Threads and Fasteners

ThreadsTerminology in threadsExternal thread-

Internal threads

Different Types of Thread profiles:-

1. 1 2. 3. 4 4. 5.

Square Threads Threads. V-threads. ACME Threads Buttress Threads. Threads Whitworth threads

Thread Conventions

Square Threads

V threads V-

ACME threads

Buttress threads

Whitworth Threads

STANDARD REPRESENTATION OF THREADS Visible screw threads - For visible screw threads, the crests of threads should be defined by a continuous thick line (type A), and the roots of threads by a continuous thin line (type B).

Hidden screw threads- For hidden screw threads, the crests and the y dashed lines. roots should be defined by Sections of threaded parts For threaded parts shown in section, hatching should be extended to the line defining the crest of the thread.

End view of screw threads - On an end view of a visible screw thread, the thread roots t should h ld b be represented t db by a portion ti of f a circle, i l d drawn with ith a continuous ti thi thin line (type B), of length approximately three-quarters of the circumference.

The above conventions apply to assemblies of threaded parts. However, externally threaded parts should always be shown covering internally threaded parts and should not hidden by them

METRIC THREAD STANDARDS

ANSI standard g external thread H internal thread e.g., g 4H6H : for nut thread

4g6g Tolerance Class Designation 4g for pitch diameter, 6g for major dia. Tolerance Grade: 3 (tight fit) to 9 (loose fit) 6: for general applications I di ti of Indication ft tolerance l grade d i is skipped ki d if both are of grade 6. ISO Standard, F external For t l threads th d (b (bolts, lt etc.): t ) e Large allowance g Small allowance h No allowance For internal threads (nuts, etc.): G Small allowance H No allowance Coarse pitch: Fasteners, general application, Fine pitch: for greater strength/vibration resistance

UNIFIED THREAD STANDARDS

UN Unified C- Coarse F Fine EF Extra fine threads

Unified External Thread Representation

Different Class of FIT 1 loose fit (for quick assbly) 2 normal/regular fit (commonly used) 3 Tight fit with no/marginal clearance

Unified Internal Thread Representation

Representation of ACME Thread

ACME threads are of two broad categories: G (general) and C (Centralizing), the tolerance class varies from 2G (nominal clearance for general applications) to 5G (minimum clearance, for special applications) G (general class of thread) is replaced by C for centralising threads that have critical clearance fits for special applications. Fit for centralizing threads fit range from 2C to 6C

 LH additional indicator in denoting thread ; Right g hand is means Left Hand thread; considered default and hence not recorded. recorded SQ: for square thread,

Pipe p threads

NPT: American National Standard Taper Pipe Threads, conforms to ANSI B 1.20.1 NPTF: Dryseal USA Standard Taper Pipe Thread

NPTF: Threads with min clearance/slight interference for tight fit Designed for sealing the joint without sealing compound Application: Hydraulic, Automotive, Refrigeration systems

Different Types yp of Nuts and Bolts

Hexagonal headed bolt

S Square h headed d d bolt b lt Generally used when the head is to be accommodated in recess. Recess is also made up of square shape to prevent rotation of bolt.

Square neck to avoid rotation of Bolt while tightening a nut.

Cylindrical or cheese headed bolt Used whenSpace for accommodating bolt head is less. Use of spanner is to be avoided. Rotation of bolt is p prevented by y means of a pin

T- headed bolt Primarily Pi il used di in machine hi t tool lt tables, bl f for clamping l i fixtures, workpieces, etc. Fits in T slot provided on them.

Counter sunk headed bolt. Used in application where head of bolt must not project above the surface of connected piece. It may provided with the neck of square cross-section.

Hook Bolt

This bolt passes through a hole of one piece only. other piece is gripped by the hook shaped bolt head. This is used when it is not possible to drill hole in the piece adjoining bolt head.

Eye BoltBolt has circular ring as its head. Used as an appliance to lift heavy machines. machines

Stud-

It consists of a cylindrical shank threaded at both sides. The nut end N is threaded for a length slightly More than thickness of nut. Metal end M is threaded to length at least equal To diameter of stud.

Fitting of stud

Washer

Hexagonal nut

Approx Std. Dimensions T=D; W=1.5D+3mm; R=1.4D

Rough Rule Dimensions T=D; Drawing a hexagonal nut R=1 5D R=1.5D

Distance across diagonally opposite corners: 2D

Nuts

Tommy Bar / Pin spanner

Locking arrangements for nuts

Due to vibrations, there is always a tendency to for nuts to become slack. LOCKING SEQUENCE: The Th nut t A is i first fi t screwed d on bolt b lt as ti tightly htl as possible. ibl The nut B is then screwed on the bolt till it touches the top of nut A. The nut B is held by spanner and nut A is turned backwards through few degrees. The The two nuts are hence locked tightly due to wedging action against each other and bolt. Nut B carries all the load, hence it is made thicker than nut A. Generally nut A thickness is kept 0 0.8 8 times of thickness of nut B

Spring washer
Partly does the similar job as lock nut

Split p p pin for locking g the nut in p place and prevent its unscrewing

Other means of locking the nut in place

Foundation bolts

Molten Lead / sulphur

Foundation bolts

Bolt type
Square headed

Picture

Application
Bearings of shaft

Cylindrical headed

Big end of connecting rods, eccentrics, etc. Machine tool tables, boiler mountings such as stop valve, feed check valve etc. Where the bolt head must not project above surface

T-headed T headed

Counter-sunk Counter sunk headed

Eye bolt

For lifting heavy machines Connect cylinder cover to engine cylinder Situations where there is no space for bolt heads

Stud