Phase Rotation vs.

Phasor Rotation Phase rotation, or preferably phase sequence, is the order in which successive phase phasors reach their positive maximum values. Phasor rotation is, by international convention, counterclockwise in direction. Phase sequence is the order in which the phasors pass a fixed point. All standard relay diagrams are for phase rotation a, b, c. It is not uncommon for power systems to have one or more voltage levels with a, c, b rotation; then specific diagrams must be made accordingly. The connection can be changed from one rotation to the other by completely interchanging all b and c connections. 3 POLARITY IN RELAY CIRCUITS 3.1 Polarity of Transformers The polarity indications shown in Figures 2-9 and 2-10 apply for both current and voltage transformers, or any type of transformer with either subtractive or additive polarity. The polarity marks X or & indicate The current flowing out at the polarity-marked terminal on the secondary side is essentially in phase with the current flowing in at the polaritymarked terminal on the primary side. The voltage drop from the polarity-marked to the non-polarity-marked terminal on the primary side is essentially in phase with the voltage drop from the polarity-marked to the non-polaritymarked terminals on the secondary side. The expression essentially in phase allows for the small phase-angle error.