s dng knh o v nhm knh o
to thnh mt ng dn o Thch hp vi dch v yu cu truyn thi gian thc, a phng tin.
Cu hi trc nghim:
1. Hy chn cu ng nht v phng php kt ni lin mng:
A. Phng php kt ni ti tng vt l, b lp Repeater.
B. Phng php kt ni ti tng lin kt d liu, thit b s dng cu (Bridge) v cc b
chuyn mch (Switched)
C. Phng php kt ni tng mng. Thit b s dng b nh tuyn (Router).
D. Kt ni lin mng s dng cc thit b nh Modem, cp Modem, Router..
2. Mng ISDN c nhng c im sau:
A. L mt mng a dch v.
B. ISDN c h thng bo hiu s 7 v cc node chuyn mch thng minh.
C. Kin trc ISDN tng thch vi m hnh OSI.
D. Tt c khng nh trn.
3. Cc phn t c bn ca mng ISDN
A. TE1 l cc thit b u cui c cc thuc tnh ISDN.
98
B. TE2 l cc thit b u cui khng c tnh nng ISDN.
C. NT1 (Network Termination 1) thc hin cc chc nng thuc tng vt l .
D. NT2 (Network Termination 2) l mt thit b thng minh, thc hn cc chc nng
n tng mng.
E. Tt c u ng.
4. Cc loi knh trong mng ISDN
A. Knh D: Dng truyn bo hiu gia ngi s dng v mng.
B. Knh B: Dng truyn d liu
C. Knh H cung cp cc dch v tc cao v ghp cc lung thng tin tc thp
hn. c 4 loi knh H.
D. Cc loi ng o v knh o
5. Giao din ISDN
A. Giao din BRI (Basic Rate Interface)
B. Giao din PRI (Primary Rate Interface)
C. Giao din gia cc tng, cung cp cc im truy nhp dch v.
6. Hot ng trong tng Datalink ca ISDN:
D. Giao thc LAP-D
A. Giao thc HDLC
B. Giao thc LAP-B v LAP F
C. Giao thc LAP-D v LAP F
7. c tnh k thut mng ca X25
A. X25 nh ngha chun giao din gia DTE v DCE
B. Cung cp cc la chn cho chuyn mch o hoc c nh. X.25
C. Cung cp cc dch v cp tin cy cao t node ti node (End to End).
D. Tc ti a 64 Kbps.
E. Tt c u ng
8. Trn cp si quang, cc tc in hnh ca B-ISDN l:
A. 51 Mbps(*)
B. 155 Mbps(*)
C. 312 Mbps
D. 622 Mbps(*)
9. Mng X25 khng hp dn, v:
A. Tc thp, khng thch hp cc dch v yu cu tc cao. Cc dch v LAN
trong mi trng WAN.
B. Khng ph hp trong mi trng truyn dn quang.
C. Tt c khng nh trn u ng.
99
10. Hot ng trong tng Datalink ca X25, c:
A. Giao thc LAP-B
B. Giao thc HDLC
C. Giao thc LAP-B v LAP F
D. Giao thc LAP-D v LAP F
11. c trng c bn ca Frame Relay:
A. Khng cn duy tr bng trng thi, khng x l cc gi tin iu khin.
B. Loi b cc qu trnh trnh x l tng mng.
C. Khng iu khin lu lng v iu khin li theo tng on mng (Hop-by-Hop
Control).
D. Khung d liu (Frame) c kch thc thay i,
E. Cc trng hp trn u ng.
12. Hot ng trong tng Datalink Frame Relay, c:
A. Giao thc LAP- F
B. Giao thc HDLC
C. Giao thc LAP-B v LAP F
D. Giao thc LAP-D v LAP F.
13. c trng c bn SMDS:
A. SMDS l mt dich v, khng phi mt cng ngh.
B. SMDS dch v chuyn mch gi khng lin kt
C. SDMS h tr tnh bo mt, cho php dng cc mng cng cng, chia s mt mng
ring nh mng xng sng.
D. Tt c pht biu trn u ng.
14. Nhng khng nh no sau y l ng:
A. Cng ngh ATM gn ging vi cng ngh Frame Relay.
B. Khung d liu ca Frame Relay c kch thc thay i, ca ATM c nh.
C. Tc truyn ti a 2 Mb/s trong Frame Relay, ca ATM c th t 155 Mb/s hoc
622 Mb/s.
15. Nhng thc th no di y l giao thc ca WAN
A. Frame Relay (*).
B. SLIP
C. IEEE 802.6
D. X25(*)
16. Cc giao thc no thng c s dng vi IEEE 802.2
A. IEEE 802.3
B. IEEE 802.5
100
C. IEEE 802.6
D. Tt c u ng
17. Nu c tnh ch yu phn bit mt t bo v mt gi tin.
A. Cc t bo nh hn mt gi tin.
B. Cc t bo khng c a ch vt l.
C. Cc t bo c di c nh (*).
D. Cc gi tin khng th truyn.
18. Giao thc no c s dng trn cp si quang.
A. Frame Relay
B. FDDI(*)
C. SONET(*)
D. X25
19. Cc chun no s dng k thut truy nhp ng truyn bng th bi:
A. IEEE 802.4(*)
B. IEEE 802.6
C. Frame Relay
D. FDDI(*)
20. Giao thc no ph hp nht cho vic giao vn d liu quan trng v mt thi gian:
A. X25.
B. Frame Relay
C. IEEE 802.5(*)
D. ATM(*)
Cu hi v bi tp
1. Mng tch hp a dch v s ISDN (Integrated Service Digital Network), Khi nim.
Nguyn l chung ca ISDN.
2. Cc dch v ISDN: Dch v ti tin, dch v vin thng, cc dch v b sung.
3. Cc phn t c bn ca mng ISDN
4. Cc loi knh trong mng ISDN: Knh D, Knh B, Knh H.
5. Giao din ISDN:
Giao din BRI (Basic Rate Interface)
Giao din PRI (Primary Rate Interface):
6. a ch ca mng ISDN v cu trc a ch trong ISDN:
7. Chc nng cc tng trong kin trc ISDN: Tng vt l, Tng 2 v tng 3.
8. Mng bng rng B_ISDN ( Broadband ISDN)
101
9. c im ca dch v B-ISDN
10. Nn tng k thut ca B-ISDN
11. Cu trc chc nng ca B_ISDN
12. So snh ISDN v B_ISDN
13. Mng chuyn mch gi X25
14. Giao thc X.25: Tng vt l, Tng lin kt d liu, Tng mng
15. Hot ng ca giao thc X25
16. Mng chuyn mach khung Frame Relay
17. Cu hnh tng qut mng Frame Relay
18. So snh Frame Relay vi X25:
Tng vt l (Physical Layer),
Tng lin kt (Link Access Layer),
Tng mng (Packet Layer)
19. Frame Relay c thit k loi b nhng hn ch trong cc mng X.25, v sao?.
20. V sao thi gian x l ti cc node trong Frame Relay t hn nhiu so vi X.25 ?.
21. Frame Relay v m hnh OSI: Tng vt l, Tng lin kt v Tng mng .
22. Trnh by giao thc LAP-F, LAP-D.
23. iu khin qun l lu lng
24. Khi nim CIR.
25. Cc dch v Frame Relay
26. SDMS (Switched Multimegabit Data Service )
27. SMDS so vi cc cng ngh ATM v Frame Relay.
28. Phng thc truyn dn khng ng b ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode)
29. Kin trc phn tng ATM:
Cc mt bng qun l
Vai tr v chc nn cc tng.
30. Khun dng Cell ATM
31. UNI-Format Header : Khun dng giao din ngi s dng v mng
32. NNI-Format Header: Khun dng giao din mng v mng.
33. Cc loi t bo
34. Lin kt o (Virtual Connections)
35. So snh ATM vi cc dch v v k thut khc
36. ATM so snh vi Frame Relay:
37. ATM v SONET
38. So Snh ATM v Ethernet Gigabit
102
Chng 6: Mng tc cao v ng dng cc cng ngh mi
CHNG 6: MNG TC CAO V NG
DNG CC CNG NGH MI
Ni dung ca chng s trnh by mt cch tng qut v cc loi mng tc cao v cc
ng dng cng ngh mi bao gm ng dy thu bao s DSL, cc mng truyn ti voice chuyn
mch gi trn nn IP nh Voice over Internet Protocol, Voice over ATM v Voice over Frame
Relay. Cng ngh MPLS ph hp vi xu th v nhu cu truyn thng hin ti v tng lai. MPLS
c ng dng trong mng li NGN v nn tng cho dch v VPN. Mng th h sau NGN (Next
Generation Network) l mt trong nhng mng hi t tin tin ang pht trin v thay th dn cc
mng truyn thng. Hot ng da trn cc cng ngh chuyn mch mm Softswitch, iu khin
chuyn mch khng ph thuc vo phn cng . C kh nng lp trnh c lp v kin to dch v
mm do. Ni dung ca chng gm:
ng dy thu bao s DSL
Truyn thoi qua mng chuyn mch gi VoPN
Cng ngh chuyn mch a giao thc MPLS.
Cng ngh chuyn mch mm Softwitch
Mng hi tu v mng th h sau NGN.
6.1. ng dy thu bao s DSL (Digital Subscribers Line)
6.1.1. M u
Cng ngh ng dy thu bao s DSL cho php tn dng min tn s cao truyn tn hiu
tc cao trn i dy cp ng thng thng. Modem DSL bin i tn hiu ca ngi s dng
nh tn hiu in thoi, tn hiu truyn hnh, d liu... thnh cc tn hiu ph hp vi ng
truyn DSL, c cu trc d liu ring, m ng dy ring v mt s tn hiu iu khin nht nh
ca mng. ng dy thu bao s c s dng u tin vi mng s tch hp a dch v ISDN
(Integrated Services Digital Network) truyn s liu gia cc u cui. Nhiu phin bn DSL sau
ny c thit k t thc t ISDN DSL. Cc th h DSL sau c ci thin rt nhiu v cng sut,
cch thc hot ng, kh nng cung cp dch v K thut DSL cho php truyn ch song
cng i xng v bt i xng.
6.1.2. Tng quan v h cng ngh DSL
IDSL (ISDN DSL):Cng ngh ng dy thu bao s truy nhp mng ISDN s dng cc knh
i xng BRI (128 Kb/s hoc 144 Kb/s) kt hp thnh mt knh truyn d liu gia b nh tuyn
v my tnh ca khch hng. DSL lm vic vi tc 160 Kb/s tng ng vi 2B+D (144 Kb/s).
truyn dn song cng, s dng k thut trit ting vng. Phn ln cc dng IDSL lm vic vi
ISDN NT tiu chun u cui khch hng ca ng dy. Do , IDSL chuyn mch ni ht
ISDN c thay th bi b nh tuyn gi. Cu hnh ny c s dng cho truy nhp Internet.
103
HDSL (High Data Rate DSL): C kh nng truyn ti hai hng 1,544 Mbps hoc 2,048
Mbps trn ng dy in thoi. HDSL truyn dn tin cy t l li bit t 10
-9
n 10
-10
. H thng
HDSL DS-1 (1,544 Mbps) s dng hai i dy, mi i dy truyn 768 Kb/s trn mi hng.
HDSL E1 (2,048 Mbps) c th la chn s dng hai hoc 3 i dy, mi i dy s dng hon
ton song cng. HDSL 2,048 Mbps 3 i dy s dng b thu pht ging b thu pht h thng
1,544 Mbps. Mch vng HDSL 2,048 Mbps c th c mch r nhng khng cn bng. Tiu chun
HDSL2 c tc bit v di mch vng nh HDSL th h th nht ch khc l s dng 1 i
dy thay v 2 i dy. HDSL2 c k thut m ho cao v iu ch phc tp hn. La chn tn s
pht v thu cho HDSL2 chng xuyn m. SDSL (Single Pair DSL): Truyn i xng tc
784 Kb/s trn mt i dy, ghp knh thoi v s liu trn cng mt ng dy, s dng m
2B1Q. Cng ngh ny cha c cc tiu chun thng nht nn khng c ph bin cho cc dch
v tc cao. SDSL mi ch ng dng truy cp trang Web, ti d liu v thoi vi tc 128
Kb/s, khong cch nh hn 6,7 Km v tc ti a l 1024 Kb/s trong khong 3,5 Km.
VDSL (Very High Data Rate DSL): S dng mch vng t tng i trung tm n khch
hng v cc b ghp knh phn phi. Tiu chun k thut VDSL c pht trin t nhm T1E1.4
m t cc tc v khong cch t n v mng quang ONU ti thu bao. Cp t mng cho ti
cc ONU c th c ni trc tip n ONU, theo hnh trn hoc l b tch quang th ng. Tnh
nng v ng dng ca VDSLl h tr ng thi tt c nhng ng dng thoi, d liu v video.
c bit VDSL h tr truyn hnh c phn gii cao (HDTV) v cc ng dng my tnh tin
tin. Tnh i xng ca VDSL cung cp tc d liu 2 chiu ln ti 26 Mbps cho cc khu vc
khng c cp quang ni ti.
Cng ngh Tc
Khong cch
Truyn dn
S i dy ng
s dng
IDSL 144 Kb/s i xng 5km 1 i

HDSL
1,544Mb/s i xng
2,048Mb/s i xng
3,6 km 4,5 km
2 i
3 i
HDSL2
1,544Mb/s i xng
2,048 Mb/s i xng
3,6 km 4,5 km

1 i
SDSL
768kb/s i xng
1,544Mb/s hoc 2,048 Mb/s
mt chiu
7 km
3 km

1 i
ADSL
1,5- 8 Mb/s ng xung
1,544 Mb/s ng ln
5km 1 i
VDSL
26 Mb/s i xng
1352 Mb/s ng xung
1,5-2,3 Mb/s ng ln
300 m 1,5 km
(tu tc )
1 i
Hnh 6.1: So snh mt s tnh nng trong h cng ngh xDSL
104
ADSL (Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line): ADSL l cng ngh ng dy thu bao s
bt i xng c pht trin cho nhu cu truy nhp Internet tc cao, cc dch v trc tuyn,
video,... ADSL cung cp tc truyn ti 8 Mb/s ng xung (Download) v 16 - 640 Kb/s
ng ln (Upload). u im ni bt ca ADSL l cho php ngi s dng s dng ng thi
mt ng dy thoi cho c 2 dch v thoi v s liu, v ADSL truyn min tn s cao (4400
Hz1,1MHz) khng nh hng ti tn hiu thoi. Cc b lc c t hai u mch vng tch
tn hiu thoi v s liu theo mi hng. ADSL Lite hay ADSL khng s dng b lc ch yu
cho ng dng truy cp Internet tc cao. K thut ny khng i hi b lc pha thu bao nn gi
thnh thit b v chi ph lp t gim i tuy nhin tc ng xung ch cn 1,5 Mb/s.
ADSL2 v ADSL2
+
: ADSL2 c chun ho trong ITU G.992.3, G.992.4, ADSL2+
c chun ha trong ITU-T G.925.5 l th h th ba ca ADSL, pht trin da trn nn tng
ADSL v ADSL2 nn mang y c trng ca ADSL v ADSL2. ADSL2 v ADSL2+ b
sung nhiu tnh nng mi cho cc ng dng, dch v v tin trnh trin khai mi so vi ADSL
chun. Cng ngh ADSL2+ p ng cc yu cu tc cao, bng thng rng v n h tr
c tc truyn s liu ln 1,2 Mbps v tc xung 24 Mbps.
6.1.3. Cc vn c bn cng ngh DSL trn mng cp ng
Phn chia tn s: Ph tn cp ng t 0 n 1,1 Mhz c chia thnh cc khong tn s
s dng cho cc dch v nh sau:
- T 0 kHz n 4 kHz: dng cho in thoi v cc dch v d liu bng tn thp.
- T 0 kHz n 80 kHz: khong tn s dng cho ISDN.
- T 80 kHz n 94 kHz: m bo s an ton ph tn thoi v ng ln ca ADSL.
- T 94 kHz n 106 kHz: khong tn s dng cho ng ln ca ADSL.
- T 106 kHz n 120 kHz: an ton ph tn ng ln v xung ca ADSL.
- T 120 kHz n 1,1 MHz: khong tn s dng cho ng xung ca ADSL.
Vic phn tch ph tn gia thoi v ADSL cng nh gia ng xung v ng ln ca
ADSL c thc hin nh b lc Spilitter (b lc ny ngn cn c dng DC khng cho vo
modem ADSL).

Hnh 6.2 : Phn chia tn s
4kHz 80kH
94kH 106kHz
120kHz 1,1MHz
ng xung ADSL
ng ln ADSL
ISDN
POST

105
6.1.4. Cc phng php m ha ng truyn
Phng php m ha ng dy CAP v DMT s dng k thut iu ch bin cu
phng (QAM) l k thut iu ch kt hp c iu ch pha v iu ch bin . Mt k hiu
c biu din bng mt im ca chm sao. C cc kiu m ha QAM: 4-QAM, 16-QAM, 64-
QAM... S 4,16,64 l s trng thi m ha. S trng thi cng nhiu trn mi k hiu QAM th
tn hiu cng yu i, dn n t s tn hiu trn tp m phi cao Modem thu c th phn bit
c tn hiu t tp m. Khi chm sao QAM tr nn cng ngy cng ln th phi tng cng sut
hay gim nhiu.
ADSL s dng m ng truyn DMT v n c nh ngha trong ANSI T1.413 v
G.992.1. Tuy nhin, CAP vn c mt s hng pht trin p dng cho ADSL. Vit Nam khuyn
ngh s dng phng php iu ch DMT.
- Phng php iu ch bin v pha trit sng mang CAP da trn k thut iu ch bin
cu phng QAM. u im ca n l khng c knh con nn thc thi n gin hn DMT.
CAP thch ng c vic tc khi thay i kch c chm sao m ho (4-CAP, 64-CAP, 512-
CAP, ...) hoc l khi tng hoc gim ph tn s dng. Nhc im ca phng php ny l khng
c sng mang nn nng lng suy gim nhanh trn ng truyn v tn hiu thu ch bit bin
m khng bit n pha, do u thu phi c b thc hin chc nng quay nhm xc nh chnh
xc im tn hiu.
- Phng php a m tn ri rc DMT h tr kin trc ghp knh phn chia theo tn s ln
trit ting vng. S dng cc ph tn chng ln c c tc d liu cao hn nhng phc tp
v chi ph cng cao hn v cn c b sai ng trit ting vng. K thut DMT li dng k
thut x l tn hiu s, cn c c tnh mch in t thch ng iu chnh nhng tham s ny, lm
cho li bit v xuyn m nh nht v dung lng thng tin bt c mch no cng ln nht.
Nguyn l c bn ca DMT l chia rng bng tn c th s dng (1104 KHz) thnh cc knh
con (Subcarrier) v cn c vo cc c tnh ca knh t, phn phi d liu u vo cho mi knh
con. Nu mt knh con khng th chu ti s liu s ng li. Mi knh con c th truyn s liu 1
n 15 bit thng tin trong mt n v m.
6.1.5. Pht hin li v sa li
ADSL s dng m Reed Solomon v Trellis lun lm vic trong ch sa li. ATM (m
HEC) s dng phng php sa li v s chuyn sang phng thc pht hin li khi c li xy ra.
S la chn phng thc sa li hoc pht hin li l thng nht.
Mt s c ch m ho c th chuyn i t phng thc pht hin li ngay khi cc li c
pht hin. Khi FEC c tc dng gip bn thu c th thu ng thng tin, thc hin bng cch thm
cc byte kim tra FCS, cng sut 3 dB vi t l li bit l 10
-7
.
6.1.6. Nhiu v chng xuyn nhiu
Nhiu xuyn m u gn NEXT (Near - end Crosstalk): Xut hin cc b thu do ngun
nhiu t cc b pht cng u cp vi n gy ra. Loi nhiu ny l ng k nht. Nhiu NEXT
gy suy gim cho h thng s dng cng bng tn s cho truyn dn thu v pht.

106

NEXT path
Modem
Data Switch
Cp nhiu i
i dy nhiu
Hnh 6.3: Nhiu xuyn m u gn NEXT
Modem

trnh xuyn m u gn NEXT, h thng truyn dn c th s dng cc di tn s cho
thu v pht khc nhau. H thng ghp knh theo tn s FDM loi b c NEXT t cc h thng
ging nhau. Xem xt mt tn hiu V truyn dc theo mt i dy, ti khong x1dc theo i dy
c nhiu tc ng do khng cn bng v truyn tr li u thu nh trong H.6.3
Nhiu xuyn m u xa FEXT (Far - end- Crosstalk): Xut hin b thu t u kia ca
cp, khc vi u pht ra ngun nhiu. FEXT thng nh hn nhiu so vi nhiu xuyn m u
gn NEXT v tn hiu t u xa b suy hao khi n chy trn mch vng thu bao. FEXT thu c
cng s dng phng php tng t nh khi s dng phng php thu NEXT. Hnh 6.4 trnh by
mt v d ca FEXT t mt im khng cn bng x1.

FEXT path
Modem
Modem
Data Switch
Cp nhiu i
i dy nhiu
Hnh 6.4: Nhiu xuyn m u xa FEXT
Nhiu xuyn m u gn cng nh u xa th cng sut ca nhiu ph thuc vo ph ca tn
hiu nhiu. Thng thng ngi ta ch quan tm n cng sut nhiu xuyn m m khng cn
quan tm n mc in p ca nhiu xuyn m. V theo thng k th hu nh i vi cc m hnh
ca cng sut nhiu xuyn m c th cho php xc nh t s tn hiu trn tp m SNR trn i
dy, cn i vi m hnh mc in p th rt kh xc nh.
Chng xuyn nhiu: Nng lng in truyn trn mi i dy to ra mt t trng bao bc
quanh i dy gy ra tn hiu in, cm ng sang cc i dy xung quanh, gi l nhiu xuyn m.
ADSL khc phc bng cch gim tc bit hng ln, s dng di tn s thp hn tn s ni suy
hao truyn dn nh v nhiu xuyn m nh nht.
Phng php trit ting vng (EC): Ting vng l s phn x ca tn hiu pht vo b thu
u gn. Ting vng ng ngi l v cc tn hiu i theo c 2 hng ca truyn dn s v cng tn
107
ti ng thi trn cc ng truyn dn i dy xon. Do vy ting vng l tp m khng mong
mun. Ting vng l mt phin bn b lt ra ca tn hiu pht. B trit tiu ting vng to ra mt
bn sao ca tn hiu pht b lt ra v loi b n ra khi tn hiu nhn.
S dng mt knh duy nht cho c pht v thu nn ch cn c mt b trit ting vng pha
thu. ADSL s dng k thut truyn dn trit ting vng EC, ni di tn pht c t trong di
tn thu bng cch chng di tn, tng bng tn truyn c th gim. Tuy nhin, EC kh trnh c
t xuyn nhiu . Song cng trit ting vng t c tc truyn d liu ca song cng 4 dy
trn 1 i dy xon. Trit ting vng l dng ph bin nht ca ghp knh trong ADSL.
6.1.7. Cc m hnh kt ni ADSL
Kt ni ADSL c thit lp gia Modem v tng i, cc ng truyn kt ni t DSLAM
BRAS ti nh cung cp dch v ISP cng phi c cung cp cc kt ni tc cao nh
STM, ATM hoc chuyn mch IP.
* M hnh PPPoA (Point to Point over ATM)

Ethernet Ethernet Ethernet
PPP PPP
AAL5 AAL5
ATM ATM ATM
10 Base-T ADSL STM-1 100 Base-F
PC

Rout
ADSL
Router
DSLAM
BRAS
Internet
IP IP IP
STM-1
Hnh 6.5 PPPoA : Giao thc ni im qua ATM

M hnh ny c dng trong cc thit b: Internal ADSL Modem, USB Modem hay ADSL
Router (RFC 2364)

108
* M hnh PPPoE (Point to Point over Ethernet) RFC 2516

IP
Ethernet
Ethernet
PPP
AAL5 AAL5
ATM ATM ATM
ADSL STM-1 100 Base-F
PC

Rout
ADSL
Bridge
DSLAM BRAS
Internet
PPP
PPPoE
Ethernet
Ethernet
PPPoE
PPP
IP
10 Base-T
Hnh 6.6 PPPoE - Giao thc ni im qua Ethernet

PPPoE yu cu hu ht cc giao thc ng khung:
- PPP trn PC bo an kt ni t PC n b nh tuyn ca ISP.
- PPPoE kt ni t PC n modem.
- RFC 1483 kt ni t modem n b nh tuyn ca ISP.
* M hnh IP over ATM (RFC 1483R)
c xc nh trong RFC 1483R. Tiu chun ny h tr giao thc nh hng (ging IP)
v giao thc khng nh hng (ging Ethernet). N cng c kt hp ty chn cho VC
Multiplexing v LLC Multiplexing.

PC

Rout
ADSL
Bridge
DSLAM
BRAS
Internet
IP IP
Ethernet Ethernet
Encap
AAL5
ATM ATM
10 Base-T ADSL SONET/SDH(STM1)
STM-1
IP
Hnh 6.7 M hnh IP over ATM (RFC 1483R)
1483
AAL5
ATM
109
* M hnh Ethernet over ATM (RFC 1483B)
Tiu chun a giao thc kt hp mc p ng AAL5. Tiu chun ny h tr giao thc nh
hng (ging IP) v giao thc khng nh hng (ging Ethernet). N cng c kt hp ty chn
cho VC Multiplexing v LLC Multiplexing.

PC

Rou
ADSL
Bridge
DSLAM BRAS
Internet
IP
Ethernet
Etherne Etherne
1483
AL5
ATM ATM
10 Base-T ADSL SONET/SDH(STM1)
STM-1
IP
1483
AAL5
ATM
Hnh 6.8 M hnh IP over ATM (RFC 1483R)

RFC 1483 (Bridged) s dng trong Modem ADSL ngoi vi giao thc to khung RFC 1483.
Hin nay c trin khai trong cc sn phm ca SBC v Pac Bell .
6.1.8. Cc ng dng ca ADSL
Truy nhp Internet tc cao: Vi tc truyn bt i xng nn ADSL l cng ngh l
tng cho truy nhp Internet tc cao, bi l nhu cu ti thng tin t Internet v ln hn rt
nhiu so vi nhu cu ti tin i.
Truyn hnh theo yu cu (VoD): Truyn hnh theo yu cu s dng cc phng php nn,
s ha tn hiu m thanh, hnh nh truyn i qua mng. Cc nh cung cp dch v VoD c th
cung cp cc knh truyn hnh theo yu cu vi cht lng khc nhau ty theo yu cu s dng.
Cc knh truyn hnh chun (SDTV) yu cu tc truyn l 3-4Mbps. Cc knh truyn hnh
trung thc cao (HDTV) yu cu tc truyn l 15-18 Mbps. Nh vy, dch v ADSL vi tc
hng xung ti a 8 Mbps th ch c th h tr ti a 2 knh SDTV v khng th h tr c
HDTV, ADSL2+ s h tr c dch v ny.
Hi ngh t xa: Cho php nhiu ngi cc a im khc nhau c th hi hp, trao i
trc tip nh ang trong cng mt phng hp. Tng hiu qu cng vic, tit kim thi gian v chi
ph do gim thiu vic di chuyn, cng nh cng tc t chc hi hp.
Truyn hnh v pht thanh qua mng: Cc knh truyn hnh v pht thanh t i truyn hnh
v i pht thanh c th c truyn hnh trc tip trn mng ADSL2+ n ngi s dng. V tn
hiu Video v Audio ch chim mt phn bng thng ca ng dy, nn ngi s dng va xem
video va c th duyt Web.
110
Mt s cc dch v khc: Cc dch v c th trin khai trn cng ngh ADSL nh: Truyn
s liu tc cao, hc t xa, game trc tuyn, khm bnh t xa, lm vic ti nh, mua bn hng
qua mng v cc hot ng giao dch khc...
Hin nay, cng ngh ng dy thu bao s DSL c ng dng rng rI, p ng mi
nhu cu v cc dch v bng rng trn mng cp ng sn c. Vi u im v phng thc truyn
cng nh phng php m ho, sa li, ADSL rt ph hp vi cc dch v Internet tc cao,
a li nhiu li ch cho ngi s dng cng nh nh cung cp dch v.
6.2. Truyn thoi qua mng chuyn mch gi VoPN (Voice over Packet
Network)
6.2.1. Khi nim
L m hnh truyn thoi thi gian thc khng s dng h thng chuyn mch knh thng
thng m s dng cc mng chuyn mch gi. Tn hiu thoi tng t sau khi c s ha s
c truyn qua mng chuyn mch gi di dng cc gi d liu.
VoPN ang tr thnh mt trong nhng cng ngh vin thng hp dn nht hin nay khng
ch i vi cc nh cung cp dch v m vi c nhng ngi s dng dch v. S pht trin ca
cc mng chuyn mch gi v c bit l mng Internet vi giao thc IP to ra nn tng pht
trin cc giao thc cho php truyn d liu thoi qua cc mng s liu khc nhau. Cc mng
chuyn mch gi thng c s dng truyn thoi l mng Frame Relay, mng ATM v
mng IP.
6.2.2. M hnh truyn thoi qua mng chuyn mch gi
Ti pha pht, tn hiu thoi tng t t my in thoi hay micro s c s ha v chuyn i
thnh cc gi d liu thch hp truyn qua mng, vic chuyn i s c thc hin thng qua cc
b m ha-gii m CODEC (Coder-Decoder). B x l tn hiu s DSP (Digital Signal Processing) s
nn cc gi d liu ny vi tc bit thch hp truyn qua mng chuyn mch gi.
Ti bn thu, cc tin trnh din ra ngc li, khi nhn c cc gi tin c nn, cc
DSP s gii nn cc gi tin, sau gii m (Decode) cc gi tin thnh tn hiu m thanh tng t
v pht ra in thoi hoc loa cho ngi nghe.
Trong mt cuc m thoi, cc khong lng chim t l rt ln (30% - 40%), khi truyn
thoi qua mng chuyn mch gi ngi ta s dng k thut VAD (Voice Activity Detection)
loi b cc khong lng nhm gim lng gi tin truyn qua mng. Ti pha thu cc khong lng
li c ti to pht thng tin thoi cho ngi nghe.
6.2.3. u im ca truyn thoi qua mng chuyn mch gi
- Tit kim chi ph u t h tng mng v chi ph s dng dch v: Vic tit kim chi ph
h tng mng y c hiu theo ngha s dng cc mng chuyn mch gi c sn truyn
d liu thoi. Thc t vic u t mt h thng mng chuyn mch gi s dng cc cng ngh
tin tin nh mng ATM cng rt tn km v thng ch s dng cho mng ng trc. Do tn
dng c cc mng chuyn mch gi c sn, c bit l mng Internet thc hin cc cuc gi
ng di c th tit kim c rt nhiu chi ph cuc gi so vi vic thc hin cuc gi thng
qua mng chuyn mch knh thng thng.
111
- S dng hiu qu bng thng vi cht lng dch v QoS chp nhn c: Trong mng
chuyn mch knh, bng thng cp cho mt cuc lien lc l c nh (mt knh 64kbps) nhng khi
truyn thoi qua mng chuyn mch gi vic phn chia ti nguyn cho cc cuc gi linh hot hn
nhiu. Khi mt cuc lin lc din ra, nu lu lng ca mng thp, bng thng dnh cho lin lc s
cho cht lng thoi tt nht c th, nu lu lng ca mng cao, mng s hn ch bng thng ca
tng cuc gi mc cht lng thoi QoS chp nhn c nhm phc v c nhiu ngi nht.
- Kt hp cc dch v thoi, s liu, video trn mt mng duy nht: cho php s dng h
tng mng gi a dch v duy nht truyn cc loi lu lng khc nhau.
6.2.4. Cc vn v cht lng dch v QoS
Khc vi mng chuyn mch knh, trong mng chuyn mch gi c rt nhiu cc gi tin
thuc cc loi d liu khc nhau c lu chuyn hng ch trn cng mt knh truyn. V vy
cn phi c c ch u tin i vi cc d liu thi gian thc nh d liu thoi. Ngoi ra mng
chuyn mch gi s dng c ch lu v chuyn tip (Store-and-Forward) truyn thng tin nn
gy tr ti cc nt chuyn mch.
* Tr (Delay): Tr l mt nhn t nh hng n cht lng thoi. Mi h thng truyn
thng ch cho php mt gii hn tr nht nh. Thi gian tr c th chp nhn c trong khong
t 200ms n 400ms. Cht lng cuc gi tt th thi gian tr yu cu khng qu 200ms. Yu cu
gim tr l rt cn thit trong h thng VoPN c th nng cao cht lng dch v. Nguyn nhn
gy tr khi truyn thoi qua mng chuyn mch gi c th do:
- Tr tch ly hay tr thut ton: l tr do ch khung d liu x l cc b m ha.
- Tr x l: thi gian m ha v ng gi d liu m ha truyn qua mng
- Tr truyn qua mng: tr truyn d liu qua mng chuyn mch gi hoc do cc b m
chng Jitter pha thu.
gim thiu tr, phi tng tc mng, nng lc ca cc b x l, m ha, ngoi ra cn
s dng cc b trit ting vng Echo Canceller.
* Trt (Jitter): Trt l s chnh lch thi gian n ca cc gi tin theo cc ng khc
nhau t ngun n ch gy ra. c th ti to ting ni mt cch chnh xc v trung thc bn
thu cn phi loi b Jitter bng cch s dng b m (Buffer), cc gi sau khi nhn s c lu
trong b m v s c x l ln lt. Dng b m s trnh c nhng thi gian tr ln ca
cc gi tin, nhng lm tng thi gian tr trong h thng. Thi gian trt cng ln th dung lng
ca b m cng ln. B m cng ln th thi gian tr gy ra cng tng. V vy vic tnh ton
dung lng ca b m thch hp i vi tng h thng l rt cn thit sao cho trnh c trt
m thi gian tr khng lm gim cht lng ca h thng.
* Mt gi (Packet Loss): Khng th m bo tt c cc gi tin u n ch an ton v
ng th t, nht l trong mng IP. Cc gi tin c th b mt khi mng b qu ti hay trong trng
hp nghn mng hoc do ng kt ni khng m bo. Yu cu cht lng dch v t l mt gi
l nh hn 10%. Do hn ch ca thi gian tr nn cc giao thc vn chuyn khng lin kt gii
quyt vn ny. duy tr cht lng thoi mc chp nhn c hoc truyn li cc gi tin b
mt, hoc thay th cc gi tin mt bng cc khong im lng. nng cao tin cy ca ng
truyn cn tng tc knh truyn, tng dung lng h thng thit b truyn dn (s dng cc
mng tin tin nh mng Frame Relay, ATM).
112
6.2.5. Voice over Frame Relay - VoFR
Cc chun VoFR trong Frame Relay Forum FRF, nm 1998: FRF.11 nh ngha nh dng
cc khung, FRF.12 nh ngha qu trnh phn mnh cc gi tin (to ra cc gi tin nh hn
truyn d liu thoi thi gian thc qua mng). Cc khung d liu trong mng Frame Relay c kch
thc Header nh 2 byte. VoFR thng c s dng trong cc mng ring hoc mng ring o
VPN kt hp thoi v s liu. Vic s dng mng Frame Relay truyn thoi gip gim gi
thnh. Trong VoFR, cc tng i PBX c kt ni vi nhau thng qua cc Permanent Virtual
Circuit (PVCs). Trong tc kt ni ca cc knh trong mng Frame Relay c th d dng
thay i thch ng truyn thoi, fax hay s liu. Khi truyn thoi trong mng Frame Relay, cc
gi d liu thoi s c u tin hn so vi cc gi d liu khc.
6.2.6. Voice over ATM - VoATM
Phng thc truyn khng ng b ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode) l cng ngh a
dch v, c th truyn ng thi thoai, d liu v video vi tc v tin cy cao. Gi thnh cc
h thng ATM t v ch c s dng mt s mng yu cu tc , nh mng ng trc
Backbone. Cc chun VoATM c nh ngha bi ATM Forum v ITU_T.
Giao thc dch v tc bit c nh CBR (Constant Bit Rate) ca AAL1 l chun truyn
thoi qua ATM. Tuy nhin giao thc ny khng hiu qu i vi cc ng dng thoi. Dch v m
phng knh CES (Circuit Emulation Service) c cht lng dch v cao nht, cung cp truyn mt
dng lin tc cc bit thng tin, cp mt lng khng i bng thng cho mt kt ni trong thi
gian truyn. Nhng CES chim bng thng cho cc ng dng khc. Ngoi ra, nhm gim tr, CES
gi cc ATM Cell trng khng i thm 6 ms lp y 47 byte d liu thoi vo Cell. iu ny
lm lng ph bng thng khong 20 bytes trn mt ATM Cell. Dch v m phng knh bng thng
ng DBCES l mt bin th ca CES, DBCES khng gi mt dng bit c nh cc Cell m ch
truyn khi c cuc thoi hot ng (Off Hook). Cng nh CES, mt phn ca Cell rng. Do s
dng AAL1 truyn thoi qua ATM tng phn tiu d liu thoi v lng ph bng thng.
Dch v tc bit bin i VBR ca AAL2 trong khuyn ngh I.363.2 ca ITU_T, cho php
ng gi cc gi ngn t 1Byte n 45-64 Bytes, gi l cc Minicells, thnh mt hoc nhiu ATM
Cell. Khc vi AAL1, AAL2 cho php cc Cell c Payload khc thay i. AAL2 h tr nn thoi
v nn khong lng v cho php nhiu knh thoi c bng thng khc nhau trn mt kt ni ATM
n.
Trong mng thun ATM, vic nn thoi l khng cn thit, do bng thng rt ln. Tuy nhin
trong cc mng ATM-Frame Relay, vic nn thoi l cn thit v Frame Relay c nn thoi. Khi
truyn thoi qua mng ATM, cc Permanent Virtual Circuit c dng truyn thoi v bo hiu.
Cc bn tin bo hiu s c truyn mt cch trong sut trn cc Signaling PVCs. Vic kt hp gia
cc h thng cui cho php chn ra mt PVC truyn thoi gia cc trm kt cui. Trong m hnh
dch bo hiu VoATM, ATM dch bo hiu t c cc thit b mng ATM v Non-ATM
Do gi thnh ca mt mng ATM rt cao nn thng ch c dng cho mng Backbone
hoc nh cung cp dch v
6.2.7. Voice over Internet Protocol - VoIP
VoIP l m hnh truyn thoi s dng giao thc IP Internet Protocol. VoIP l mt cng
ngh hp dn nht hin nay. Cc chun giao thc ca VoIP c a ra bi ITU_T (International
113
Telecomunication Union), ITMC (International Multimedia Telecommunications Consortium) v
IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force).
* Cc thnh phn ch yu ca VoIP gm c:
- Internet Protocol IP: nh danh a ch cc thit b v nh tuyn cc gi tin lu chuyn
mng. Cc gi IP c phn Header 20 Bytes.
- Cc chun nn tn hiu thoi : Chuyn i tn hiu Analog - Digital v nn tn hiu.
- Chun H.323 hoc SIP: Thit lp cuc gi
- Real Time Transport Protocol (RTP): Qun l cc kt ni End to End gim thiu mt
gi v tr.

Application
7
Presentation
6
Session
5
Transport
4
Network
3
Cc ng dng
CODECS
H323 hoc SIP
UDP, TCP, RTP
IP
Data link
2
Physical
1

ATM,FR,PPP
Ethernet

Hnh 6.9 M hnh Voice over Internet Protocol

Cc phn t H.323 bao gm: Cc Gateway, cc b kim sot cng Gatekeeper v cc khi
iu khin a im MCU (Multipoint Control Unit). Cc thit b u cui h tr cho hi ngh
im-im v hi ngh a im vi nhiu thnh phn audio, video, data phi hp tham gia. Cc
Gateway lin kt mng PSTN hoc ISDN phc v cho cc im cui thuc hai mng lm vic vi
nhau. Cc Gatekeeper cung cp cc dch v nh iu khin tip nhn, thng dch a ch cho cc
u cui hoc cho Gateway. Cc MCU cho php cc thit b u cui hay cc Gateway thit lp
hi ngh trn cc phin audio, video v data.
H.323 l mt tp cc giao thc v th tc cung cp cc dch v truyn thng a phng tin -
truyn thoi, hnh nh v d liu thi gian thc qua mng chuyn mch gi bao gm mng IP-
based LAN, MAN, WAN do Hip hi vin thng quc t v tiu chun ho ITU-T a ra.
Chun H.323 bao gm cc chc nng nh bo hiu v iu khin cuc gi, vn chuyn v iu
khin a truyn thng (Multimedia Transport and Control), iu khin rng bng tn cho hi
ngh im-im v hi ngh a im (Point-to-Point and Multipoint Conferences). Ngoi khuyn
ngh H.323, cc khuyn ngh thuc nhm H (H-Series) cn c: H.320 cho mng tch hp s a
dch v ISDN, H.324 cho dch v mng thoi thng thng POTS (Plain Old Telephone Service)
nh l cc k thut vn chuyn.
114
Chun H.323 bao gm cc thnh phn v giao thc sau :
Bo hiu cuc gi H.225
iu khin truyn thng H.245
M ho v gii m Audio G.711, G.722, G.723, G.728, G.729
M ho v gii m Video H.271, H.263
Chia s d liu T.120
Giao vn truyn thng RTP/RTCP

Audio
Applications
RIP
G.711
G.729
G.723.1
Audio
Applications
H261
H263
RTCP
H.225.0
Call
Signalling
H.245
Controll
Signalling
T.120
Data
Transport Protocols & Network Interface
Terminal Call Manager
Hnh 6.10 M hnh giao thc H.323

Intranet
Real-Time
Network
Telephone
Network
u cui
H.323

Gatekeeper
LAN
Router
Gateway
Proxy
Server
PBX
PBX
u cui
H.323

u cui
H.323

u cui
H.323

u cui
H.323

Hnh 6.11 M hnh mng theo chun H.323

115
Giao thc SIP (Session Initial Protocol): Giao thc khi to phin SIP l giao thc iu
khin bo hiu lp ng dng, thit lp, duy tr v kt thc cc phin a truyn thng bao gm
thoi Internet, cc hi ngh v cc ng dng audio, video v data .. SIP h tr cc phin im -
im hoc a im. SIP l giao thc da trn k t vn bn (Text Based Protocol), kin trc a
truyn thng. Cc chc nng ca SIP c lp vi nhau, c th giao tip, lin kt vi cc giao thc
bo hiu khc nh giao thc H.323 .
Real-time Transport Protocol RTP l mt giao thc End to End, thi gian thc nh Audio
v Video. RTP thc hin vic qun l v thi gian truyn, qun l s hiu tun t, kim tra truyn
d liu v nhn dng kiu d liu c truyn. Nhng RTP khng cung cp bt c mt c ch
no bo m thi gian truyn v cng khng cung cp bt c mt c ch no gim st cht lng
dch v. S gim st v bo m v thi gian truyn dn cng nh cht lng dch v c thc
hin nh hai giao thc l RTCP v RSVP.
Real-time Transport Control Protocol RTCP: Mc d RTP l mt giao thc c lp nhng
thng c h tr bi giao thc RTCP iu khin cho php gi v cc thng tin bn thu v t
thch nghi vi bn pht nh t thch nghi kiu nn tn hiu v t iu chnh lu lng d liu cho
ph hp vi bn pht.
Resource Reservation Protocol RSVP: Cung cp mt c ch m bo bng thng cho cc
hot ng ca cc ng dng. RSVP gi tham s cht lng dch v QoS kt hp vi cc d liu
thi gian thc c truyn trn mng TCP/IP. H tr giao thc RTP, giao thc RSVP c th gii
quyt cc li xy ra trn ng truyn m bo cc tham s cht lng. Giao thc RTP ch h
tr vic truyn thng im - im v khng qun l cc tham s lin kt trn mng. RSVP khng
nhng tc ng my pht, my thu m cn tc ng trn c cc Router trong mng. RSVP thit
lp v duy tr kt ni duy nht cho mt lung d liu, xc lp mt h thng qun l th t cc gi
v to modun iu khin qun l cc ngun ti nguyn ca cc nt mng khc nhau. RSVP a
ra mt m hnh ti u lin kt cc d liu t m ngun ti nhiu ch. RSVP ng vai tr qun
l mt cch c lp cc host ch t thch nghi cc tham s cht lng gia kh nng cung cp
v nhu cu p ng.
Giao thc MGCP (Media Gateway Control Protocol) cho php iu khin cc Gateway
thng qua cc thnh phn iu khin nm bn ngoi mng. MGCP s dng m hnh kt ni tng
t nh SGCP da trn cc kt ni c bn gia thit b u cui v gateway. Cc kt ni c th l
kt ni im-im hoc kt ni a im. Ngoi cc chc nng iu khin nh SGCP, MGCP cn
cung cp thm cc chc nng yu cu Gateway xc nh kiu m ho pha ng dy kt ni
n thit b u cui, kim tra trng thi v kt ni mt thit b u cui v thng bo vi Call
Agent khi no cc thit b u cui ngng s dng dch v v khi no quay li s dng dch v.
Giao thc Megaco/H.248: Kin trc chnh ca Megaco c th hin bao gm hot ng gia
cc h thng MG, MGC. Megaco chia cc thit b c chc nng khc nhau thnh phn truyn thng
v phn bo hiu. Trong khi Media Gateway (Cng giao tip truyn thng) iu khin phn truyn
thng th Media Gateway Controller (B iu khin cng giao tip truyn thng) hay Call Agents
(Cc tc nhn gi) li iu khin cc MGs thit lp cc ng dn truyn thng thng qua mng
phn tn. Mt MGC c th iu khin nhiu MGs . Ni mt cch khc, mt MG c th ng k vi
nhiu MGCs. Vic trao i thng tin gia hai thit b ny (MG v MGC) c thc hin nh giao
116
thc Megaco. V th, Megaco l mt giao thc ch/t, cc tc nhn cuc gi hot ng nh cc b
khi to lnh (my ch), cn cc MGs hot ng nh cc b p ng lnh (my t).
iu khin v truyn ti thng tin H.245 m t chi tit cu trc v nh ngha cc bn tin,
tm lc nhng th tc iu khin, thit lp v gim st qu trnh lin lc a phng tin (d liu
v m thanh) gia hai im cui. Cc bn tin iu khin H.245 kim sot hot ng ca cc phn
trong mng H.323 bao gm kh nng trao i, ng m knh logic, yu cu ch u tin, iu
khin lung. Cc bn tin c truyn trn knh iu khin H.245 tng ng vi knh lgic 0. Mi
cuc gi ch c mt knh iu khin H.245 c thit lp chc nng iu khin n khi knh
logic 0 c gii phng. Bo hiu H.245 c thit lp gia hai im cui, c th l thit b u
cui, MC, Gateway hoc Gatekeeper.
Bo hiu iu khin cuc gi H.225 m t phng thc tch hp d liu, phng thc m
ho v ng gi thng tin gia hai thnh phn ca mng H.323. H.225 cng m t cc giao thc
v nh dng cc bn tin cho Gateway H.323 c lin quan n cc thit b u cui H.320, H.324
hoc H.310, H.321 trn cc mng N-ISDN, B-ISDN. Ngoi ra, chun H.225 cn m t cc giao
thc v nh dng cc bn tin cho qu trnh truyn thng gia Gateway H.323 v Gateway H.322
cng nh cc im cui trong mng H.322 vi s m bo v cht lng dch v (QoS).
RTCP: H.225 cn c thit k mt Gateway H.323 c kh nng phi hp hot ng vi
cc loi thit b u cui H.320. Ngoi ra H.225 cn bo m cht lng dch v ca thit b u
cui H.320 c th c thay i ph hp vi c tnh v kh nng ca Gateway H.323.

RTCP
AV
Applications
RIP
G.xxx
Unreliable Transport
H.261
H.225.0
Terminal
To
Gatekeeper
Signalling
(RAS)
H.225.0
Call
Signalling
H.245
T.124
T.125
Reliable Transport
T.123
Link Layer
Physical Layer
Terminal Control and Management
Data
App.

Hnh 6.12 Mi quan h cc giao thc trong H323

Bo hiu ng k, chp nhn v trng thi RAS: Knh RAS c s dng truyn cc bn
tin phc v qu trnh tm kim Gatekeeper v ng k im cui. Cc bn tin RAS c truyn
trn knh khng c m bo tin cy do tt c cc bn tin u c quy nh mt khong
117
thi gian v mt b m. Khi im cui hoc Gatekeeper khng th phc p li yu cu trong
khong thi gian quy nh th c th s dng bn tin RIP (Request in Progress) ch th rng yu
cu vn ang c x l. im cui hoc Gatekeeper nhn c bn tin RIP s t li ng h v
b m.
RAS cn c s dng truyn cc bn tin v qu trnh chp nhn, thay i rng bng
tn, cung cp thng tin trng thi. Cc bn tin ny c trao i gia Gatekeeper v im cui
cung cp cc chc nng iu khin truy nhp v qun l bng tn. im cui gi bn tin ARQ
(Admission Request) n Gatekeeper bao gm c cc thng tin v rng bng tn yu cu.
l tc gii hn trn cho cc lung tn hiu pht v thu bao gm c knh Audio knh Video v
cc Header nh RTP Header, RTCP Header... Gatekeeper c th chp nhn hoc gim cc yu
cu ny.
6.3. Cng ngh chuyn mch nhn a giao thc MPLS (MultiProtocol
Label Switching)
6.3.1. M u
Chuyn mch nhn a giao thc MPLS l mt k thut truyn d liu trong cng ngh
mng truyn thng, c chun ha bi t chc IETF trong khuyn ngh RFC 3031. tng c
bn ca MPLS l cung cp mt dch v truyn gi tin thng nht cho chuyn mch knh v
chuyn mch gi da trn cc thit b chuyn mch tc cao, c cu trc n gin. MPLS c
kh nng h tr nhiu m hnh dch v v qun l c lu lng nn c th c dng
chuyn ti nhiu loi lu lng khc nhau nh thoi, s liu, video...
MPLS c xem l s tch hp gia cng ngh chuyn mch gi v chuyn mch knh,
gia chc nng nh tuyn trn nn tng IP v chc nng chuyn mch trn nn tng ATM.
6.3.2. Kin trc v nguyn tc hot ng MPLS

M hnh OSI
Tng Vt l
Tng Lin kt
Tng Vn chuyn
Tng Mng
Tng ng dng
Tng Trnh by
Tng Phin
Tng Vt l
ATM-FR_Ethernet_PPP
Internet Protocol IP
MPLS

Hnh 6.13 MPLS trong m hnh OSI
118
Cu trc mng MPLS: Mt cch tng qut, cu trc mng MPLS gm c 2 phn bin v li.
Chc nng cc thnh phn trong mng tch bit. Chc nng chuyn mch nhn v chuyn gi c
xu hng tp trung phn li, chc nng x l gi v nh tuyn c y v thnh phn bin.
B nh tuyn bin LER (Label Edge Router) l phn t bin ca mng MPLS thng c tch
hp cc giao thc nh tuyn MPLS v IP. Phn t ny cn c gi l b nh tuyn PE
(Provider Edge). Ty theo v tr ca LER i vi chiu i ca gi tin gi LER l b nh tuyn
u vo (Ingress) hay u ra (Egress). B nh tuyn li LSR (Label Switch Router) l phn t
nm trong mng MPLS, thc hin chc nng nh tuyn da trn vic chuyn mch nhn. Phn t
ny cn c gi l b nh tuyn P (Provider).
Nguyn tc chuyn mch nhn MPLS: Gi tin cha c gn nhn MPLS c chuyn n
LER chuyn qua mng MPLS, LER s xc nh v phn loi gi tin vo cc lp gi l lp
chuyn tip tng ng FEC (Forwarding Equivalence Class). Phn Header MPLS ca gi tin s
c thm bng cch chn thm mt hoc nhiu nhn trc gi tin. Sau , gi tin c chuyn
i trn tuyn logic gi l hm (Tunnel) n Router k tip trn ng n ch. Vic n nh
FEC da trn mt phn hoc ton b a ch lp mng ch. Cc gi tin thuc cng mt FEC s
c chuyn i trn cng mt tuyn gi l LSP (Label Switch Path). C ch chuyn gi theo cc
LSP cho thy tnh nh hng kt ni ca MPLS.

Hnh 6.13 Nguyn tc hot ng ca MPLS

C ch phn phi nhn nhm mc ch trao i cc thng tin lin kt nhn trong mng MPLS
m bo cho cc b nh tuyn lin k c th cp nht, duy tr v thng nht vi nhau v gi tr nhn
cho cc FEC (biu th bi trng Destination) trong c s d liu nhn. C ch ny c th da trn
giao thc nh tuyn BGP, OSPF, RSVP-TUNNELS hoc giao thc phn phi nhn chuyn dng
LDP (Label Distribution Protocol). Vic trao i thng tin nhn trong MPLS theo nguyn tc ngang
hng. C 4 loi bn tin trong LDP: Discovery, Session, Advertisement v Notification.
C ch x l nhn v chuyn gi tin: Khi mt gi tin c gn nhn MPLS c chuyn
n LSR, phn nhn ngoi cng s c phn tch. Ty theo ni dung ca nhn, mt trong ba thao
tc sau y s c thc hin ln chng nhn: tro i hay thay nhn mi (Swap), ly nhn ra
(Pop), thm nhn vo (Push).
IP1
Cc gi tin n t cc a ch khc nhau
c th tp hp chung vo mt tuyn FEC
IP2
IP1
IP1
#L1
#L1
IP1
IP1
#L1
#L1
IP1
IP1
#L1
#L1

LSP
IP1
IP2
LER LER LSR LSR
LSP LSP
119
Thao tc Push s cng thm nhn vo pha trc ca phn nhn ang c, ngha l ng gi tin
(Encapsulating) vo phn lp khc trong MPLS. Qu trnh ny cho php gi tin MPLS c nh
tuyn theo c ch phn cp (Hierarchical Routing), c bit l c s dng cho dch v VPN.
C ch iu khin lu lng v cht lng dch v trong MPLS: MPLS h tr chc nng
iu khin lu lng nh qun tr mng to ra LSP theo phng php nh tuyn cng bc
m bo cht lng dch v hoc gim lu lng ti qua cc nt chuyn tip trnh tc nghn trong
cc tnh hung c bit. Vi c ch nh tuyn rng buc, ngi qun l mng lp trnh cc iu
kin rng buc v mng MPLS s t ng thc hin vic nh tuyn tha mn cc iu kin trn.
C ch ny c h tr bi bo hiu LDP to ra cc CR-LSP (Compulsory Routing - LSP).
MPLS h tr cht lng dch v trn c s phn loi cc lung lu lng theo tr, bng tn.....
Ti bin ca mng, lung lu lng c nhn dng thng qua vic phn tch mt s trng trong
Header ca gi tin phn loi chng vo cc FEC chuyn i trong cc LSP c thuc tnh CoS
hay QoS. Thng tin CoS c th c truyn trong nhn ca mi gi hoc c gn ngm nh cho
LSP. Thng tin QoS c h tr trong trng hp mng MPLS chy trn nn ATM. Vn t
ra trong MPLS l tiu ch phn loi gi tin thnh cc FEC. iu ny ph thuc nhiu vo cng
ngh x l gi ti tin.
nh gi cng ngh chuyn mch nhn a giao thc MPLS:
a. u im: Cng ngh MPLS n gin, c th gii quyt c vn phc tp v kh
nng m rng mng. C th thay th cng ngh ra i trc nh Frame Relay, ATM. C th
ni MPLS hi t nhng u im ca c ch nh tuyn gi IP v c ch hon i nhn ca ATM,
cho php gim thiu thi gian x l gi tin m khng cn thay i cc giao thc nh tuyn IP.
Nhn MPLS n gin, kch thc nh v linh hot. C th xp ni tip nhn to thnh chng
nhn c phc tp cao, rt tin li cho vic nh a ch v truy tm.
Nu so snh vi ATM th MPLS c u im l khng cn n cc giao thc iu khin bo
hiu hay chuyn mch t bo phc tp nh ATM. Kch thc gi MPLS ln hn nhiu so vi t
bo ATM nn gim ng k thng tin tiu ng gi ti tin. Mng truyn thng hin i , cng
ngh mng quang vi tc cc ln (10Gbit/s) khng ch chuyn ti c cc gi tin c di
1518 byte (kch thc cc i ca gi Ethernet) m cn chuyn ti c gi tin MPLS c kch
thc ti tin bt k. Tm li, MPLS cho php nng cao thng (thng lng) mng. Mc khc,
MPLS duy tr c chc nng kim sot lu lng v iu khin ngoi bng nh FR hay ATM.
MPLS cng c th tn dng c s h tng mng ATM v gi tin MPLS c th chuyn vo knh o
ATM v ngc li. So vi gii php IP/ATM, IP/MPLS c topo (cu trc ln kt) v cu hnh
mng n gin hn.
u im ca MPLS so vi IP l kh nng iu khin lu lng v h tr kim sot cht
lng dch v (cao hn DiffServ, thp hn ATM). MPLS tch bch r rng chc nng nh tuyn
vi chc nng chuyn tip gi (Routing- Forwarding) mc d c th s dng li kiu nh tuyn
IP nu cn.
Nhn chung, MPLS l cng ngh ph hp v bt kp vi xu th v nhu cu cng ngh truyn
thng hin ti v tng lai. MPLS hin ti ang c ng dng trong mng li NGN, trong k
thut lu lng v nn tng cho dch v VPN.
120
b. Hn ch ca MPLS: MPLS khng cung cp dch v u cui (End-Point) c th s
dng trc tip nh Ethernet. V phng din ny, MPLS tng t nh giao thc PPP. MPLS c
kh nng b nh hng bi li ng truyn cao hn cc cng ngh khc nn phn no lm gim
i tin cy. i th duy nht hin nay ca MPLS l giao thc L2TPv3 trong lnh vc VPN c
bit l trong cc mng c lp li thun ty l IP.
Xu hng pht trin: Hng pht trin mi ca MPLS l GMPLS, cung cp mng iu
khin chung da trn c s IP cho tt c cc lp. GMPLS s s dng kt hp cc thit b chuyn
mch gi (b nh tuyn...) v cc thit b chuyn mch knh (SDH..)
6.4. Cng ngh chuyn mch mm (Softswitch)
6.4.1. M u
H thng chuyn mch mm thc hin chc nng x l cuc gi trong mng NGN nh nh
tuyn, bo hiu, cung cp dch v cuc gi. Chuyn mch mm da trn tng tch ring chc
nng iu khin cuc gi (phn mm) khi chc nng chuyn mch vt l (phn cng) v t nn
tng trn c s chuyn mch gi. Chuyn mch mm c thc thi bng cc module phn mm
v cc giao din chng trnh ng dng API (Application Program Interface) chy trn nn phn
cng l cc h thng Server dung lng ln. V tr ca chuyn mch mm thuc lp iu khin
trong m hnh phn lp chc nng ca NGN.

Cc Server chuyn dng, Server ng dng..
Cc giao thc, giao din m, API bo hiu

Hnh 6.14 V tr chuyn mch mm trong m hnh phn lp NGN
Cc giao din logic v chun vt l
Lp iu khin
TCP/IP Video Voice TDM FR ATM
Lp ng dng
B iu khin
IP/MPLS
B iu khin
Voice/SS7
B iu khin
ATM/SVC
Softswitch
Lp Media
121
Cc c trng c bn ca cng ngh chuyn mch mm nh sau:
- Da trn cng ngh chuyn mch gi.
- Thit k theo m hnh x l phn tn
- Giao din m API
- Phn mm iu khin chuyn mch khng ph thuc vo phn cng chuyn mch nh
cc thit b chuyn mch truyn thng. C kh nng lp trnh c c lp.
- Tch hp v lin kt cc giao thc khc nhau trong mng NGN v gia NGN vi mng
truyn thng (PSTN, ATM&IP).
6.4.2. Cu trc v nguyn tc chuyn mch mm
Chuyn mch mm hot ng lin quan n rt nhiu giao thc ng dng khc nhau. Vic
lin kt cc giao thc c thc hin nh vic lin kt cc khi chc nng trong chuyn mch
mm vi s h tr c bit ca khi lin kt mng IW-F. M hnh giao thc s dng gii php
chuyn mch mm tng qut nh sau:
BICC (Bearer Independent Call Control): L giao thc iu khin cuc gi c lp vi knh
truyn ti. Bo hiu da trn ISUP theo chun ITU-T. BICC h tr cc dch v ISDN bng hp.
BICC thng c dng cho bo hiu gia cc chuyn mch mm.
MEGACO/H.248/MGCP: y l giao thc iu khin iu khin gia Softswitch (MGC) v
thit b cng MG theo c ch Master/Slave. MGC quyt nh chnh trong qu trnh lin lc vi MG,
cn MG l thc th th ng thc hin mi lnh do MGC yu cu. Cc tng tc (transaction) trong
MGCP gm c lnh v p ng.
RTP/RTCP/RTSP: Real Time Protocol/ Real Time Control Protocol-Real Time Streaming
Protocol: l cc giao thc hot ng ngay trn lp UDP dng truyn cc thng tin yu cu thi
gian thc qua mng gi. RTP c xem nh giao thc lp truyn ti. Bn thn RTP khng m
bo cht lng ca thng tin cn truyn ti v thi gian thc. N ch n gin cung cp y
thng tin ln lp ng dng xc nh tr gi v quyt nh cch thc x l gi tin nh hiu
chnh di pha. Cc dch v m RTP cung cp l loi thng tin chuyn ti trong gi, s th t ca
gi truyn (sequence number), mc thi gian v thi gian truyn ti a ca 1 gi (Timestamp).
Cc bn tin RTCP c dng trao i thng tin phn hi v cht lng ca phin RTP i vi
tt c cc thnh vin tham gia trong phin truyn tin.
SCTP (Stream Control Transport Protocol) hay SIGTRAN (Signalling Transport): l mt
giao thc hng lin kt truyn ti (Transport Protocol) c xy dng thay th TCP
(Transmission Control Protocol) trong vic chuyn ti thng tin bo hiu SS7 trong mng chuyn
mch v l do TCP l giao thc m bo truyn d liu tin cy thng qua c ch xc nhn ACK v
c ch tun t gy tr gi tin. Cc c ch ny c trong giao thc SS7, hn na SS7 yu cu
thi gian thc nn vic dng TCP cho SS7 l khng hiu qu.
SCTP chuyn ti theo nh hng bn ghi thay v nh hng byte nh TCP, ng thi cho
php nhiu lung d liu logic c ghp knh truyn qua mt kt ni. SCTP m bo truyn
tin cy theo c ch khc vi TCP bng cch thit lp nhiu kt ni.
SIP (Session Initiation Protocol)/H.323: Cc b giao thc iu khin cuc gi a phng
tin (lp ng dng), dng thit lp, iu chnh v kt thc phin lm vic ca thu bao.
122
6.4.3. Giao din ng dng API trong chuyn mch mm
Chuyn mch mm ng dng cng ngh phn mm lp trnh theo hng i tng, cng
ngh Agent v x l phn tn. API l tp hp cc th tc, giao thc v cc cng c phn mm
c chun ha nhm cho php lin kt cc ng dng vi nhau. Bng cch xy dng cc khi
chc nng theo API, c th d dng pht trin ng dng phn mm. API cho php chia s d liu
gia cc ng dng trn cng nn tng.
a. Cc phng thc chia s d liu qua API:
- Gi th tc t xa RPC (Remote Procedure Calls): Dng cho cc ng dng trao i thng
tin vi nhau bi cc th tc (Procedure/Task) trn cng b m d liu.
- Ngn ng truy vn chun SQL (Standard Query Language) l ngn ng dng truy xut d
liu khng cn th tc, cho php chia s d liu gia cc ng dng bng cch truy nhp vo c s
d liu chung.
- Chuyn file (File Transfer): Phng thc ny cho php chia s s liu bng cch trao i
file c nh dng gia cc ng dng.
- Phn pht bn tin (Message Delivery): Cho php chia s d liu bng cch trao i thng tin
trc tip thng qua cc bn tin nh dng c kch thc nh gia cc ng dng c lin kt vi nhau.
b. C th phn lp cc API trong Softswitch thnh 3 nhm chnh:
- API lin kt cc ngun ti nguyn mng (Resources API)
- API lin kt cc module c nng lc x l trong mng (Network Capability API)
- API lin kt NGN vi mi trng ngoi nh nh cung cp dch v th 3 hay khch hng
c nhu cu pht trin ng dng.

123

Lp ng dng
NGN Enhanced Service Application
PARLAY Sip/Print CORBA
API Control
Framework
Interface
Framework
CSS API
Parlay
Compliant
AP
Surpass Core Interface
What do
You need
UM CW1
C
2
C
C
2
D
Service APIs
H
i
Q

4
0
0
0

Call Control
Setup
Charging
Ticket
Amounc.
Inercept
Harding
Uer
Interactiv
Dialog
Surpass Core Interface
HiQ 9200
Hnh 6.15 M hnh API trong chuyn mch mm gii php ca SIEMENS

Hin nay, API lin kt cc ngun ti nguyn mng v API lin kt cc module c nng lc
x l trong mng c pht trin nhiu trn c s JAIN (Java API Intergrated Network). Nhm
th ba c pht trin theo nhiu hng nh JAIN, 3GPP (3th Generation Ship Project, PARLAY
GROUP). Cc chun API hin vn ang c pht trin v chun hin ang c dng ph bin
l SQL API ca ANSI.
6.4.4. K hoch nh s trong chuyn mch mm
Vic nh a ch cng nh s thu bao v dch v trong NGN l hon ton linh hot bng
cch khai bo d liu kho s vo c s d liu ng ca my ch qun l a ch. C s d liu
ny c th cp nht, b sung hoc thay i bi nh qun tr mng, tuy nhin phi da cc tiu ch
chnh nh sau:
- Quy lut nh a ch tun theo khuyn ngh ca ITU-T (E164-E169).
- Quy hoch a ch cn k tha v gi c thi quen quay s ca ngi dng.
- Quy hoch a ch tn dng mt s cc m c bit dnh ring pht trin v sau vi
nhiu mc ch khc nhau.
124
- Vic quy hoch a ch trong NGN phi m bo khng trng lp vi cc di a ch ang
c s dng trong cc mng truyn thng kt ni n mng NGN.
6.4.5. nh gi cng ngh chuyn mch mm
Bng so snh cng ngh Softwwitch v chuyn mch knh.
Softswitch Tng i PSTN
Phng php chuyn mch Phn mm in t
Kin trc
Phn tn, theo cc chun
m
Ring bit ca tng
nh sn xut
Kh nng tch hp vi ng dng
ca nh cung cp khc
D dng Kh khn
Kh nng thay i mm do c Kh khn
Gi thnh
R, khong bng mt na
tng i in t
t
Kh nng nng cp Rt cao
Rt tt, tuy c hn ch
hn
Gi thnh ca cu hnh c bn
Thp, gi thnh thay i
gn nh tuyn tnh theo s
lng thu bao. Cu hnh
c bn c th s dng cho
mng doanh nghip
Rt cao, tng i
PSTN khng thch hp
cho mng doanh
nghip.
Truyn thng a phng tin C Rt hn ch
Hi ngh truyn hnh Tt hn C
Lu lng Thoi, fax, d liu, video...
Ch yu l thoi v
fax
Thit k cho di cuc gi Khng hn ch Ngn (ch vi pht)

Cng ngh chuyn mch mm c nhng u im ni bt so vi cc cng ngh truyn thng
nh sau:
- Cho php a ra gii php phn mm chung i vi vic x l cuc gi, c th p dng
trn nhiu loi mng khc nhau.
- n gin cu trc h thng v linh hot trong vic thay i tnh nng, cu hnh, m rng
pht trin v lin kt gia cc hng cng nh gia cc nh cung cp dch v.
- Cho php tch hp v pht trin cc phn mm thng minh ca cc nh cung cp dch v,
khai thc tim nng ca mng trong tng lai.
- D dng tch hp dch v mi t nh cung cp th ba ng thi cho php ngi s dng
c th t pht trin ng dng v dch v.
125
6.5. Mng hi t v mng th h sau NGN (Network Convergence and Next
Generation Network )
6.5.1. M u
Xu hng cng ngh truyn thng hin nay ang xa dn ranh gii gia cng ngh thng
tin v vin thng. Th gii ang bc vo k nguyn ca s hi t. Cc nh sn xut v cung cp
dch v khng ch quan tm n vic pht trin dch v m cn phi xy dng v cng c v ti
u ha h tng mng li trn c s hi t mng.
Mng hi t l s tch hp mt cch thng minh gia cc mng truyn thng, tch hp gia
c s h tng ca mng mi vi mng hin c. Ni c th, hi t mng l s hp nht hay tch
hp nhiu cng ngh, phng tin truy nhp v truyn thng, giao thc, ti nguyn d liu v ng
dng khc nhau trn mt c s h tng v qun l chung nhm to ra mt mng truyn thng mi,
cung cp ng thi nhiu loi hnh dch v vi cht lng cao, p ng c ng thi cc loi
hnh dch v khc nhau, mi nhu cu ca khch hng.
S hi t th hin nhiu kha cnh nh a cng ngh, a giao thc, a truy nhp, a
phng tin truyn thng, a dch v
Giao thc Internet (IP) c s dng ph bin lin kt cc mng khc nhau to nn
mng hi t vi xu hng trc mt l hi t gia mng thoi v mng s liu.
Mt trong nhng mng hi t tin tin ang c ng dng l mng th h sau (Next
Generation Network - NGN). tng v mng NGN c hnh thnh t cui nhng nm 90
ca th k trc v cho n nay NGN c trin khai rng khp cc nc pht trin v ang
pht trin, thay th dn cc mng truyn thng th h trc.
6.5.2. Tng quan v mng th h sau sau - NGN (Next Generation Network )
Mng th h sau NGN c xy dng theo cc nguyn tc sau:
- C kin trc m, phn lp, linh hot, d dng pht trin m rng
- C s h tng da trn cng ngh truyn ti bng rng, cng ngh chuyn mch gi
- C kh nng kim sot c cht lng dch v (QoS)
- p ng c ng thi v a dng cc loi hnh dch v, cho php thu bao truy nhp
mt cch linh hot n nhiu nh cung cp dch v khc nhau.
- Lp (chc nng) cung cp dch v c lp vi lp (cng ngh) truyn ti bn di.
- Tng thch v h tr cc mng v dch v hin c
NGN hi t nhng u im ca cng ngh chuyn mch knh v chuyn mch gi:
a. u im t chuyn mch knh:
- m bo thi gian thc
- Gim hin tng tht thot thng tin do nghn hay tr
- m bo cht lng dch v
b. u im t chuyn mch gi:
- Chia x v tn dng c ti nguyn mng
126
- Linh hot trong vic nh tuyn v iu khin lu lng
- Kch thc ti tin c th thay i
6.5.3. S bng n v nhu cu da dng ca cc loi hnh dch v
- Dch v bng hp (voice) - Dch v bng rng (video, truyn hnh)
- Dch v n phng tin (fax) - Dch v a phng tin (hi ngh truyn hnh)
- Dch v truyn thng theo thi gian thc (m thoi) - Dch v phi thi gian thc (truyn
s liu)
- Dch v truy cp ng dng ca nh cung cp dch v (MegaVNN) - Dch v thu c s h
tng (MegaWAN)
- Dch v n gin (gii p thng tin) - Dch v thng minh (truy xut c s d liu thng
tin t ng)
- Dch v tng tc 2 chiu (tr chi) - Dch v phn b mt chiu (qung b)
- Dch v cht lng thp (VoIP gi r 8Kb/s) - Dch v cht lng cao (VoIP 64kb/s)
Cc dch v bng rng yu cu tc v thi gian chim knh ln vt qu kh nng ca
mng hin ti.
6.5.4. M hnh phn lp v chc nng cc lp NGN
NGN l xu hng pht trin k thut mng hin i. Cc hng cung cp thit b khc nhau
c cc m hnh phn lp khc nhau. Tuy nhin, m hnh NGN chung phn chia lp dch v vi
lp truyn ti, gip cho cc nh cung cp dch v c th a vo cc dch v mi m khng cn
quan tm n vic kin trc lp truyn ti. Ni cch khc, lp dch v l c lp (trong sut) i
vi lp truyn ti.
C th phn lp chc nng NGN nh sau:
1. Lp truy nhp (Access): c chc nng kt ni gia mng NGN vi thit b u cui thu
bao hoc cc mng truyn thng khc.
2. Lp truyn ti (Transport): c chc nng nh tuyn, chuyn mch v chuyn tip gi tin
gia cc phn t mng.
3. Lp iu khin (Control): c chc nng
- iu khin kt ni v bo hiu cuc gi
- iu khin lu lng v cht lng dch v
- iu khin hot ng ca cc phn t thit b trong mng NGN.
4. Lp ng dng/dch v (Application/Service): c chc nng iu phi v cung cp cc
loi hnh dch v v ng dng trn mng NGN, cung cp mi trng kin to dch v mng thng
minh (Intelligent Network Service Creation Environment) v cc giao din m cho cc nh pht
trin dch v th ba.
5. Lp qun l (Management): c chc nng qun l mng theo m hnh TMN:
- Qun l kinh doanh, chm sc khch hng
- Qun l dch v
- Qun l kt ni, tnh cc
127
- Qun l ti nguyn v cht lng mng li
- Qun l phn t thit b
Kin trc phn lp mang li cho NGN cc u im sau:
- Chc nng chuyn mch vt l phn tn s gip gii quyt vn tc nghn
- Chc nng iu ph cuc gi tp trung s gip cho vic qun l thun li
- Giao din chun cho php s la chn linh hot cc phn t mng ca cc nh cung cp
khc nhau, pht huy im mnh ca tng nh cung cp
- S thay i hay nng cp cng ngh mt lp khng nh hng n ton mng.
- Cc nh cung cp dch v c th t do pht trin cc dch v mi m khng qu ph thuc
vo cc nh khai thc mng
6.5.5. Cu trc v cc thnh phn h thng NGN
Cc hng khc nhau a ra cc gii php khc nhau v cu trc NGN. Tuy nhin, nhn
chung cc thnh phn c bn ca h thng bao gm:
Cc h thng lp truy nhp gm nhiu chng loi thit b vi cng ngh khc nhau nh
POTS, VOIP, IP, FR, X25, ATM, xDSL cho php kt ni ti cc thit b u cui ca ngi
dng (Residential Gateway), kt ni ti mng truy nhp (Access Gateway) v cung cp giao din
kt ni v chuyn i dng thng tin gia NGN vi mng chuyn mch knh (Media gateway hay
Trunk Gateway).
Cc h thng lp chuyn ti bao gm b nh tuyn, chuyn mch IP/MPLS, thit b
truyn dn quang dung lng ln DWDM/SONET/SDH.
Cc h thng lp iu khin bao gm chuyn mch mm (SoftSwitch) l phn t iu
khin kt ni cuc gi (Call Agent) v iu khin cng a phng tin MGC (Media Gateway
Controller), thit b cng bo hiu SG (Signalling Gateway) cung cp giao din kt ni bo hiu
vi mng truyn thng vi cc giao thc bo hiu SS7, SMS, WAP...
Cc h thng lp dch v v ng dng bao gm cc thit b my ch ng dng: Media
Server (MS), Application Server (AS), Call Feature Server (FS), Man-machine Server, Subscriber
Database Server.
Cc h thng lp qun l bao gm cc thit b qun l cc, gim st s c, can thip
lnh, qun l cu hnh, ti nguyn, qun l cht lng mng.
6.5.6. Cc cng ngh nn tng trong NGN
Cng ngh truy nhp thu bao s xDSL (Digital Subscriber Line): L cng ngh iu ch
cung cp gii php truyn d liu v thoi trn ng dy cp ng m tn nhm tn dng c
di thng tn s ca cp ng. V bn cht, DSL l cng ngh thc hin Modem DSL chuyn
d liu thnh dng tn hiu s dung lng ln, tn s cao, ph rng. DSL bao gm nhiu phin
bn khc nhau nh ADSL c tc hai chiu khng i xng, HDSL, SHDSL, G.SHDSL (tc
hai chiu i xng)
Cng ngh truyn dn quang tc cao vi ghp knh phn chia bc sng mt cao
DWDM (Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing) theo phn cp ng b SONET/SDH
128
(Synchronous Optical Network/Synchronous Digital Hierachy). WDM cho php s dng rng
bng tn rt ln ca si quang bng cch kt hp mt s cc tn hiu ghp knh theo thi gian vi
bc sng khc nhau ng thi c th tn# dng c cc ca s khng gian, thi gian v di
bc sng. Cng ngh WDM cho php nng tc cc truyn dn ln 5 Gb/s, 10 Gb/s v 20 Gb/s.
Phng thc truyn thng khng ng b ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode): Thng tin
ca mt ng dng khng nht thit phi xut hin mt cch tun hon v ng b. ATM s dng
cc t bo c di c nh 53 byte, khng nh v theo xung ng b v thay i theo nhu cu
truyn tin. ATM cho php chuyn ti lu lng cho nhiu loi dch v vi tc khc nhau. Hin
nay, xu hng kt hp cng ngh ATM vi DSL mang li mt gii php hiu qu cho dch v
truy nhp bng rng.
Cc c trng chnh ca ATM nh sau:
- H tr a dch v, a tc
- m bo QoS
- Qun l bng tn
- Kt ni hng lin kt.
- Tc chuyn gi cao, gim tr gi tin
nh tuyn v chuyn mch gi tin IP (Internet Protocol): C cc c trng c bn sau: Qui
hoch a ch ton cc: Mi mt giao din mng c gn mt a ch duy nht. Tn dng nng
lc truyn ti a (Best Effort): IP c gng ti a chuyn cc gi tin, tuy nhin n khng c cam
kt v cht lng dch v (QoS) nh t l thnh cng hay thi gian cn a gi tin n ch.
Vi phin bn IPv6, mt s tnh nng mi c h tr nh phng php nh a ch linh hot,
khng gian a ch ln. C ch bo mt cao. H tr a phng tin. H tr cht lng dch v
QoS v c kh nng t cu hnh
Chuyn mch nhn a giao thc MPLS (Multiprotocol Label Switching) tr thnh cng
ngh nn tng trong lp chuyn ti ca NGN.
Cng ngh chuyn mch mm (Softswitch):l cng ngh ct li trong lp iu khin NGN.
Phn t h thng trung tm s dng cng ngh ny chnh l MGC (Media Gateway Controller).
Ngoi ra, cng c lp trnh theo module giao din chng trnh ng dng API (Application
Program Interface) cng c ng dng nhiu cc lp ng dng/dch v v qun l cng nh
lin kt gia chng vi lp iu khin trong NGN. C th xem API nh mt cng ngh phn mm
nn tng trong Softswitch ni ring v NGN ni chung.
Tm li xu hng hin nay ca cng ngh nn tng theo phn lp NGN nh sau:
- IP/ATM/DSL: cng ngh nn tng trong lp truy nhp
- IP/MPLS/SDH/WDM/Optical: cng ngh nn tng trong lp truyn ti
- IP/Ehernet (FE,GE) + Softswitch: cng ngh nn tng trong lp iu khin
- IP/FE + API: cng ngh nn tng trong lp ng dng/dch v v qun
- SCTP chuyn ti theo hng bn ghi, khng nh TCP hng byte, ng thi cho php
nhiu lung d liu logic c ghp knh truyn qua mt kt ni. SCTP m bo truyn tin
cy theo c ch khc vi TCP bng cch thit lp nhiu kt ni.
129
6.5.7. M hnh NGN v cc gii php thit k ca mt s hng
Trn c s m hnh chung NGN, cc hng vin thng khc nhau c cc gii php thit k
theo nhiu chun khc nhau. Trong , mt s gii php th hin tnh kh thi, r rng, p ng
c mc tiu t ra chung nht ca cc m hnh, c nhiu tng mi v ph hp vi c s h
tng mng hin ti, ng thi m bo xu hng pht trin chung ca cng ngh nh: gii php
SURPASS ca SIEMENS, Alcatel 1000 SoftSwitch ca ALCATEL, ENGINE ca ERICSSON
c bit, m hnh ca SIEMENS c nhiu im tng ng vi m hnh NGN ca t chc MSF
(MultiService Switching Forum).
* ALCATEL a ra gii php tng th gm cc bc pht trin t mng vin thng hin ti
tin ti mng NGN nh sau :
1. Duy tr mng PSTN v hi t vi mng s liu.
2. Pht trin thoi trn cng ngh gi i vi cc dch v ng di.
3. Pht trin thoi trn cng ngh gi i vi cc dch v truy nhp ni ht.
4. Pht trin cc dch v a phng tin
5. Pht trin mng NGN hon chnh
* ERICSSON: Ericsson gii thiu gii php mng th h mi c tn gi l ENGINE. Cu
trc ENGINE hng ti cc ng dng v hot ng theo c ch Client/Server v Gateway/Server.
Cc ng dng gm c hai phn: phn Client trn my u cui v phn Server chy trn my ch.
Hai phn giao tip vi nhau qua cc giao din m.
* NORTEL: Mc tiu chnh ca Nortel l hon thin mng li, m bo hp nht cc mng
thoi v s liu c th cung cp cc dch v IP, ATM bng cch a ra gii php mng li
IP/MPLS bao gm b nh tuyn v chuyn mch MPLS c giao din quang. H thng chuyn
mch trn c s kt hp ATM v IP/MPLS c kh nng cung cp a dch v cho thu bao vi
dung lng 40 Gbit/s v c kh nng m rng ln ti 19,2 Terabit/s.
* JUNIPER: Gii thiu m hnh NGN gm cc thnh phn: POS (Paket over Synchnonization
Network). B-RAS (Broadband Remote access Server) v NAS (Narrow Access Server).
* CISCO: DS-1,T1: Digital Signal Level 1, CPE: Customer Premise Equipment, PBX:
Private Exchange, SS7: Signalling system no.7, MGCP: Media Gateway Control Protocol.
* LUCENT: Lucent a ra gii php NGN tp trung ch yu vo hai lp:
1. Lp li ATM/IP v cng ngh truyn dn quang tin tin DWDM
2. Lp phn phi dch v
* NEC a ra gii php chuyn mch tch hp IP/ATM/STM vi cc cng a nng.
* SIEMENS a ra gii php kh thi v kh hon chnh v cu trc mng NGN, p ng
c phn ln cc mc tiu t ra m hnh NGN. Gii php NGN ca SIEMENS c tn gi l
SURPASS. Theo quan im ca SIEMENS, NGN c cu trc phn tn, v vy c kh nng iu
khin chuyn mch NGN, c ch truy nhp, c ch truyn ti, c ch qun l mng, c ch iu
khin da trn h thng my ch tp trung, c ch truy nhp a dch v, c ch truyn ti trn
IP/MPLS v giao din quang, c ch iu khin s dng giao thc SNMP (Simple Network
Management Protocol) trn nn JAVA/CORBA, vi giao din HTTP to giao din WEB vi
ngi s dng.
130
Nhn xt:
- Qua cc gii php thit k ca cc hng, nhn chung chc nng truyn dn v chuyn
mch c tch hp chung trong lp chuyn ti hay lp li. Nh vy thit b truyn dn v chuyn
mch c xem nh cng c thc hin chc nng chuyn ti lu lng. Mt s hng gp chung
lp truy nhp vi lp chuyn ti.
- Cc hng ch n chc nng iu khin v qun l. Tnh phc hp giao thc lp ny
i hi kh nng tng thch cao gia cc chng loi thit b.
- Chc nng qun l c xu hng tp trung cao v xuyn sut qua cc lp khc nhau trong
cu trc mng li.
- Vai tr ca cc thit b iu khin, thit b quang v thit b truy nhp v cc giao thc
chuyn gi nh IP ng vi tr quan trng trong vic hnh thnh mng NGN.
- NGN c th xem nh mng th h k tip, khng phi l mng hon ton mi, v vy cc
hng u cn nhc n kha cnh tng thch vi mng v chng loi thit b hin c.
- Mi gii php u c nhng u im v hn ch nht nh. Vic la chn gii php ti u cn
phi cn c trn nhiu tiu ch v cn nhc v gia cc yu cu v mc tiu c th mu thun nhau.
6.5.8. Mt s dch v NGN
Dch v thoi truyn thng s chuyn dn sang VoIP v c tch hp trong cc dch v
mi khc. Cc dch v truyn s liu s c thay th bi cc dch v mng ring o VPN. Dch
v ISDN s c thay th bng cc dch v MMA trn nn NGN. Dch v truy cp Internet bng
hp chuyn sang truy cp bng rng DSL. Cc dch v trn nn WEB v dch v thng minh s
c tng cng pht trin trn c s giao din phn mm m, hng n nh cung cp dch v
th ba v khch hng.
- Dch v th tr trc 1719cho php s dng ti khon th thc hin cuc gi ni ht, lin
vng v quc t. Khch hng cng c th gn mt ti khon tr trc cho mt s in thoi c
nh. u im ni bt ca dch v 1719 l kh nng cung cp dch v vi nhiu cp cht lng
dch v trn cng mt h tng mng. Khch hng c th la chn cht lng cao nh PSTN
64kb/s hoc gi r nh VoIP 8kb/s
- Dch v gi min cc 1800 (Freephone) cho php thc hin cuc gi min cc n
nhiu ch khc nhau thng qua mt s truy nhp thng nht. Khi thu bao quay s Freephone, s
Freephone s c chuyn thnh mt s ch tng ng ti chuyn mch mm v cuc gi s
c thit lp n ch tng ng. ch tng ng c la chn trn c s vng ca thu bao
ch gi, m s dch v v thi im gi trong ngy.
- Cc dch v a phng tin MMA l dch v cho php thc hin cuc gi a phng tin
tch hp nh thoi, s liu, hnh nh ng thi. Mt s dch v MMA ang c trin khai nh:
hi ngh truyn hnh, o to t xa, y t, truyn bn tin video tng tc..
- Cc dch v thng minh: Mt s dch v thng minh c pht trin trn nn NGN nh:
chuyn i ngn ng, game trc tuyn, truy vn c s d liu, video theo yu cu V d 1900 l
dch v gii tr, t vn c ni dung ph thuc vo cc phn mm ng dng c xy dng trn
cc my ch ca nh cung cp dch v.
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- Dch v WEB trn NGN c kh nng cung cp nhiu loi hnh dch v WEBk hc nhau.
Mt trong cc dch v thng dng ang c trin khai l WEB DIAL PAGE cho php thc hin
cuc gi t trang WEB, WEB CONFERENCE: in thoi hi ngh qua WEB.
Dch v truy nhp Internet tc cao cung cp kt ni Internet bng rng vi cng ngh
truy nhp DSL, c cc cam kt (SLA) nh v tc , bng thng Dch v ny cho php kt ni
my n hoc mng my tnh vi phng thc cp a ch IP tnh hoc ng ty theo nhu cu.
- Dch v mng ring o VPN cung cp kt ni mng LAN/WAN ring cho khch hng trn
nn h tng mng cng cng NGN IP/MPLS, c h tr an ninh mng v tha thun v cp dch
v SLA (Service Layer Agreement). Dch v cung cp cho khch hng cc ti nguyn mng, cc
ng dng trong VPN l do khch hng t xy dng.
VPN trn nn NGN c nhiu u im so vi cc mng my tnh khc, c kh nng m bo
cht lng dch vQoS, kh nng cung cp cc kt ni linh hot c th thay i cu hnh d dng,
s dng ti nguyn mng mt cch hiu qu., kh nng m rng dch v ton cu v khng hn
ch bng thng kt ni.
6.5.9. NGN trong mng vin thng Vit nam
NGN cng c trin khai Vit Nam t nm 2004 theo gii php kt hp: SIEMENS
cho lp iu khin, JUNIPER cho lp chuyn ti, ALCATEL cho lp truy nhp. Trong tng lai,
NGN s c pht trin m rng trn a bn c nc. Tn dng nng lc ca mng hin c, vic
chuyn t mng vin thng hin ti ln mng th h sau NGN phi tri qua nhiu giai on. tng
bc, vn phi duy tr hot ng ca cc mng truyn thng. ng thi mng ng trc VNPT
s c u t cc cng ngh trong NGN. Cc mng truyn thng khc nh di ng v ni ht s
kt ni vi NGN qua thit b cng chuyn i. Trong tng lai, cc mng ny cng s c thay
th hon ton bi cng ngh NGN.
Chc nng cc lp NGN trong mng vin thng Vit Nam:
- Lp qun l: s hnh thnh h thng qun l mng vin thng tp trung theo m hnh
TNM (Telecom Network Management).
- Lp ng dng v dch v mng: trang b cc server dich v ti hai im nt H Ni v TP
H Ch Minh, cung cp cc dch v mi trn nn NGN nh dch v gii tr, truy nhp c s d
liu thng tin t ng, in thoi th gi r, in thoi min cc ng di, cuc gi hi ngh,
cc dch v trn c s WEB, truy nhp Internet bng rng qua NGN, cho thu c s h tng mng
di hnh thc mng ring o (VPN) c thng hiu l MegaWAN
- Lp iu khin: T chc 5 nt iu khin (chuyn mch mm) ng vi 5 vng lu lng
theo m hnh hai mt ngha l c d phng 1+1
- Lp truyn ti: Lp truyn ti NGN da trn cng ngh IP/MPLS/SDH/WDM/truyn dn
quang. Lp truyn ti c t chc thnh hai cp: cp ng trc quc gia v cp vng. Mng
truyn dn quang ng trc quc gia t n dung lng 20Gb/s.
- Lp truy nhp: Ti mi vng u c trang b cc thit b truy nhp cho lu lng VoiP
qua h thng MG v lu lng truy nhp internet v mng ring o qua h thng DSLAM vi
cng ngh ADSL v SHDSL.
132
Cu hi trc nghim:
1. Hy chn cu ng nht v DSL:
A. Cng ngh DSL cho php tn dng min tn s cao truyn tn hiu tc cao trn
i dy cp ng thng thng.
B. Cng ngh DSL bin i tn hiu ca ngi s dng thnh cc tn hiu ph hp vi
ng truyn.
C. K thut DSL cho php truyn ch song cng i xng v bt i xng.
2. H cng ngh DSL gm:
A. IDSL
B. HDSL
C. VDSL
D. ADSL
E. ROUTER
3. Cc phng php m ha ng truyn
A. Phng php iu ch bin v pha trit sng mang CAP
B. Phng php a m tn ri rc DMT
C. C hai phng php.
4. Nhiu trong k thut DSL:
D. Nhiu xuyn m u gn NEXT (Near - end Crosstalk)
E. Nhiu xuyn m u xa FEXT (Far - end- Crosstalk)
F. C hai phng php.
5. Cc phng php chng nhiu trong k thut DSL:
A. Chng xuyn nhiu
B. Phng php trit ting vng (EC)
C. C hai phng php.
6. Cc m hnh kt ni ADSL
A. M hnh PPPoA (Point to Point over ATM)
B. M hnh PPPoE (Point to Point over Ethernet) RFC 2516
C. M hnh IP over ATM (RFC 1483R)
D. M hnh Ethernet over ATM (RFC 1483B)
7. Cng ngh truyn thoi qua mng chuyn mch gi:
A. Ti pha pht, tn hiu thoi c m ha bng cc b CODEC (Coder-Decoder). B
x l tn hiu s DSP (Digital Signal Processing) s nn cc gi d liu/. VAD
(Voice Activity Detection) loi b cc khong lng
B. Ti bn thu, ngc li, DSP s gii nn cc gi tin, CODEC gii m cc gi tin
thnh tn hiu m thanh tng t. Cc khong lng c ti to pht thng tin
thoi cho ngi nghe.
C. C hai phng php.
133
8. Cc u im ca truyn thoi qua mng chuyn mch gi
A. Tit kim chi ph u t h tng mng v chi ph s dng dch v
B. S dng hiu qu bng thng vi cht lng dch v QoS chp nhn c.
C. Kt hp cc dch v thoi, s liu, video trn mt mng duy nht
9. Cc vn v cht lng dch v QoS
A. Tr (Delay)
B. Trt (Jitter)
C. Mt gi (Packet Loss)
10. Cc m hnh truyn thoi qua mng chuyn mch gi
A. Voice over Frame Relay - VoFR
B. Voice over ATM - VoATM
C. Voice over Internet Protocol - VoIP
11. Cu trc mng MPLS gm :
A. B nh tuyn bin LER gi l b nh tuyn PE
B. B nh tuyn li LSR c gi l b nh tuyn P
C. C hai phng php.
12. u im ca cng ngh MPLS:
A. Cng ngh MPLS n gin, c th gii quyt cc vn phc tp v kh nng m
rng mng.
B. C th thay th cng ngh Frame Relay, ATM.
C. MPLS hi t nhng u im ca c ch nh tuyn IP v c ch hon i nhn ca ATM
D. Gim thiu thi gian x l gi tin, khng thay i cc giao thc nh tuyn IP.
E. Nhn MPLS n gin, kch thc nh v linh hot. C th xp ni tip nhn thnh
chng nhn. Rt tin li cho vic nh a ch v truy tm.
13. Hn ch ca MPLS:
A. MPLS khng cung cp dch v u cui (End-Point)
B. MPLS b li ng truyn cao hn cc cng ngh khc, gim i tin cy.
C. C 2 khng nh.
14. Cc c trng c bn ca cng ngh chuyn mch mm nh sau:
A. Da trn cng ngh chuyn mch gi, thit k theo m hnh x l phn tn
B. Giao din m API
C. Phn mm khng ph thuc vo phn cng chuyn mch
D. C kh nng lp trnh c c lp.
E. Tch hp v lin kt cc giao thc khc nhau trong mng NGN v gia NGN vi
mng truyn thng (PSTN, ATM&IP).
15. API trong Softswitch gm:
A. API lin kt cc ngun ti nguyn mng.
B. API lin kt cc module c nng lc x l trong mng
C. API lin kt NGN vi mi trng ngoi
134
16. Cng ngh chuyn mch mm c nhng u im:
A. Gii php phn mm chung trn nhiu loi mng khc nhau.
B. n gin cu trc h thng v linh hot khi thay i tnh nng, cu hnh, m rng
pht trin.
C. Tch hp v pht trin cc phn mm thng minh, khai thc tim nng ca mng
trong tng lai.
D. D dng tch hp dch v mi t nh cung cp th ba ng thi cho php ngi s
dng c th t pht trin ng dng v dch v.
Cu hi v bi tp
1. Tng quan v IDSL (ISDN DSL):
2. Tng quan v HDSL (High Data Rate DSL):
3. Tng quan v VDSL (Very High Data Rate DSL):
4. Tng quan v ADSL (Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line)
5. Tng quan v ADSL2 v ADSL2+
6. Cc vn c bn cng ngh DSL trn mng cp ng
7. Cc phng php m ha ng truyn
8. K thut pht hin li v sa li
9. Nhiu xuyn m u xa FEXT (Far - end Crosstalk)
10. Nhiu xuyn m u gn
11. Chng xuyn nhiu
12. Phng php trit ting vng (EC)
13. M hnh PPPoA (Point to Point over ATM)
14. M hnh PPPoE (Point to Point over Ethernet) RFC 2516
15. M hnh IP over ATM (RFC 1483R)
16. M hnh Ethernet over ATM (RFC 1483B)
17. Truyn thoi qua mng chuyn mch gi VoPN (Voice over Packet Network)
18. M hnh truyn thoi qua mng chuyn mch gi
19. u im ca truyn thoi qua mng chuyn mch gi
20. Cc vn v cht lng dch v QoS: Tr , Trt v mt gi
21. Voice over Frame Relay VoFR
22. Voice over ATM - VoATM
23. Voice over Internet Protocol - VoIP
24. Cc thnh phn ch yu ca VoIP: Internet Protocol IP: Cc chun nn tn hiu thoi
25. H.320, H.324 v POTS (Plain Old Telephone Service)
26. Vai tr, chc nng v cc thnh phn giao thc H.323
27. Giao thc SIP (Session Initial Protocol)
28. Real-time Transport Protocol RTP
135
29. Real-time Transport Control Protocol RTCP:
30. Resource Reservation Protocol RSVP
31. Giao thc MGCP (Media Gateway Control Protocol)
32. Giao thc Megaco/H.248
33. Kin trc v nguyn tc hot ng MPLS
34. Cu trc mng MPLS
35. Nguyn tc chuyn mch nhn MPLS
36. C ch phn phi nhn. C ch x l nhn v chuyn gi tin
37. C ch iu khin lu lng v cht lng dch v trong MPLS
38. nh gi cng ngh chuyn mch nhn a giao thc MPLS:
39. So snh MPLS vi ATM. So snh MPLS so vi IP
40. Hn ch ca MPLS:
41. Cu trc v nguyn tc chuyn mch mm
42. MEGACO/H.248/MGCP
43. RTP/RTCP/RTSP: Real Time Protocol/ Real Time Control Protocol-Real Time Streaming
Protocol:
44. SCTP (Stream Control Transport Protocol) hay SIGTRAN (Signalling Transport)
45. SIP (Session Initiation Protocol)/H.323
46. Giao din ng dng API trong chuyn mch mm
47. Cc phng thc chia s d liu qua API:
48. Phn lp cc API trong Softswitch
49. K hoch nh s trong chuyn mch mm
50. nh gi cng ngh chuyn mch mm
51. So snh cng ngh Softwwitch v chuyn mch knh.
52. Cng ngh chuyn mch mm c nhng u im ni bt so vi cc cng ngh truyn thng khc.
53. Mng hi t v mng th h sau NGN
54. Cc nguyn tc xy dng mng th h sau NGN
55. NGN hi t nhng u im ca cng ngh chuyn mch knh v chuyn mch gi
56. M hnh phn lp v chc nng cc lp NGN
57. Vai tr v chc nng Lp truy nhp (Access)
58. Vai tr v chc nng Lp truyn ti (Transport)
59. Vai tr v chc nng Lp ng dng/dch v (Application/Service)
60. Vai tr v chc nng Lp qun l (Management)
61. Dch v th tr trc 1719, Dch v gi min cc 1800 (Freephone), Cc dch v a
phng tin MMA, Cc dch v thng minh, Dch v WEB trn NGN, Dch v truy nhp
Internet tc cao, Dch v mng ring o VPN,
62. NGN trong mng vin thng Vit Nam
136
Chng 7: An ton mng
CHNG 7: AN TON MNG
Ni dung ca chng ny s trnh by nhng vn c bn v an ton mng bao gm cc
c trng k thut, cc l hng v im yu ca mng. Nghin cu cc phng thc tn cng
mng ph bin, cc bin php an ton mng bng k thut mt m v Fire wall. c bit ni dung
nghin cu mng ring o v vn bo mt trong mng ring o, cc giao thc c trng IPSEC,
PPP, L2TP. Ni dung chng gm cc phn sau:
Tng quan v an ninh mng.
Mt s kiu tn cng mng ph bin.
Bin php m bo an ninh mng
Mng ring o
7.1. Tng quan v an ninh mng
7.1.1. An ton mng l g?
Mc tiu ca vic kt ni mng l nhiu ngi s dng, t nhng v tr a l khc nhau
c th s dng chung ti nguyn, trao i thng tin vi nhau. Do c im nhiu ngi s dng
li phn tn v mt vt l nn vic bo v cc ti nguyn thng tin trn mng, trnh s mt mt,
xm phm l cn thit v cp bch. An ton mng c th hiu l cch bo v, m bo an ton cho
tt c cc thnh phn mng bao gm d liu, thit b, c s h tng mng v m bo mi ti
nguyn mng c s dng tng ng vi mt chnh sch hot ng c n nh v vi ch
nhng ngi c thm quyn tng ng.
An ton mng bao gm:
Xc nh chnh xc cc kh nng, nguy c xm phm mng, cc s c ri ro i vi thit b,
d liu trn mng c cc gii php ph hp m bo an ton mng.
nh gi nguy c tn cng ca Hacker n mng, s pht tn virus... Phi nhn thy an ton
mng l mt trong nhng vn cc k quan trng trong cc hot ng, giao dch in t v
trong vic khai thc s dng cc ti nguyn mng.
Mt thch thc i vi an ton mng l xc nh chnh xc cp an ton cn thit cho vic
iu khin h thng v cc thnh phn mng. nh gi cc nguy c, cc l hng khin mng c
th b xm phm thng qua cch tip cn c cu trc. Xc nh nhng nguy c n cp, ph hoi
my tnh, thit b, nguy c virus, b gin ip.., nguy c xo, ph hoi CSDL, n cp mt khu,...
nguy c i vi s hot ng ca h thng nh nghn mng, nhiu in t...Khi nh gi c
ht nhng nguy c nh hng ti an ninh mng th mi c th c c nhng bin php tt nht
m bo an ninh mng.
S dng hiu qu cc cng c bo mt (v d nh Firewall ...) v nhng bin php, chnh sch
c th cht ch.
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Chng 7: An ton mng
V bn cht c th phn loi cc vi phm thnh hai loi vi phm th ng v vi phm ch
ng. Th ng v ch ng c hiu theo ngha c can thip vo ni dung v lung thng tin c
b tro i hay khng. Vi phm th ng ch nhm mc ch nm bt c thng tin. Vi phm ch
ng l thc hin s bin i, xo b hoc thm thng tin ngoi lai lm sai lch thng tin gc
nhm mc ch ph hoi. Cc hnh ng vi phm th ng thng kh c th pht hin nhng c
th ngn chn hiu qu. Tri li vi phm ch ng rt d pht hin nhng li kh ngn chn.
7.1.2. Cc c trng k thut ca an ton mng
1. Xc thc (Authentification): Kim tra tnh xc thc ca mt thc th giao tip trn
mng. Mt thc th c th l mt ngi s dng, mt chng trnh my tnh, hoc mt thit b
phn cng. Cc hot ng kim tra tnh xc thc c nh gi l quan trng nht trong cc hot
ng ca mt phng thc bo mt. Mt h thng thng thng phi thc hin kim tra tnh xc
thc ca mt thc th trc khi thc th thc hin kt ni vi h thng. C ch kim tra tnh
xc thc ca cc phng thc bo mt da vo 3 m hnh chnh sau:
i tng cn kim tra cn phi cung cp nhng thng tin trc, v d nh
Password, hoc m s thng s c nhn PIN (Personal Information Number).
Kim tra da vo m hnh nhng thng tin c, i tng kim tra cn phi th
hin nhng thng tin m chng s hu, v d nh Private Key, hoc s th tn dng.
Kim tra da vo m hnh nhng thng tin xc nh tnh duy nht, i tng kim
tra cn phi c nhng thng tin nh danh tnh duy nht ca mnh v d nh
thng qua ging ni, du vn tay, ch k ...
C th phn loi bo mt trn VPN theo cc cch sau: mt khu truyn thng hay mt khu
mt ln; xc thc thng qua cc giao thc (PAP, CHAP, RADIUS) hay phn cng (cc loi th
card: smart card, token card, PC card), nhn din sinh trc hc (du vn tay, ging ni, qut vng
mc...).
2. Tnh kh dng (Availability): Tnh kh dng l c tnh m thng tin trn mng c
cc thc th hp php tip cn v s dng theo yu cu, khi cn thit bt c khi no, trong hon
cnh no. Tnh kh dng ni chung dng t l gia thi gian h thng c s dng bnh thng
vi thi gian qu trnh hot ng nh gi. Tnh kh dng cn p ng nhng yu cu sau:
Nhn bit v phn bit thc th, khng ch tip cn (bao gm c vic khng ch t tip cn v
khng ch tip cn cng bc), khng ch lu lng (chng tc nghn..), khng ch chn ng
(cho php chn ng nhnh, mch ni n nh, tin cy), gim st tung tch (tt c cc s kin
pht sinh trong h thng c lu gi phn tch nguyn nhn, kp thi dng cc bin php
tng ng).
3. Tnh bo mt (Confidentialy): Tnh bo mt l c tnh tin tc khng b tit l cho cc
thc th hay qu trnh khng c u quyn bit hoc khng cho cc i tng li dng.
Thng tin ch cho php thc th c u quyn s dng. K thut bo mt thng l phng nga
d la thu thp (lm cho i th khng th d la thu thp c thng tin), phng nga bc x
(phng nga nhng tin tc b bc x ra ngoi bng nhiu ng khc nhau, tng cng bo mt
thng tin (di s khng ch ca kho mt m), bo mt vt l (s dng cc phng php vt l
m bo tin tc khng b tit l).

138
Chng 7: An ton mng
4. Tnh ton vn (Integrity): L c tnh khi thng tin trn mng cha c u quyn th
khng th tin hnh bin i c, tc l thng tin trn mng khi ang lu gi hoc trong qu
trnh truyn dn m bo khng b xo b, sa i, gi mo, lm ri lon trt t, pht li, xen vo
mt cch ngu nhin hoc c v nhng s ph hoi khc. Nhng nhn t ch yu nh hng ti
s ton vn thng tin trn mng gm: s c thit b, sai m, b tc ng ca con ngi, virus my
tnh
Mt s phng php bo m tnh ton vn thng tin trn mng:
- Giao thc an ton c th kim tra thng tin b sao chp, sa i hay sao chp. Nu pht
hin th thng tin s b v hiu ho.
- Phng php pht hin sai v sa sai. Phng php sa sai m ho n gin nht v
thng dng l php kim tra chn - l.
- Bin php kim tra mt m ngn nga hnh vi xuyn tc v cn tr truyn tin.
- Ch k in t: bo m tnh xc thc ca thng tin.
- Yu cu c quan qun l hoc trung gian chng minh tnh chn thc ca thng tin.
5. Tnh khng ch (Accountlability): L c tnh v nng lc khng ch truyn b v ni
dung vn c ca tin tc trn mng.
6. Tnh khng th chi ci (Nonreputation): Trong qu trnh giao lu tin tc trn mng,
xc nhn tnh chn thc ng nht ca nhng thc th tham gia, tc l tt c cc thc th tham gia
khng th chi b hoc ph nhn nhng thao tc v cam kt c thc hin.
7.1.3. Cc l hng v im yu ca mng
1. Cc l hng bo mt h thng l cc im yu c th to ra s ngng tr ca dch v,
thm quyn i vi ngi s dng hoc cho php cc truy nhp khng hp php vo h thng.
Cc l hng tn ti trong cc dch v nh Sendmail, Web,Ftp ... v trong h iu hnh mng nh
trong Windows NT, Windows 95, UNIX; hoc trong cc ng dng. Cc loi l hng bo mt trn
mt h thng c chia nh sau:
L hng loi C: cho php thc hin cc phng thc tn cng theo kiu t chi dch v
DoS (Dinal of Services). Mc nguy him thp, ch nh hng cht lng dch v, c th lm
ngng tr, gin on h thng, khng ph hng d liu hoc chim quyn truy nhp.
L hng loi B: cho php ngi s dng c thm cc quyn trn h thng m khng cn
thc hin kim tra tnh hp l. Mc nguy him trung bnh, nhng l hng ny thng c trong
cc ng dng trn h thng, c th dn n hoc l thng tin yu cu bo mt.
L hng loi A: Cc l hng ny cho php ngi s dng ngoi cho th truy nhp vo h
thng bt hp php. L hng rt nguy him, c th lm ph hy ton b h thng.
2. Cc phng thc tn cng mng: K ph hoi c th li dng nhng l hng trn
to ra nhng l hng khc to thnh mt chui nhng l hng mi. xm nhp vo h thng, k
ph hoi s tm ra cc l hng trn h thng, hoc t cc chnh sch bo mt, hoc s dng cc
cng c d xt (nh SATAN, ISS) t c quyn truy nhp. Sau khi xm nhp, k ph hoi
c th tip tc tm hiu cc dch v trn h thng, nm bt c cc im yu v thc hin cc
hnh ng ph hoi tinh vi hn.
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Chng 7: An ton mng
7.1.4. Cc bin php pht hin h thng b tn cng
Khng c mt h thng no c th m bo an ton tuyt i, mi mt dch v u c
nhng l hng bo mt tim tng. Ngi qun tr h thng khng nhng nghin cu, xc nh cc
l hng bo mt m cn phi thc hin cc bin php kim tra h thng c du hiu tn cng hay
khng. Mt s bin c th:
1. Kim tra cc du hiu h thng b tn cng: H thng thng b treo hoc b Crash bng
nhng thng bo li khng r rng. Kh xc nh nguyn nhn do thiu thng tin lin quan.
Trc tin, xc nh cc nguyn nhn c phi phn cng hay khng, nu khng phi hy ngh n
kh nng my b tn cng.
2. Kim tra cc ti khon ngi dng mi l, nht l ID ca ti khon bng khng.
3. Kim tra s xut hin cc tp tin l. Ngi qun tr h thng nn c thi quen t tn tp
theo mu nht nh d dng pht hin tp tin l. Dng cc lnh Ls-l kim tra thuc tnh
Setuid v Setgid i vi nhng tp tinh ng ch , c bit l cc tp tin Scripts.
4. Kim tra thi gian thay i trn h thng, c bit l cc chng trnh Login, Sh hoc cc
Scripts khi ng ...
5. Kim tra hiu nng ca h thng: S dng cc tin ch theo di ti nguyn v cc tin
trnh ang hot ng trn h thng nh Ps hoc Top ...
6. Kim tra hot ng ca cc dch v h thng cung cp: Mt trong cc mc ch tn cng
l lm cho t lit h thng (hnh thc tn cng DoS). S dng cc lnh nh Ps, Pstat, cc tin ch
v mng pht hin nguyn nhn trn h thng.
7. Kim tra truy nhp h thng bng cc Account thng thng, phng trng hp cc
ccount ny b truy nhp tri php v thay i quyn hn m ngi s dng hp php khng
kim sot c.
9. Kim tra cc file lin quan n cu hnh mng v dch v nh /etc/inetd.conf; b cc dch
v khng cn thit; i vi nhng dch v khng cn thit chy di quyn Root th khng chy
bng cc quyn yu hn; v d Fingerd ch chy vi quyn Nobody.
10. Kim tra cc phin bn ca Sendmail, /bin/mail, ftp, fingerd; tham gia cc nhm tin v
bo mt c thng tin v l hng ca dch v s dng
Cc bin php ny kt hp vi nhau to nn mt chnh sch v bo mt i vi h thng.
Chi tit v phng thc v k hoch xy dng mt chnh sch bo mt s c trnh by trong
phn ba - xy dng chnh sch bo mt.
7.2. Mt s phng thc tn cng mng ph bin
7.2.1. Scanner
K ph hot s dng chng trnh Scanner t ng r sot v c th pht hin ra nhng
im yu l hng v bo mt trn mt Server xa Scanner l mt chng trnh trn mt trm lm
vic ti cc b hoc trn mt trm xa.
Cc chng trnh Scanner c th r sot v pht hin cc s hiu cng (Port) s dng trong
giao thc TCP/UDP ca tng vn chuyn v pht hin nhng dch v s dng trn h thng , n

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Chng 7: An ton mng
ghi li nhng p ng (Response) ca h thng xa tng ng vi cc dch v m n pht hin
ra. Da vo nhng thng tin ny, nhng k tn cng c th tim ra nhng im yu trn h thng.
Chng trnh Scanner c th hot ng c trong mi trng TCP/IP, h iu hnh UNIX, v
cc my tnh tng thch IBM, hoc dng my Macintosh.
Cc chng trnh Scanner cung cp thng tin v kh nng bo mt yu km ca mt h
thng mng. Nhng thng tin ny l ht sc hu ch v cn thit i vi ngi qun tr mng,
nhng ht sc nguy him khi nhng k ph hoi c thng tin ny.
7.2.2. B kho (Password Cracker)
Chng trinh b kho Password l chng trnh c kh nng gii m mt mt khu c
m ho hoc c th v hiu ho chc nng bo v mt khu ca mt h thng. Hu ht vic m
ho cc mt khu c to ra t mt phng thc m ho. Cc chng trnh m ho s dng cc
thut ton m ho m ho mt khu.C th thay th ph kho trn mt h thng phn tn, n
gin hn so vi vic ph kho trn mt Server cc b.
Mt danh sch cc t c to ra v thc hin m ho tng t. Sau mi ln m ho, s so
snh vi mt khu (Password) m ho cn ph. Nu khng trng hp, qu trnh li quay li.
Phng thc b kho ny gi l Bruce-Force. Phng php ny tuy khng chun tc nhng thc
hin nhanh v da vo nguyn tc khi t mt khu ngi s dng cng thng tun theo mt s
qui tc thun tin khi s dng.
Thng thng cc chng trnh ph kho thng kt hp mt s thng tin khc trong qu
trnh d mt khu nh: thng tin trong tp tin /etc/passwd, t in v s dng cc t lp cc t lit
k tun t, chuyn i cch pht m ca mt t ...
Bin php khc phc l cn xy dng mt chnh sch bo v mt khu ng n.
7.2.3. Trojans
Mt chng trnh Trojan chy khng hp l trn mt h thng vi vai tr nh mt chng
trnh hp php. N thc hin cc chc nng khng hp php. Thng thng, Trojans c th chy
c l do cc chng trnh hp php b thay i m bng nhng m bt hp php. Virus l
mt loi in hnh ca cc chng trnh Trojans, v cc chng trnh virus che du cc on m
trong nhng chng trnh s dng hp php. Khi chng trnh hot ng th nhng on m n s
thc hin mt s chc nng m ngi s dng khng bit.
Trojan c nhiu loi khc nhau. C th l chng trnh thc hin chc nng n du, c th
l mt tin ch to ch mc cho file trong thc mc, hoc mt on m ph kho, hoc c th l
mt chng trnh x l vn bn hoc mt tin ch mng...
Trojan c th ly lan trn nhiu mi trng h iu hnh khc nhau. c bit thng ly lan
qua mt s dch v ph bin nh Mail, FTP... hoc qua cc tin ch, chng trnh min ph trn
mng Internet. Hu ht cc chng trnh FTP Server ang s dng l nhng phin bn c, c
nguy c tim tng ly lan Trojans.
nh gi mc ph hoi ca Trojans l ht sc kh khn. Trong mt s trng hp, n
ch lm nh hng n cc truy nhp ca ngwi s dng. Nghim trng hn, n l nhng k tn
cng l hng bo mt mng. Khi k tn cng chim c quyn Root trn h thng, n c th ph
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Chng 7: An ton mng
hu ton b hoc mt phn ca h thng. Chng s dng cc quyn Root thay i logfile, ci
t cc chng trnh Trojans khc m ngi qun tr khng th pht hin c v ngi qun tr
h thng ch cn cch l ci t li ton b h thng
7.2.4. Sniffer
Sniffer theo ngha en l nh hi hoc ngi. L cc cng c (c th l phn cng hoc
phn mm) "tm bt" cc thng tin lu chuyn trn mng "nh hi" nhng thng tin c gi tr
trao i trn mng. Hot ng ca Sniffer cng ging nh cc chng trnh "tm bt" cc thng
tin g t bn phm (Key Capture). Tuy nhin cc tin ch Key Capture ch thc hin trn mt trm
lm vic c th, Sniffer c th bt c cc thng tin trao i gia nhiu trm lm vic vi nhau.
Cc chng trnh Sniffer hoc cc thit b Sniffer c th ngi cc giao thc TCP, UDP, IPX ..
tng mng. V vy n c th tm bt cc gi tin IP Datagram v Ethernet Packet. Mt khc, giao
thc tng IP c nh ngha tng minh v cu trc cc trng Header r rng, nn vic gii
m cc gi tin khng kh khn lm. Mc ch ca cc chng trnh Sniffer l thit lp ch
dng chung (Promiscuous) trn cc Card mng Ethernet, ni cc gi tin trao i v "tm bt" cc
gi tin ti y.
7.3. Bin php m bo an ninh mng
Thc t khng c bin php hu hiu no m bo an ton tuyt i cho mng. H thng
bo v d c chc chn n u th cng c lc b v hiu ho bi nhng k ph hoi iu luyn.
C nhiu bin php m bo an ninh mng.
7.3.1. Tng quan v bo v thng tin bng mt m (Cryptography)
Mt m l qu trnh chuyn i thng tin gc sang dng m ha (Encryption). C hai cch
tip cn bo v thng tin bng mt m: theo ng truyn (Link Oriented Security) v t mt-
n-mt (End-to-End).
Trong cch th nht, thng tin c m ho bo v trn ng truyn gia 2 nt khng
quan tm n ngun v ch ca thng tin . u im ca cch ny l c th b mt c lung
thng tin gia ngun v ch v c th ngn chn c ton b cc vi phm nhm phn tch thng
tin trn mng. Nhc im l v thng tin ch c m ho trn ng truyn nn i hi cc nt
phi c bo v tt.
Ngc li, trong cch th hai, thng tin c bo v trn ton ng i t ngun ti ch.
Thng tin c m ho ngay khi mi c to ra v ch c gii m khi n ch. u im ca
tip cn ny l ngi s dng c th dng n m khng nh hng g n ngi s dng khc.
Nhc im ca phng php l ch c d liu ngi s dng c m ho, cn thng tin iu
khin phi gi nguyn c th x l ti cc node.
Gii thut DES m ho cc khi 64 bits ca vn bn gc thnh 64 bits vn bn mt bng
mt kho. Kho gm 64 bits trong 56 bits c dng m ho v 8 bits cn li c dng
kim sot li. Mt khi d liu cn m ho s phi tri qua 3 qu trnh x l: Hon v khi u,
tnh ton ph thuc kho v hon v o ngc hon v khi u.

142
Chng 7: An ton mng

Mt m Gii m
Bn m
Kha K
Bn r Bn r
ban u
Hnh 7.1: M hnh mt m i xng

Phng php s dng kho cng khai (Public key): Cc phng php mt m ch dng mt
kho cho c m ho ln gii m i hi ngi gi v ngi nhn phi bit kho v gi b mt. Tn
ti chnh ca cc phng php ny l lm th no phn phi kho mt cch an ton, c bit
trong mi trng nhiu ngi s dng. khc phc, ngi ta thng s dng phng php m
ho 2 kho, mt kho cng khai m ho v mt m b mt gii m. Mc d hai kho ny
thc hin cc thao tc ngc nhau nhng khng th suy ra kho b mt t kho cng khai v
ngc li nh cc hm ton hc c bit gi l cc hm sp by mt chiu (trap door one-way
functions). c im cc hm ny l phi bit c cch xy dng hm th mi c th suy ra c
nghch o ca n.
Gii thut RSA da trn nhn xt sau: phn tch ra tha s ca tch ca 2 s nguyn t rt
ln cc k kh khn. V vy, tch ca 2 s nguyn t c th cng khai, cn 2 s nguyn t ln c
th dng to kho gii m m khng s b mt an ton. Trong gii thut RSA mi trm la
chn ngu nhin 2 s nguyn t ln p v q v nhn chng vi nhau c tch n=pq (p v q c
gi b mt).

Mt m Gii m
Bn m
Kha KE
Bn r Bn r
ban u
Kha KD

Hnh 7.2: M hnh mt m khng i xng

7.3.2. Firewall
Firewall l mt h thng dng tng cng khng ch truy xut, phng nga t nhp bn
ngoi vo h thng s dng ti nguyn ca mng mt cch phi php. Tt c thng tin n v i
nht thit phi i qua Firewall v chu s kim tra ca bc tng la. Ni chung Firewall c 5
chc nng ln sau:
1. Lc gi d liu i vo/ra mng li.
2. Qun l hnh vi khai thc i vo/ra mng li
3. Ngn chn mt hnh vi no .
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Chng 7: An ton mng
4. Ghi chp ni dung tin tc v hot ng thng qua bc tng la.
5. Tin hnh o th gim st v cnh bo s tn cng i vi mng li.
u im v nhc im ca bc tng la:
u im ch yu ca vic s dng Firewall bo v mng ni b. Cho php ngi qun
tr mng xc nh mt im khng ch ngn chn phng nga tin tc, k ph hoi, xm nhp
mng ni b. Cm khng cho cc loi dch v km an ton ra vo mng, ng thi chng tr s
cng kch n t cc ng khc. Tnh an ton mng c cng c trn h thng Firewall m
khng phi phn b trn tt c my ch ca mng. Bo v nhng dch v yu km trong mng.
Firewall d dng gim st tnh an ton mng v pht ra cnh bo. Tnh an ton tp trung. Firewall
c th gim i vn khng gian a ch v che du cu trc ca mng ni b. Tng cng tnh
bo mt, nhn mnh quyn s hu. Firewall c s dng qun l lu lng t mng ra ngoi,
xy dng phng n chng nghn.
Nhc im l hn ch dch v c ch, v nng cao tnh an ton mng, ngi qun tr
hn ch hoc ng nhiu dch v c ch ca mng. Khng phng h c s tn cng ca k ph
hoi trong mng ni b, khng th ngn chn s tn cng thng qua nhng con ng khc ngoi
bc tng la. Firewall Internet khng th hon ton phng nga c s pht tn phn mm
hoc tp nhim virus.
7.3.3. Cc loi Firewall
Firewall lc gi thng l mt b nh tuyn c lc. Khi nhn mt gi d liu, n quyt
nh cho php qua hoc t chi bng cch thm tra gi tin xc nh quy tc lc gi da vo cc
thng tin ca Header m bo qu trnh chuyn pht IP.
Firewall cng mng hai ngn l loi Firewall c hai ca ni n mng khc. V d mt ca
ni ti mt mng bn ngoi khng tn nhim cn mt ca ni ti mt mng ni b c th tn
nhim. c im ln nht Firewall loi ny l gi tin IP b chn li.
Firewall che chn (Screening) my ch bt buc c s kt ni ti tt c my ch bn ngoi
vi my ch kin c, khng cho php kt ni trc tip vi my ch ni b. Firewall che chn my
ch l do b nh tuyn lc gi v my ch kin c hp thnh. H thng Firewall c cp an ton
cao hn so vi h thng Firewall lc gi thng thng v n m bo an ton tng mng (lc gi)
v tng ng dng (dch v i l).
Firewall che chn mng con: H thng Firewall che chn mng con dng hai b nh tuyn
lc gi v mt my ch kin c, cho php thit lp h thng Firewall an ton nht, v n m bo
chc nng an ton tng mng v tng ng dng.
7.3.4. K thut Fire wall
Lc khung (Frame Filtering): Hot ng trong tng 2 ca m hnh OSI, c th lc, kim tra
c mc bit v ni dung ca khung tin (Ethernet/802.3, Token Ring 802.5, FDDI,...). Trong
tng ny cc khung d liu khng tin cy s b t chi ngay trc khi vo mng
Lc gi (Packet Filtering): Kiu Firewall chung nht l kiu da trn tng mng ca m
hnh OSI. Lc gi cho php hay t chi gi tin m n nhn c. N kim tra ton b on d

144
Chng 7: An ton mng
liu quyt nh xem on d liu c tho mn mt trong s cc quy nh ca lc Packet hay
khng. Cc quy tc lc Packet da vo cc thng tin trong Packet Header.
Nu quy tc lc Packet c tho mn th gi tin c chuyn qua Firewall. Nu khng s
b b i. Nh vy Firewall c th ngn cn cc kt ni vo h thng, hoc kho vic truy cp vo
h thng mng ni b t nhng a ch khng cho php.
Mt s Firewall hot ng tng mng (tng t nh mt Router) thng cho php tc
x l nhanh v ch kim tra a ch IP ngun m khng thc hin lnh trn Router, khng xc nh
a ch sai hay b cm. N s dng a ch IP ngun lm ch th, nu mt gi tin mang a ch
ngun l a ch gi th n s chim c quyn truy nhp vo h thng. Tuy nhin c nhiu bin
php k thut c th c p dng cho vic lc gi tin nhm khc phc nhc im trn, ngoi
trng a ch IP c kim tra, cn c cc thng tin khc c kim tra vi cc quy tc c to
ra trn Firewall, cc thng tin ny c th l thi gian truy nhp, giao thc s dng, cng ...
Firewall kiu Packet Filtering c 2 loi:
a. Packet filtering Fire wall: Hot ng ti tng mng ca m hnh OSI hay tng IP trong
m hnh TCP/IP. Kiu Firewall ny khng qun l c cc giao dch trn mng.
b. Circuit Level Gateway: Hot ng ti tng phin (Session) ca m hnh OSI hay tng
TCP trong m hnh TCP/IP. L loi Firewall x l bo mt giao dch gia h thng v ngi dng
cui (VD: kim tra ID, mt khu...) loi Firewall cho php lu vt trng thi ca ngi truy nhp.
7.3.5. K thut Proxy
L h thng Firewall thc hin cc kt ni thay cho cc kt ni trc tip t my khch yu
cu.Proxy hot ng da trn phn mm. Khi mt kt ni t mt ngi s dng no n mng
s dng Proxy th kt ni s b chn li, sau Proxy s kim tra cc trng c lin quan n
yu cu kt ni. Nu vic kim tra thnh cng, c ngha l cc trng thng tin p ng c cc
quy tc t ra, n s to mt cu kt ni gia hai node vi nhau. u im ca kiu Firewall
loi ny l khng c chc nng chuyn tip cc gi tin IP, v c th iu khin mt cch chi tit
hn cc kt ni thng qua Firewall. Cung cp nhiu cng c cho php ghi li cc qu trnh kt ni.
Cc gi tin chuyn qua Firewall u c kim tra k lng vi cc quy tc trn Firewall, iu
ny phi tr gi cho tc x l.
Khi mt my ch nhn cc gi tin t mng ngoi ri chuyn chng vo mng trong, s to
ra mt l hng cho cc k ph hoi (Hacker) xm nhp t mng ngoi vo mng trong. Nhc
im ca kiu Firewall ny l hot ng da trn trnh ng dng u quyn (Proxy).
7.4. Mng ring o VPN (Virtual Private Networks)
7.4.1. Khi nim mng ring o
Mng my tnh ban u c trin khai vi 2 k thut chnh: ng thu ring (Leased
Line) cho cc kt ni c nh v ng quay s (Dial-up) cho cc kt ni khng thng xuyn.
Cc mng ny c tnh bo mt cao, nhng khi lu lng thay i v i hi tc cao nn
thc y hnh thnh mt kiu mng d liu mi, mng ring o. Mng ring o c xy dng
trn cc knh lgch c tnh o. Xu hng hi t ca cc mng trn nn NGN to iu kin cho
s xut hin nhiu dch v mi, trong c dch v mng ring o.
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Chng 7: An ton mng
Mng ring o l mt mng my tnh, trong cc im ca khch hng c kt ni vi
nhau trn mt c s h tng chia s vi cng mt chnh sch truy nhp v bo mt nh trong
mng ring. C 2 dng chnh mng ring o VPN l: Remote Access VPN , Site - to - Site VPN
(Intranet VPN v Extranet VPN).
Remote Access VPN (Client - to - LAN VPN) cho php thc hin cc kt ni truy nhp t xa
i vi ngi s dng di ng (my tnh c nhn hoc cc Personal Digital Assistant) vi mng
chnh (LAN hoc WAN) qua ng quay s, ISDN, ng thu bao s DSL.
Site- to - Site VPN dng kt ni cc mng ti cc v tr khc nhau thng qua kt ni VPN.
C th chia loi ny ra 2 loi khc: Intranet VPN v Extranet VPN. Intranet VPN kt ni cc vn
phng xa vi tr s chnh thng l cc mng LAN vi nhau. Extranet VPN l khi Intranet VPN
ca mt khch hng m rng kt ni vi mt Intranet VPN khc.
Bo mt l mt yu t quan trng bo m cho VPN hot ng an ton v hiu qu. Kt
hp vi cc th tc xc thc ngi dng, d liu c bo mt thng qua cc kt ni ng hm
(Tunnel) c to ra trc khi truyn d liu. Tunnel l kt ni o im - im (Point to Point) v
lm cho mng VPN hot ng nh mt mng ring. D liu truyn trn VPN c th c m ho
theo nhiu thut ton khc nhau vi cc bo mt khc nhau. Ngi qun tr mng c th la
chn tu theo yu cu bo mt v tc truyn dn. Gii php VPN c thit k ph hp cho
nhng t chc c xu hng tng kh nng thng tin t xa, cc hot ng phn b trn phm vi a
l rng v c cc c s d liu, kho d liu, h thng thng tin dng ring vi yu cu m bo an
ninh cao.
Cht lng dch v QoS, cc tho thun (Service Level Agreement-SLA) vi cc ISP lin
quan n tr trung bnh ca gi trn mng, hoc km theo ch nh v gii hn di ca bng
thng. Bo m cho QoS l mt vic cn c thng nht v phng din qun l i vi cc
ISP. Tt c cc giao thc s dng trong mng VPN, cc gi d liu IP c m ho (RSA RC-4
trong PPTP hoc m kha cng khai khc trong L2TP, IPSec) v sau ng gi (ESP), thm
tiu IP mi to ng hm trn mng IP cng cng. Nh vy, khi gi tin MTU b tht lc
trn mng IP cng cng th thng tin trong c m ho nn k ph hoi kh c th d
tm thng tin thc s cha trong bn tin. Trong cc giao thc PPTP v L2TP, m ho gi tin
c thc hin t ngi dng cho n my ch ca VPN. Vic mt mt gi tin dn n vic
phi truyn li ton b gi tin, iu ny gy nn tr chung i vi VPN v nh hng n
QoS ca mng VPN.
7.4.2. Kin trc ca mng ring o
Hai thnh phn c bn ca Internet to nn mng ring o VPN, l:
ng hm (Tunnelling) cho php lm o mt mng ring.
Cc dch v bo mt a dng cho php d liu mang tnh ring t.

146
Chng 7: An ton mng

A B
2 1 A B A B
a ch ngun
a ch ch
Client A Server
Security
Gateway 1

Security
Gateway 2
c m ho
Internet
Data Data Data
Hnh 7.3: Cu trc mt ng hm

ng hm: l kt ni gia 2 im cui khi cn thit. Khi kt ni ny s c gii phng
khi khng truyn d liu dnh bng thng cho cc kt ni khc. Kt ni ny mang tnh lgch
o khng ph thuc vo cu trc vt l ca mng. N che giu cc cc thit b nh b nh
tuyn, chuyn mch v trong sut i vi ngi dng.

Client
VPN Server
Security
Gateway 1

Security
Gateway 2
LAN
Internet
Hnh 7.4: ng hm trong cc cu trc LAN v Client.
ng hm c to ra bng cch ng gi cc gi tin (Encapsulate) truyn qua
Internet. ng gi c th m ho gi gc v thm vo tiu IP mi cho gi. Ti im cui, cng
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Chng 7: An ton mng
nh
dng gi tin to ng hm: IP Header, AH, ESP, Tiu v d liu.
ng hm c 2 loi: Thng trc (Permanent) v tm thi (Temporary hay Dynamic).
Thng thng cc mng ring o VPN s dng dng ng hm ng. ng hm ng rt hiu
qu cho VPN, v khi khng c nhu cu trao i thng tin th c hu b. ng hm c th kt
ni 2 im cui theo kiu LAN- to - LAN ti cc cng bo mt (Security Gateway), khi ngi
dng trn cc LAN c th s dng ng hm ny. Cn i vi trng hp Client- to - LAN, th
Client phi khi to vic xy dng ng hm trn my ngi dng thng tin vi cng bo
mt n mng LAN ch.
7.4.3. Nhng u im ca mng VPN
Chi ph: Cng ngh VPN cho php tit kim ng k chi ph thu knh ring hoc cc cuc
gi ng di bng chi ph cuc gi ni ht. Hn na, s dng kt ni n ISP cn cho php va
s dng VPN va truy nhp Internet. Cng ngh VPN cho php s dng bng thng t hiu qu
cao nht. Gim nhiu chi ph qun l, bo tr h thng.
Tnh bo mt: Trong VPN s dng c ch ng hm (Tunnelling) v cc giao thc tng 2
v tng 3, xc thc ngi dng, kim sot truy nhp, bo mt d liu bng m ho, v vy VPN c
tnh bo mt cao, gim thiu kh nng tn cng, tht thot d liu.
Truy nhp d dng: Ngi s dng trn VPN, ngoi vic s dng cc ti nguyn trn VPN cn
c s dng cc dch v khc ca Internet m khng cn quan tm n phn phc tp tng di.
7.4.4. Giao thc PPTP (Point to Point Tunnelling Protocol)
PPP l giao thc tng 2-Data link, truy nhp mng WAN nh HDLC, SDLC, X.25, Frame
Relay, Dial on Demand. PPP c th s dng cho nhiu giao thc lp trn nh TCP/IP,
Novell/IPX, Apple Talk nh s dng NCP - Network Control Protocol. PPP s dng Link Control
Protocol thit lp v iu khin cc kt ni. PPP s dng giao thc xc thc PAP hoc CHAP.
PPTP da trn PPP thc thi cc chc nng sau:
- Thit lp v kt thc kt ni vt l.
- Xc thc ngi dng
- To gi d liu PPP.
7.4.5. Giao thc L2F (Layer Two Forwarding Protocol)
Giao thc L2FP do hng Cisco pht trin, dng truyn cc khung SLIP/PPP qua Internet.
L2F hot ng tng 2 (Data Link) trong m hnh OSI. Cng nh PPTP, L2F c thit k nh
l mt giao thc Tunnel, s dng cc nh ngha ng gi d liu ring ca n truyn cc gi
tin mc 2. Mt s khc nhau gia PPTP v L2F l to Tunnel trong giao thc L2F khng ph
thuc vo IP v GRE, iu ny cho php n lm vic vi cc mi trng vt l khc nhau.
Cng nh PPTP, L2F s dng chc nng ca PPP cung cp mt kt ni truy cp t xa v
kt ni ny c th c i qua mt tunnel thng qua Internet ti ch. Tuy nhin L2TP nh
ngha giao thc to tunnel ring ca n, da trn c cu ca L2F. C cu ny tip tc nh ngha
vic truyn L2TP qua cc mng chuyn mch gi nh X25, Frame Relay v ATM. Mc d nhiu

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Chng 7: An ton mng
cch thc hin L2TP tp trung vo vic s dng giao thc UDP trn mng IP, ta vn c kh nng
thit lp mt h thng L2TP khng s dng IP. Mt mng s dng ATM hoc Frame Relay cng
c th c trin khai cho cc tunnel L2TP.
7.4.6. Giao thc L2TP (Layer Two Tunnelling Protocol)
Giao thc L2TP c s dng xc thc ngi s dng Dial-up v Tunnel cc kt ni
SLIP/PPP qua Internet. V L2TP l giao thc lp 2, nn h tr cho ngi s dng cc kh nng
mm do nh PPTP trong vic truyn ti cc giao thc khng phi l IP, v d nh l IPX v
NETBEUI.

L2TP PPP
Giao thc
AH
Qun l kho
Giao thc
ESP
Gii thut
M ho
Gii thut
Xc thc

Hnh 7.5: Kin trc ca L2TP.

LAN

Internet
L2TP Network
Server
ISP L2TP Acces
Concentratcy
Delivery media Header (IP, ATM,X25)
L2TP Header
PPP Framing
media Header
PPP, Payload packets Ethernet
IP, IPX and NetBeui Datagram
Hnh 7.6: Qu trnh chuyn gi tin qua Tunnel L2TP
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Chng 7: An ton mng
Bo mt trong L2TP: Vic xc thc ngi dng trong 3 giai on: Giai on 1 ti ISP, giai
on 2 v giai on 3 (tu chn) ti my ch mng ring. Trong giai on 1, ISP c th s dng
s in thoi ca ngi dng hoc tn ngi dng xc nh dch v L2TP v khi to kt ni
ng hm n my ch ca VPN. Khi ng hm c thit lp, LAC ca ISP ch nh mt s
nhn dng cuc gi (Call ID) mi nh dnh cho kt ni trong ng hm v khi to phin
lm vic bng cch chuyn thng tin xc thc cho my ch VPN. My ch VPN tin hnh tip
bc 2 l quyt nh chp nhn hay t chi cuc gi da vo cc thng tin xc thc t cuc gi
ca ISP chuyn n. Thng tin c th mang CHAP, PAP, EAP hay bt c thng tin xc thc
no. Sau khi cuc gi c chp nhn, my ch VPN c th khi ng giai on 3 ti lp PPP,
bc ny tng t nh my ch xc thc mt ngi dng quay s truy nhp vo thngr my ch.
Vic s dng cc giao thc xc thc n gin nhng khng bo mt cho cc lung d liu
iu khin v thng bo d liu to k h cho vic chn gi d liu chim quyn iu khin
ng hm, hay kt ni PPP, hoc ph v vic m phn PPP, ly cp mt khu ngi dng. M
ho PPP khng c xc thc a ch, ton vn d liu, qun l kho nn bo mt ny yu khng an
ton trong knh L2TP. V vy, c c xc thc nh mong mun, cn phi phn phi kho v
c giao thc qun l kho. V m ho, s dng IPSec cung cp bo mt cao bo v gi mc IP,
ti thiu cng phi c thc hin cho L2TP trn IP. Vic qun l kho c thc hin thng qua
lin kt bo mt - Security Association( SA). SA gip 2 i tng truyn thng xc nh phng
thc m ho, nhng vic chuyn giao kho li do IKE thc hin. Ni dung ny s c ni r hn
trong giao thc IPSec.
7.4.7. Giao thc IPSEC
IPSec bo m tnh tin cy, tnh ton vn v tnh xc thc truyn d liu qua mng IP
cng cng. IPSec nh ngha 2 loi tiu cho gi IP iu khin qu trnh xc thc v m ha:
mt l xc thc tiu Authentication Header (AH), hai l ng gi bo mt ti Encapsulating
Security Payload (ESP). Xc thc tiu AH m bo tnh ton vn cho tiu gi v d liu.
Trong khi ng gi bo mt ti ESP thc hin m ha v m bo tnh ton vn cho gi d liu
nhng khng bo v tiu cho gi IP nh AH. IPsec s dng giao thc Internet Key Exchange
IKE tha thun lin kt bo mt SA gia hai thc th v trao i cc thng tin kha. IKE cn
c s dng phn ln cc ng dng thc t em li thng tin lin lc an ton trn din rng.
* Xc thc tiu AH: AH mt trong nhng giao thc bo mt IPsec m bo tnh ton
vn cho tiu gi v d liu cng nh vic chng thc ngi s dng. N m bo chng pht
li v chng xm nhp tri php nh mt ty chn. Trong nhng phin bn u ca IPsec ng
gi bo mt ti ESP ch thc hin m ha m khng c chng thc nn AH v ESP c dng kt
hp cn nhng phin bn sau ESP c thm kh nng chng thc. Tuy nhin AH vn c
dng do m bo vic chng thc cho ton b tiu v d liu cng nh vic n gin hn i
vi truyn ti d liu trn mng IP ch yu cu chng thc.
AH c hai ch : Transport v Tunnel. Ch Tunnel AH to ra tiu IP cho mi gi
cn ch Transport AH khng to ra tiu IP mi. Hai ch AH lun m bo tnh ton
vn (Integrity), chng thc (Authentication) cho ton b gi.
* X l m bo tnh ton vn: IPsec dng thut ton m chng thc thng bo bm
HMAC (Hash Message Authentication Code) thng l HMAC-MD5 hay HMAC-SHA-1. Ni

150
Chng 7: An ton mng
pht gi tr bm c a vo gi v gi cho ni nhn. Ni nhn s ti to gi tr bm bng kha
chia s v kim tra s trng khp gi tr bm qua m bo tnh ton vn ca gi d liu. Tuy
nhin IPsec khng bo v tnh ton vn cho tt c cc trng trong tiu ca IP. Mt s trng
trong tiu IP nh TTL (Time to Live) v trng kim tra tiu IP c th thay i trong qu
trnh truyn. Nu thc hin tnh gi tr bm cho tt c cc trng ca tiu IP th nhng trng
nu trn s b thay i khi chuyn tip v ti ni nhn gi tr bm s b sai khc. gii
quyt vn ny gi tr bm s khng tnh n nhng trng ca tiu IP c th thay i hp
php trong qu trnh truyn.
* ESP cng c hai ch : Transport v Tunnel. Ch Tunnel ESP to tiu IP mi cho
mi gi. Ch ny c th m ha v m bo tnh ton vn ca d liu hay ch thc hin m ha
ton b gi IP gc. Vic m ha ton b gi IP (gm c tiu IP v ti IP) gip che c a ch
cho gi IP gc. Ch Transport ESP dng lai tiu ca gi IP gc ch m ha v m bo tnh
ton vn cho ti ca gi IP gc. C hai ch chng thc m bo tnh ton vn c lu
trng ESP Auth.
* X l m ha: ESP dng h mt i xng m ha gi d liu, ngha l thu v pht u
dng cng mt loi kha m ha v gii m d liu. ESP thng dng loi m khi AES-CBC
(AES-Cipher Block Chaining), AES-CTR (AES Counter Mode) v 3DES
* Trao i kha m ha IKE (Internet Key Exchange): Trong truyn thng s dng giao
thc IPsec phi c s trao i kha gia hai im kt cui, do i hi phi c c ch qun l
kha. C hai phng thc chuyn giao kha l chuyn kha bng tay v chuyn kha bng
giao thc IKE. Mt h thng IPsec ph thuc phi h tr phng thc chuyn kha bng tay.
Phng thc cha kha trao tay chng hn kha thng mi ghi trn giy. Phng thc ny ch
ph hp vi s lng nh cc Site, i vi mng ln phi thc hin phng thc qun l kha t
ng. Trong IPsec ngi ta dng giao thc qun l chuyn kha IKE (Internet Key Exchange).
IKE c cc kh nng sau :
- Cung cp cc phng tin cho 2 bn s dng cc giao thc, gii thut v kha.
- m bo ngay t lc bt u chuyn kha.
- Qun l cc kha sau khi chng c chp nhn trong tin trnh tha thun.
- m bo cc kha c chuyn mt cch bo mt.
7.4.8. ng dng ESP v AH trong cu hnh mng
* ESP trong cu hnh Gateway-to-Gateway: Trong cu hnh ny s thit lp kt ni c
IPsec m ho v m bo tnh ton vn ca d liu gia hai im A v B (im kt cui A
dng Gateway A trn mng A, im kt cui B dng Gateway B trn mng B).

151
Chng 7: An ton mng

VPN Gateway

Internet
VPN Gateway
Hinh 7.7 Cu hnh Gateway -to-Gateway

* ESP v AH trong cu hnh Host-to-Host: Trong cu hnh ny s thit lp kt ni c
IPsec m ho v m bo tnh ton vn ca d liu gia hai im A v B. Tu thuc v nhu
cu bo mt c th dng ESP hay AH.

Host

Internet
VPN Gateway
Hnh 7.8 Cu hnh Host-to-Host

7.4.9. So snh cc giao thc VPN
Giao
thc
u im Nhc im S dng trong mng

IPSec
Chun giao thc rnh.
Hot ng c lp cho cc
ng dng mc caohn.
Giu a ch mng khng s
dng dch a ch mng NAT.
p ng s pht trin cc k
thut m ho .
Khng qun l NSD.
Khng kh nng tng
tc gia cc nh cung
cp.
Khng h tr giao din.
( Desktop support)
Phn mm tt nht cho
cc gii php c quyn
ca nh cung cp i vi
vic truy nhp t xa bng
quay s.

152
Chng 7: An ton mng

PPTP
Chy trn Wind NT, 95 ,98.
Cung cp End to End v nh
hng ng hm kt ni
node - to - node.
Cc c im gi tr c
thm vo ph bin cho truy
cp t xa.
Xc thc trn nn Windows.
C kh nng a giao thc.
S dng m ho RSA RC-4.
Khng cung cp m ho
d liu t nhng my
ch truy cp t xa.
Mang tnh c quyn,
yu cu my ch chy
Win NT kt thc
nhng ng hm.
Ch s dng m ho
RSA RC- 4.
c dng ti cc my
ch truy nhp t xa nh
ng hm proxy.
C th c dng gia
cc vn phng xa c
my ch Win NT chy
my ch truy cp t xa v
nh tuyn RRAS.
C th dng cho nhng
my bn Win9x hay
my trm dng Win NT.

L2F
Cho php nh ng hm a
giao thc.
C nhiu nh cung cp.
Khng c m ho
Xc thc NSD yu.
Khng iu khin lung
cho ng hm.
Dng cho truy cp t xa
ti POP.

L2TP
Kt hp PPTP v L2TP.
Ch cn mt gi da trn
mng chy trn X.25 v
Frame Relay.
S dng IPSec ic m ho.
Cha c cung cp
trong nhiu sn phm.
Khng bo mt giai
on cui.
Dng cho truy nhp t xa
ti POP.
Cu hi v bi tp
1. Tng quan v an ninh mng
2. An ton mng l g
3. Cc c trng k thut ca an ton mng
4. Xc thc (Authentification), Tnh kh dng (Availability), Tnh bo mt (Confidentialy),
Tnh ton vn (Integrity), Tnh khng ch (Accountlability)
5. Cc l hng v im yu ca mng: L hng loi C, L hng loi B, L hng loi A
6. Cc phng thc tn tn cng mng
7. Cc bin php pht hin h thng b tn cng
8. Mt s phng thc tn cng mng ph bin: Scanner, B kho (Password Cracker),
Trojans, Sniffer
9. Tng quan v bo v thng tin bng mt m (Cryptography)
10. Firewall, u im v nhc im ca Fire wall
11. Cc loi Firewall
12. K thut Fire wall
153
Chng 7: An ton mng
13. K thut Proxy
14. Mng ring o VPN (Virtual Private Networks): khi nim mng ring o v kin trc
ca mng ring o
15. Cc thnh phn c bn ca mng ring o VPN:
16. Nhng u im ca mng VPN
17. Giao thc PPTP (Point to Point Tunnelling Protocol)
18. Qu trnh kt ni ca PPTP: To kt ni PPP, to kt ni iu khin PPTP, Truyn d
liu qua Tunnel PPTP
19. Bo mt trong PPTP
20. Giao thc L2F (Layer Two Forwarding Protocol)
21. Giao thc L2TP (Layer Two Tunnelling Protocol)
22. Bo mt trong L2TP
23. Giao thc IPSEC
24. ng dng ESP v AH trong cu hnh mng
25. So snh cc giao thc VPN

154
Cc t vit tt
CC T VIT TT
AAL ATM Adaptation Layer
ANSI American National Standard Institute
ABM Asynchronous Balance Mode
ACK Acknowledgement
ACSE Association Control Service Element
ADCCP Advanced Data Communication Control Procedures
AE Application Element
AFI Authority and Format Identifier.
AFP AppleTalk Filing Protocol.
AIX Advanced Interactive Executive
ALU Aritmetic Unit
AM Amplitude Modulation
ANSI American National Standard Institute
APDU Application Protocol Data Unit
API Application Program Interface
APPC Advanced Program to Program Communications
APPN Advanced Peer to Peer Networking
ARCnet Attached Resolution Protocol
ARP Address Resolution Protocol.
ARPA Advanced Research Projects Agency
ARQ Automatic Repeat Request
ASCII American Standard Code For Information Interchange
ASDU Application Service Data Unit
ASE Application Service Element
ASM Address Space Manager
ASN.1 Abstract Syntax Notion One
155
Cc t vit tt
ASP AppleShere Protocol.
AS Autonomous System
ATM Asynchronouse Transfer Mode
ATP AppleTalk Transaction Protocol
BBS Bulletin Broad System
BCC Block Check Character
BCS Basic Combined Subnet
BECN Backward explicit Congestion Notification
BER Basic Wncoding Rules
BERT Bit Error Ratio Test
B-ISDN Broadband Intergrated Services Digital Network.
BGP Border Gateway Protocol
BRI Basic Rate Interface.
CASE Common Application Service Element
CATV Community Antena Television
CCITT International and Telephone Consultative Committe.
CCRSE Commitment, Concurrency and Recovery Service Element
CD-ROM Computer Disk Read Only Memory.
CEPT Conference of European Postal and Telecommunications Administration
CICS Customer Information Control System.
CLNP Connectionless Network Servicess
CLNS Connectionless Mode Network Service
CMIP Common Management Information Protocol.
CMOT CMIP Over TCP/IP.
CRC Cyclic Redundancy Code.
CSMA/CA Carrier Sense Multiple Access / Collision Avoidance
CSMA/CD Carrier Sense Multiple Access / Collision Dectection
CSU/DSU Channel Service Unit/Digital Service Unit
CSU/DSU Channel Services Network/Digital Services Unit.
C/R Command/ Request

156
Cc t vit tt
DAP Data Access Protocol.
DAS Dual Attached Stations.
DCE Data Circuit Terminating Equipment
DDCMP Digital Data Communication Message Protocol
DDCMP Digital Data Communications Protocol.
DDM Distributed Data Management
DDM Distributed Data Management.
DES Dataencryption Standard.
DFC Data Flow Control.
DHCP Dynamic Host Configuable Protocol.
DIA Document Interchange Architecture.
DIA Document Interchange Architecture.
DIP Dual In Line Packege
DIX Digital Intel Xerox.
DLC Data Link Control
DE Discard Eligibility
DLE Data Link Escape.
DMA Direct Memory Mapping.
DNA Digital Network Architecture.
DNS Domain Name System.
DNS-MX Mail Routing and the Domain System.
DOD Derpartment Of Defense.
DQDB Distributed Queue Dual Bus.
DS Directory Services.
DSP Domain Specific Part.
DTAM Document Transfer, Access and Management.
DTE Data Terminal Equipment.
DTP Distributed Transaction Processing.
EA Extend Address
EBCDIC Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code.
157
Cc t vit tt
EGP Exterior Gateway Protocol
ECMA European Computer Manufacturers Association.
EIA Electronic Industries Association
FECN Forward Explicit Congestion Notification
FCS Frame Check Sequence.
FDDI Fiber Distributed Data Interface.
FDM Frequency Division Multipling.
FEA Frame Relay Adaptor.
FM Frequency Modulation.
FR Frame Relay
FRAD Frame Relay Access Device
FRND Frame Relay Network Device
FR UNI Frame Relay User to Network Interface
FTAM File Transfer Access and Management.
FTP File Transfer Protocol.
GGP Gateway to gateway Protocol.
GOSIP Goverment OSI Profil.
HDLC High Level Data Link Control.
HIPPI High Performance Parellet Interface.
HTML Hyper Text Markup Language.
HTTP Hyper Text Transfer Protocol.
IA5 International Alphalbet Number 5.
IANA Internet Assigned Numbers Authority
ICMP Internet Control Message Protocol.
IDI Initial Domain Identifier.
IDP Initial Domain Part.
IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electric Engineers.
IETF Internet Engineering Task Force
IGP Interior Gateway Protocol.
IMS Information Management System.

158
Cc t vit tt
INTERNIC Internet Netwowrk Information Center.
IP Internet Protocol.
IPL Initial Program Load.
IPX Internetwork Packet Exchange.
ISA Industry Standard Architecture .
ISDN Intergrated Services Digital Network
ISO International Standard Organization.
ISP Internet Service Provider
ITU International Telecommunications Union.
J TM J ob Transfer and Management.
LAN Local Area Network.
LAP-B Link Access Procedure Balanced
LAP-D Link Access Procedure Dchannel.
LED Ligh Emiting Diode.
LLAP LocalTalk Link Access Protocol.
LLC Logical Link Control.
LPDU Link Protocol Data Unit.
LSAP Link SAP.
LSDU Link Service Data Unit.
LSL Link Support Layer.
LU Logical Unit.
MAC Media Access Control.
MAN Metropolitan Area network.
MAP Manufacturing Automation Protocol.
MAU Multistation Access Unit.
MCA Micro Channel Architecture.
MHS Message Handling System.
MIB Management Information Base.
MLID Multiple Link Interface Driver.
MMS Manufacturing Messaging Service.
159
Cc t vit tt
MODEM Mudulation Demodulation.
MUX Multiplexer.
NAK Negative Acknowledgment.
NAU Network Addressable Unit.
NAU Network Address Unit.
NBS National Bureau of Standard.
NCP Netware Core Protocol.
NDS Network Operating System.
NFS Network File System.
NFS Network File System.
NIC Network Interface Card.
NLM Netware Loadable Modules.
NLSP Network Link Services Protocol.
NMS Network Management System.
NNI Network to Network Interface
NPDU Network Protocol Data unit.
NREN National Research and Education Network.
NRM Normal Response Mode
NRZ Non Return to Zero.
NS Network Services.
NSAP Network SAP.
NSDU Network Service Data Unit.
NSP Network Services Protocol.
NAT Network Address Translation
NFS Network File System
NIS Network Information System
NVTS Network Virtual Terminal Service.
OC Optical Carrier.
ODI Open Data Link Interface.
ODIF Office Document Interchane Format.

160
Cc t vit tt
OPA Office Document Architecture.
OS Operating System.
OSF Open Software Foundation.
OSI Open Systems Interconnection..
OSPF Open Shortest Path First.
PA Point of P Attachement.
PAD Packet Assembler Disassembler.
PAP Printer Access Protocol.
PBX Pripheral Component Interconnection.
PDN Public Data Network.
PDU Protocol Data Unit.
PE Presentation Entity.
POP Post Office Protocol.
POSIX Portable Operating System Interface Exchange.
PPDU Presentation Protocol Data Unit.
PPP Point to Point Protocol.
PPTP Point to Point Tunneling Protocol
PPSDN Public Packet Switched Data Network.
PRI Primary Rate Interface.
PSAP Presentation Service Access Point.
PSDN Packet Switched Data Network..
PSDU Presentation Service Data Unit.
PSTN Public Switched Telphone network.
PTT Post, Telphone and Communications.
PU Physical Unit.
PVC Permanent Virtual Circuit.
QOS Quality Of Service
RARP Reverse Address Resolution Protocol
RAID Redundant Array of Inexpensive Drives.
RARP Reverse Address Resolution Protocol.
161
Cc t vit tt
RAS Remote Access Services.
RDA Remote Database Access.
RFC Request For Command.
RFNM Ready For Next Message.
RIP Routing Information Protocol.
RISC Reduced Instruction Set Computer.
RNR Receive Not Ready.
ROSE Remote Operation Service Element.
RPC Remote Procedure Call.
RR Receive Ready.
RTMP Routing Table Maintenance Protocol.
RTSE Reliable Transfer Service Element.
SAP Service Access Point.
SAP Service Advertising Protocol.
SAPI SAP Identifier.
SAS Single Attached Stations.
SCSI Small Computer Systems Interface.
SDH Synchronouse Digital Hierarchy.
SDLC Synchronouse Data Link Control.
SE Session Entity.
SI Subnet Identifier.
SLIP Serial Line Internet Protocol.
SMDS Switched Multimegabit Digital Service.
SMTP Simple Mail Transfer Protocol.
SNA System Network Architecture.
SNADS SNA Distribute Service.
SNAP Subnetwork Address Protocol.
SNMP Simple Network Management Protocol.
SONET Synchronouse Optical Network.
SPDU Session PDU.

162
Cc t vit tt
SPX Sequenced Packet Exchange.
SQL Structured Query Language.
SSAP Session SAP.
SSL Secure Sockets Layer
SSCP System Services Control Point.
SSDU Session Service Data Unit.
STP Shield Twisted Pair.
SVC Switch Virtual Circuit
TCP Transmission Control Protocol.
TDM Time Division Multiplexing.
TE Transport Entity.
TELNET Telnet Protocol.
TFTP Trivial File Transfer protocol.
TPDU Transport PDU.
TSAP Transport SAP.
TSDU Transport SDU.
UART Universal Asynchronouse Receiver Transmitter.
UDP User Datafram Protocol.
UNI User to Network Interface.
UTP Unshield Twisted Pair.
VC Virtual Circuit.
VCI Virtual Circuit Identifier.
VLAN Virtaul Local Area Network.
VPI Virtual Path Identifier.
VPN Virtual Private Network.
VTAM Virtual Telecommunication Access Method.
WAN Wide Area network.
WWW World Wide Web.
XNS Xerox Network Service.

163
Mc lc Ti liu tham kho
TI LIU THAM KHO
[1] Malone, D., IPv6 - A Service Provider View in Advancing MPLS Networks, Internet
Protocol Journal, Vol. 8, Nr. 2, June 2005
[2] Hinden, R., Advanced Networking Lab (ANML) Internet Protocol, Version 6 (IPv6) Resources,
Pervasive Labs at Indiana University
[3] Jason Halpern, Sean Convery, Roland Saville, Safe VPN IPSec Virtual Private Network in
depth , White paper of Cisco Systems , 2004.
[4] Guide to IPsec VPNs - Sheila Frankel, Karen Kent, Ryan Lewkowski,Angela D. Orebaugh,
Ronald W. Ritchey, Steven R. Sharma - 01/2005.
[5] A Comprehensive Guide to Virtual Private Networks, Volume III: Cross-Platform Key and
Policy Management, 2003.
[6] Johan Zuidweg, Next Generation Intelligent Networks, Artech House Telecommunication
Library, Bolton London, 2002.
[7] F.D.Ohrtman Jr, Softswitch architecture for VoIP, McGraw-Hill, 2003.
[8] K.H.Lee, K.O.Lee, K.C.Park, Architecture to be deployed on strategies of Next Generation
Networks, IEEE Communication magazine, 2003.
[9] Introduction to MPLS & Its IP VPN, Juniper Networks 2000
[10] MPLS VPN Fundamentals, Juniper Networks 2000
[11] Michael A.Gallo & William M.Hancock: Computer Communications and Networking
Technologies, Thomson Learning, 2002.
[12] Malone, D., Misbehaving Name Servers and What They're Missing, Internet Protocol
Journal, Vol. 8, Nr. 1, March 2005
13] Carpenter, B. E.; Moore, K.; Fink, B., Connecting IPv6 Routing Domains Over the IPv4
Internet, Internet Protocol Journal, Vol. 3, Nr. 1, March 2000
[14] Andrew S. Tanenbaum, Computer Networks, Prentice Hall, New Jersey, Fourth Edition,
2003.
[15] Man Young Rhee, Wilay, Internet Security - Cryptographic Principles, Algorithms and
Protocols, 2003.
[16] William Stallings, Data & Computer Communications, Prentice Hall, New Jersey, Sixth
Edition, 2000.
[17] William Stallings, Network Security Essentials, 2000

164
Mc lc

MC LC

M U.................................................................................................................................................................3
CHNG 1: KHI NIM V MNG MY TNH..........................................................................................5
1.1. nh ngha mng my tnh ..........................................................................................................................5
1.2. Mc tiu mng my tnh..............................................................................................................................6
1.2.1. Mc tiu kt ni mng my tnh...............................................................................................................6
1.2.2. Li ch kt ni mng.................................................................................................................................6
1.3. Cc dch v mng ........................................................................................................................................6
1.3.1. Cc xu hng pht trin dch v mng my tnh......................................................................................6
1.3.2 Cc dch v ph bin trn mng my tnh ................................................................................................6
1.4 Cu trc mng (Topology) ..........................................................................................................................7
1.4.1 Kiu im - im (Point to Point) ............................................................................................................7
1.4.2. Kiu a im hay qung b (Point to Multipoint, Broadcasting) .............................................................8
1.5. Khi nim giao thc mng my tnh (Protocols) .........................................................................................8
1.5.1. Khi nim v giao thc.............................................................................................................................8
1.5.2. Chc nng giao thc.................................................................................................................................9
1.6. Cp mng - phng tin truyn (Network Medium) ..................................................................................9
1.6.1. c trng c bn ca ng truyn .......................................................................................................10
1.6.2. Cc loi cp mng .................................................................................................................................10
1.6.3. Cc phng tin v tuyn......................................................................................................................11
1.7. Phn loi mng ..........................................................................................................................................12
1.7.1. Theo khong cch...................................................................................................................................12
1.7.2. Mng chuyn mch knh (Circuit Switched Networks) .........................................................................15
1.7.3. Mng chuyn mch gi (Packet Switched Networks) ............................................................................16
1.8. Cc m hnh x l d liu .........................................................................................................................17
1.8.1. M hnh Client-Server............................................................................................................................17
1.8.2. M hnh ngang hng (Peer-to-Peer) .......................................................................................................18
Cu hi trc nghim: ........................................................................................................................................19
Cu hi .............................................................................................................................................................21
CHNG 2: KIN TRC MNG V M HNH KT NI CC H THNG M OSI ........................23
2.1. Cc t chc tiu chun ha mng my tnh...............................................................................................23
2.1.1. C s xut hin kin trc a tng ...........................................................................................................23
2.1.2. Cc t chc tiu chun ...........................................................................................................................23
2.2. M hnh kin trc a tng..........................................................................................................................24
2.2.1. Cc quy tc phn tng............................................................................................................................24
2.2.2. Lu chuyn thng tin trong kin trc a tng.........................................................................................25
2.2.3. Nguyn tc truyn thng ng tng........................................................................................................26
2.2.4. Giao din tng, quan h cc tng k nhau v dch v............................................................................26
2.2.5 Dch v v cht lng dch v................................................................................................................27
2.2.6. Cc hm dch v nguyn thu (Primitive)..............................................................................................29
2.2.7. Quan h gia dch v v giao thc .........................................................................................................30
2.3 M hnh kt ni cc h thng m OSI (Open System Interconnection) ....................................................31
2.3.1 Nguyn tc nh ngha cc tng h thng m.........................................................................................31
2.3.2. Cc giao thc trong m hnh OSI ...........................................................................................................32
2.3.3 Truyn d liu trong m hnh OSI .........................................................................................................32
2.3.4. Vai tr v chc nng ch yu cc tng...................................................................................................33
2.4. Mt s kin trc khc ...............................................................................................................................35
2.4.1. Systems Nework Architecture (SNA) ....................................................................................................35
2.4.2. Internetwork Packet Exchange/Sequenced Packet Exchange (IPX/SPX) ..............................................35
165
Mc lc
2.4.3. AppleTalk...............................................................................................................................................36
2.4.4. Digital Network Architectur (DNA)......................................................................................................36
2.4.5. H IEEE 802 (Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineer)..............................................................36
2.4.6. TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) ...................................................................36
Cu hi trc nghim..........................................................................................................................................37
Cu hi v bi tp.............................................................................................................................................41
CHNG 3: MNG INTERNET V GIAO THC TCP/IPV4....................................................................42
3.1. M hnh TCP/IP ........................................................................................................................................42
3.1.1. M hnh kin trc TCP/IP ......................................................................................................................42
3.1.2. Vai tr v chc nng cc tng trong m hnh TCP/IP...........................................................................43
3.1.3. Qu trnh ng gi d liu Encapsulation ..............................................................................................44
3.1.4. Qu trnh phn mnh d liu Fragment ..................................................................................................45
3.2. Mt s giao thc c bn ca b giao thc TCP/IP....................................................................................45
3.2.1. Giao thc gi tin ngi s dng UDP (User Datagram Protocol)..........................................................45
3.2.2. Giao thc iu khin truyn TCP (Transmission Control Protocol).......................................................45
3.2.3. Giao thc mng IP (Internet Protocol) ...................................................................................................49
3.2.4. Giao thc thng bo iu khin mng ICMP(Internet Control Message Protocol)................................51
3.2.5. Giao thc phn gii a ch ARP (Address Resolution Protocol)...........................................................52
3.2.6 Giao thc phn gii a ch ngc RARP (Reverse Address Resolution Protocol) ...............................53
3.3 Giao thc IPv6 (Internet Protocol Version Number 6).............................................................................54
3.3.1 Nguyn nhn ra i ca IPv6 .................................................................................................................54
3.3.2 Cc c trng ca IPv6...........................................................................................................................55
3.3.3 So snh IPv4 v IPv6..............................................................................................................................56
3.4 Cc lp a ch IPv6 .................................................................................................................................57
3.4.1 Phng php biu din a ch IPv6.......................................................................................................57
3.4.2 Phn loi a ch IPv6.............................................................................................................................57
3.4.3 So snh a ch IPv4 v a ch IPv6 ......................................................................................................57
Cu hi v bi tp.............................................................................................................................................58
CHNG 4: K THUT MNG CC B.....................................................................................................59
4.1 Cc phng thc truy nhp ng truyn .................................................................................................59
4.1.1 Phng thc a truy nhp s dng sng mang c pht hin xung t CSMA/CD
(Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection).....................................................................59
4.1.2 Token Bus...............................................................................................................................................60
4.1.3 Token ring ..............................................................................................................................................61
4.1.4 So snh CSMA/CD vi cc phng php dng th bi..........................................................................62
4.2 Ethernet v chun IEEE 802 .....................................................................................................................62
4.2.1 Gii thiu chung v Ethernet..................................................................................................................62
4.2.2 Chc nng cc tng trong IEEE 802.......................................................................................................63
4.2.3 Cu trc khung Ethernet:........................................................................................................................64
4.2.4 H IEEE 802 ..........................................................................................................................................65
4.2.5 Ethernet 100 Mbps. ................................................................................................................................67
4.2.6 Gigabit Ethernet. ....................................................................................................................................67
4.2.7 Gigabit Ethernet qua cp si quang........................................................................................................68
4.3 Mng cc b Token Ring .........................................................................................................................68
4.3.1 Hot ng ca Token Ring.....................................................................................................................69
4.3.2 Chun Token Ring..................................................................................................................................69
4.4. Giao din s liu phn b s dng quang FDDI (Fiber Distributed Data Interface) .................................70
4.4.1 Gii thiu FDDI .....................................................................................................................................70
4.4.2. So snh nhng gia FDDI v IEEE 802.5..............................................................................................71
4.4.3 Cc kiu kt ni u cui FDDI .............................................................................................................71
4.4.4 Kh nng chu li ca FDDI...................................................................................................................72
4.5 Mng LAN ATM....................................................................................................................................72
4.5.1 c trng ca ATM LAN ......................................................................................................................73
4.5.2 Cc loi ATM LAN................................................................................................................................73
4.5.3 K thut chuyn mch ATM LAN........................................................................................................74
166
Mc lc
Cu hi trc nghim..........................................................................................................................................74
Cu hi v bi tp.............................................................................................................................................75
CHNG 5: K THUT MNG DIN RNG WAN...................................................................................77
5.1 Khi nim v lin mng (Internetworking)................................................................................................77
5.2. Mng tch hp a dch v s ISDN (Integrated Service Digital Network)................................................78
5.2.1 ISDN l g...............................................................................................................................................78
5.2.2 Cc phn t c bn ca mng ISDN.......................................................................................................79
5.2.3 Cc loi knh trong mng ISDN.............................................................................................................79
5.2.4 Giao din ISDN......................................................................................................................................79
5.2.5 Chc nng cc tng trong kin trc ISDN..............................................................................................80
5.3 Mng bng rng B_ISDN ( Broadband ISDN) .........................................................................................82
5.3.1 Tng quan v s ra i ca B-isdn.........................................................................................................82
5.3.2 c im ca dch v B-ISDN...............................................................................................................82
5.3.3 Cu trc chc nng ca B_ISDN...........................................................................................................83
5.3.4 So snh gia ISDN v B_ISDN..............................................................................................................83
5.4 Mng chuyn mch gi X25......................................................................................................................83
5.4.1 Khi qut k thut mng X25.................................................................................................................83
5.4.2 Giao thc X.25 .......................................................................................................................................84
5.4.3 Hot ng ca giao thc X25.................................................................................................................85
5.5 Mng chuyn mach khung Frame Relay ..................................................................................................85
5.5.1 Gii thiu chung.....................................................................................................................................85
5.5.2 Cu hnh tng qut mng Frame Relay ..................................................................................................86
5.5.3 So snh Frame Relay vi X25................................................................................................................86
5.5.4 Frame Relay v m hnh OSI .................................................................................................................87
5.5.5 iu khin qun l lu lng.................................................................................................................88
5.5.6 Cc dch v Frame Relay .......................................................................................................................89
5.6 SMDS (Switched Multimegabit Data Service ).........................................................................................89
5.6.1 Gii thiu chung. ....................................................................................................................................89
5.6.2 SMDS l g .............................................................................................................................................90
5.6.3 Tng quan v SMDS..............................................................................................................................90
5.6.4 Tng quan v k thut SMDS ................................................................................................................90
5.6.5 SMDS so vi cc cng ngh ATM v Frame Relay...............................................................................91
5.7 Phng thc truyn dn khng ng b ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode).......................................92
5.7.1 Gii thiu chung.....................................................................................................................................92
5.7.2 Kin trc phn tng ATM.......................................................................................................................93
5.7.3 Lin kt o (Virtual Connections) ..........................................................................................................96
5.7.4 So snh ATM vi cc dch v v k thut khc ..................................................................................97
Cu hi trc nghim: ........................................................................................................................................98
Cu hi v bi tp...........................................................................................................................................101
CHNG 6: MNG TC CAO V NG DNG CC CNG NGH MI .....................................103
6.1 ng dy thu bao s DSL (Digital Subscribers Line) .........................................................................103
6.1.1 M u .................................................................................................................................................103
6.1.2 Tng quan v h cng ngh DSL.........................................................................................................103
6.1.3 Cc vn c bn cng ngh DSL trn mng cp ng .....................................................................105
6.1.4 Cc phng php m ha ng truyn...............................................................................................106
6.1.5 Pht hin li v sa li .........................................................................................................................106
6.1.6 Nhiu v chng xuyn nhiu ................................................................................................................106
6.1.7 Cc m hnh kt ni ADSL ..................................................................................................................108
6.1.8 Cc ng dng ca ADSL......................................................................................................................110
6.2 Truyn thoi qua mng chuyn mch gi VoPN (Voice over Packet Network) ...................................111
6.2.1 Khi nim.............................................................................................................................................111
6.2.2 M hnh truyn thoi qua mng chuyn mch gi................................................................................111
6.2.3 u im ca truyn thoi qua mng chuyn mch gi.........................................................................111
6.2.4 Cc vn v cht lng dch v QoS.................................................................................................112
6.2.5 Voice over Frame Relay - VoFR..........................................................................................................113
167
Mc lc
6.2.6 Voice over ATM - VoATM................................................................................................................113
6.2.7 Voice over Internet Protocol VoIP...................................................................................................113
6.3. Cng ngh chuyn mch nhn a giao thc MPLS (MultiProtocol Label Switching).........................118
6.3.1 M u ................................................................................................................................................118
6.3.2 Kin trc v nguyn tc hot ng MPLS...........................................................................................118
6.4. Cng ngh chuyn mch mm (Softswitch) ..........................................................................................121
6.4.1 M u ................................................................................................................................................121
6.4.2 Cu trc v nguyn tc chuyn mch mm.........................................................................................122
6.4.3 Giao din ng dng API trong chuyn mch mm..............................................................................123
6.4.4 K hoch nh s trong chuyn mch mm........................................................................................124
6.4.5 nh gi cng ngh chuyn mch mm.............................................................................................125
6.5. Mng hi t v mng th h sau NGN (Network Convergence and Next Generation Network) ...........126
6.5.1 M u ................................................................................................................................................126
6.5.2 Tng quan v mng th h sau sau - NGN (Next Generation Network) .............................................126
6.5.3 S bng n v nhu cu da dng ca cc loi hnh dch v ..................................................................127
6.5.4 M hnh phn lp v chc nng cc lp NGN....................................................................................127
6.5.5 Cu trc v cc thnh phn h thng NGN........................................................................................128
6.5.6 Cc cng ngh nn tng trong NGN...................................................................................................128
6.5.7 M hnh NGN v cc gii php thit k ca mt s hng ...................................................................130
6.5.8 Mt s dch v NGN...........................................................................................................................131
6.5.9 NGN trong mng vin thng Vit nam................................................................................................132
Cu hi trc nghim: ......................................................................................................................................133
Cu hi v bi tp...........................................................................................................................................135
CHNG 7: AN TON MNG......................................................................................................................137
7.1 Tng quan v an ninh mng ....................................................................................................................137
7.1.1 An ton mng l g ...............................................................................................................................137
7.1.2 Cc c trng k thut ca an ton mng.............................................................................................138
7.1.3 Cc l hng v im yu ca mng......................................................................................................139
7.1.4 Cc bin php pht hin h thng b tn cng......................................................................................140
7.2 Mt s phng thc tn cng mng ph bin .........................................................................................140
7.2.1 Scanner.................................................................................................................................................140
7.2.2 B kho (Password Cracker) ................................................................................................................141
7.2.3 Trojans..................................................................................................................................................141
7.2.4 Sniffer...................................................................................................................................................142
7.3 Bin php m bo an ninh mng............................................................................................................142
7.3.1 Tng quan v bo v thng tin bng mt m (Cryptography) ..............................................................142
7.3.2 Firewall.................................................................................................................................................143
7.3.3 Cc loi Firewall .................................................................................................................................144
7.3.4 K thut Fire wall...............................................................................................................................144
7.3.5 K thut Proxy....................................................................................................................................145
7.4. Mng ring o VPN (Virtual Private Networks) .....................................................................................145
7.4.1. Khi nim mng ring o .....................................................................................................................145
7.4.2 Kin trc ca mng ring o.................................................................................................................146
7.4.3 Nhng u im ca mng VPN............................................................................................................148
7.4.4 Giao thc PPTP (Point to Point Tunnelling Protocol).........................................................................148
7.4.5 Giao thc L2F (Layer Two Forwarding Protocol) ...............................................................................148
7.4.6 Giao thc L2TP (Layer Two Tunnelling Protocol) ..............................................................................149
7.4.7 Giao thc IPSEC..................................................................................................................................150
7.4.8 ng dng ESP v AH trong cu hnh mng.......................................................................................151
7.4.9 So snh cc giao thc VPN.................................................................................................................152
Cu hi v bi tp...........................................................................................................................................153
CC T VIT TT.......................................................................................................................................... T 155
TI LIU THAM KHO.................................................................................................................................164

168

MNG MY TNH
M s: 492MMT450

Chu trch nhim bn tho
TRUNG TM O TO BU CHNH VIN THNG 1

(Ti liu ny c ban hnh theo Quyt nh s: 352/Q-TTT1 ngy
12/05/2006 ca Gim c Hc vin Cng ngh Bu chnh Vin thng)

In ti : Cng ty c phn In Bu in
S lng : 2000 cun, kh 19 x 26 cm
Ngy hon thnh : 01/06/2006.

Mạng Máy Tính: Sách Hướng Dẫn Học Tập

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