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15

bmrSr&Sb d l;
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16

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Zdk;orm; 0dk;w0g;
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roGm;eJU
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18

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yDwmav; eufjzef ZD0aA'bmom ajz&rnf/ rajzcif rJEuf dI cg rJvdyfwGif ygonfh taumiftaMumif;udk ajymjy&rnfjzpfonf/ usufp&m rSwfp&m taumifaygif;u trsdK;20avmuf&So d nf/ xdkYaMumifh yDwmav;onf tao;qHk; taumifjzpfaom ]oef;} taMumif;om usuf&ef qHk;jzwfvkdufonf/ pmar;yGJaeY/ yDwmav; ajzqdk&rnfhtvSnfhjzpfonf/ yDwmav; rJvdyw f pfvdyfudk EdIufvdkufonf/ ]acG;}taMumif;ajym&rnf/ yDwmav; cPrQpOf;pm;um ]acG; qdkwm tdra f rG;wd&qefjzpfygw,f/ olYrSm ajcav;ajcmif;&dSw,f? trS; D &dSw,f? tarT;awG &dSw,f/ tarT;awG Mum;xJrSm ]oef;} vJ&Sdw,f/ tJ? oef; qkdwmuawmh ........... ..... ... ........... .... ........./}

19

q&mronf yDwmav; ajzoGm;onfudk Za0Z0gjzpfaomaMumifh aemufwpfvdyfEdIufckdif;onf/ ,cktMudrw f Gif ]ig;} usonf/ ]ig;qdkwm a&xJrSmaew,f/ olUrSm trS; D &dSw,f? ig;[m ig;yJ/ olUrSm ajcvufawG r&db S l;/ tarT;r&db S l;? tJ.. tarT;&dScJh&ifawmh olUqDrSm oef;&dv S drhfr,f/ oef; qdkwmuawmh...... ... ..... ........... .................... .............. /}

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usDpm;wm
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20

aorvm; rod? &Sir f vm; rod/} ]atmf... tckusawmh 'Dvdkajymr,fhol &dSw,faygh... bmjzpfw,frw S fvJ? t&iftywfu usKyf 'Dtwdkif; usDpm;cHvkduf&w,f? [if;[if;/}

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21

]bmtpdwftydkif;vJ} ]0uftlacsmif;yg} ]aocsm&JUvm;} ][kwfuJh? aocsmygw,f} ]'gqdkMunfh&atmif/ qGJxkwfvkdufygOD;/} wpfu,fyif tdwfxJrS 0uftlacsmif;xGufvmonf/ xdktcg ausmif;om;MuD;wpfa,mufu 4if;{/ftazmftm;... ]a[haumif/ apmeu igwdkY tjrnf;qdkjyD;pm;vdkufwm txkyfrSm;oGm;jyDxifw,f} _______ _______ ___________________ _______ ____

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pD;yGm;a&;wuodkvfausmif;olwpfOD;tm; vlawGUpmar;yGJwGif ygarmurSar;onf/ "Dei f nitions in Political Economy qdkwm b,fola&;cJhwmvJ/" ausmif;ol rodacs... q&mu enf;enf; t&dyftrGufjyonf... ]olUaemufqHk;emrnfu prpf av/} ausmif;olrodao;acs... q&mu pdwfr&SnfEkdifawmhyJ... ]olYyxremrnfu yxrqHk; a,muFsm;&JU emrnfav[m/} xdktcg ausmif;olav; &SufaoG;jzmoGm;um acgif;av;iHv k Quf wkd;wdk;av;... ]*Ref ygq&m/}

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22

&Jom;/ / ]rajymwwfbl;/ Munf;wyfuxifw,f} trl;orm;/ / ]'gqdk a&wyfudpfpxJ vmr&Iye f YJ}

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awmtkyw f pfcw k Gif w&dpmefaygif;pHk abmvHk;jydKifyGJ usif;yonf/ toif;cJGyHkrSm 0uf0H?jcaoFh ponfh taumifMuD;rsm;u wpfoif;? ,kef?ajracG; ponfh taumifi,frsm;u wpfoif; jzpfonf/ abmvHk;yGJpjyD/ taumifMuD;rsm; toif;rS a&SUwef;wdkufppfrI; 0uf0Honf taumifi,ftoif;rS aemufcHvl ,kefudk vdra f cgufum *dk;orm; arsmuftm; ausmfwpf*dk; poGif;vdkufonf/ xdkYaemuf jyefpMuonf/ jrif;onf taumifMuD;rsm; toif;twGuf 'kwd,*dk;udkvnf;aumif;? vl0o H nf wwd,*dk;udkvnf;aumif; yxrydi k ; f oGi; f um tEdi k f&aeonf/ yxrydi k ; f jyD;oGm;avjyD 'kwd,ydkif;a&mufaomtcg taumifi,ftoif;bufodkY uif;ajcrsm; 0ifvmjyD;upm;onf/ 'kwd,ydki; f pvQifpjcif; uif;ajcrsm;u taumifi,frsm; toif;twGuf yxr*dk;udk oGif;,lvdkufonf/ 10rdepfcefY tMumwGif uif;ajcrsm;uyif 'kwd,*d; k xyfro H Gif;vdkufavonf/ odkYjzifh yGJtjyD;wGif taumifi,ftoif;u taumifMuD; toif;tm; 5*d; k -3*d; k jzifh tEdi k f&oGm;avonf/ t0wfvJcef;xJ taumifi,ftoif; uywdef arsmufu uif;ajcrsm;tm; ]rif;bmvdkY yxrydi k f;wnf;u 0ifrupm;wmvJ/} ]abmuefzdeyf 0wfaew,fav/}

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23

0,foGm;ao;w,fr[kwfvm; cifAs/} ]tif;av/ [dkum;u tck aq;vdyfjymcGuf jynfhoGm;vdkY/} _______ _______ ___________________ _______ _______

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24

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25

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rD;&xm;wGJay:wGif om;trdESpfa,muf? *smrefwpfa,muf? &k&m S ;wpfa,muf? t*Fvdyw f pfa,muf vkdufygvmMuonf/ &xm; vdIPfacgif;xJodkYa&mufaomtcg 4if;wdkY vdkufygvmMuaom wGJwpfwGJvHk; tarSmiftwdzHk;oGm;onf/ &kwfw&uf..... ]jyGwf} ]zsef;} [laom toHrsm; xGufvmonf/ orD;vkyfolu pOf;pm;onf ]ightaru w,f[kwfygvm;/ 'Dtouf 'Dt&G,fa&mufwmawmif olrsm;awG jypfrm S ;csifwkef;yJ/ jyD;awmh vufoHuvJ ajymifygh/} tarvkyfolu ]ighorD;[m i,fi,fav;yJ &dSao;w,f? a,muFsm;av;awG

26

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rif;orD;av;wpfyg; a&tdi k fab; wpfa,mufxJ xdkifaeavonf/ &kwfw&uf zm;av;wpfaumif rif;orD;aygifay:odkYckew f ufvmjyD; ]toifrif;orD;/ uREkfyftm; erf;vdkufyg/ uREdkyfonf rifom;av;wpfygtjzpfodkY ajymif;oGm;rnf/ xkdtcg oifonf uREdkyfESiht f wl eef;awmfodkYvkdufygum uREkdyftm; vkdtifrsm;udk jznfhqnf;ay;rnf/ uREdkyftwGuf om;orD;rsm; udkarG;zGm;ay;rnf/ uREkdyftm; wpfoufwmvHk;aysmf&Tifatmif xm;ayrnf/} xdktcg rif;orD;av;onf zm;tm; aMumfpm;vdkufavonf/

ay;pm;csifwmMumjyD
orD;&nf;pm;ESpfa,muf cdk;ajy;Muonf/ c&D;wGifap&ef wufpDwpfpD;iSm;um aumifav;oli,fcsif;tdro f dkY oGm;Muonf/ tdra f &mufaomtcg aumifav;u wufpDorm;tm; ydu k fqHxkwfay;rnftvkyfwGif wufpo D rm;u ]ray;ygeJYawmh/ owdkYorD; tazu uRefawmhudk ay;jyD;ygjyD/}

pm;csifw,f
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27

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r[kwfbl; ? r[kwfbl;
armpudk NrpfxJwGif vlwpfa,mufonf avSay: wGifxdkiu f m ] r[kwfbl;? r[kwfbl;? r[kwfbl;} qdkaom pum;udk tBudrfBudrf atmfaNymaeonf/ onfudk NrifaomvlBuD;wpfO; D u teD;tem;&Sd &Jom;udk ar;onf/ ] 'Dvlu bmNzpfvdkY ]r[kwfbl;?r[kwfbl;} csnf; atmfae&wmvJAsavSay:rSmolwpfa,mufxJ &SdwJYOpm} ] olu ygwD A[dkaumfrDwD|mecsLyfu 0efxrf;av? &hkH;rSm wpfcsdefvHk; ][kwfuJY} vdkY tNrJwrf; aNym&wJY txJu wpfa,muf? tck ol cGiYf &uf&SnfcHpm;ae&w,fav}

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28

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29

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30

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31

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rl;&if r&rf;eJY
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32

rMumrD ,kej f yefEd; k vmonf/ ab;wGif vJaeaom ajracG;xD;ESihf ajracG;rudk awGYaomtcg.. ][m? igrl;jyD; &rf;vdkufwm rqdkiw f JholawGawmif awmfawmfxdukefygyaumvm;}

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bk&m;ocif&JU aus;Zl;awmfaMumifh
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33

pdwfrSnfaom 0,folu jrif;ay:wufum pD;zdkU pwifBudK;pm;avonf/ jrif;0,fol rnfodkUBudK;pm;BudK;pm; jrif;udk ae&mrS aTUatmif BudK;pm;r&onfh tqHk; 0,fol - uJ udk,fhq&m 'Djrif;udk b,fvdkp; D &rvJom ajymygawmh/ ydkifSif - cifAsm;u usKyfajymwm qHk;atmifem;raxmifbJudk;? 'DvdkAs jrif;udk oGm;apcsif&if ]bk&m;ocif&U J aus;Zl;awmf aMumify h J} vdkU ajymvdkufHkyJ/ tJ aES;ao;w,fxifvdkU jrefjref ajy;apcsif&if ]bk&m; bk&m;} vdkU ajymvdkuf/ &yfapcsifNyDqdk&ifawmh ]bk&m;ocif u,fawmfrlyg} vdkU ajymHkyJAsm/ jrif;0,folvnf; a&mif;ol rSmonfhtwdkif; jrif;udk trdefUay;NyD; pwifp; D avonf/ pD;&if;ESifh jrif;ajy;EIe; f rSm jrefvGe; f vSojzifh bk&m; wav&m jrif;rSm w[kefxdk; ajy;NyD;&if;om ajy;aeavawmhonf/ jrif;a&mif;olrSm vdkufaom pum;rsm;udkvnf; rrSwfrdawmhonfhtqHk; jrif;udktwif;zuf&if; bk&m;om qufwdkufwaeavawmhonf/ rMumrD tvGeB f uD;rm;aom acsmufeufBuD;wpfcu k dk aSUwGif bGm;ueJ awGvdkuf&aomtcg jrif;0,folrSm rsufpd pHkrdw S fNyD; ]bk&m;ocif u,fawmfry l g} [k [pfatmfvdkufavawmhonf / 'DawmhrS 'ke; f pdkif;ajy;aeaomjrif;rSm acsmufecrf;0wGif tSe d fowfum aoaoowfowf &yfwefhumoGm;avawmhonf/ *a&mifacsmufcsm; jzpfcJh&aom jrif;0,folrSm xdktcgMurS oufjyif;cs&if; ]bk&m;ocif&JU aus;Zl;awmfaMumifhy} J [k a&Gwfvdkufavawmhonf/

b,folrSwfrv d J
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34

rdbl;orQ ig;awGxJrSm tBuD;qHk;pm&if;awmif 0ifcha J o;w,f?} xdktcg cifyGef;jzpfolu ] tJh'Dig;vnf; tJ'a D eUudk rSwfrdaevdrhfr,fvdkU rif;xifvm;/

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tvkyfrsm;aeaom qdkif&i S fu a'goMuD;pGm jyefajymonf/

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35

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36

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37

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38

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39

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40

aemufwpfacgufta&mufvmygOD;
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41

wwd,tcsuftm;NzifhvGefcJhaomig;ESpfpDru H de; f umvuwnf;utcrf;tem; NzifhzGihv f SpN f yD;aMumif;tmPmydi k fwdkht xufodkhtpD&ifcHcho J nfhwHwm;udkvnf; aqmufvkyfa&;vkyo f m;wdkhtNyD;owfaqmufvkyfcJM h uygonf/xdkpOfu,if;wH wm;udkwcrf;wem;zGifhvSpfcJh&mwGiw f Hwm;aqmufvkyfa&;aumfr&SiftzG. J acgif; aqmifu zJMudk;NzwftNyD;wHwm;vnf;urf;rSvGwfum aumfr&SiftzGJ.0ifrsm;ESiht f w la&pD;aMumif;twdkif; arsmygoGm;cJhygonf/ aemufqHk;tcsuftm;Nzifa h vqdyfrStvmvrf;wavQmufvHk;ukd uGefqdkrdu k GeN f rLepfvli,ftzGJ.rSwm0ef&Sdyk*dKvfwdk.urdrdwdk.\udk,fydkifzkp H kyfpuf rsm;Nz ifhoefh&Si; f a&;vkyfcJhMuygonf/ tvkyform;or*tzG. J rSwm0ef&dy S k*dKvfrsm;urlteD;tem;opfawmwdk.wGif trIu d fo&ku d frsm;&Sif;Mu ygonf/ opfyiftm;vHk;rSopf&Gufrsm;udktpdr; f a&mifokwfcJhMuygonf/ NrdK.ay:&Sdtxdrf;trSwfausmufwkdifESifh&kyfwkrsm;udk,l*dkpvm;AD;,m;Ekdifiv H kyf acgif;avQmf&nfNzifhaq;aMumcJhMuygonf/ rnfrQaq;aMumvdkufMuoenf;qdkaomf....... xdkrQruao;yg ? OuXMuD;trsufawmf&r S nfudkpk; d &drMf uoNzifNh rdK.e,facgif;aqmiftrsm;tNym; onfrdrdwdk .ydkit f em;,ltdrfrsm;udkEkdii f HawmfodkhvTJaNymif;ay ;ygonf/ xdk&ufrsm;twGif;wGiftcsdK.aomtem;,ltdrfrsm;udkrMl udKausmif;ESifh uav;xdef;Xmersm;tNzpfzGi. f vSpv f dkufMuygonf/ NrdK.e,faumfrwD|mrSL;MuD;wpfO; D \tem;,ltr d fudkavqdyftaqmuftODopf tNzpftoHk;csEkdifatmifNyifqifEdkifcJh ygonf/ if;tem;,ltdrfrSocGm;cif;udk]] tDvl;&Sif;-86 }} av,mOftqif;twufvkyfEkdifatmifuGefu&pfavmif;cJhygonf/ uRefawmfwdkh\tNcm;acgif;aqmifrsm;uvnf;todw&m;0ifum taumif;bufaNymif;vmMuygonf/ ]]acgif;aqmifaumif;wdk.rnfonfudk,fydkiftNrif&dS&rnf?odk.acgif;aqmifrsdK; udkomvdkvm;onf}} [lonfhvlMuD;rif;\oabmxm;udktm;vHk;uodem;vnfxm;Muonf htwdki; f uRefawmfwdk.\acgif;aqmifrsm;onf NrdK.e,fygwD,lepfaumfrwD&kH;wGifoHk;&ufMumtpnf;ta0;xdkiu f mudk,fydkif tNrifrsm;udkSdEIdi f;aqG;aEG;Muygonf/

42

xdkhaemufif;udka'oygwD&kH;wGiftwnfNyKcsuf&,lMuygonf/ arG;NrLa&;udpudk OuXMuD;aumif;pGmem;vnfonfhtcsufudkvnf;tm;vHk;odMu yg onf? xdkhaMumifh ]] EGm;rwGifEkd.oD;b,fESpfckygoenf; }} qdkonfhacgif;pOfNzifharG;NrLa&;bufqdkif&mynm&Siw f dkh\ES; D aESmzvS,fyJGudkusif; ycJ.ygonf/ xdktcgrSpkaygif;v,f,mpDrHudef;taumiftxnfazmfa&;twGuf ypnf;rJh EGm;rwGifEkd.oD;av;ckomyg&Sa d Mumif;xGufvmygonf/ tpGe; f a&mufukefonfrsm;vnf;&SdcJhygonf/ Oyrmtm;Nzifv h lMuD;rif;ra&mufvmrDwpfntvdkwGifbmaMumifhrSe; f rod? vlxkumuG,fa&;avhusifhrIudkNyKvkyfygonf/ odk.aomfvnf;ta&;ay:tcsufay;pepfysufoGm;ygonf/txJ"mwfaiG. roifhatmifumuG,fonfhud&d,mrsm;ygcRwf,Gif;aeygonf/ (touf&SLxkwfvdkhom&NyD;touf&SLoGif;csifonfhtcgwdkif;ud&, d mudkrsufESm rScRwfNyD;&SLMu&onf/) xdk.aMumifheHeufoHk;em&Da&mufrStzGha J cgif;aqmifonf ]] owd? nLuvD;,m; aygufuGJNyD? tm;vHk;0yfMu }} [ktoHuke[ f pfatmf&ygonf/ xdktcgNrdK.olNrdK.om;rsm;tm;vHk;tdrfrx S GufumaNrrSm 0yfMuygonf? odk.0yf&mwGif"mwfa&mifNcnfroifhatmifrsufESmudkvuf0g;NzifhpepfwuszH; k u G,fMuygonf/ tusFMu,foD;rsm;udkvnf;tpHktaphwyfMuygonf/cef.rSe; f onfxuftcsdef tawmfaemufusrSavhusifcef;vkyf Mu&oNzifh NrdK.olNrdK.om;xuf0ufcefhrSmwef;NzKwfonfudkapmif& h if; aemifwpfae.&kH;wufaemufusukefygonf/ xdk.NyifuRefawmfwdkhNrdK.&SdaqmuftODopfrsm;\yHkav;yHkyg&SdaomtrSwfw&vuf aqmifpmtkyi f ,fudkxkwfa0ygonf/ yHkav;yHkazmfNyxm;aomfvnf;wpfcw k nf;aomtaqmuftODopf udkav;bufav;wefrS&kduful;xm;Ncif;Nzpfygonf/ wpfcw k nf;aom[if;oD;[if;&Gufqdkiu f dkvnf;OuXMuD;\armfawmf,mOfNzwf oGm;rnfhvr f;wpfavQmufNrifom atmifcyfvSrf;vSrf;rSae um;Nzifw h ifaqmifarmif;ESic f J.ygonf/

43

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44

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45

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vlMuD;wpfa,mufem&Dqdkio f dk.a&mufvmNyD;ta&mif;pma&;udkaNymonf/ ]] uRefawmfwdk.kH;twGufem&DwpfvHk;0,fcsifw,f }} ]] wkdifuyfem&D,lrvm; ? Ekd;pufem&D,lrvm; }}

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46

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47

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48

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49

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50

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51

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52

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53

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54

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55

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/////

jyifqifrI

ig;csyf,lcJhprf;

orD;... rD;zdkacsmifxJu yef;uefjym; bmvkyfzkdYvJ arar orD;azazeJY pum;ajymp&m&Sv d dkY

/////

txifrSm;

usKyforD;udk barmifqdkwJhaumif cd; k ajy;oGm;w,fAsm b,folrjyK rdrr d IwJh? cifAsm; olYudktdrf cP cP vmcGihj f yKwmudk; uRefawmfr h de; f rudk 'Daumif vmyd;w,f k xifrdwmudk;As
&kyf&i S fBunfYcsifw,f
&ki& f SiB f unfY&ef udkcsLcsm &ky& f Sif&kHodkY a&mufvmonf/ vufrw S fa&mif; trsdK;orD;u if;udkajymonf/ ]vGefchw J Jh em&D0uftwGi; f rSm 'D&y k f&i S fum;udk BunfYzdkY &Sif vufrw S fvm0,fwm tcktcgygeJYqdk&if &SpfBudrf&Sj d yD&Sih? f bmjzpfvdkYvJh} ]t0ifaygufrSm ieJwpfaumif uRefawmfv h ufrSwfudk tBudrfwdkif; qJGjzJypfvdkY}

56

tjyeftvSef,Ofaus;rI
{nfYcHyJGwpfckwGif 15 - ESpo f m; vlysdKaygufu rdrE d Sihf wJGuyg&ef trsdK;orD;wpfOD;tm; oGm;zdwfonf/ ]uRefr uav;eJY rubl;} ]awmif;yefygw,f? cifAsm;udk,f0efeJYqdkwm uRefawmf rodvdkYyg} /////

tcspf
]armifu h dk cspf&YJ vm;[if} ]t&l;trl;udkcspfw,f} ]armift h wGuf toufudk taocHEkdifyghrvm;} ][ifhtif;? cift h cspfu tjrJwrf; &Sio f efaewJh tcspfav}

cspfwJhtaBumif;yJajymyg
]&Sif uRefrudk cspfw,faemf} ]odyfudkcspfygw,f} ]tJ'gqdk b,fawmh vufwufBurvJ[if} ]a[h a[h? acgif;pOfudk jAef;pmBuD; ajymif;rypfeJYav} /////

jrif;jydKifyJGrm S
jrif;jydKifyJGusif;yaepOf jrif;wpfaumifu tjcm;wpfaumifudk ar;onf/ ]rif;qDrSm jrif;aumifa&tm; b,favmuf&dSovJuG}

ratmifhEdkifawmhbl;
wpfcsdefvHk; {nfYonfvmwdki; f qJpum;udk atmfaeaom Buufwl;a&G;udk tdr& f Siu f owday;onf/ ]a[haumif? 'Dwpfcg {nfYonfvmvdkY rif;qJoH igBum;&&if rif;&JY

57

udk,fay:u tarT;awGudk igEIwfypfr,frSwf} Buufwl;a&G; jidrfoGm;onf/ wpf&uf ESpf&ufBumoGm;onf/ if;xHrS bmoHrS rBum;&acs/ wwd,aeYwGif udk,fay:rS tarT;awGudk EIwfoD;jzifh pdwfqdk;rmefqdk; qJGEw I fjyD; ajymonf/ ]'DtarT;awGudk igbmvkyf&rSmvJ? oGm;ava&mYv[,f} /////

wl
][Jhom;? wludk xkrupm;eJYav? vufudk xdoGm;&if emaeOD;r,f} ]pdwfrylygeJY arar? oHudk nDrav;udkxm;ygw,f}

yxrtBudrfqdkawmh
cJGpdwfq&m0efESpfa,muf pum;ajymaeBuonf/ ]odvm;? uRefawmfhb0rSm yxrqHk;tBudrftjzpf vlem&JYajcaxmufudkjzwfwke; f u pdwfvIyf&Sm;rIaBumifh trSm;wpfcu k dkvkyv f dkufrw d ,f} ]BuD;us,fwJh trSm;awmh r[kwfbl; r[kwfvm;} ][ifhtif;? rBuD;us,fygbl;? ajcaxmufudk rSm;jyD; jzwfvdkrd&HkygyJ} /////

oifcef;pm
oli,fcsif;ESpfa,muf &SB d uonf? wpfa,mufu t&ufaomufonf? aemufwpf,mufu vHk;0raomufacs? wpfaeY t&ufaomuf ol t&ufrl;rl;jzifh um;wufarmif;onf? t&uf raomufoludk wufBudwfro d nf? t&ufraomufol yJGcsif;jyD; aooGm;onf/ oifcef;pm - aomufvQifaornf? raomufvQifvnf;aornf/

aus;Zl;&Sif
oli,fcsif;ESpfa,muf rD;zdkacsmifwGif t&ufaomufaeBuonf? ykvif;ukeo f Gm;&m qufaomufcsifBuojzifh tdrf&i S fu ajymonf/ ]a[haumif? ightdyc f ef;xJoGm;jyD; uefYvefYum aemuf jy wif;aygufabmifrm S

58

wifxm;wJhyv k if;udk qJGvmcJh} cPtBumwGif oli,fcsif; ykvif;qJGjyD; jyefvmonf? tdr& f Sifudkajymonf/ ]oli,fcsif; ukef;wdkufwJhpum; ig rajymwufbl;qdkwm rif; odygw,f? 'gayr,fh rif;&JYtdyfcef;xJrSm rif;rdef;r[m wjcm;a,musmf;eJY tdya f ew,fvdkY igxifw,f} ]&SL;...wdk;wdk;ajymyguGm? rif;,lvmwJhykvif;[m olYykvif;uG} /////

raomufbl;
]wpfckca k omufygvm;} ][ifhtif;? uRefawmfbmrS raomufcsifygbl;} ]vufzuf&nfjzpfjzpfaomufyg} ][ifhtif;? uRefawmf vufzuf&nfrBudKufbl;} ]aumfza D um} ]aumfzv D nf; raomufygbl;} ]0DpuDeJYqdk'g xnfYay;&rvm;} ][ifhtif;? uRefawmf qdk'g raomufbl;}

rSm;jyD;
]wavmu rl;rl;eJY tdru f dk jyefa&mufvmw,f? uav;awG ighudk rrSwfrdBuawmhbl;} ]trl;ajyawmhaum} ]trl;ajyawmh olrsm;tdrx f J ig a&mufaerSe; f odvdkuf&w,f} /////

pOf;pm;&usyfw,f
reuftdyf&mrS xcsdew f Gif raeYu'PfaBumifh &ifwkefyef;wkefjzpfaeaom trl;orm; toHxGufpOf;pm;onf/ ]raeYu aomBumaeY? reufzef paeaeY? bk&m; bk&m;? 'DaeY bmaeYygvdrfh}

59

jyemr&Sdatmifvkyfyg
pwmvifudk if;\vufaxmufrsm;u ar;onf/ ]acgif;aqmifBuD;cifAsm? pma&;q&m ]armifuBuD;} bm ygwDvrf;pOfuae aoGz,fw,fvdkYowif;jzpfaeygw,f? wpfcsdew f nf;rSm olYrSm tjypfr&Sb d l;qdkwJhoufaotaxmuftxm;;awG trsm;BuD;&Sdaeygw,f} ]jyemudkb,fvdk ajz&Sif;&rvJcifAsm} pwmvifonf aq;wHudk zGmvkdufonf? xdkYaemufat;at;pufpuf ajymonf/ ]vl&Sdw,faemf? jyem&Sdw,f? tJ vlr&Sb d l;aemf? jyemvnf; r&Sa d wmhbl;}

,Hkprf;yg
a,musmf;jzpfol n 12 - em&DwGif tdrjf yefa&mufvmonf? rde; f ru tdyc f ef;xJrSae vSr; f ar;onf/ ]b,fESpfem&D &SdjyDvJ} ]10 - em&D} wdkufwdkufqdkifqdkif wdkiu f yfem&DrS ]'if} [kwpfcsufwD;onf/ ]&Sif uRefrudk vdSrfhjyefjyD;vm;? em&DwpfcsufwD;oH uRefr Bum;&wmyJ} ]a[h? oknudkyg rif;u wD;apcsifvdkYvm;uGa[} /////

taBumif;oHk;ck
&k&m S ;EkdifiH yifv,feufurf;ajcwGif zGixm;aom fh evHxolrsm; tem;,lpcef;wGif jzpfonf? tem;,lukorI ,laeBuolESpfO; D pum;ajymaeBuonf/ ]vmAsm? t&ufqdkio f Gm;&atmif} ]roGm;csifbl;Asm} ]bmjzpfvkdYvJ} ]wpftcsuf? aAm'fhum[m vl&JYusef;rma&;udk xdcdu k fapw,f} ]ESpftcsuf? t&ufaomufw,fqdkwm odoGm;&if pcef;u armif;xkwfcH&Edkiw f ,f} ]oHk;tcsuf? tckudk uRefawmf tawmfav;rl;aejyD}

60

wDxGifrI
aemufqHk;ay: atmfwdkrufwpfavxD;wpfrsdK;udk udkcsLcsmwDxGifvdkufonf/ avxD;onfaNrMuD;ESifhxdonfESiht f vdktavsmufyGifv h mav onf/ -------------------------------

vmygOD;
tefwDNru{nfhonfrsm;udkaNymonf/ ]] pm;Muyg? aomufMuyg? pdwfMudKufoHk;aqmifMuyg/ tJ tm;emwwfwJhpw d fr&Sdbl;qdkvJreufNzefvJvmMuygOD;aemf }} -------------------------------

zGifq h dkcsuf
21 &mpkp, G fpHkusrf;rSzGihq f dkcsuf/ [pfwvm-pwmvifacwfwGifay: cJhaomtmPm&Siu f av; olYt"dyg,fESifo h l okawoeaqG;aEG;yGJodkY udkcsLcsmwufa&mufvmonf/ udk,fpm;vS,frsm;NznfhoGif;&rnfhykp H Hudk if;tm;ay;&m udkcsLcsmuMuufaNccwfig;ckNcpfvdkufonf/ if;udkthM H owpfMuD;0dkif;ar;Muonf/ ]] bmNzpfvdkYMuufaNccwfMuD;yJ ig;ckwdwdNcpf&wmvJAsm }} ]] yxrMuufaNccwfuuRefawmfe h mrnf? 'kwd,MuufaNccwfuuRefawmft h vkyfXme? wwd,MuufaNccwfuuRefawmfr h def;remrnf?

61

pwkwMuufaNccwfuuRefawmfa h rG;&yf? yOrMuufaNccwfuawmhuRefawmf&wJhwuodkvfbGJYudknTe; f w,fav }}

odyHynm
]] uGefNrLepf0g'udkodyHynmvdkYowfrSwfvdkY&rvm;[if }} ]] r&bl;? wu,fvdkYomodyHy nmqdk&ifolYudkacG;awGtay: rSmt&ifprf;oyfMunfhMurSmaygh }} ------------------------------------------

a&mfbif[k
]] a&mfbif[k[mbmNzpfvdkYvlcsrf;omawGqDuyJ vk,uf&wmvJ }} ]] qif;&Jom;awGqDubmrSr&Edi k b f l;qdkwmudkolodvdkYaygh }} ------------------------------------------

tMuHay;yg&ap
]] rdwfaqG\pum;udkrdef;rNzpfolwpfvHk;rusefem;axmifapv dkvQif tdyr f ufxJwGifpum;aNymwwfatmifusifhyg }}

csLaumhuma&ikyfoabFm
&k&a S &ydi k feufxJodkYtrnfroda&ikyfoabFmwpfpif;usL;ausmf0ifa&mufaeaMum if;a&'gwGiv f may: aeoNzifh&k&SppfoabFmuywdefuwyfom;tDAefaemhudka&ikyc f dkif;onf/ rMumrDwyfom;tDAefaemhNyefay: vmNyD;atmfaNymonf/ ]] uywdef? w&kwfa&ikyo f abFmcifAs }} ]] bmvdkYrif;aNymEdi k f&wmvJ }} ]] oabFmrSmw&kwfpmawGa&;xm;wmawGYvdkYyg }}

62

]] rif;tawmfnhHygvm;uG? tckoabFmwdkif;rSmw&kwfpmawGa&;xm;w,f? qufikyf }} tDAefaemhxyfiy k o f nf? rMumrDNyefay: vmonf/ ]] t*FvdyfoabFmcifAs }} ]] bmNzpfvdkYvJ }} ]] uRefawmfacsmif;em;axmifawmht*Fvdyfpum;aNymaeoHawGM um;&vdkYyg }} ]] rif;awmfawmfwHk;ygvm;? t*Fvdyfpum;[mtcktcgrSmEdkii f Hwumbmompum;NzpfaeNyD? qufikyf }} tDAefaemhqufikyfonf/ rMumrDNyefay: vmNyD;uywdefudktpD&ifcHonf/ ]] csLaumhuma&ikyo f abFmcifAs }} ]] aocsm&JYvm; }} ]] aocsmygw,f? uRefawmfwHcg;acgufawmholwdkYzGifhay;w,f }}

rSm;qufNcif;
udkcsLcsm\tdrc f ef;wGiw f ,fvDzkef;oHrnfvmonf/ udkcsLcsmaumufudkiv f dkufonf/ ]] [,fvdk? 'gtDAefaemh&JYtdrfuygvm; }} ]] r[kwfzl;? tDAefaemhrSmw,fvDzkef;r&Sb d l; }} --------------------------------

avhvmolr[kwfyg
udkcsLcsmu*kPf,l0ifMh uGm;pGmNzifh{nfhonfudkaNymonf/ ]] uRefawmfn h D armfpudkEki d fiw H umwuodkvfudka&mufaew,fAs }} ]] [kwfvm;? [dkrSmolbmudkavhvmaewmvJ }} ]] olravhvmbl;? olYudkavhvmaeMuwm }

63

ypnf;aumif;
rdr0 d ,fvmaoma&'D,dkudktdre f D;em;csif;tm;ac: NyNyD;udkcsLcsmMuGm;onf/ ]] tifrwefaumif;wJha&'D,dkAs? Oa&mywpfcv k Hk;udkzrf;vdkY&w,f }} udkcsLcsm\ZeD;uNznfhaNymonf/ ]] NyD;awmhwNydKifeufxJ&Sifh }} ----------------------------------

vlom;rpm;bl;
tdre f D;csif;qDudkcsLcsma&mufvmNyD;olYudkwpfcc k kauR;&efarwm&yfonf/ tdre f D;csif;trsdK;orD;uaNymonf/ ]] uRefra,musfm;vmawmhr,f? cPapmifhyg }} ]] [m .. cifAsm;a,musfm;awmhrvkyfygeJYAsm? uRefawmfvlom;rpm;bl; }}

csDwufwJh,ifaumif
]] wyfom;csLcsm? igu]owd}vdkYtrdeYf ay;aewJhtcsdefrSm bmNzpfvdkYESmacgif;udkvufeJYyGwfae&wmvJ }} ]] ESmacgif;ay: ,ifaumifvmem;vdkYyg }} ]] 'gayr,hf ig ]owd} vdkYtrdeYf ay;xm;wmyJ }} ]] [kwfygw,f? 'gayr,fh ,ifaumifuqufNyD;csDwufaevdkYyg }} ----------------------------------------

yifyef;w,f
yifv,furf;pyfwGifxdkifNyD;udkcsLcsmtoHxGufNiD;aeon f/

64

]] csLcsm'DaeYyifyef;w,f ? tif; ... yifyef;w,f }} NzwfoGm;olwpfa,mufuar;onf/ ]] bmNzpfvdkYyifyef;&wmvJ }} ]] 'DaeYpOf;pm;vdkuf&vdkYaygh? tif; tifrwefyifyef;w,f }} ]] bmNzpfvdkYtifrwefawmifyifyef;&wmvJ }} ]] oHk;cgwdwdpOf;pm;vdkuf&w,fav }}

tvDbdkif
]] {NyDv 3 &ufuae 4 &ufudktul;nydkif;rSmcifAsm;b,frSm&SdaecJw h ,fqdkwmaNymNyEdi k fovm; }} ]] odyfaNymNyEdi k fwmaygh? tJ'a D eYutck&p J cef;rSmxdkifNyD; rwfv 23 &ufu rwfv 24 udktul;nrSm uRefawmfb,frSm&Sc d Jw h ,fqdkwmudk&Si; f NyaecJw h ,fav }} -------------------------------------------

b,folYudkvdkcsifwmvJ
tvkyfvmavQmufaomvludk0efxrf;a&;&mXmetMuD;tuJuaNymonf/ ]] cifAsm;&JYtouft&G,feJYqdk&if 'DxufydkNyD;wufwufMuGMuGvIyfvIyf&Sm;&Sm;&So d ifhw,fvdkYuRefawmfxifw,fx ifw,f }} ]] vlMuD;rif;wdkY&k; H ubmudkvdkcsifwmvJ? aiGudkifpma&;MuD;vm;? arsmufvm; }} ---------------------------------------------

65

zwfygap
rde; f rua,musfm;NzpfolygarmuudkaNymonf/ ]] &SihfpmMunfhcef;xJrSmolcdk;a&mufaew,f }} ]] bmvJ? olpmzwfaeovm; }}

tefawmhrnf
tpmtdrx f JwGif 0ufacgif;okyx f dkifaeonf/ &kwfw&uftay: rSwpfpkw H pf&mNyKwfusvmonf/ ]] rif;b,folvJ }} ]] aAmh'u f m }} ]] bmtwGufaomufMuwmvJ }} ]] OD;barmif&JYusef;rma&;twGuf }} 0ufacgif;okyfqufxdkifaeonf/ rMumrDapmapmutwdki; f usvmNyefonf/ ]] 'Dwpfcgaum bmtwGufusvmwmvJ }} ]] OD;barmif&JYusef;rma&;twGuf }} yHkpHtwdki; f tMudrfaygif;rsm;pGmxyfNzpfonf/ 0ufacgif;okyftpmtdrx f JwGifNidrfNidrfxdkifraeEdkia f wmh ]] udkbarmifqdkwJhvl b,fvdkvlqdkwmodatmiftay: wufMunfhvdkufOD;r,f }} }} igb,folvJ }} wcgwkef;u..&Gmw&GmrSm rkqdk;MuD;wdkhvifr,m; aexdkifMuowJh. tvGefat;wJhaqmif; wnrSm rkqdk;MuD;[m..reufapmapm av;em&D avmufMuD; rdef;rudk rSmp&m &dSwmrSmNyD;trJvdkufxGuf owJhAsm.. tJ..tJ'Dnu tvGefat;av awmh rkqdk;MuD;vnf; &Gmtjyifa&mufw,fqdk&ifyJ b,fvdkrSa&Sq h uf roGm;edkifawmhvdkh..tdru f dkjyef?rde; f r aqmifjcHKxJ 0ifauG;vdkufjyD;...... rkqdk;MuD;/ /'DaehtjyifrSm awmfawmfcsrf;w,fuGm? rde; f r/ / tif;av..'Davmufcsrf;wmudk tdru f aoemMuD; u trJvdkufxGufoGm;av&Jh /

66

avSMuD;xdk;
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67

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84

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85

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