Matematika V Ekonomike

Fbgbkl_jkl\h h[jZah\Zgby Jhkkbckdhc N_^_jZpbb
LZf[h\kdbc ]hkm^Zjkl\_gguc l_ogbq_kdbc mgb\_jkbl_l

:. <. KHEHI:OH
F:L?F:LBD: < WDHGHFBD?
QZklv I
Mq_[gh-ijZdlbq_kdh_ ihkh[b_
LZf[h\
Ba^Zl_evkl\h L=LM
2001
M>D 330.105(075)
;;D <1y73-5
F34
J_p_ga_glu:
DZg^b^Zl wdhghfbq_kdbo gZmd,
aZ\_^mxsbc dZn_^jhc ";momq_l b Zm^bl" L=LM
E. <. IZjohf_gdh
>hdlhj nbabdh-fZl_fZlbq_kdbo gZmd,
ijhn_kkhj L=M bf. =. J. >_j`Z\bgZ
K. F. >ax[Z
FZl_fZlbdZ \ wdhghfbd_. Mq_[gh-ijZdlbq_kdh_ ihkh[b_ / :\l.-khkl. :. <.
KhehiZoh. LZf[h\: Ba^-\h LZf[. ]hk. l_og. mg-lZ, 2001. Q. 1. 71 k.
ISBN 5-8265-0136-7
Baeh`_gu hkgh\gu_ l_hj_lbq_kdb_ k\_^_gby b jZah[jZgu lbih\u_ aZ^Zqb ih
i_j\hc qZklb dmjkZ "Wdhghfbdh-fZl_fZlbq_kdb_ f_lhû". JZkkfZljb\Zxlky \hijhku
b aZ^Zqb l_hjbb kbkl_f fZkkh\h]h h[kem`b\Zgby, ebg_cgh]h ijh]jZffbjh\Zgby,
fh^_e_c hilbfbaZpbb ijhba\h^kl\_gguo ieZgh\, l_hjbb ]jZnh\ b l_hjbb b]j.
Ijb\h^ylky \ZjbZglu dhgljhevguo aZ^Zgbc êy klm^_glh\ \lhjh]h dmjkZ aZhqgh]h
hl^_e_gby (ki_pbZevghkl_c 0604, 0605, 0608).
M>D 330.105(075)
;;D <1y73-5
LZf[h\kdbc ]hkm^Zjkl\_gguc
l_ogbq_kdbc mgb\_jkbl_l
(L=LM), 2001
ISBN 5-8265-0136-7 KhehiZoh :. <.
F34
<<?>?GB?
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hl^_e_gby. DjZldh baeZ]Zxlky k\_^_gby ih ke_^mxsbf jZa^_eZf: "L_hjby kbkl_f
fZkkh\h]h h[kem`b\Zgby", "Ebg_cgh_ ijh]jZffbjh\Zgb_", "Fh^_eb hilbfbaZpbb
ijhba\h^kl\_gguo ieZgh\", "L_hjby ]jZnh\" b "L_hjby b]j". : lZd`_ ijb\h^ylky
ijbf_ju lbih\uo aZ^Zq b ih^jh[gh jZkkfZljb\Zxlky bo j_r_gby, qlh ihfh`_l
klm^_glZf kZfhklhyl_evgh kijZ\blvky k \uiheg_gb_f dhgljhevguo aZ^Zgbc.
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ihke_^gbfb pbnjZfb aZq_lghc dgb`db. Ihjy^hd hij_^_e_gby \ZjbZglZ ijb\h^blky \
aZ^Zgbb.
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qlh aZy\db ihklmiZxl \ kemqZcgu_ fhf_glu \j_f_gb b \j_fy g_h[oh^bfh_ êy
h[kem`b\Zgby dZ`^hc aZy\db lZd`_ kemqZcgh. Ijbf_jh\ ih^h[guo kblmZpbc \_kvfZ
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lZdbo kblmZpbyo bf_xlky h[sb_ k\hckl\Z ijhp_kkh\ ihklmie_gby b h[kem`b\Zgby
aZy\hd, qlh iha\hey_l bkihevah\Zlv khhl\_lkl\mxsmx l_hjbx.
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dZ`^hf rZ]_ kemqZcguf h[jZahf hkms_kl\ey_lky i_j_oh^ ba h^gh]h khklhygby \ ^jm]h_,
ijbq_f ba\_klgZ \_jhylghklv lh]h beb bgh]h i_j_oh^Z. Kha^ZgZ b rbjhdh bkihevam_lky
fZl_fZlbq_kdZy l_hjby bamqZxsZy lZdb_ kemqZcgu_ ijhp_kku. < qZklghklb wlZ l_hjby
bkihevam_lky ijb bamq_gbb KFH, ihwlhfm \\_^_f g_kdhevdh khhl\_lkl\mxsbo
hij_^_e_gbc b nZdlh\.
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(t) (l._. nmgdpbx, agZq_gbyfb dhlhjhc y\eyxlky kemqZcgu_ \_ebqbgu), ijb wlhf
Zj]mf_gl t h[uqgh jZkkfZljb\Zxl dZd \j_fy (bgh]^Z dZd ijhkljZgkl\_ggmx
i_j_f_ggmx). :j]mf_gl t fh`_l y\eylvky g_ij_ju\guf beb ^bkdj_lguf, \h \lhjhf
kemqZ_ bf__lky ihke_^h\Zl_evghklv fhf_glh\ t
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i
).
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dhlhju_ fh`_l ijbgbfZlv ijhp_kk. Wlh fgh`_kl\h fh`_l [ulv dhg_qguf beb kq_lguf
(lh]^Z ]h\hjyl h ^bkdj_lghf kemqZcghf ijhp_kk_) beb g_ij_ju\guf (lh]^Z kemqZcguc
ijhp_kk gZau\Z_lky g_ij_ju\guf).
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khklhygbc. H[agZqbf s
1
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N
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i
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f
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^hklb]gmluo jZg__.
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. ,..., 1 , 0 ; ..., , 1 , 1
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ii
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if
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g_kdhevdbo khklhygbc. LZdZy kblmZpby bf__l f_klh qZklh.
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- dhg_qgh_ ijhkljZgkl\h khklhygbc;
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(0)
;
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ijhf_`mldb \j_f_gb. Ijb dZ`^hf h[f_g_ \uklj_eZfb dhjZ[ev : ihjZ`Z_l dhjZ[ev < k
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qlh ijb ex[hf ihiZ^Zgbb dhjZ[ev \uoh^bl ba kljhy. JZkkfZljb\Zxlky j_amevlZlu k_jbb
\uklj_eh\. KhklZ\vl_ ijhkljZgkl\h khklhygbc b fZljbpm i_j_oh^Z, _keb khklhygbyfb
p_ib [m^ml dhf[bgZpbb dhjZ[e_c, hklZ\rboky \ kljhx.
IjhkljZgkl\h khklhygbc [m^_l \dexqZlv ke_^mxsb_ 4 khklhygby:
- s
i
p_eu h[Z dhjZ[ey},
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2
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- s
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h[Z dhjZ[ey ihjZ`_gu}.
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1
, s
2
, s
3
\uklj_eu g_ ijhba\h^ylky, lh, ihiZ\ \ h^gh bw wlbo
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22
j
33
j
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1, a j
if
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1
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1
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2
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.
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11
(1 - 1/2)(1 - 3/8) 5/16.
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p_e p
12
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13
(11/2)3/8
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14
1/23/8 3/16. Lh]^Z
fZljbpZ i_j_oh^Z J aZibr_lky \ \b^_
J
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1 0 0 0
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16 / 3 16 / 3 16 / 5 16 / 5
.
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\uklj_eZfb
a
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a^_kv ijbgylh a
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>Ze__ ihke_ ^\mo h[f_gh\ \uklj_eZfb
a
(1)
a
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2
a
(1)
P (5/16, 5/16, 3/16, 3/16)P
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\_jhylghklvx 63/256. :gZeh]bqgh fh`gh jZkkqblZlv \_jhylghklb khklhygbc ihke_
ex[h]h dhg_qgh]h dhebq_kl\Z \uklj_eh\.
1.2 KlZpbhgZjgh_ jZkij_^_e_gb_ j_]meyjghc fZjdh\kdhc p_ib
<h fgh]bo kemqZyo, \ qZklghklb \ p_eyo bkke_^h\Zgby KFH, hkh[uc bgl_j_k
ij_^klZ\ey_l khklhygb_ kemqZcgh]h ijhp_kkZ ihke_ [_kdhg_qgh [hevrh]h dhebq_kl\Z
rZ]h\. Ihkdhevdm \ ^_ckl\bl_evghklb [_kdhg_qgh]h dhebq_kl\Z rZ]h\ g_ fh`_l [ulv
ijhke_`_gh gbdh]^Z, a^_kv b^_l j_qv h g_dhlhjhf \_dlhj_, dhlhjuc y\ey_lky ij_^_ehf
ihke_^h\Zl_evghklb \_dlhjh\ a
(i)
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q_j_a b, lh]^Z fh`gh aZibkZlv
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i
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g_h[oh^bfu_ b ^hklZlhqgu_ êy _]h kms_kl\h\Zgby hibkZgu gb`_.
FZjdh\kdZy p_iv gZau\Z_lky wj]h^bq_kdhc, _keb dZ`^h_ khklhygb_ ba ijhkljZgkl\Z
khklhygbc S fh`_l [ulv ^hklb]gmlh ba ex[h]h ^jm]h]h khklhygby ba S. Wj]h^bq_kdb_
p_ib [u\Zxl ^\mo \b^h\:
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q_j_a hij_^_e_ggu_ i_jbh^bq_kdb_ bgl_j\Zeu;
- j_]meyjghc gZau\Z_lky wj]h^bq_kdZy p_iv, g_ y\eyxsZyky pbdebq_kdhc.
J_]meyjgZy p_iv (beb j_]meyjguc fZjdh\kdbc ijhp_kk) ^\b`_lky f_`^m \k_o
khklhygbc \ ijhkljZgkl\_ khklhygbc, ihiZ^Zy \ ex[h_ ^Zggh_ khklhygb_ q_j_a
g_hij_^_e_ggh_ qbkeh g_i_jbh^bq_kdbo bgl_j\Zeh\ \j_f_gb. FZljbpZ i_j_oh^h\
j_]meyjgh]h fZjdh\kdh]h ijhp_kkZ gZau\Z_lky j_]meyjghc fZljbp_c i_j_oh^h\.
GZijbf_j, ijhp_kk hibkZgguc \ ij_û^ms_f ijbf_j_ g_ y\ey_lky j_]meyjguf.
M[_^blvky \ wlhf g_ keh`gh ko_fZlbq_kdb bah[jZab\ fgh`_kl\h _]h \hafh`guo
khklhygbc b i_j_oh^gu_ \_jhylghklb \ \b^_ jbk. 1.1. GZ wlhf jbkmgd_ g_ ihdZaZgu
klj_edZfb i_j_ohû k gme_\ufb \_jhylghklyfb. LZdbf h[jZahf, dZd fh`gh [ueh ihgylv
b [_a jbkmgdZ, ba khklhygbc s
1
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2
, s
3
\ ^jm]b_ khklhygby m`_ ihiZklv g_\hafh`gh, Z
agZqbl ^Zgguc ijhp_kk g_ y\ey_lky wj]h^bq_kdbf b, ke_^h\Zl_evgh, - j_]meyjguf.
Jbk. 1.1
Nmg^Zf_glZevgZy l_hj_fZ êy j_]meyjguo fZjdh\kdbo p_i_c ml\_j`^Z_l, qlh _keb J
y\ey_lky j_]meyjghc fZljbp_c i_j_oh^h\, lh:
1) kms_kl\m_l ij_^_e B
k
P
k
=

lim ;
2) dZ`^Zy kljhdZ fZljbpu < ijb wlhf _klv h^bg b lhl `_ \_dlhj b (b
1
, ..., b
2
),
dhfihg_glu dhlhjh]h m^h\e_l\hjyxl mkeh\byf
b
i
> 0,
=
N
i
i
b
1
1.
Ijb\_^_ggZy l_hj_fZ, \ qZklghklb, hagZqZ_l, qlh \ kemqZ_ j_]meyjghc p_ib ihegu_
\_jhylghklb ihiZ^Zgby \ jZaebqgu_ khklhygby ijb ^hklZlhqgh [hevrhf qbke_ rZ]h\ g_
aZ\bkyl hl gZqZevgh]h khklhygby.
>ey gZoh`^_gby klZpbhgZjgh]h jZkij_^_e_gby b j_]meyjghc p_ib m^h[gh
ihevah\Zlvky hq_\b^guf k\hckl\hf, qlh b - _^bgkl\_gguc \_jhylghklguc \_dlhj lZdhc,
qlh \uihegy_lky \_dlhjgh_ jZ\_gkl\h
bJ b. (1.2)
< dhhj^bgZlghc nhjf_ jZ\_gkl\h (1.2) ijbf_l \b^:
5/16 5/16
3/16
3/16
S2
S1
S3
S4
1
1
1
= + + +
= + + +
= + + +
. ...
2 2 1 1
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,
2 2
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22 2 12 1
,
1 1
...
21 2 11 1
N
b
NN
p
N
b
N
p b
N
p b
b
N
p
N
b p b p b
b
N
p
N
b p b p b
Ijbf_j 1.2 GZc^_f, gZijbf_j klZpbhgZjgh_ jZkij_^_e_gb_ êy j_]meyjghc p_ib,
bf_xs_c fZljbpm i_j_oh^Z
J
]
]
]
\
|
2 / 1 4 / 1 4 / 1
3 / 2 0 3 / 1
2 / 1 2 / 1 0
.
Imklv b (b
1
, b
2
,b
3
) bkdhfh_ klZpbhgZjgh_ jZkij_^_e_gb_. <uibr_f mjZ\g_gb_ (1.2)
\ \b^_ kbkl_fu ebg_cguo mjZ\g_gbc:
1/3 b
2
1/4 b
3
b
1
,
1/2 b
1
1/4 b
3
b
2
,
1/2b
1
2/3b
2
1/2b
3
b
3
.
>h[Z\bf mkeh\b_ lh]h, qlh \_dlhj b y\ey_lky \_jhylghklguf:
b
1
+ b
2
+ b
3
1.
J_rZy i_j\h_, \lhjh_ b q_l\_jlh_ mjZ\g_gby (lZd dZd lj_lv_ mjZ\g_gb_
y\ey_lky ebg_cghc dhf[bgZpb_c i_j\h]h b \lhjh]h), ihemqZ_f b
1
(b
1
, b
2
, b
3
)
(8/37, 9/37, 20/37).
JZkkfhljbf klZpbhgZjgh_ jZkij_^_e_gb_ êy kemqZcgh]h ijhp_kkZ
ko_fZlbq_kdb bah[jZ`_ggh]h gZ jbk. 1.2. <b^bf, qlh ijb \k_o g_gme_\uo
\_jhylghklyo i_j_oh^Z hg y\ey_lky j_]meyjguf.
Jbk. 1.2
H[hagZqbf q_j_a b (b
0
, ..., b
k
) \_dlhj _]h klZpbhgZjgh]h jZkij_^_e_gby, lh]^Z
kbkl_fZ mjZ\g_gbc (1.2) aZibr_lky \ \b^_
b
0
p
0,0
+ b
1
p
1,0
b
0
,
b
i-1
p
i-1,i
+ b
i
p
i,i
+ b
i+1
p
i+1, i
b
i
, i 1 ,..., k - 1,
P
0,1 P
1,2
P
2,3
P
2,1
P
2,1
P
1,0
P
0,0
P
1,1 P
2,2
P
k-2, k-1
P
k-2, k-1
P
k-1, k-1
P
k-1, k
P
k, k-1
P
k, k
s
0 s
1 s
2 s
k-1 s
k
b
k-1
p
k-1,k
+ b
k
p
k,k
b
k,
1
1
=
=
k
i
i
b
.
G_ keh`gh ijh\_jblv, qlh j_r_gb_f wlhc kbkl_fu y\eyxlky \_ebqbgu
,
.....
....
... 1
1
0 , 1 1 , 2 1 ,
1 , 0 2 , 1 , 1
1 , 2 0 , 1
2 , 1 1 , 0
0 , 1
1 , 0
0
]
]
\
|
+ + + + =
p p p
p p p
p p
p p
p
p
b
k k
k k
(1.3)
.
...
...
,...., ,
0
0 , 1 1 , 2 1 ,
1 , 0 2 , 1 , 1
0
0 , 1 1 , 2
1 , 0 2 , 1
2 0
0 , 1
1 , 0
1
b
p p p
p p p
b b
p p
p p
b b
p
p
b
k k
k k
k
= = =
1.3 Hkgh\gu_ ihgylby l_hjbb fZkkh\h]h h[kem`b\Zgby
I_j_c^_f l_i_jv g_ihkj_^kl\_ggh d KFH. D hij_^_eyxsbf oZjZdl_jbklbdZf
KFH hlghkylky:
- dhebq_kl\h h[kem`b\Zxsbo ijb[hjh\. JZaebqZxl h^ghdZgZevgu_ b
fgh]hdZgZevgu_ KFH;
- hj]ZgbaZpby hq_j_^b. ?keb \gh\v ihklmiZxs__ lj_[h\Zgb_ g_ gZc^y
k\h[h^gh]h h[kem`b\Zxs_]h ijb[hjZ ihdb^Z_l KFH, lh lZdZy KFH gZau\Z_lky
KFH k hldZaZfb, _keb klZgh\blky \ hq_j_^v, lh - KFH k h`b^Zgb_f. Fh`_l bf_lv
f_klh h]jZgbq_gb_ gZ êbgm hq_j_^b. Lh]^Z _keb \gh\v ihklmiZxs__ lj_[h\Zgb_
ijboh^bl \ kbkl_fm \ fhf_gl, dh]^Z êbgZ hq_j_^b aZy\hd h`b^Zxsbo
h[kem`b\Zgby ^hklb]eZ fZdkbfZevgh ^himklbfhc \_ebqbgu, lh aZy\dZ moh^bl g_
h[kem`_gghc;
- ^bkpbiebgZ h[kem`b\Zgby. Lh _klv ihjy^hd \u[hjZ ba hq_j_^b aZy\db êy
h[kem`b\Zgby. Fh]ml bkihevah\Zlvky ijbgpbiu: "i_j\uc ijbr_e - i_j\uc
h[kem`beky", beb "i_j\uc ijbr_e - ihke_^gbc h[kem`beky", beb ^jm]b_.
P_gljZevguf ihgylb_f bamqZ_fhc l_hjbb y\ey_lky ihgylb_ ihlhdZ kh[ulbc,
ih^ dhlhjuf ihgbfZ_lky ihke_^h\Zl_evghklv h^ghjh^guo kh[ulbc ijhbkoh^ysbo \
kemqZcgu_ beb g_ kemqZcgu_ fhf_glu \j_f_gb 1]. Ihlhd gZau\Z_lky
klZpbhgZjguf, _keb _]h oZjZdl_jbklbdb g_ f_gyxlky kh \j_f_g_f. <Z`g_cr_c
oZjZdl_jbklbdhc ihlhdZ y\ey_lky _]h bgl_gkb\ghklv, ih^ dhlhjhc ihgbfZ_lky
kj_^g__ dhebq_kl\h aZy\hd ihklmiZxsbo \ _^bgbpm \j_f_gb. =h\hjyl, qlh bf__lky
ihlhd [_a ihke_^_ckl\by, _keb y\eyxlky g_aZ\bkbfufb kemqZcgu_ \_ebqbgu
dhebq_kl\Z kh[ulbc ijhbahr_^rbo gZ ex[uo ^\mo g_i_j_k_dZxsboky
ijhf_`mldZo \j_f_gb. Ihlhd gZau\Z_lky hj^bgZjguf, _keb hlghr_gb_
\_jhylghklb, qlh aZ \j_fy ''t ijhbahreh ^\Z beb [he__ kh[ulbc, b \_jhylghklb, qlh
ijhbahreh h^gh kh[ulb_ klj_fblky d gmex ijb ''t oo 0. BgZq_ ]h\hjy lj_[h\Zgby \
kbkl_fm ijboh^yl ih h^bghqd_, Z g_ ]jmiiZfb. Ihlhd gZau\Z_lky ijhkl_crbf, _keb
hg klZpbhgZj_g hj^bgZj_g b g_ bf__l ihke_^_ckl\by.
Fh`gh ^hdZaZlv, qlh êy ijhkl_cr_]h ihlhdZ bgl_gkb\ghklb OO \_jhylghklv
ihy\e_gby m kh[ulbc (beb qlh lh`_ kZfh_ - ihy\e_gby lj_[h\Zgbc) aZ ijhf_`mlhd
\j_f_gb êbghc WW \ujZ`Z_lky nhjfmehc
it
it
= t e
m
m
m
P
!
) (
) ( , (1.4)
dhlhjZy gZau\Z_lky nhjfmehc ImZkkhgh\kdh]h jZkij_^_e_gby. < khhl\_lkl\bb k
(1.4) fZl_fZlbq_kdh_ h`b^Zgb_ kemqZcghc \_ebqbgu m jZ\gh OOWW. Lh _klv
bgl_gkb\ghklv y\ey_lky _^bgkl\_gguf iZjZf_ljhf ihlhdZ. LZd`_ \Z`gh, qlh
l_i_jv fh`_l [ulv aZibkZgZ \_jhylghklv ihy\e_gby ohly [u h^gh]h lj_[h\Zgby aZ
ijhf_`mlhd \j_f_gb ''t:
t
e t P
A i
= A 1 ) ( , (1.5)
q_f f_gvr_ \_ebqbgZ ''t, l_f lhqg__ ke_^mxs__ ijb[eb`_gb_
t e t P
t
A i ~ = A
A i
1 ) ( . (1.6)
?keb kqblZlv, qlh ihlhd h[kem`_gguo aZy\hd lZd `_ y\ey_lky ijhkl_crbf k
bgl_gkb\ghklvx PP, lh ZgZeh]bqgh nhjfme_ (1.5) fh`gh aZibkZlv \_jhylghklv, qlh aZ
\j_fy t [m^_l h[kem`_gZ ohly [u h^gZ aZy\dZ (beb qlh lh`_ kZfh_: \_jhylghklv, qlh
\j_fy h[kem`b\Zgby h^ghc aZy\db L hdZ`_lky f_gvr_ t)
t
e t 1 P

= < 1 ) ( . (1.7)
Lh _klv nhjfmeZ (1.7) ^Z_l nmgdpbx jZkij_^_e_gby \j_f_gb h[kem`b\Zgby
aZy\db. JZkij_^_e_gb_ kemqZcghc \_ebqbgu \b^Z (1.7) gZau\Z_lky
wdkihg_gpbZevguf.
< gZmqghc ebl_jZlmj_ qZklh bkihevamxlky hkh[u_ mkeh\gu_ h[hagZq_gby lbiZ
KFH. GZijbf_j, F/F/1 hagZqZ_l KFH k imZkkhgh\kdbf ihlhdhf lj_[h\Zgbc,
wdkihg_gpbZevguf \j_f_g_f h[kem`b\Zgby b h^gbf h[kem`b\Zxsbf ijb[hjhf.
?keb ijb wlhf ihlhd lj_[h\Zgbc y\ey_lky g_ kemqZcguf k ihklhygghc
bgl_gkb\ghklvx (j_]meyjguf), lh lh]^Z kbkl_fZ h[hagZqZ_lky >/F/1.
1.4 Bkihevah\Zgb_ fZjdh\kdbo p_i_c êy fh^_ebjh\Zgby KFH
QZs_ \k_]h \klj_qZxlky b bkke_^mxlky KFH, \ dhlhjuo eb[h \oh^ghc, eb[h
\uoh^ghc ihlhd y\ey_lky imZkkZgh\kdbf. H^gZdh bgh]^Z fh`gh ij_îheh`blv, qlh
bf__lky g_dhlhjuc (^hklZlhqgh fZeuc) ijhf_`mlhd \j_f_gb ''t, êy dhlhjh]h
\_jhylghklb, dZd ijboh^Z, lZd b h[kem`b\Zgby ^\mo b [he__ lj_[h\Zgbc fh`gh
kqblZlv jZ\gufb gmex. Lh]^Z, _keb aZ^Zgu wlb \_jhylghklb ihklmie_gby h^ghc
aZy\db p
1
b h[kem`b\Zgby p
2
aZ ijhf_`mlhd \j_f_gb ''t, lh êy fh^_ebjh\Zgby
\hagbdZxs_]h ijhp_kkZ fZkkh\h]h h[kem`b\Zgby fh`gh bkihevah\Zlv fZjdh\kdmx
p_iv.
Imklv \ hq_j_^b g_ fh`_l [ulv [he__ k lj_[h\Zgbc. Lh]^Z ihemqZ_f p_iv
]jZnbq_kdb ij_^klZ\e_ggmx gZ jbkmgd_ 1.2 (dZd m`_ ]h\hjbehkv hgZ y\ey_lky
j_]meyjghc). IjhkljZgkl\h khklhygbc \dexqZ_l k + 1 we_f_glh\ s
i
, k i , 0 = ].
We_f_glu fZljbpu i_j_oh^guo \_jhylghkl_c bf_xl \b^:
j
i,f
0, |i - f| ~ 1,
j
i,i1
p
1
(1 - p
2
), i = 0, k,
j
i,i-1
(1- p
1
) p
2
, i=0,
j
i,i
p
1
p
2
(1 - p
1
)(1 - p
2
), i = 0, k,
j
0,0
(1 - p
1
) ,
j
0,1
p
1
,
j
k,k
p
1
(1 - p
1
)(1 - p
2
).
: we_f_glu \_dlhjZ klZpbhgZjgh]h jZkij_^_e_gby aZ^Zxlky nhjfmeZfb (1.3).
Ijbf_j 1.3 < dZq_kl\_ ijbf_jZ lZdh]h ihôh^Z d jZkq_lm KFH jZkkfhljbf
ke_^mxsmx kblmZpbx. Imklv \ ]ZjZ`_ fZkl_jkdhc ih j_fhglm Z\lhfh[be_c fh`_l
jZaf_klblvky g_ [he__ ^\mo fZrbg. < kj_^g_f gZ j_fhgl Z\lhfh[bey aZljZqb\Z_lky 5
qZkh\; dZ`ûc qZk k \_jhylghklvx 1/4 fh`_l ihklmiblv gh\Zy aZy\dZ gZ j_fhgl
Z\lhfh[bey. Ijb hldjulbb fZkl_jkdhc hq_j_^v [ueZ imklZ. Hij_^_eblv \_jhylghklv
lh]h, qlh:
Z) q_j_a ^\Z qZkZ ihke_ gZqZeZ jZ[hlu \ fZkl_jkdhc g_ [m^_l Z\lhfh[be_c;
[) \ hq_j_^b q_j_a 12 qZkh\ ihke_ hldjulby fZkl_jkdhc [m^_l 2 lj_[h\Zgby.
Ba mkeh\bc aZ^Zqb fh`gh hij_^_eblv \_ebqbgu j
1
1/4 b j
2
1/5. Bkihevamy
nhjfmeu, ihemqbf fZljbpm i_j_oh^guo \_jhylghkl_c
P
]
]
]
\
|
85 , 0 15 , 0 0
2 , 0 65 , 0 15 , 0
0 25 , 0 75 , 0
.
Z) <_jhylghklb lh]h, qlh q_j_a ^\Z rZ]Z \ hq_j_^b klhyl 0, 1 beb 2 lj_[h\Zgby
aZ^Zxlky dhfihg_glZfb \_dlhjZ Z
(2)
. < khhl\_lkl\bb k mkeh\b_f aZ^Zqb \_dlhj
gZqZevgh]h khklhygby a
(0)
(1, 0, 0). Kh]eZkgh (1) Z
(2)
a
(0)
J
2
, lh]^Z
Z
(2)
(1, 0, 0)
]
]
]
\
|
7525 , 0 225 , 0 0225 , 0
3 , 0 49 , 0 21 , 0
05 , 0 35 , 0 6 , 0
(0,6, 0,35, 0,05),
l._. q_j_a 2 qZkZ ihke_ hldjulby \ hq_j_^b g_ [m^_l lj_[h\Zgbc k \_jhylghklvx 0.6.
[) Ihke_ ^\_gZ^pZlb rZ]h\ fh`gh ijb[eb`_ggh kqblZlv, qlh KFH \hc^_l \
klZpbhgZjguc j_`bf b \_jhylghklb lh]h, qlh \ hq_j_^b [m^ml 0, 1 beb 2 lj_[h\Zgby
jZ\gu khhl\_lkl\mxsbf dhfihg_glZf \_jhylghklgh]h \_dlhjZ b. Ih^klZ\eyy \ (1.3)
we_f_glu fZljbpu P (p
if
) gZoh^bf
b
0
9/44, b
1
15/44, b
2
5/11.
Ke_^h\Zl_evgh, ijb[eb`_ggh fh`gh kqblZlv, qlh q_j_a 12 qZkh\ ihke_ gZqZeZ
jZ[hlu fZkl_jkdhc 2 lj_[h\Zgby \ hq_j_^b [m^ml klhylv k \_jhylghklvx 5/11.
1.5 KFH lbiZ F/F/1 k h`b^Zgb_f
KFH lbiZ F/F/1, lh _klv k h^gbf h[kem`b\Zxsbf ijb[hjhf, gZb[he__ qZklh
bkihevamxl dZd fh^_ev j_Zevguo kbkl_f h[kem`b\Zgby ihlhdZ aZy\hd. JZkkfhljbf \
gZqZe_ kemqZc hq_j_^b h]jZgbq_gghc êbgu (g_ [he__ k aZy\hd).
Imklv ba\_klgh, qlh bgl_gkb\ghklb khhl\_lkl\_ggh ihlhdZ aZy\hd b ijhp_kkZ
h[kem`b\Zgby aZ^Zxlky \_ebqbgZfb i b . ?keb khhl\_lkl\mxs__ wlhc fh^_eb
g_ij_ju\gh_ \j_fy jZa[blv gZ ihke_^h\Zl_evghklv \j_f_gguo bgl_j\Zeh\ ^hklZlhqgh
fZehc \_ebqbgu At, lh \_jhylghklv ihklmie_gby h^ghc aZy\db aZ \j_fy At ijb[eb`_ggh
hij_^_ey_lky nhjfmehc ZgZeh]bqghc (1.6):
J
1
(At) ~ iAt, (1.8)
Z \_jhylghklv h[kem`b\Zgby aZ wlh \j_fy h^ghc aZy\db
J
2
(At) ~ At. (1.9)
Ijb wlhf q_f f_gvr_ \_ebqbgZ At, l_f lhqg__ ^Zggu_ ijb[eb`_gby.
<kihfgb\ l_i_jv kfuke mkeh\by hj^bgZjghklb ihlhdZ, fh`gh ijb[eb`_ggh aZibkZlv
êy i_j_oh^guo \_jhylghkl_c ijhp_kkZ
j
i,f
0, |i - f| ~ 1,
j
i,i1
iAt(1 - At), i = 0, k,
j
i,i-1
(1 - iAt) At, i = 0,
j
i,i
iAt At (1 - iAt)(1 - At), i = 0, k,
j
0,0
(1 - iAt) ,
j
0,1
iAt,
j
k,k
iAt (1 - iAt)(1 - At) .
< wlbo nhjfmeZo fu ij_g_[j_]eb keZ]Z_fufb i_j_oh^guo \_jhylghkl_c
khhl\_lkl\mxsbfb ihy\e_gbx aZ \j_fy At ^\mo b [he__ lj_[h\Zgbc, qlh, \hh[s_ ]h\hjy
\hafh`gh. H^gZdh, \ khhl\_lkl\bb k mkeh\b_f hj^bgZjghklb ijhp_kkZ ijb At o 0
mdZaZggh_ ^hims_gb_ h[hkgh\Zggh.
< p_ib dZ`^h_ khklhygb_ fh`_l [ulv ^hklb]gmlh ba ex[h]h ^jm]h]h khklhygby.
Ke_^h\Zl_evgh, ijb ZgZeba_ ^Zgghc kbkl_fu fh`gh ihevah\Zlvky j_amevlZlZfb,
baeh`_ggufb êy j_]meyjguo fZjdh\kdbo p_i_c. <Z`g_crbf ba dhlhjuo êy p_e_c
bamq_gby KFH y\ey_lky l_hj_fZ h klZpbhgZjghf jZkij_^_e_gbb.
?keb ijhke_^blv nmgdpbhgbjh\Zgb_ KFH k fhf_glZ ihklmie_gby i_j\hc aZy\db, lh
hq_\b^gh fh`gh gZ[ex^Zlv _z khklhygb_ dZd baf_gyxs__ky \h \j_f_gb, eb[h jZkl_l
hq_j_^v, eb[h ijb g_kdhevdbo h[kem`b\Zxsbo ijb[hjZo m\_ebqb\Z_lky ^hey aZgyluo
ijb[hjh\. Khhl\_lkl\_ggh baf_gyxlky \k_ iZjZf_lju, dhlhju_ lZd beb bgZq_
oZjZdl_jbamxl khklhygb_ KFH. GZijbf_j, \Z`g_cr_c bgnhjfZpb_c y\eyxlky
\_jhylghklb lh]h, qlh \ kbkl_f_ jh\gh i lj_[h\Zgbc, beb aZgylh i ijb[hjh\, lh _klv
\_jhylghklb jZaebqguo \hafh`guo khklhygbc KFH p(s
i
). < l_hjbb KFH
jZkkfZljb\Zxlky mjZ\g_gby hibku\Zxsb_ \ ^bgZfbd_ \_ebqbgu p(s
i
), wlb mjZ\g_gby
y\eyxlky ^bnn_j_gpbZevgufb. H^gZdh ijb bamq_gbb KFH gZk ij_`^_ \k_]h bgl_j_kmxl
oZjZdl_jbklbdb ijhp_kkZ, dh]^Z hg m`_ ^hklb] k\h_c mklZgh\b\r_cky nZau. =h\hjy
yaudhf kemqZcguo ijhp_kkh\ gZk bgl_j_km_l _]h klZpbhgZjgh_ jZkij_^_e_gb_. B[h
h[uqgh ebrv agZy oZjZdl_jbklbdb ijhp_kkZ \ klZpbhgZjghf khklhygbb fh`gh km^blv h
dZq_kl\_ h[kem`b\Zgby aZy\hd b \ p_ehf h KFH.
H[hagZqbf \_jhylghklb p(s
i
) \ mklZgh\b\r_fky khklhygbb ijhp_kkZ q_j_a b
i
, hgb
y\eyxlky \Z`g_crbfb iZjZf_ljZfb, lZd dZd agZy wlb \_ebqbgu e_]dh fh`gh jZkkqblZlv
\k_ ^jm]b_ iZjZf_lju. JZkkqblZ_f bo êy hibkZgghc fh^_eb KFH. We_f_glu fZljbpu
i_j_oh^guo \_jhylghkl_c m`_ [ueb \uibkZgu \ur_. Bkihevamy nhjfmeu (1.3)
ihemqZ_f:
b
0

1
2 2
1 2
) 1 (
) 1 (
1
) 1 (
) 1 (
) 1 (
) 1 (
1
) 1 (
1
+ +
+ +
]
]
]
]
]
\
|
A i
A i
A i
A i
A i
A i
A i
i
+
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
k k
k k
,
(1.10)
b
i

i i
t
t
t
]
]
\
|
i
]
\
|
A i
A
A i
1
1
1
1
1
b
0
, i k , 1
>Zggu_ \ujZ`_gby ijb[eb`_ggh hij_^_eyxl \_jhylghklb khklhygbc g_ij_ju\gh]h
ijhp_kkZ. Lhqghklv hij_^_ey_lky [ebahklvx \_ebqbg (1.8) - (1.9) d bklbgguf
\_jhylghklyf. I_j_oh^y \ (1.10) d ij_^_em ijb At o 0 ihemqZ_f lhqgu_ \ujZ`_gby êy
\_jhylghkl_c khklhygbc kbkl_fu \ klZpbhgZjghf j_`bf_
b
0

2
1
1
+

k
, b
i

i
b
0
, i k , 1
A^_kv bkihevah\Zgh h[hagZq_gb_
i
, wlm \_ebqbgm gZau\Zxl gZ]jmadhc kbkl_fu.
L_i_jv ihevamykv ihemq_ggufb \_jhylghklyfb g_keh`gh ihemqblv \ujZ`_gby êy
jZaebqguo \Z`guo iZjZf_ljh\ KFH \ klZpbhgZjghf j_`bf_.
<_jhylghklv hldZaZ, l._. \_jhylghklv, qlh aZy\dZ ihklmibl \ fhf_gl, dh]^Z m`_
bf__lky hq_j_^v ba k aZy\hd
P
HLD

k1
b
0
.
Hlghkbl_evgZy ijhimkdgZy kihkh[ghklv, l._. ^hey h[kem`_gguo aZy\hd ba
ihklmib\rbo \ kbkl_fm
Q 1 - P
HLD
.
:[khexlgZy ijhimkdgZy kihkh[ghklv KFH, l._. kj_^g__ dhebq_kl\h aZy\hd
h[kem`b\Z_fuo \ _^bgbpm \j_f_gb:
: i(1 - P
HLD
).
Kj_^g__ qbkeh aZy\db \ hq_j_^b ([_a mq_lZ h[kem`b\Z_fhc aZy\db), l._.
fZl_fZlbq_kdh_ h`b^Zgb_ wlhc kemqZcghc \_ebqbgu:
L
HQ
> @
) 1 )( 1 (
) 1 ( 1
2
2

+
=
+ k
k
k k
.
Kj_^g__ \j_fy h`b^Zgby h[kem`b\Zgby aZy\dhc (g_ \dexqZy \j_f_gb kZfh]h
h[kem`b\Zgby):
F(n) L
HQ
/. (1.11)
>hey ijhklh_\ h[kem`b\Zxs_]h ijb[hjZ \ujZ`Z_lky \_ebqbghc b
0
, lh _klv
\_jhylghklvx lh]h, qlh ijb[hj k\h[h^_g.
JZkkfhljbf l_i_jv kemqZc, dh]^Z g_l h]jZgbq_gby gZ êbgm hq_j_^b. Hg e_]dh
ihemqZ_lky ba ij_û^msbo nhjfme, dZd ij_^_evguc i_j_oh^ ijb k. :gZeh]bqgu_
oZjZdl_jbklbdb lZdhc KFH bf_xl gb`_ke_^mxsbc \b^.
<_jhylghklb khklhygbc:
b
0
1 - UU, b
i
UU
i
b
0
, i , 1 .
Cj_^gyy êbgZ hq_j_^b, \dexqZy lj_[h\Zgb_, gZoh^ys__ky gZ h[kem`b\Zgbb
F(n)

1
. (1.12)
Cj_^g__ \j_fy h`b^Zgby h[kem`b\Zgby êy lj_[h\Zgby (e - \j_fy h`b^Zgby êy
lj_[h\Zgby)
F(e)
) 1 (
. (1.13)
Cj_^gyy êbgZ hq_j_^b, h`b^Zxs_c h[kem`b\Zgby

1
2
. (1.14)
Cj_^g__ \j_fy, ijh\_^_ggh_ lj_[h\Zgb_f \ kbkl_f_
) 1 (
1

. (1.15)
JZkkfhljbf ke_^mxsbc ijbf_j.
Ijbf_j 1.4 Imklv lj_[h\Zgby ihklmiZxl gZ h[kem`b\Zxs__ mkljhckl\h kmi_jfZjd_lZ
kemqZcgh, ijbq_f kj_^gbc ijhf_`mlhd \j_f_gb f_`^m ihklmie_gbyfb lj_[h\Zgbc jZ\_g
0,5 fbg. <j_fy h[kem`b\Zgby jZkij_^_e_gh wdkihg_gpbZevgh kh kj_^gbf agZq_gb_f,
jZ\guf 0,25 fbg. Hij_^_ebl_: Z) kj_^g__ qbkeh lj_[h\Zgbc \ kbkl_f_; [) kj_^g__ \j_fy
h`b^Zgby h[kem`b\Zgby êy lj_[h\Zgby; \) kj_^g__ \j_fy, ijh\_^_ggh_ lj_[h\Zgb_f \
kbkl_f_; ]) ^hex \j_f_gb, \ l_q_gb_ dhlhjh]h h[kem`b\Zxsbc ijb[hj ijhklZb\Z_l.
Kj_^gyy kdhjhklv \oh^gh]h ihlhdZ i ij_^klZ\ey_l kh[hc \_ebqbgm, h[jZlgmx d
kj_^g_c êbg_ ijhf_`mldZ f_`^m ihklmie_gbyfb lj_[h\Zgbc i 1:0,5 2 (lj_[h\Zgbc \
fbgmlm). Kj_^gyy kdhjhklv h[kem`b\Zgby lj_[h\Zgbc jZ\gZ 1:0,25 4 (lj_[h\Zgbc \
fbgmlm). Lh]^Z
= i/ 1/2.
LZd dZd 1, lh aZ ^hklZlhqgh [hevrh_ \j_fy kbkl_fZ h[kem`b\Zgby \hc^_l \
klZpbhgZjguc j_`bf.
Z) Kh]eZkgh (1.12), kj_^g__ qbkeh lj_[h\Zgbc \ kbkl_f_

1
1 (lj_[h\Zgb_).
[) Kh]eZkgh (1.13), kj_^g__ \j_fy h`b^Zgby h[kem`b\Zgby
) 1 (
1/4 (fbg).
\) Kh]eZkgh (1.15), kj_^g__ \j_fy, ijh\_^_ggh_ lj_[h\Zgb_f \ kbkl_f_
) 1 (
1

1/2.
]) >hey ijhklh_\ h[kem`b\Zxs_]h ijb[hjZ J
0
1 - 1/2.
L_fZ 2 EBG?CGH? IJH=J:FFBJH<:GB?
<h fgh]bo kblmZpbyo, \klj_qZxsboky \ ijhfure_gghklb, k_evkdhf ohayckl\_,
wdhghfbq_kdhc ^_yl_evghklb b l.^., aZ^ZqZ hilbfbaZpbb ieZgZ g_dhlhjuo wdhghfbdh-
ijhba\h^kl\_gguo ^_ckl\bc fh`_l [ulv aZibkZgZ \ \b^_ ebg_cguo mjZ\g_gbc b
g_jZ\_gkl\ k ebg_cguf `_, hlghkbl_evgh bkdhfuo, hij_^_eyxsbo wlhl ieZg
i_j_f_gguo p_e_\uf nmgdpbhgZehf. D aZ^ZqZf wlh]h `_ \b^Z k\h^ylky hq_gv fgh]b_
aZ^Zqb hilbfbaZpbb b ijbgylby j_r_gbc ba g_dhlhjuo ^jm]bo kZfhklhyl_evguo
gZijZ\e_gbc ijbdeZ^ghc fZl_fZlbdb.
Khhl\_lkl\_ggh \hagbdZ_l ihlj_[ghklv \ fZl_fZlbq_kdhc l_hjbb iha\heyxs_c
j_rZlv lZdb_ aZ^Zqb. LZdZy l_hjby kms_kl\m_l b gZau\Z_lky ebg_cguf
ijh]jZffbjh\Zgb_f |3, 4|. DZd hlf_qZ_lky fgh]bfb, ^Zggh_ gZa\Zgb_ g_ y\ey_lky
m^Zqguf. Hgh \hagbdeh \ 30-_ ]hû, dh]^Z ij_^klZ\e_gby h ijh]jZffbjh\Zgbb gZ
dhfivxl_j_ _sz g_ kms_kl\h\Zeh. < ^Zgghf kemqZ_ ih^ ijh]jZffbjh\Zgb_f, nZdlbq_kdb
ih^jZamf_\Z_lky ieZgbjh\Zgb_. H^gZdh, wlhl l_jfbg m`_ mdhj_gbeky, b g_ lhevdh \
ebg_cghf kemqZ_. Bf_xlky lZd `_ b lZdb_ gZa\Zgby fZl_fZlbq_kdbo l_hjbc j_r_gby
aZ^Zq hilbfbaZpbb, dZd g_ebg_cgh_ ijh]jZffbjh\Zgb_ beb ^bgZfbq_kdh_
ijh]jZffbjh\Zgb_.
2.1 H[sZy ihklZgh\dZ aZ^Zqb ebg_cgh]h ijh]jZffbjh\Zgby
< h[s_f \b^_ aZ^ZqZ ebg_cgh]h ijh]jZffbjh\Zgby (EI) aZdexqZ_lky \ hlukdZgbb
lZdbo g_hljbpZl_evguo qbk_e o
1
, o
2
, ..., o
n
, dhlhju_ fZdkbfbabjmxl ^Zggmx ebg_cgmx
nmgdpbx
C k
1
x
1
k
2
x
2
... k
n
o
n

=
n
i
x
i
c
i 1
(2.1)
ijb mkeh\bb \uiheg_gby kbkl_fu g_jZ\_gkl\:
= + + +
+
=
+
+ +
+
+
+
> + + +
+
>
+
+ +
+
+
+
s + + +
s + + +
s + + +
, ...
2 2 1 1
...... .......... .......... .......... .......... ..........
,
1 ) 1 (
...
2 2 ) 1 ( 1 1 ) 1 (
...
2 2 1 1
.... .......... .......... .......... .......... ..........
,
1 ) 1 (
...
2 2 ) 1 ( 1 1 ) 1 (
, ...
2 2 1 1
... .......... .......... .......... .......... ..........
,
2 2
...
2 22 1 21
,
1 1
...
2 12 1 11
m
b
n
x
mn
a x
m
a x
m
a
p
b
n
x
n p
a x
p
a x
p
a
p
b
n
x
pn
a x
p
a x
p
a
k
b
n
x
n k
a x
k
a x
k
a
k
b
n
x
kn
a x
k
a x
k
a
b
n
x
n
a x a x a
b
n
x
n
a x a x a
b
i
>0, (i m , 1 )
x
i
>0, (i n , 1 ) (2.3)
Bkihevamxl ke_^mxsb_ hkgh\gu_ ihgylby b l_jfbgu:
- nmgdpby (2.1) gZau\Z_lky p_e_\hc nmgdpb_c (beb p_e_\uf nmgdpbhgZehf, beb
nmgdpbhgZehf dZq_kl\Z) aZ^Zqb,
- g_jZ\_gkl\Z b jZ\_gkl\Z (2.2) - (2.3) gZau\Zxlky h]jZgbq_gbyfb aZ^Zqb,
- ex[hc gZ[hj qbk_e x
i
}, m^h\e_l\hjyxsbc (2.2) - (2.3), gZau\Z_lky ^himklbfuf
j_r_gb_f beb ^himklbfuf ieZghf;
- ^himklbfh_ j_r_gb_, dhlhjh_ fZdkbfbabjm_l p_e_\mx nmgdpbx, gZau\Z_lky
hilbfZevguf j_r_gb_f;
- fZdkbfZevgh_ agZq_gby p_e_\hc nmgdpbb K
mZo
gZau\Zxl agZq_gb_f hilbfZevgh]h
j_r_gby aZ^Zqb.
H]jZgbq_gb_-g_jZ\_gkl\h bkoh^ghc aZ^Zqb EI, bf_xs__ \b^ "s", fh`gh
ij_h[jZah\Zlv \ h]jZgbq_gb_-jZ\_gkl\h ^h[Z\e_gb_f d _]h e_\hc qZklb g_dhlhjhc gh\hc
g_hljbpZl_evghc i_j_f_gghc, Z h]jZgbq_gb_-g_jZ\_gkl\h \b^Z ">" - \ h]jZgbq_gb_-
jZ\_gkl\h \uqblZgb_f ba _]h e_\hc qZklb g_hljbpZl_evghc i_j_f_gghc. LZdbf h[jZahf,
h]jZgbq_gb_-g_jZ\_gkl\h
i n in i i
b x a x a x a s + + + ....
2 2 1 1
fh`gh ij_h[jZah\Zlv \ h]jZgbq_gb_-jZ\_gkl\h
i n n in i i
b x x a x a x a = + + + +
+1 2 2 1 1
.... , (x
n1
> 0),
Z h]jZgbq_gb_-g_jZ\_gkl\h
(2.2)
i n in i i
b x a x a x a > + + + ....
2 2 1 1
\ h]jZgbq_gb_-jZ\_gkl\h
i n n in i i
b x x a x a x a = + + +
+1 2 2 1 1
.... , (x
n1
> 0).
I_j_f_ggu_ \\h^bfu_ êy ij_h[jZah\Zgby h]jZgbq_gbc-g_jZ\_gkl\ \ h]jZgbq_gby-
jZ\_gkl\Z gZau\Zxl ^hihegbl_evgufb. Ykgh, qlh bo qbkeh jZ\gh qbkem ij_h[jZam_fuo
g_jZ\_gkl\.
<\h^bfu_ ^hihegbl_evgu_ i_j_f_ggu_ bf_xl \iheg_ hij_^_e_gguc wdhghfbq_kdbc
kfuke. LZd, _keb \ h]jZgbq_gbyo bkoh^ghc aZ^Zqb ebg_cgh]h ijh]jZffbjh\Zgby
hljZ`Zxlky jZkoh^ b gZebqb_ ijhba\h^kl\_gguo j_kmjkh\, lh qbke_ggh_ agZq_gb_
g_dhlhjhc ^hihegbl_evghc i_j_f_gghc jZ\gh h[t_fm g_bkihevam_fh]h
khhl\_lkl\mxs_]h j_kmjkZ.
?keb i_j_f_ggZy o
k
g_ ih^qbg_gZ mkeh\bx g_hljbpZl_evghklb, lh __ ke_^m_l
aZf_gblv ^\mfy \kihfh]Zl_evgufb g_hljbpZl_evgufb i_j_f_ggufb u
k
b v
k
, ijbgy\ x
k

u
k
- v
k
.
2.2 KlZg^ZjlgZy b hkgh\gZy aZ^Zqb ebg_cgh]h ijh]jZffbjh\Zgby
?keb \k_ h]jZgbq_gby (2.2) bf_xl \b^ g_jZ\_gkl\ "s", lh lZdZy aZ^ZqZ EI gZau\Z_lky
klZg^Zjlghc (beb kbff_ljbqghc). ?_ m^h[g__ aZibkZlv \, ]hjZa^h [he__ dhfiZdlghc,
fZljbqghc nhjf_
C c, x ~ max, (2.4)
Ax s b, (2.5)
x
i
> 0, (i n , 1 ), (2.6)
a^_kv c, x~ - kdZeyjgh_ ijhba\_^_gb_ \_dlhjh\ (k
1
, k
2
, ., k
n
) b (x
1
, x
2
,., x
n
); A - fZljbpZ
jZaf_jghklb (m n) khklZ\e_ggZy ba dhwnnbpb_glh\ kbkl_fu h]jZgbq_gbc (2.2) (\
dhlhjhc h^gZdh `_, dZd fu kqblZ_f, lhevdh g_jZ\_gkl\Z \b^Z "s"); b - \_dlhj-klhe[_p (b
1
,
b
2
, ., b
m
), khklZ\e_gguc ba ijZ\uo qZkl_c kbkl_fu h]jZgbq_gbc (2.2).
?keb \k_ h]jZgbq_gby (2.2) bf_xl \b^ jZ\_gkl\ "", lh lZdZy aZ^ZqZ EI gZau\Z_lky
hkgh\ghc (beb dZghgbq_kdhc). ?_ lZd`_ m^h[g__ aZibkZlv \ fZljbqghc nhjf_
C c, x~ max, (2.7)
Ax b, (2.8)
x
i
> 0, (i n , 1 ). (2.9)
2.3 =jZnbq_kdbc f_lh^ j_r_gby aZ^Zqb ebg_cgh]h
ijh]jZffbjh\Zgby
?KEB < G?DHLHJHC A:>:Q? EI LHEVDH ><? I?J?F?GGU? X
1
B X
2
,
LH ?? FH@GH E?=DH J?RBLV, L:D G:AU<:?FUF=J:NBQ?KDBF
KIHKH;HF. WLHL KIHKH; HKGH<:G G: LHF N:DL?, QLH < WLHF
KEMQ:? FGH@?KL<H >HIMKLBFUO J?R?GBC FH@GH IHKLJHBLV G:
><MOF?JGHC IEHKDHKLB. J:KKFHLJBF KE?>MXSBC IJBF?J.
Ijbf_j 2.1 Imklv lj_[m_lky fZdkbfbabjh\Zlv nmgdpbhgZe
C 11x
1
7x
2
max,
ijb h]jZgbq_gbyo
>
>
s
s +
s +
. 0
, 0
, 3
, 15 5 , 2 5
, 12 4 , 2 3
2
1
2
2 1
2 1
x
x
x
x x
x x
J_r_gb_ Ihkljhbf \ iehkdhklb x
0
0x
2
khhl\_lkl\mxsb_ h]jZgbq_gbyf aZ^Zqb
ijyfu_
. 0
, 0
, 3
, 15 5 , 2 5
, 12 4 , 2 3
2
1
2
2 1
2 1
=
=
=
= +
= +
x
x
x
x x
x x
DZ`^Zy ba gbo hij_^_ey_l ihemiehkdhklv, \ dhlhjhc \uihegy_lky khhl\_lkl\mxs__
mkeh\b_. Wlb ijyfu_ ij_^klZ\e_gu gZ jbk. 2.1.
Jbk. 2.1
G: WLHF @? JBKMGD? A:RLJBOH<:G: H;E:KLV Y<EYXS:YKY
I?J?K?Q?GB?F WLBO IHEMIEHKDHKL?C, LH ?KLV LHQDB
A:RLJBOH<:GGHC H;E:KLB BF?XL DHHJ>BG:LU
M>H<E?L<HJYXSB? <K?FH=J:GBQ?GBYF A:>:QB. ?KEB L?I?JV
BAH;J:ABLV KHHL<?LKL<MXSMXNMGDPBHG:EM IJYFMX 11X
1
+ 7X
2

H, =>? H - G?DHLHJ:Y <?EBQBG:, B M<?EBQB<:Y H
I?J?F?S:LV WLM IJYFMX <<?JO, FUKE?GGH BEB I?J?KLJ:B<:Y ??
=?HF?LJBQ?KDB, LH FH@GH HIJ?>?EBLV DJ:CGXXIHKE?>GXX
LHQDM I?J?K?Q?GBY WLHC IJYFHC K A:RLJBOH<:GGHC H;E:KLVX.
WL: LHQD: B ;M>?L KHHL<?LKL<H<:LV J?R?GBXA:>:QB.
< G:R?F KEMQ:? BKDHF:Y LHQD: IHF?Q?G: G: JBKMGD?, D:D K.
L?I?JV >EY HDHGQ:L?EVGH=H IHEMQ?GBY J?R?GBY >HKL:LHQGH
LHQG?? J:KKQBL:LV DHHJ>BG:LUK, J?RB< KBKL?FM MJ:<G?GBC
= +
= +
, 15 5 , 2 5
, 12 4 , 2 3
2 1
2 1
x x
x x
ihemqZ_f agZq_gby x
1
4/3, x
2
10/3. Lh]^Z fZdkbfZevgh_ agZq_gb_ nmgdpbhgZeZ K
max

114/3710/3 114/3 38.
HibkZgguc f_lh^ bgh]^Z m^Z_lky ijbf_gblv b \ kemqZ_, _keb \ bkoh^ghc aZ^Zq_
[he__ ^\mo i_j_f_gguo. M`_ ]h\hjbehkv \ur_ h i_j_oh^_ hl h]jZgbq_gbc-g_jZ\_gkl\ d
h]jZgbq_gbyf-jZ\_gkl\Zf, ijb wlhf \hajZklZ_l dhebq_kl\h i_j_f_gguo. :gZeh]bqgh \
3x1 2,4x2 12
5x1 2,5x2 15
11x1 7x2 h
x1 2
x2 2
x
1
g_dhlhjuo kemqZyo _]h fh`gh mf_gvrblv (gZijbf_j, ^h ^\mo) iml_f i_j_oh^Z hl
h]jZgbq_gbc-jZ\_gkl\ d g_jZ\_gkl\Zf. H^gZdh, lZd [u\Z_l \hafh`gh ihklmiblv ebrv \
j_^dbo kemqZyo.
2.4 Kbfie_dk-f_lh^ j_r_gby aZ^Zqb ebg_cgh]h
ijh]jZffbjh\Zgby
JZajZ[hlZg b rbjhdh ijbf_gy_lky mgb\_jkZevguc f_lh^ j_r_gby ex[hc aZ^Zqb EI,
gZau\Z_fuc kbfie_dk-f_lh^hf. JZkkfhljbf _]h bkihevah\Zgb_ gZ ijbf_j_ j_r_gby
dhgdj_lghc aZ^Zqb.
Ijbf_j 2.2 >ey ba]hlh\e_gby jZaebqguo ba^_ebc :, < b C ij_îjbylb_ bkihevam_l
ljb \b^Z h[hjm^h\Zgby. Ghjfu aZljZl klZgdh-qZkh\ dZ`^h]h \b^Z gZ h[jZ[hldm h^gh]h
ba^_eby :, < b K, p_gZ h^gh]h ba^_eby, Z lZd`_ h[s__ bf_xs__ky dhebq_kl\h klZgdh-
qZkh\ ijb\_^_gu \ lZ[e. 2.1.
LZ[ebpZ 2.1
<b^ h[hjm^h\Zgby
Ghjfu aZljZl
klZgdh-qZkh\ gZ
h^gh ba^_eb_
H[s__
dhebq_kl\h
klZgdh-qZkh\
A B C
Nj_a_jgh_ 18 15 12 360
LhdZjgh_ 6 4 8 192
Rebnh\Zevgh_ 5 3 3 180
P_gZ h^gh]h
ba^_eby
9 10 16
KqblZ_lky, qlh k[ul h[_ki_q_g. KhklZ\blv ieZg ijhba\h^kl\Z ba^_ebc , ijb dhlhjhf
klhbfhklv ijh^mdpbb [m^_l fZdkbfZevghc.
J_r_gb_ KhklZ\bf fZl_fZlbq_kdmx fh^_ev aZ^Zqb. Bkdhfuc \uimkd ba^_ebc :
h[hagZqbf q_j_a x
1
, ba^_ebc < - q_j_a o
2
, ba^_ebc C - q_j_a x
3
. I_j_f_ggu_ ^he`gu
m^h\e_l\hjylv ke_^mxs_c kbkl_f_ g_jZ\_gkl\:
18x
1
15x
2
12x
3
s 360,
6x
1
4x
2
8x
3
s 192,
5x
1
3x
2
3x
3
s 180.
H[sZy klhbfhklv ijhba\_^_gghc ijh^mdpbb khklZ\bl
K 9x
1
10x
2
16x
3
.
Ykgh, qlh ^he`gh \uihegylvky:
x
1
> 0 , x
2
> 0, x
3
> 0.
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hkgh\ghc nhjf_. >ey wlh]h \\_^_f ljb ^hihegbl_evgu_ i_j_f_ggu_, \ j_amevlZl_ q_]h
h]jZgbq_gby aZibrmlky \ \b^_ kbkl_fu jZ\_gkl\:
18x
1
15x
2
12x
3
x
4
360,
6x
1
4x
2
8x
3
x
5
192,
5x
1
3x
2
3x
3
x
6
180.
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hgb \ujZ`Zxl kh[hc dhebq_kl\h g_bkihevam_fuo klZgdh-qZkh\ lh]h beb bgh]h \b^Z ijb
l_dms_f ieZg_ ijhba\h^kl\Z.
Kbfie_dk-f_lh^ y\ey_lky bl_jZpbhgguf ijhp_kkhf, l._. rZ]h\uf, gZ dZ`^hf rZ]_
ijhbkoh^bl memqr_gb_ l_dms_]h ieZgZ beb ^_eZ_lky \u\h^ h lhf, qlh wlh g_\hafh`gh,
l._. l_dmsbc ieZg m`_ y\ey_lky hilbfZevguf. Qlh [u gZqZlv wlhl ijhp_kk, \ gZqZe_
g_h[oh^bfh ijbgylv g_dhlhjuc ieZg êy i_j\h]h rZ]Z. Ijbq_f wlhl ieZg ^he`_g
m^h\e_l\hjylv g_dhlhjuf mkeh\byf.
< qZklghklb, hg ^he`_g y\eylvky g_\ujh`^_gguf, lh _klv \ g_f ^he`gh [ulv jh\gh
klhevdh g_gme_\uo dhfihg_gl, kdhevdh h]jZgbq_gbc \ aZ^Zq_ (g_ kqblZy h]jZgbq_gby x
i
>
0, i n , 1 ), l._. m. LZdhc ieZg e_]dh ihkljhblv, _keb \ fZljbp_ : h]jZgbq_gbc aZ^Zqb
bf__lky m ebg_cghg_aZ\bkbfuo _^bgbqguo klhe[ph\. LZd b [u\Z_l, _keb bkoh^gZy
aZ^ZqZ bf__l nhjfm klZg^Zjlghc. Lh]^Z ihke_ ijb\_^_gby _z d hkgh\ghc ihkj_^kl\hf
\\_^_gby m ^hihegbl_evguo i_j_f_gguo \k_]^Z ihy\eyxlky lZdb_ klhe[pu. GZijbf_j, \
gZr_f kemqZ_ ljb klhe[pZ fZljbpu h]jZgbq_gbc, khhl\_lkl\mxsb_ ^hihegbl_evguf
i_j_f_gguf x
4
, x
5
, x
6
b y\eyxlky lZdbfb klhe[pZfb.
Dh]^Z bf_xlky lZdb_ klhe[pu, \ dZq_kl\_ i_j\hgZqZevgh]h ieZgZ fh`gh ijbgylv
ieZg, ijb dhlhjhf g_ jZ\gu gmex lhevdh ^hihegbl_evgu_ i_j_f_ggu_, ijbq_f dZ`^Zy
ba gbo ijbgbfZ_l agZq_gb_ jZ\gh_ \_ebqbg_ klhys_c \ ijZ\hc qZklb h]jZgbq_gby.
G_gme_\u_ i_j_f_ggu_ ieZgZ gZau\Zxl [Zabkgufb, Z bo kh\hdmighklv [Zabkhf.
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4
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5
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6
b
aZibku\Z_f ^Zggu_ aZ^Zqb \ lZ[ebpm, gZau\Z_fmx kbfie_dk-lZ[ebp_c.
LZ[ebpZ 2.1
RZ] 1 Kbfie_dk-lZ[ebpZ i_j\h]h rZ]Z
:AB
K
x
1
x
2
x
3
x
4
x
5
x
6
P K
x
4
18 15 12 1 0 0 360 0
x
5
6 4 8 0 1 0 192 0
x
6
5 3 3 0 0 1 180 0
A
-9 -10 -16 0 0 0
< klhe[p_ "K" aZibku\Zxlky dhwnnbpb_glu, k dhlhjufb [Zabkgu_ i_j_f_ggu_
\oh^yl \ p_e_\hc nmgdpbhgZe (ihkdhevdm ^hihegbl_evgu_ i_j_f_ggu_ \ g_]h g_ \oh^yl,
lh \ l_dms_f klhe[p_ "K" bf__f gmeb). < klhe[p_ "J" aZibkZg l_dmsbc ieZg aZ^Zqb. <
gZklhysbc fhf_gl g_bkihevah\Zggufb hklZxlky \k_ j_kmjku, qlh khhl\_lkl\m_l
"gme_\hfm" ieZgm, lh _klv gbq_]h g_ ijhba\h^blky. ?kl_kl\_ggh lZdhc ieZg g_ fh`_l
y\eylvky hilbfZevguf.
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c a c > =< A , ,
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i
khhl\_lkl\mxs_]h i_j_f_gghc x
i
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i
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i_j_f_gghc x
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i
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fh`gh memqrblv. Memqrblv iml_f \\_^_gby \ [Zabk i_j_f_gghc êy dhlhjhc
i
A
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3
.
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wlh]h gZoh^bf kljhdm, \ dhlhjhc ^hklb]Z_lky fbgbfmf hlghr_gby khhl\_lkl\mxs_]h
we_f_glZ klhe[pZ "P" ieZgZ d we_f_glm ba \\h^bfh]h \ [Zabk klhe[pZ, ijb wlhf
jZkkfZljb\Zxlky lhevdh iheh`bl_evgu_ we_f_glu wlh]h klhe[pZ. Lh _klv gZoh^bf
min(p
i
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i3
~ 0. < gZr_f kemqZ_ wlhl fbgbfmf
min(360/12; 192/8;180/3) 192/8 24,
^hklb]Z_lky \h \lhjhc kljhd_, l._. bkdexqZ_f ba [ZabkZ x
5
. We_f_gl klhysbc gZ
i_j_k_q_gbb \gh\v \\h^bfh]h \ [Zabk we_f_glZ b kljhdb bkdexqZ_fh]h we_f_glZ
gZau\Z_lky jZaj_rZxsbf, m gZk wlh 8.
Ke_^mxsbf wlZihf y\ey_lky i_j_kq_l kbfie_dk-lZ[ebpu, dhlhjuc ijh\h^blky
lZdbf h[jZahf. < klhe[p_ [Zabkguo i_j_f_gguo \f_klh x
5
aZibku\Z_f x
3
, gh\Zy kljhdZ x
3
ihemqZ_lky ^_e_gb_f kljhdb klZjhc kbfie_dk-lZ[ebpu gZ jZaj_rZxsbc we_f_gl. LZdbf
h[jZahf h^gZ kljhdZ gh\hc lZ[ebpu m`_ ihemq_gZ. HklZevgu_ kljhdb gh\hc kbfie_dk-
lZ[ebpu ihemqZxlky ihkj_^kl\hf bkihevah\Zgby ij_h[jZah\Zgbc ZgZeh]bqguo
we_f_glZjguf ij_h[jZah\Zgbyf kljhd fZljbp. Ijb wlhf m`_ jZkkqblZggZy gh\Zy kljhdZ
mfgh`_ggZy gZ gm`gmx \_ebqbgm \uqblZ_lky ba kljhd klZjhc lZ[ebpu lZd, qlh[u
klhe[_p \gh\v \\_^_gghc \ [Zabk i_j_f_gghc klZe _^bgbqguf, ijbq_f _^bgbpZ klhyeZ
[u \ m`_ ih^kqblZgghc gh\hc kljhd_ \\_^_gghc i_j_f_gghc.
AZf_lbf, qlh \ klZjhc lZ[ebp_ \k_ [Zabkgu_ i_j_f_ggu_ bf_xl _^bgbqgu_ klhe[pu.
Bf_ggh wlh]h fu b ^h[b\Z_fky \ gh\hc lZ[ebp_ êy \gh\v \\_^_gghc i_j_f_gghc. Ijb
wlhf klhe[pu hklZ\rboky \ [Zabk_ i_j_f_gguo fh`gh g_ i_j_kqblu\Zlv. Ijh\_jvl_, qlh
_keb wlh ihiulZlvky k^_eZlv bkihevamy mdZaZggu_ ij_h[jZah\Zgby, lh hgb \k_ jZ\gh g_
baf_gylvky.
Klhe[_p "K" \h \k_o wlbo ij_h[jZah\Zgbyo g_ mqZkl\m_l, \ g_f ebrv aZibku\Zxlky
khhl\_lkl\mxsb_ dhwnnbpb_glu. < gZr_f kemqZ_ \h \lhjhc kljhd_ aZibku\Z_lky
dhwnnbpb_gl k
5
\f_klh k
3
.
Ihke_^gxx kljhdm A gh\hc kbfie_dk-lZ[ebpu fh`gh jZkkqblu\Zlv ^\mfy
kihkh[Zfb, eb[h lZd `_ dZd b hklZevgu_, ijbf_gyy we_f_glZjgu_ ij_h[jZah\Zgby lZd,
qlh[u ^h[blvky gmey \ klhe[p_ gh\hc [Zabkghc i_j_f_gghc, eb[h bkihevamy
jZkkfhlj_ggmx jZg__ nhjfmem.
LZ[ebpZ 2.2
RZ] 2 Kbfie_dk-lZ[ebpZ \lhjhc bl_jZpbb
:AB
K
x
1
x
2
x
3
x
4
x
5
x
6
P K
x
4
9 9 0 1 -3/2 0 72 0
x
3
3/4 1/2 1 0 1/8 0 24 0
x
6
11/4 3/2 0 0 -3/8 1 108 0
A
3 -2 0 0 2 0
?s_ jZa ihykgbf, dZd hgZ [ueZ ihemq_gZ ba klZjhc. KljhdZ x
3
[ueZ ihemq_gZ
^_e_gb_f klZjhc kljhdb x
5
gZ jZaj_rZxsbc we_f_gl 8. Gh\Zy i_j\Zy kljhdZ ihemq_gZ ba
klZjhc i_j\hc \uqblZgb_f ba g__ kljhdb x
3
mfgh`_gghc gZ 12. LZdbf h[jZahf ihemq_g
ghev \ klhe[p_ x
3
. Lj_lvy \uqblZgb_f ba klZjhc kljhdb gh\hc kljhdb x
3
mfgh`_gghc gZ
3. Q_l\_jlZy \uqblZgb_f ba klZjhc kljhdb kljhdb x
3
mfgh`_gghc gZ -16. LZdbf h[jZahf
[m^ml h[gme_gu \k_ we_f_glu klhe[pZ x
3
, djhf_ _^bgbpu gZoh^ys_cky \ kljhd_ x
3
.
>Ze__ fu kgh\Z \b^bf, qlh \ ihke_^g_c kljhd_ _klv hljbpZl_evgu_ we_f_glu (gZ
wlhl jZa lZdhc we_f_gl _^bgkl\_gguc). AgZqbl ieZg fh`gh memqrblv \\_^y \ [Zabk x
2
.
GZoh^bf min72/9,24/0,5,108/1,5}72/98, agZqbl bkdexqZ_f ba [ZabkZ x
4
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we_f_gl 9.
LZ[ebpZ 2.3
RZ] 3 Kbfie_dk-lZ[ebpZ lj_lv_]h rZ]Z
:AB
K
x
1
x
2
x
3
x
4
x
5
x
6
P c
x
2
1 1 0 1/9 -1/6 0 8 0
x
3
1/4 0 1 -1/18 5/24 0 20 0
x
6
5/4 0 0 -1/6 -1/8 1 96 0
A
5 0 0 2/9 5/3 0
BF, < IHKE?>G?C KLJHD? G?L HLJBP:L?EVGUO QBK?E,
AG:QBL L?DMSBC IE:G
X
1
0, X
2
8, X
3
20, X
4
0, X
5
0, X
6
96
Y<EY?LKY HILBF:EVGUF. < KHHL<?LK<BB K GBFGM@GH
IJHBA<?KLB 8 BA>?EBC : <, B 20 - : K, IJB WLHF HKL:GMLKY
G?<HKLJ?;H<:GGUFB 96 KL:GDH-Q:KH< REBNH<:EVGH=H
H;HJM>H<:GBY. BA>?EBC : : IJHBA<H>BLV G? GM@GH, EBFBL
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IHEGHKLVX BKQ?JI:G. IJB;UEV IJB WLHF KHKL:<BL K
MAX
810 +
2016400.
2.6 Kbfie_dk f_lh^ k \\_^_gb_f bkdmkkl\_ggh]h [ZabkZ
JZkkfhlj_gguf kihkh[hf fh`gh j_rblv aZ^Zqb, \ dhlhjuo i_j\hgZqZevgh \k_
bkoh^gu_ h]jZgbq_gby bf_xl \b^ g_jZ\_gkl\ "s". H^gZdh, _keb g_dhlhju_ bkoh^gu_
h]jZgbq_gby bf_xl nhjfm jZ\_gkl\ beb g_jZ\_gkl\ \b^Z ">", lh b ihke_ ijb\_^_gby
aZ^Zqb d dZghgbq_kdhfm \b^m, fu g_ [m^_f bf_lv m _^bgbqguo klhe[ph\ \ fZljbp_
kbkl_fu, dZd \ ij_û^ms_f kemqZ_.
>ey ihykg_gby kdZaZggh]h ^_lZebabjm_f kblmZpbx. < h]jZgbq_gb_-jZ\_gkl\h
^hihegbl_evgmx i_j_f_ggmx \\_klb g_\hafh`gh, \ lh \j_fy dZd \ g_f fh]ml
hlkmlkl\h\Zlv i_j_f_ggu_ \oh^ysb_ \ g_]h k dhwnnbpb_glhf 1 b k dhwnnbpb_glhf 0 \
^jm]b_ h]jZgbq_gby. : \ g_jZ\_gkl\Zo \b^Z ">" ^hihegbl_evgu_ i_j_f_ggu_ \hc^ml kh
agZdhf fbgmk. B lh]^Z fu g_ kfh`_f \u[jZlv hibkZgguf \ur_ h[jZahf bkoh^guc [Zabk
êy j_r_gby aZ^Zqb kbfie_dk f_lh^hf.
Ihykgbf kdZaZggh_ gZ ijbf_j_.
Ijbf_j 2.3 Imklv \ ij_û^ms_c aZ^Zq_ \f_klh h]jZgbq_gby ih rebnh\Zevghfm
h[hjm^h\Zgbx (fu \u[jhkbf _]h êy mf_gvr_gby jZaf_jghklb aZ^Zqb gZklhys_]h
ijbf_jZ) lj_[m_lky, qlh[u kmffZjguc h[t_f \uimkdZ ba^_ebc \b^h\ : b < [ue g_ f_g__
100. LZdh_ beb ih^h[gh_ h]jZgbq_gb_ fh`_l bf_lv f_klh, gZijbf_j, \ kbem m`_
aZdexq_gguo ij_îjbylb_f ^h]h\hjh\. Wlh h]jZgbq_gb_ aZibr_lky ke_^mxsbf h[jZahf
15x
1
10x
2
> 100,
]^_ 15, 10 - gZijbf_j, khihklZ\bfu_ p_gu ijh^mdpbb.
>EY IJB<?>?GBY D D:GHGBQ?KDHFM M <<H>BF
>HIHEGBL?EVGMX I?J?F?GGMX X
7
, IHEMQ:?F H=J:GBQ?GB?
15x
1
10x
2
- x
6
100.
AG:QBL F:LJBP: KBKL?FU H=J:GBQ?GBC L?I?JV BF??L :
]
]
]
\
|
=
1 0 0 0 10 15
0 1 0 8 4 6
0 0 1 12 15 18
A
b \ g_c g_l lj_o (ih dhebq_kl\m h]jZgbq_gbc) _^bgbqguo klhe[ph\.
< wlhf b ZgZeh]bqguo kemqZyo bkihevamxl lZd gZau\Z_fuc f_lh^ bkdmkkl\_ggh]h
[ZabkZ. < h]jZgbq_gb_ \ dhlhjhf g_l i_j_f_gghc, \oh^ys_c \ g_]h k dhwnnbpb_glhf 1 b
k dhwnnbpb_glhf 0 \ ^jm]b_ h]jZgbq_gby, \\h^yl lZd gZau\Z_fmx bkdmkkl\_ggmx
i_j_f_ggmx. GZijbf_j x
8
> 0,
15x
1
10x
2
- x
6
x
7
100.
Ihke_ wlh]h kj_^b \hkvfb klhe[ph\ fZljbpu : m`_ hdZ`_lky q_luj_ ebg_cgh
g_aZ\bkbfuo _^bgbqguo.
Bkdmkkl\_ggu_ i_j_f_ggu_ \\h^yl \ nmgdpbhgZe k ^hklZlhqgh [hevrbf ih fh^mex
hljbpZl_evguf dhwnnbpb_glhf. Lh]^Z ihke_ j_r_gby aZ^Zqb kbfie_dk-f_lh^hf \
hilbfZevghf ieZg_ agZq_gby \k_o bkdmkkl\_gguo i_j_f_gguo h[yaZl_evgh hdZ`mlky
jZ\gufb gmex. B lh]^Z ihemqblky, qlh nZdlbq_kdb bo \\_^_gb_ gbdZd g_ baf_gbeh
bkoh^gmx aZ^Zqm. Bgh]^Z ^Z`_ g_ aZ^Zxlky dhgdj_lguf agZq_gb_f mihfygmluo
dhwnnbpb_glh\, Z aZibku\Zxl bo \ \b^_ kbf\heZ, ih^ dhlhjuf ih^jZamf_\Zxl
hljbpZl_evgh_ qbkeh, ij_\hkoh^ys__ ih fh^mex ex[h_ gZi_j_^ aZ^Zggh_. < wlhf kemqZ_
g_kdhevdh baf_gy_lky kihkh[ aZibkb kbfie_dk-lZ[ebp, b ihwlhfm m^h[g__ \k_ `_
ihevah\Zlvky dhgdj_lguf agZq_gb_f. H^gZdh ijb wlhf fh`_l hdZaZlvky, qlh \ dhgp_
j_r_gby aZ^Zqb g_ \k_ ba bkdmkkl\_gguo i_j_f_gguo jZ\gu gmex. < lZdhf kemqZ_
ke_^m_l m\_ebqblv dhwnnbpb_gl b i_j_j_rZlv aZ^Zqm aZgh\h.
Ijbf_j 2.3 (ijh^he`_gb_) BlZd bf__f aZ^Zqm
K 9x
1
10x
2
16x
3
- 200x
7
max,
ijb h]jZgbq_gbyo:
18x
1
15x
2
12x
3
x
4
360,
6x
1
4x
2
8x
3
x
5
192,
15x
1
10x
2
- x
6
x
7
100,
x
i
> 0, (i 7 , 1 ).
Gb`_ ijb\h^blky ihke_^h\Zl_evghklv kbfie_dk-lZ[ebp ihemq_gguo ijb j_r_gbb
aZ^Zqb.
RZ] 1
LZ[ebpZ 2.4
;Zabk x
1
x
2
x
3
x
4
x
5
x
6
x
7
P
x
4
18 15 12 1 0 0 0 360
x
5
6 4 8 0 1 0 0 192
x
8
15 10 0 0 0 -1 1 100
A
3009 2010 -16 0 0 200 0 -20
<\h^bf \ [Zabk o
1
. BkdexqZ_f o
8
. JZaj_rZxsbc we_f_gl 15.
Hlebqb_ bkdmkkl\_gguo i_j_f_gguo khklhbl \ lhf, ihke_ lh]h dZd g_dhlhjZy
bkdmkkl\_ggZy i_j_f_ggZy bkdexq_gZ ba [ZabkZ \ ke_^mxsbo kbfie_dk-lZ[ebpZo __
klhe[_p fh`gh [hevr_ m`_ g_ ibkZlv, lZd dZd hgZ \ [Zabk g_ \ha\jZlblvky. Ykgh, qlh wlh
kgb`Z_l dhebq_kl\h g_h[oh^bfuo \uqbke_gbc. H^gZdh êy beexkljZpbb hklZ\bf \k_ `_
b [m^_f b ^Ze__ i_j_kqblu\Zlv klhe[_p o
7
.
RZ] 2
LZ[ebpZ 2.5
;Zabk x
1
x
2
x
3
x
4
x
5
x
6
x
7
P
x
4
0 3 12 1 0 1,2 -1,2 240
x
5
0 0 8 0 1 0,4 -0,4 152
x
1
1
3
2
0 0 0
30
2
30
2
6
3
2
A
0 -4 -16 0 0 -0,6 200,6
<\h^bf \ [Zabk o
3
. BkdexqZ_f o
5
RZ] 3
LZ[ebpZ 2.6
;Zabk x
1
x
2
x
3
x
4
x
5
x
6
x
7
P
x
4
0 3 0 1 -1,5 0,6 -0,6 12
x
3
0 0 1 0 1/8 0,05 -0,05 19
x
1
1
3
2 0 0 0
-
30
2
30
2
6
3
2
A
0 -4 0 0 2 0,2 199,8
<\h^bf \ [Zabk o
2
. BkdexqZ_f o
4
RZ] 4.
LZ[ebpZ 2.7
;Zabk x
1
x
2
x
3
x
4
x
5
x
6
x
7
P
x
2
0 1 0 1/3 -1/2 1/5 -1/5 4
x
3
0 0 1 0 1/8 1/20 -1/20 19
x
1
1 0 0 -2/9 1/3 -1/5 1/5 4
A
0 0 0 4/3 0 1 199
Ihemq_gguc ieZg y\ey_lky hilbfZevguf. < khhl\_lkl\bb k gbf gm`gh \uimklblv 4
_^bgbpu ba^_eby \b^Z :, 4 - \b^Z <, 19 - \b^Z K. Ijb[uev ijb wlhf khklZ\bl 380 _^bgbp.
2.5 >\hckl\_ggZy aZ^ZqZ ebg_cgh]h ijh]jZffbjh\Zgby
;hevrh_ agZq_gb_ \ l_hjbb aZ^Zq ebg_cgh]h ijh]jZffbjh\Zgby b]jZ_l ihgylb_
^\hckl\_gghklb. HdZau\Z_lky ex[hc aZ^Zq_ EI fh`gh khihklZ\blv, lZd gZau\Z_fmx
^\hckl\_ggmx aZ^Zqm, k dhlhjhc hgb h[jZamxl \aZbfh^\hckl\_ggmx iZjm. Ijb wlhf
kijZ\_êb\Z ke_^mxsZy l_hj_fZ, dhlhjZy gZau\Z_lky hkgh\ghc l_hj_fhc
^\hckl\_gghklb: _keb h^gZ ba aZ^Zq ^\hckl\_gghc iZju bf__l hilbfZevgh_ j_r_gb_, lh
^jm]Zy lZd`_ bf__l hilbfZevfh_ j_r_gb_, ijbq_f fZdkbfmf p_e_\hc nmgdpbb
bkoh^ghc aZ^Zqb b fbgbfmf ^\hckl\_gghc qbke_ggh jZ\gu.
J_r_gby ijyfhc b ^\hckl\_gghc aZ^Zq k\yau\Zxl b ^jm]b_ \Z`gu_ khhlghr_gby.
?keb h^gZ ba aZ^Zq khklhbl \ fZdkbfbaZpbb k\h_]h nmgdpbhgZeZ, lh ^\hckl\_ggZy _c
khklhbl \ fbgbfbaZpbb __ nmgdpbhgZeZ. ?keb \ hilbfZevghf ieZg_ bkoh^ghc aZ^Zqb
dZdh_-eb[h f-_ h]jZgbq_gb_ \uihegy_lky dZd kljh]h_ g_jZ\_gkl\h, lh khhl\_lkl\mxsZy f-
y i_j_f_ggZy \ hilbfZevghf ieZg_ ^\hckl\_gghc aZ^Zqb ^he`gZ [ulv jZ\gZ gmex. ?keb
`_ i-y i_j_f_ggZy bkoh^ghc aZ^Zqb g_ \oh^bl \ hilbfZevguc, ieZg, lh \ hilbfZevghf
ieZg_ ^\hckl\_gghc aZ^Zqb khhl\_lkl\mxs__ i-_ h]jZgbq_gb_ [m^_l \uihegylvky dZd
kljh]h_ g_jZ\_gkl\h (aZ bkdexq_gb_f \ujh`^_ggh]h kemqZy).
< h[s_f kemqZ_ ijZ\beZ, ih dhlhjuf kljhblky ^\hckl\_ggZy aZ^ZqZ ^h\hevgh
keh`gu b fu g_ [m^_f bo jZkkfZljb\Zlv. H^gZdh jZkkfhljbf ^\Z \_kvfZ \Z`guo b
]hjZa^h [he__ ijhkluo kemqZy iZju \aZbfh^\hckl\_gguo aZ^Zq.
<h-i_j\uo, jZkkfhljbf kemqZc dh]^Z bkoh^gZy aZ^ZqZ aZibkZgZ \ klZg^Zjlghc nhjf_
(2.4) - (2.5). Fu ijb\h^bf __ gb`_ \ dZq_kl\_ bkoh^ghc aZ^Zqb.
Bkoh^gZy aZ^ZqZ >\hckl\_ggZy aZ^ZqZ
C c
1
x
1
c
2
x
2
... c
n
x
n
max,
*
C b
1
v
1
b
1
v
1
. b
m
v
m
min,
. ,..., 1 ,
1
m f b
n
i
i
x
if
a
f
= s
=
. ,..., 1 ,
1
n i
i
c
m
f
f
v
if
a = >
=
x
i
> 0, (i 1, ..., n). v
f
> 0, (f 1, ..., m).
>\hckl\_gghc êy \lhjhc aZ^Zqb y\ey_lky bkoh^gZy, l._. dZd m`_ ]h\hjbehkv,
mdZaZggu_ aZ^Zqb h[jZamxl \aZbfh^\hckl\_ggmx iZjm aZ^Zq. GZ wlhf ijbf_j_ \b^bf
\Z`gu_ k\yamxsb_ fhf_glu f_`^m aZ^ZqZfb \aZbfh^\hckl\_gghc iZju. < qZklghklb:
- dhebq_kl\h i_j_f_gguo \ h^ghc jZ\gh dhebq_kl\m h]jZgbq_gbc \ ^jm]hc;
- \ h^ghc ba aZ^Zq nmgdpbhgZe ihê_`bl fZdkbfbaZpbb, \ ^jm]hc - fbgbfbaZpbb;
- \_dlhj dhwnnbpb_glh\ nmgdpbhgZeZ h^ghc aZ^Zqb hij_^_ey_l h]jZgbq_gby \lhjhc
b gZh[hjhl.
MdZaZggu_ aZ^Zqb h[jZamxl lZd gZau\Z_fmx kbff_ljbqgmx iZjm
\oZbfh^\hckl\_gguo aZ^Zq.
< dZq_kl\_ \lhjh]h ijbf_jZ jZkkfhljbf ke_^mxsmx (gZau\Z_fmx g_kbff_ljbqghc)
iZjm aZ^Zq y\eyxsboky lZd `_ \aZbfh^\hckl\_ggufb.
Bkoh^gZy aZ^ZqZ >\hckl\_ggZy aZ^ZqZ
C c
1
x
1
c
2
x
2
. c
n
x
n
max,
*
C b
1
v
1
b
1
v
1
.b
m
v
m
min,
. ,..., 1 ,
1
m f b
n
i
i
x
if
a
f
= =
=
. ,..., 1 ,
1
n i
i
c
m
f
f
v
if
a = >
=
x
i
> 0, (i 1, ..., n).
DZd \b^bf a^_kv "bkoh^gZy" aZibkZgZ \ nhjf_ hkgh\ghc aZ^Zqb EI. <Z`gh lZd `_
hlf_lblv, qlh \ ^\hckl\_gghc aZ^Zq_ g_l h]jZgbq_gbc gZ g_hljbpZl_evghklv i_j_f_gguo.
HdZau\Z_lky, _keb ijyfZy aZ^ZqZ j_rZeZkv kbfie_dk-f_lh^hf, lh j_r_gb_
^\hckl\_gghc aZ^Zqb gZoh^blky \ kbfie_dk-lZ[ebp_, khhl\_lkl\mxs_c hilbfZevghfm
j_r_gbx. : bf_ggh \ ihke_^g_c kljhd_ (kljhd_ A) \ m klhe[pZo, khhl\_lkl\mxsbo
i_j_f_gguf, dhlhju_ khklZ\eyeb i_j\hgZqZevguc [Zabk (_keb lhevdh hgb ijb wlhf [ueb
_^bgbqgufb, qlh h[uqgh b [u\Z_l). Ijb wlhf d ^Zgghfm we_f_glm ihke_^g_c kljhdb
ke_^m_l ijb[Z\blv dhwnnbpb_gl, k dhlhjuf i_j_f_ggZy khhl\_lkl\mxs_]h klhe[pZ
\oh^bl \ nmgdpbhgZe. GZijbf_j, êy ^hihegbl_evguo i_j_f_gguo fu ijb[Z\ey_f
ijhklh ghev.
<Z`g_cr__ agZq_gb_ j_r_gby ^\hckl\_gghc aZ^Zqb, dhlhjh_ gZau\Z_lky
^\hckl\_gghc hp_gdhc agZqbfhklb j_kmjkh\, \ujZ`Z_lky ke_^mxsbfb nhjfmeZfb
); , 1 ( ,
max *
m f
b
C
v
f
f
=
c
c
= ) , 1 ( ,
*
min *
n i
c
C
x
i
i
=
c
c
= .
Lh _klv agZy \_ebqbgu ^\hckl\_gguo hp_ghd fu fh`_f kdZaZlv, gZ kdhevdh
ijb[ebabl_evgh baf_gblvky hilbfZevgh_ agZq_gb_ nmgdpbhgZeZ, _keb baf_g_gblv
\_ebqbgm khhl\_lkl\mxs_]h h]jZgbq_gby gZ _^bgbpm. WlZ bgnhjfZpby bf__l
ijZdlbq_kdmx agZqbfhklv. AgZy agZq_gb_ j_r_gby ^\hckl\_gghc aZ^Zqb fu fh`_f
k^_eZlv \u\h^ h lhf dZdb_ j_kmjku g_h[oh^bfh ij_`^_ \k_]h gZjZsb\Zlv, beb dZdb_
h]jZgbq_gby iulZlvky dZdbf eb[h h[jZahf kgbablv.
Ijbf_j 2.4 >ey aZ^Zqb ba ijbf_jZ 2.2
K 9x
1
10x
2
16x
3
max,
18x
1
15x
2
12x
3
s 360,
6x
1
4x
2
8x
3
s 192,
5x
1
3x
2
3x
3
s 180.
><HCKL<?GGHC Y<EY?LKY KE?>MXS:Y
C
~
360v
1
192v
2
180v
3
min,
18v
1
6v
2
5v
3
> 9,
15v
1
4v
2
3v
3
> 10,
12v
1
8v
2
3v
3
> 16.
?_ j_r_gb_ fu gZoh^bf \ lZ[ebp_ 2.3: 9 / 2
*
1
= v , 3 / 5
*
2
= v , 0
*
3
= v . Ih^klZ\b\ \
h]jZgbq_gby \b^bf, qlh dZd b ^he`gh [ulv ^\Z ba lj_o h]jZgbq_gbc \uihegyxlky k
lhqghklvx ^h jZ\_gkl\Z, b agZq_gby nmgdpbhgZeh\ kh\iZ^Zxl. Qlh `_ dZkZ_lky \_ebqbg
^\hckl\_gguo hp_ghd, lh fh`gh kdZaZlv, qlh fZdkbfZevgh_ agZq_gb_ K
max
fh`_l [ulv
m\_ebq_gh gZ 2/9, _keb i_j\h_ h]jZgbq_gb_ m\_ebqblv k 360 ^h 361. B - gZ 5/3, _keb
\lhjh_ - k 192 ^h 193. Wlh fh`_l [ulv bkihevah\Zgh ijb ijbgylbb j_r_gby h lhf dZdhc
ba j_kmjkh\ ij_`^_ \k_]h ke_^m_l m\_ebqb\Zlv.
Ijbf_j 2.5 >ey aZ^Zqb ba ijbf_jZ 2.4
K 9x
1
10x
2
16x
3
- 200x
8
max,
7
ijb h]jZgbq_gbyo:
18x
1
15x
2
12x
3
x
4
360,
6x
1
4x
2
8x
3
x
5
192,
15*x
1
10*x
2
- x
6
x
7
100,
x
i
> 0, (i 7 , 1 ).
>\hckl\_gghc _c y\ey_lky ke_^mxsZy aZ^ZqZ
K 360v
1
192v
2
100v
3
min,
ijb h]jZgbq_gbyo:
18v
1
6v
2
15v
3
> 360,
15v
1
4v
2
10v
3
> 192,
12v
1
8v
2
> 100,
v
1
> 0,
v
2
> 0,
-v
3
> 0,
v
3
> -200.
BA L:;EBPU 2.7 G:OH>BF ?? J?R?GB? 3 / 4
*
1
= v , 0
*
2
= v , 1
*
3
= v .
BGL?JIJ?L:PBY IHEMQ?GGH=H J?AMEVL:L: D:D ><HCKL<?GGUO
HP?GHD <:@GHKLB H=J:GBQ?GBC BKOH>GHC A:>:QB :G:EH=BQG:
IJ?>U>MS?FM IJBF?JM.
2.6 J_r_gb_ aZ^Zqb h ^b_l_. Bkihevah\Zgb_ ^\hckl\_gguo hp_ghd
< jy^_ kemqZ_\ ijZdlbq_kdb \hagbdZxsb_ aZ^Zqb hilbfbaZpbb EI hdZau\Zxlky
lZdbfb qlh, h]jZgbq_gby bf_xl \b^ g_jZ\_gkl\ kh agZdhf ">", Z p_e_\mx nmgdpbx
lj_[m_lky g_ fZdkbfbabjh\Zlv, dZd \ jZkkfhlj_gguo aZ^ZqZo, Z fbgbfbabjh\Zlv.
JZkkfhljbf ijbf_j.
Ijbf_j 2.6 Ijb hldhjf_ g_dhlhjuo `b\hlguo dZ`^h_ `b\hlgh_ ^he`gh ihemqblv
g_ f_g__ 20 _^. iblZl_evgh]h \_s_kl\Z :, g_ f_g__ 30 _^. \_s_kl\Z < b g_ f_g__ 6 _^.
\_s_kl\Z K. MdZaZggu_ iblZl_evgu_ \_s_kl\Z kh^_j`Zl ^\Z \b^Z dhjfZ. Kh^_j`Zgb_
_^bgbp iblZl_evguo \_s_kl\ \ 1 d] dZ`^h]h ba \b^h\ dhjfZ ijb\_^_gh \ ke_^mxs_c
lZ[ebp_.
LZ[ebpZ 2.8
Ijh^mdl Kh^_j`Zgb_ iblZl_evguo \_s_kl\, _^.
: < K
I 10 25 2
II 15 30 10
KhklZ\blv ^g_\ghc jZpbhg, h[_ki_qb\Zxsbc ihemq_gb_ g_h[oh^bfh]h dhebq_kl\Z
iblZl_evguo \_s_kl\ ijb fbgbfZevguo ^_g_`guo aZljZlZo, _keb p_gZ 1 d] dhjfZ I \b^Z
khklZ\ey_l - 100 j. II \b^Z - 300 j.
J_r_gb_ H[hagZqbf q_j_a o
1
kh^_j`Zgb_ dhjfZ \b^Z I \ ^g_\ghf jZpbhg_
`b\hlgh]h \ (d]), q_j_a o
2
kh^_j`Zgb_ dhjfZ \b^Z II. Lh]^Z \ ^g_\ghf jZpbhg_
`b\hlgh]h [m^_l kh^_j`Zlvky 10x
1
15o
2
_^. \_s_kl\Z :, 25o
1
30x
2
_^. \_s_kl\Z 20,
25x
1
30x
2
> 30,
2x
1
10x
2
> 6,
x
1
, x
2
> 0.
Fu \b^bf ki_pbnbq_kdb_ q_jlu ihemq_gghc aZ^Zqb. LZdh]h lbiZ aZ^Zqb b gZau\Zxl
"aZ^ZqZ h ^b_l_". AZ^Zqb lZdh]h \b^Z \klj_qZxlky lZd`_ ijb khklZ\e_gbb kZfuo
jZaebqguo kf_k_c, dhlhju_ ^he`gu m^h\e_l\hjylv hij_^_e_gguf lj_[h\Zgbyf,
gZijbf_j, kf_kb m]e_c jZaebqguo fZjhd, [_gabgZ b l.^. D wlhfm `_ \b^m k\h^ylky
ijZdlbq_kdb \Z`gu_ aZ^Zqb h jZkdjh_ fZl_jbZeZ, ijb wlhf h[uqgh fbgbfbabjmxlky
hlohû beb klhbfhclv g_h[oh^bfh]h fZl_jbZeZ.
< ijbgpbi_ mdZaZggmx aZ^Zqm fh`gh j_rblv kbfie_dk-f_lh^hf k \\_^_gb_f
bkdmkkl\_ggh]h [ZabkZ. JZkkfhljbf ih^jh[g__ wlhl \ZjbZgl.
Ijbf_j 2.6 (ijh^he`_gb_) KgZqZeZ \\h^bf ljb ^hihegbl_evgu_ i_j_f_ggu_ êy
ij_h[jZah\Zgby d dZghgbq_kdhfm \b^m b mfgh`Z_f nmgdpbhgZe gZ 1, qlh[u i_j_clb d
aZ^Zq_ fZdkbfbaZpbb. IhemqZ_f aZ^Zqm.
K -100x
1
- 300x
2
max,
ijb mkeh\byo
10x
1
15x
2
- x
3
20,
25x
1
30x
2
- x
4
30,
2x
1
10x
2
- x
5
6,
x
i
> 0, (i 5 , 1 ).
>Ze__ fu \b^bf, qlh êy ihkljh_gby i_j\hgZqZevgh]h [ZabkZ g_h[oh^bfh \\_klb _s_
bkdmkkl\_ggu_ i_j_f_ggu_ x
6
, x
7
, x
8
. IhemqZ_f aZ^Zqm.
K -100x
1
- 300x
2
- 1000x
6
- 1000x
7
- 1000x
8
max,
ijb mkeh\byo
10x
1
15x
2
- x
3
x
6
20,
25x
1
30x
2
- x
4
x
7
30,
2x
1
10x
2
- x
5
x
8
6,
x
i
> 0, (i 8 , 1 ).
L_i_jv fh`gh khklZ\blv i_j\mx kbfie_dk-lZ[ebpm b ihemqblv j_r_gb_.
AZf_lbf, qlh \ ihemq_gghc aZ^Zq_ 3 h]jZgbq_gby b 8 i_j_f_gguo.
< ^_ckl\bl_evghklb ]hjZa^h [he__ wdhghfbqgh, k lhqdb aj_gby dhebq_kl\Z g_h[oh^bfuo
\uqbke_gbc, i_j_clb d jZkkfhlj_gbx ^\hckl\_gghc aZ^Zqb. B bf_ggh __ j_rblv
kbfie_dk-f_lh^hf, Z aZl_f gZclb j_r_gb_ bkoh^ghc aZ^Zqb \ ihke_^g_c kbfie_dk-
lZ[ebp_ j_r_gby ^\hckl\_gghc aZ^Zqb.
Ijbf_j 2.6 (ijh^he`_gb_) >\hckl\_ggZy aZ^ZqZ [m^_l \u]ey^_lv ke_^mxsbf
h[jZahf:
K 20m
1
30m
2
6m
3
max,
ijb h]jZgbq_gbyo
10m
1
25m
2
2m
3
s 100,
15v
1
30m
2
10m
3
s 300,
v
1
, v
2
> 0.
<\h^bf dZd jZgvr_, ^\_ ^hihegbl_evgu_ i_j_f_ggu_ v
4
, v
5
> 0, b ijbgbfZy bo aZ
[Zabk j_rZ_f aZ^Zqm kbfie_dk-f_lh^hf. AZf_lbf, qlh ihemq_ggZy aZ^ZqZ bf__l lhevdh 2
h]jZgbq_gby b 5 i_j_f_gguo.
Ijbf_ju gZoh`^_gby j_r_gby ba ihke_^g_c kbfie_dk-lZ[ebpu ^\hckl\_gghc aZ^Zqb
[ueb jZkkfhlj_gu jZg__.
L_fZ 3 WDHGHFBDH-F:L?F:LBQ?KDB? FH>?EB
NHJFBJH<:GBY HILBF:EVGUO IE:GH< IJHBA<H>KL<:
Ijb bamq_gbb ebg_cgh]h ijh]jZffbjh\Zgby fu m`_ ]h\hjbeb b \b^_eb gZ ijbf_jZo,
qlh ebg_cgu_ aZ^Zqb hilbfbaZpbb bf_xl [hevrh_ wdhghfbq_kdh_ agZq_gb_. < qZklghklb
d gbf k\h^ylky aZ^Zqb, \ dhlhjuo lj_[m_lky gZclb dZdb_ ba^_eby b \ dZdhf dhebq_kl\_
gm`gh \uimkdZlv, qlh[u fZdkbfbabjh\Zlv ijb[uev beb h[t_f \uimkdZ ijh^mdpbb b l.^.
Ijb wlhf j_kmjku ij_îheZ]Zebkv kljh]h h]jZgbq_ggufb.
JZkkfhlj_\ ihklZgh\db wlbo aZ^Zq ih^ [he__ ijZdlbq_kdbf m]ehf aj_gby, \ gbo
fh`gh m\b^_lv p_euc jy^ b^_ZebaZpbc b mijhs_gbc hl^Zeyxsbo bamq_ggu_ f_lhû b
ihôhû hl \hafh`ghklb g_ihkj_^kl\_ggh]h ijZdlbq_kdh]h ijbf_g_gby. KjZam ke_^m_l
gZa\Zlv ^\Z lbiZ lZdbo b^_ZebaZpbc b mijhs_gbc. Wlh g_\hafh`ghklv h]jZgbqblvky ijb
hp_gd_ dZq_kl\Z ieZgZ ijhba\h^kl\Z lhevdh h^gbf ihdZaZl_e_f (\ ^_ckl\bl_evghklb
ke_^m_l bkihevah\Zlv p_euc bo gZ[hj), Z lZd`_ - wlh \ ^_ckl\bl_evghklb kemqZcguc
oZjZdl_j fgh]bo iZjZf_ljh\ hij_^_eyxsbo ihklZgh\db aZ^Zq, gZijbf_j, lZdbo dZd
ghjfhjZkohû klZgdh-qZkh\ gZ ba]hlh\e_gb_ _^bgbpu ba^_eby beb jZkoh^ fZl_jbZeZ b
l.^. NZdlbq_kdZy gZ ijZdlbd_ kemqZcghklv (klhoZklbqghklv) wlbo iZjZf_ljh\ hq_\b^gh
\e_q_l g_hilbfZevghklv beb ^Z`_ g_\uihegbfhklv l_o ieZgh\, dhlhju_ [ueb ihemq_gu
\ j_amevlZl_ j_r_gby aZ^Zqb EI.
H^gZdh ijb hij_^_e_gghf jZa\blbb jZkkfZljb\Z_fuo b^_c b ihôh^h\ fh`gh
mkljZgblv fgh]b_ g_^hklZldb khhl\_lkl\mxsbo fh^_e_c |5, 9|.
3.1 Fh^_ev [_a mq_lZ b k mq_lhf j_Zebam_fhklb ieZgZ
<h i_j\uo _sz jZa hlf_lbf, qlh g_ kfhljy gZ g_^hklZldb, b^_y bkihevah\Zgby êy
hilbfbaZpbb ieZgh\ g_dhlhjuo fZlfh^_e_c khklhysbo ba ebg_cguo khhlghr_gbc \
p_ehf dZ`_lky \_kvfZ kh^_j`Zl_evghc b i_jki_dlb\ghc. Ihwlhfm _kl_kl\_ggh, qlh êy
ijb[eb`_gby __ d ijZdlbd_ khhl\_kl\mxsb_ ko_fu ij_`^_ \k_]h ke_^m_l ^_lZebabjh\Zlv
b [he__ q_ldh hij_^_eblv, qlh fu k_cqZk b k^_eZ_f.
GZ ijZdlbd_ ieZgbjh\Zgby ijhba\h^kl\ h[uqgh ]h\hjyl h ke_^mxs_c [he__
dhgdj_lghc hilbfbaZpbhgghc fh^_eb ba kbkl_fu ebg_cguo khhlghr_gbc.
I I
1
O
1
I
2
O
2
... I
n
O
n
max, (3.1)
=
= = s
n
f
i f
C
if
n f m i X t
1
; ,..., 2 , 1 , ,..., 2 , 1 , N (3.2)
=
i
i = i s
n
f
f
H
if
1 X t
1
0
; ,..., 2 , 1 , (3.3)
= s
n
f
f
M
if
R X t
1
0
; ,..., 2 , 1 , (3.4)
=
>
n
f
f f
X
1
IE IE
; P P (3.5)
=
>
n
f
K
f
K
f
X
1
; P P (3.6)
. ,..., 2 , 1 , n f D X d
f f f
= s s (3.7)
A^_kv b ^Ze__ bkihevamxlky ke_^mxsb_ h[hagZq_gby:
X
f
- h[t_f ijhba\h^kl\Z lh\Zjghc ijh^mdpbb f-]h \b^Z \ ieZgbjm_fhf ]h^m \
gZlmjZevghf baf_j_gbb; I
f
- h`b^Z_fZy \_ebqbgZ ijb[ueb hl j_ZebaZpbb _^bgbpu
ba^_eby f-]h \b^Z, M - qbkeh ]jmii \aZbfhaZf_gy_fh]h l_ogheh]bq_kdh]h h[hjm^h\Zgby \
p_oZo ij_îjbylby (dhlhjh_ p_e_khh[jZagh mqblu\Zlv \ dZq_kl\_ h]jZgbq_gbc);
C
if
t -
aZljZlu ljm^Z \ klZgdh-qZkZo, gZ _^bgbpm ijh^mdpbb f-]h \b^Z ijb ba]hlh\e_gbb __ gZ
\k_o hi_jZpbyo, \uihegy_fuo gZ h[hjm^h\Zgbb i-c ]jmiiu;
i
N - ]h^h\hc jZkq_lguc nhg^
jZ[hq_]h \j_f_gb h[hjm^h\Zgby i-c ]jmiiu;
0
i - qbkeh \k_o ijhn_kkbhgZevgh-
d\Zebnbpbjh\Zgguo ]jmii jZ[hqbo-k^_evsbdh\ \ hkgh\ghf ijhba\h^kl\_,
g_ihkj_^kl\_ggh g_ k\yaZgguo k h[kem`b\Zgb_f l_ogheh]bq_kdh]h h[hjm^h\Zgby \
hkgh\guo p_oZo;
H
f
t
i
- aZljZlu \ ghjfh-qZkZo jZ[hq_]h \j_f_gb i-c ]jmiiu jZ[hqbo-
k^_evsbdh\ gZ _^bgbpm ijh^mdpbb f-]h \b^Z; 1
i
- ]h^h\hc jZkq_lguc nhg^ jZ[hq_]h
\j_f_gb \ ghjfh-qZkZo jZ[hq_]h \j_f_gb i-c ]jmiiu jZ[hqbo-k^_evsbdh\;
0
-qbkeh
\k_o h]jZgbq_gguo \b^h\ ijhba\h^kl\_gguo j_kmjkh\, mqblu\Z_fuo \ ^Zgghc aZ^Zq_
ieZgbjh\Zgby;
M
f
t
- aZljZlu ijhba\h^kl\_gguo j_kmjkh\ -]h \b^Z gZ _^bgbpm

ijh^mdpbb f-]h \b^Z; R
- \_jogyy ]jZgbpZ jZkoh^h\ -]h \b^Z j_kmjkh\;

IE
P
f
,
K
f
P -
khhl\_lkl\_ggh khihklZ\bfZy b ijbgylZy \ ieZg_ hilh\Zy p_gZ ba^_eby f-]h \b^Z;
IE
P ,
K
P - aZ^ZggZy gb`gyy ]jZgbpZ \uimkdZ lh\Zjghc ijh^mdpbb gZ ij_îjbylbb \
ieZgbjm_fhf ]h^m \ khihklZ\bfuo b \ ijbgyluo \ ieZg_ hilh\uo p_gZo;
f f
D d , -
khhl\_lkl\_ggh gb`gyy b \_jogyy ]jZgbpu h[t_fZ ijhba\h^kl\Z ijh^mdpbb f-]h \b^Z
(\_jogyy ]jZgbpZ, dZd ijZ\beh, fh`_l [ulv h[mkeh\e_gZ mkeh\byfb k[ulZ ijh^mdpbb b
\hafh`ghklyfb \kihfh]Zl_evgh]h ijhba\h^kl\Z; gb`gyy `_ ]jZgbpZ - ohayckl\_ggufb
k\yayfb ij_îjbylby k ^jm]bfb ij_îjbylbyfb b hj]ZgbaZpbyfb).
Wdhghfbq_kdbc kfuke djbl_jbZevghc nmgdpbb (3.1) b mkeh\bc (3.2) - (3.7) ijb\_^_gghc
fZl_fZlbq_kdhc fh^_eb hq_\b^_g. Hlf_lbf ebrv, qlh êy ihemq_gby [he__
dZq_kl\_ggh]h ]h^h\h]h ieZgZ ijhba\h^kl\Z p_e_khh[jZag__ [ueh [u bkihevah\Zgb_
fgh]hdjbl_jbZevghc fZl_fZlbq_kdhc fh^_eb. >hihegbl_evgh d djbl_jbx (3.1) ihe_aguf
[ueh [u jZkkfhlj_lv hilbfbaZpbx lZdbo djbl_jb_\, dZd h[t_f ijhba\h^kl\Z \
khihklZ\bfuo p_gZo, k_[_klhbfhklv ijh^mdpbb b l.^. <k_ wlb djbl_jbb ^hklZlhqgh e_]dh
\ujZablv \ \b^_ nhjfme bkihevamy \\_^_ggu_ dhwnnbpb_glu. Ke_^m_l kdZaZlv, qlh
ijZdlbq_kdb fgh]hdjbl_jbZevgmx aZ^Zqdm j_rZxl k\_^_gb_f _z, l_f beb bguf
kihkh[hf, d h^ghdjbl_jbZevghc, ihwlhfm êy mijhs_gby g_ [m^_f hklZgZ\eb\Zlvky gZ
wlhf Zki_dl_.
Ijb\_^_ggZy fh^_ev (3.1) - (3.7) y\ey_lky ebg_cghc b fh`_l [ulv j_r_gZ kbfie_dk-
f_lh^hf. H^gZdh hgZ kh^_j`bl \ k_[_ jy^ b^_ZebaZpbc, dhlhju_ êy ijb[eb`_gby __
ijZdlbq_kdhfm bkihevah\Zgbx ke_^m_l ihiulZlvky mkljZgblv.
<h-i_j\uo \Z`guf y\ey_lky lh, qlh \ fh^_eb h[t_f j_kmjkh\ kqblZ_lky
g_baf_gy_fuf. Wlh g_ \k_]^Z khhl\_lkl\m_l j_Zevghklb, gZijbf_j, \ kemqZ_ hq_gv
\ukhdhc j_glZ[_evghklb g_dhlhjh]h ijh^mdlZ, hq_\b^gh, bgh]^Z [u\Z_l \hafh`guf
hlukdZlv aZ kq_l ^hihegbl_evguo aZljZl j_a_j\u d bo m\_ebq_gbx. Djhf_ lh]h
ke_^kl\b_f wlh]h k\hckl\Z jZkkfZljb\Z_fhc fh^_eb y\ey_lky lh, qlh l_hj_lbq_kdb fh`_l
\hh[s_ g_ gZclbkv gb h^gh]h ieZgZ m^h\e_l\hjyxs_]h \k_f mkeh\byf b h]jZgbq_gbyf.
< dZq_kl\_ \uoh^Z ba mdZaZgguo ljm^ghkl_c fh`gh ij_êh`blv bkihevah\Zgb_
ke_^mxs_c fh^_eb.
]
]
\
|
+ + =

=

i
= i
i i
= =
0
1
) 3 ( ) 3 (
0
1
) 2 ( ) 2 (
1
) 1 ( ) 1 (
1
I I Y C Y C Y C h X
m
i
i i
n
f
f f
max, (3.8)
=
= = + s
n
f
i i f
C
if
n f m i Y X t
1
) 1 (
; ..., , 2 , 1 , ..., , 2 , 1 , N (3.9)
=
i i
i = i + s
n
f
f
H
if
Y 1 X t
1
0
) 2 (
; ..., , 2 , 1 , (3.10)
=

= + s
n
f
f
M
if
Y R X t
1
0
) 3 (
; ..., , 2 , 1 , (3.11)
=
>
n
f
f f
X
1
IE IE
; P P (3.12)
=
>
n
f
K
f
K
f
X
1
; P P (3.13)
, ..., , 2 , 1 , n f D X d
f f f
= s s (3.14)
. , , \k_o êy , 0 , 0 , 0
) 3 ( ) 2 ( ) 1 (
i > > >
i
i Y Y Y
i
(3.15)
A^_kv bkihevamxlky ke_^mxsb_ ^hihegbl_evgu_ i_j_f_ggu_.
) 1 (
i
Y - g_^hklZxsbc nhg^ jZ[hq_]h \j_f_gb \ klZgdh-qZkZo gZ h[hjm^h\Zgbb i-c
]jmiiu;
) 2 (
i
Y - g_^hklZxsbc nhg^ jZ[hq_]h \j_f_gb \ ghjfh-qZkZo i-c ]jmiiu jZ[hqbo-
k^_evsbdh\;
) 3 (
Y - g_^hklZxsbc h[t_f -]h \b^Z j_kmjkh\.

: lZd `_ ke_^mxsb_ ^hihegbl_evgu_ dhwnnbpb_glu.
) 1 (
i
C - hp_gdZ \Z`ghklb _^bgbpu g_^hklZxs_]h nhg^Z jZ[hq_]h \j_f_gb \ klZgdh-
qZkZo gZ h[hjm^h\Zgbb i-c ]jmiiu;
) 2 (
i
C - hp_gdZ \Z`ghklb _^bgbpu g_^hklZxs_]h nhg^Z
jZ[hq_]h \j_f_gb \ ghjfh-qZkZo i-c ]jmiiu jZ[hqbo-k^_evsbdh\;
) 3 (
C - hp_gdZ
agZqbfhklb _^bgbpu g_^hklZxs_]h h[t_fZ J-]h \b^Z j_kmjkh\.
MdZaZggu_ hp_gdb fh`gh ihemqblv eb[h k ihfhsvx ijb\e_q_gby wdki_jlh\, l._. k
bkihevah\Zgb_f f_lh^h\ wdki_jlguo hp_ghd eb[h dZdbf-gb[m^v ^jm]bf kihkh[hf,
gZijbf_j, ih nhjfmeZf ke_^mxs_]h lbiZ.
) , 1 ( ,
1
) 1 (
m i
N
C
i
i
= = , ) , 1 ( ,
1
0
) 2 (
i = i =
i
i
1
C , ) , 1 ( ,
1
0
) 3 (
= =
R
C .
<Z`gh ihgylv kfuke b agZq_gb_ dhwnnbpb_glZ h. Wlhl dhwnnbpb_gl y\ey_lky
^hklZlhqgh [hevrbf iheh`bl_evguf qbkehf b \ujZ`Z_l, dZd [u, "rljZn", dhlhjuc
gZdeZû\Z_lky gZ \_ebqbgm ^hoh^Z \ kemqZ_ ij_\ur_gby ijb ieZgbjh\Zgbb bf_xsboky
h[t_fh\ j_kmjkh\. Bk-ihevah\Zgby wlhc \_ebqbgu hkgh\u\Z_lky gZ ij_îheh`_gbb, qlh
ijb m\_ebq_gbb g_dhlhjh]h j_kmjkZ ij_îjbylbx ijboh^blky b^lb gZ g_dhlhju_
"k\_joaZljZlu" k\yaZggu_, gZijbf_j, kh kljhbl_evkl\hf gh\uo ijhba\h^kl\_gguo
fhsghkl_c beb ijb_fhf gZ jZ[hlm gh\uo dZ^jh\ b l.^.
GZb[he__ p_gguf dZq_kl\hf fh^_eb (3.8) - (3.15) y\ey_lky lh, qlh __ j_r_gb_
kms_kl\m_l \k_]^Z, l._. gZc^_lky ohlv h^bg ieZg ijhba\h^kl\Z m^h\e_l\hjyxsbc \k_c
kbkl_f_ mkeh\bc.
3.1 Fh^_ev k mq_lhf kemqZcghklb iZjZf_ljh\
>jm]bf \Z`g_crbf g_^hklZldhf fh^_eb (3.1) - (3.7) y\ey_lky lh, qlh \k_ __
iZjZf_lju ij_îheZ]Zxlky ^_l_jfbgbjh\Zggufb (l._. g_ kemqZcgufb, kljh]h
aZ^Zggufb). Wlh hq_\b^gh iehoh kh]eZkm_lky k iheh`_gb_f \_s_c bf_xsbf f_klh gZ
ijZdlbd_. < ^_ckl\bl_evghklb fu \k_]^Z fh`_f ebrv ij_îheZ]Zlv g_dhlhjuc kj_^gbc
mjh\_gv lh]h beb bgh]h iZjZf_ljZ. Wlh hlghkblky b d mjh\gx p_g, dhlhjuc keh`blky \
[m^ms_f gZ jugd_, b d nhg^m h[hjm^h\Zgby, dhlhjh_ kemqZcguf h[jZahf \uoh^bl ba
kljhy beb ba j_fhglZ b l.^. LZdbf h[jZahf ykgh, qlh, \h-i_j\uo, ieZg ihkljh_gguc ih
\ur_ijb\_^_gguf ^_l_jfbgbjh\Zgguf fh^_eyf \ lhqghklb g_ [m^_l \uiheg_g gbdh]^Z,
Z \h-\lhjuo, qlh iZjZf_lju jZkkfZljb\Z_fuo gZfb fh^_e_c ke_^m_l kqblZlv kemqZcgufb
\_ebqbgZfb.
Ijb wlhf \hagbdZ_l \hijhk: dZd bf_ggh fu fh`_f l_i_jv hoZjZdl_jbah\Zlv wlb
dhwnnbpb_glu b iZjZf_lju? <h-i_j\uo, hkgh\u\Zykv gZ p_gljZevghc ij_^_evghc
l_hj_f_ ba l_hjbb \_jhylghklb, ih \b^bfhfm, ^himklbfh kqblZlv wlb iZjZf_lju
ghjfZevgh jZkij_^_e_ggufb. : ghjfZevgh_ jZkij_^_e_gb_, dZd ba\_klgh, iheghklvx
oZjZdl_jbam_lky k\hbf fZl_fZlbq_kdbf h`b^Zgb_f b ^bki_jkb_c. <h-\lhjuo,
ij_^klZ\ey_lky \hafh`guf kqblZlv ba\_klguf kj_^g__ agZq_gb_ (l._. fZl_fZlbq_kdh_
h`b^Zgb_) wlbo iZjZf_ljh\, gZijbf_j, ijbgy\ aZ wlm \_ebqbgm khhl\_lkl\mxsb_
agZq_gby ba ^_l_jfbgbjh\Zgguo fh^_e_c. Hp_gdZ `_ ^bki_jkbc fh`_l [ulv ijbgylZ
bkoh^y ba ij_û^ms_]h hiulZ ieZgbjh\Zgby b ijhba\h^kl\Z gZ hkgh\_ hlq_lguo ^Zgguo
aZ jy^ ijhreuo e_l gZ ^Zgghf ij_îjbylbb.
Ykgh, qlh ijb klhoZklbqghklb (kemqZcghklb) dhwnnbpb_glh\ fh^_eb,
khhl\_lkl\mxsb_ h]jZgbq_gby, Z lZd `_ agZq_gb_ djbl_jbZevghc nmgdpbb fh`gh
ihgbfZlv lhevdh \ \_jhylghklghf kfuke_. G_ h[yaZl_evgh \k_ iZjZf_lju kqblZlv
kemqZcgufb. >Ze__ fu [m^_f kqblZlv kemqZcgufb \_ebqbgZfb k ba\_klgufb
iehlghklyfb êy ijhklhlu lhevdh ke_^mxsb_ iZjZf_lju I
f
,
C
if
t ,
i
N . Lh]^Z fh`_l [ulv
bkihevah\ZgZ, gZijbf_j, ke_^mxsZy klhoZklbq_kdZy fh^_ev.
]
]
\
|
+
]
]
\
|
=

=

i
= i
i i
= =
0
1
) 3 ( ) 3 (
0
1
) 2 ( ) 2 (
1
) 1 ( ) 1 (
1
I I Y C Y C h Y C h X M
m
i
i i
n
f
f f
max, (3.16)
; ..., , 2 , 1 , ..., , 2 , 1 , N
1
1
) 1 (
n f m i p Y X t P
i
n
f
i i f
C
if
= = >
]
]
\
|
+ s
=
(3.17)
=
i i
i = i + s
n
f
f
H
if
Y 1 X t
1
0
) 2 (
; ,..., 2 , 1 , (3.18)
=

= + s
n
f
f
M
if
Y R X t
1
0
) 3 (
; ..., , 2 , 1 , (3.19)
=
>
n
f
f f
X
1
IE IE
; P P (3.20)
=
>
n
f
K
f
K
f
X
1
; P P (3.21)
, ..., , 2 , 1 , n f D X d
f f f
= s s (3.22)
. , , \k_o êy , 0 , 0 , 0
) 3 ( ) 2 ( ) 1 (
i > > >
i
i Y Y Y
i
(3.23)
A^_kv F, J - khhl\_lkl\_ggh hi_jZlhju fZl_fZlbq_kdh]h h`b^Zgby b \_jhylghklb,
1
i
p
-aZ^Z\Z_fuc gZfb `_eZ_fuc mjh\_gv \_jhylghklb \uiheg_gby khhl\_lkl\mxs_]h
mkeh\by.
LZdbf h[jZahf, fu \b^bf, qlh \h-i_j\uo a^_kv hl g_ihkj_^kl\_ggh]h agZq_gby
nmgdpbhgZeZ ijb g_dhlhjuo mjh\gyo ijb[uevghklb ijh^mdlh\ k^_eZg i_j_oh^ d _]h
kj_^g_fm agZq_gbx ijb kemqZcghklb wlh]h mjh\gy. Hlf_lbf, qlh êy djbl_jbZevghc
nmgdpbb fh]ml bkihevah\Zlvky b ^jm]b_ klhoZklbq_kdb_ ZgZeh]b. GZijbf_j,
fZdkbfbaZpby \_jhylghklb lh]h, qlh ^_ckl\bl_evgh_ agZq_gb_ ijb[ueb ij_\ahc^_l
g_dhlhjmx aZ^Zggmx \_ebqbgm. H^gZdh i_j_oh^ d kj_^g_fm h`b^Z_fhfm agZq_gbx
y\ey_lky \iheg_ _kl_kl\_gguf, d lhfm `_ hg bf__l _s_ h^gh ^hklhbgkl\h, h dhlhjhf
[m^_l kdZaZgh gb`_. <h-\lhjuo, fu \b^bf \_jhylghklgmx nhjfm aZibkb h]jZgbq_gby ih
j_kmjkZf h[hjm^h\Zgby. L_i_jv fu [m^_f ]h\hjblv ebrv h lhc beb bghc \_jhylghklb
\uiheg_gby wlh]h h]jZgbq_gby.
>Ze__ fu \b^bf, qlh ba ih^ agZdZ fZlh`b^Zgby \ nmgdpbhgZe_ \ug_k_gu \_ebqbgu
g_^hklZxsbo j_kmjkh\ êy l_o h]jZgbq_gbc, iZjZf_lju dhlhjuo ijbgylu
g_kemqZcgufb. Wlh k^_eZgh, ihkdhevdm \ lZdhf kemqZ_ wlb \_ebqbgu g_ y\eyxlky
kemqZcgufb, b ba k\hckl\ fZl_fZlbq_kdh]h h`b^Zgby ke_^m_l lZdZy \hafh`ghkv.
Mkeh\by (3.18) - (3.23) iheghklv khojZgbeb k\hx nhjfm. < kemqZ_ _keb [u [ueh
ijbgylh j_r_gb_ h g_h[oh^bfhklb kqblZlv \oh^ysb_ \ gbo iZjZf_lju kemqZcgufb bo
nhjfZ ij_h[jZah\Zehkv [u kh\_jr_ggh ZgZeh]bqguf h[jZahf.
=h\hjy h j_r_gbb fh^_eb (3.16) - (3.23) ke_^m_l kdZaZlv, qlh g_ kms_kl\m_l f_lh^h\
iha\heyxsbo gZclb __ (beb ZgZeh]bqguo g_ebg_cguo fh^_e_c) lhqgh_ j_r_gb_, ijb lhc
nhjf_ \ dhlhjhc hgZ aZibkZgZ. Wlh k\yaZgh bf_ggh kh klhoZklbqghklvx wlhc fh^_eb. D
kqZklvx \ gZr_f ebg_cghf kemqZ_ y\ey_lky \hafh`guf aZf_gblv jZkkfZljb\Z_fmx
fh^_ev __ ^_l_jfbgbjh\Zgguf wd\b\Ze_glhf.
3.2 >_l_jfbgbjh\Zgguc wd\b\Ze_gl klhoZklbq_kdhc fh^_eb
H[hagZqbf q_j_a
C
if t , i N ,
) 1 (
i Y - fZl_fZlbq_kdb_ h`b^Zgby khhl\_lkl\mxsbo
kemqZcguo \_ebqbg,
2
if
o ,
2
) N ( i
o ,
2
)
) 1 (
(Y i
o - ^bki_jkbb khhl\_lkl\_ggh kemqZcguo \_ebqbg
C
if
t ,
i
N ,
) 1 (
i
Y .
H[hagZqbf q_j_a f I (f 1, .., n) - fZl_fZlbq_kdh_ h`b^Zgb_ kemqZcghc \_ebqbgu I
f
.
Lh]^Z ihevamykv k\hckl\hf ebg_cghklb hi_jZlhjZ fZl_fZlbq_kdh]h h`b^Zgby b l_f, qlh
\k_ kemqZcgu_ \_ebqbgu fu kqblZ_f g_aZ\bkbfufb ihemqZ_f, qlh nmgdpbhgZem (3.16)
wd\b\Ze_gl_g ke_^mxsbc
]
]
\
|
+ =

=

i
= i
i i
= =
0
1
) 3 ( ) 3 (
0
1
) 2 ( ) 2 (
1
) 1 ( ) 1 (
1
I I Y C Y C h Y C h X
m
i
i i
n
f
f
f max, (3.24)
]^_
i
i C
N
1 ) 1 (
= . Bf_ggh \hafh`ghklv ba[Z\blvky hl hi_jZlhjZ fZl_-fZlbq_kdh]h h`b^Zgby
b y\ey_lky \Z`guf ^hklhbgkl\hf jZkkfZ-ljb\Z_fh]h djbl_jby dZq_kl\Z.
Hlghkbl_evgh kemqZcghc \_ebqbgu
) 1 (
i
Y fh`gh kdZaZlv, qlh hgZ ijbgbfZ_l
ke_^mxsb_ agZq_gby:
>
<
=

= =
=
n
f
n
f
i f
C
if i f
C
if
n
f
i f
C
if
i
X t X t
X t
Y
1 1
1
) 1 (
N ijb , N
N ijb , 0
.
Fh`gh mdZaZlv \_jhylghklb wlbo agZq_gbc ijb ba\_klguo iZjZf_ljZo
C
if
t b
i
N b
aZ^Zgguo
f
X . AgZq_gb_
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AZbgl_j_kh\Zgghklv b]jhdh\ \ujZ`Z_lky \ lhf, qlh dZ`^hfm b]jhdm i e I \ lhc beb
bghc kblmZpbb x e Z ijbibku\Z_lky qbkeh, \ujZ`Zxs__ kl_i_gv m^h\e_l\hj_gby _]h
bgl_j_kh\ \ wlhc kblmZpbb. Wlh qbkeh gZau\Z_lky \ub]jur_f b]jhdZ i \ kblmZpbb o b
h[hagZqZ_lky q_j_a G
i
(o). <_ebqbgZ G
i
(o) gZau\Z_lky nmgdpb_c \ub]jurZ b]jhdZ i b
h[uqgh y\ey_lky ^_ckl\bl_evguf qbkehf.
< wlbo mkeh\byo ijhl_dZgb_ dhgnebdlZ khklhbl \ \u[hj_ dZ`ûf b]jhdhf i e I _]h
kljZl_]bb x
i
e X
i
b \ ihemq_gbb bf \ keh`b\r_cky kblmZpbb o (x
1
, x
2
, ..., x
n
) ba
g_dhlhjh]h bklhqgbdZ \ub]jurZ G
i
(o). LZdbf h[jZahf fgh`_kl\h b]jhdh\, bo kljZl_]bc
b bo nmgdpbc \ub]jurZ iheghklvx hibku\Zxl g_dhlhjmx b]jm =, qlh nhjfZevgh
aZibku\Zxl lZd
= > <
e e I i i I i i
H x I } , } , . (4.1)
Hij_^_e_gb_ B]jZ - wlh ^_ckl\bl_evguc beb nhjfZevguc dhgnebdl, \ dhlhjhf
bf__lky ih djZcg_c f_j_ ^\Z b]jhdZ dZ`ûc ba dhlhjuo klj_fblky d ^hklb`_gbx
kh[kl\_gguo p_e_c. B]jZ dZd ijhp_kk ij_^klZ\ey_l kh[hc fgh]hdjZlgh ih\lhjyxsbcky
\u[hj b]jhdZfb k\hbo kljZl_]bc.
Ihke_^gyy njZaZ ijb\_^_ggh]h hij_^_e_gby hagZqZ_l, qlh b]jm ke_^m_l kqblZlv g_
dZd h^ghdjZlguc h[f_g m^ZjZfb, Z dZd ihklhyggh beb, ih djZcg_c f_j_, fgh]hdjZlgh,
hkms_kl\ey_fuc ijhp_kk.
Hij_^_e_gb_ B]jZ gZau\Z_lky b]jhc k gme_\hc kmffhc, _keb kmffZ \k_o ieZl_`_c
jZ\gZ gmex, l._. _keb kmffZ ijhb]jur_c ijhb]jZ\rbo b]jhdh\ jZ\gZ kmff_ \ub]jur_c
hklZevguo b]jhdh\ ba fgh`_kl\Z I.
<hh[s_ ]h\hjy, hp_gdZ b]jhdhf i kblmZpbb o iml_f mdZaZgby \ub]jurZ G(o) g_
\k_]^Z \hafh`gZ ijZdlbq_kdb b ^Z`_ g_ \k_]^Z bf__l kfuke. GZ wlhf imlb kha^Z_lky
l_hjby b]j k ij_îhql_gbyfb, [he__ rbjhdZy, q_f l_hjby b]j k \ub]jurZfb. H^gZdh
^Ze__ baeZ]Z_lky b jZkkfZljb\Z_lky lhevdh ihke_^gyy, lZd dZd l_hjby b]j k
ij_îhql_gbyfb [he__ keh`gZ b ihdZ _s_ g_^hklZlhqgh jZajZ[hlZgZ.
<k_ b]ju fh`gh jZa^_eblv gZ ^\Z lbiZ: dhZebpbhggu_ b [_kdhZebpbhggu_. DhZebpb_c
gZau\Zxl ex[h_ ih^fgh`_kl\h fgh`_kl\Z I. B]jZ \ dhlhjhc ^_ckl\by b]jhdh\ g_dhlhjhc
dhZebpbb gZijZ\e_gu gZ fZdkbfbaZpbx \ub]jurZ \k_c dhZebpbb [_a ihke_^mxs_]h _]h
jZa^_e_gby f_`^m b]jhdZfb dhZebpbb b gZau\Zxlky dhZebpbhggufb. <
[_kdhZebpbhgghc b]j_ p_evx dZ`^h]h mqZklgbdZ y\ey_lky ihemq_gb_ ih \hafh`ghklb
[hevr_]h bg^b\b^mZevgh]h \ub]jurZ. Kms_kl\m_l ki_pbZevgZy l_hjby dhZebpbhgguo
b]j gZau\Z_fZy dhhi_jZlb\ghc l_hjb_c, g_dhlhju_ hkgh\gu_ b^_b dhlhjhc [m^ml
jZkkfhlj_gu \ i. 4.6.
Kj_^b \k_o [_kdhZebpbhgguo b]j k gme_\hc kmffhc _kl_kl\_gguf h[jZahf
\u^_ey_lky deZkk ZglZ]hgbklbq_kdbo b]j, \ dhlhjuo qbkeh b]jhdh\ jZ\gh ^\mf, Z
agZq_gby bo nmgdpbc \ub]jurZ \ dZ`^hc kblmZpbb jZ\gu ih \_ebqbg_ b
ijhlb\hiheh`gu ih agZdm:
G
1
(O
1
, O
2
) - G
1
(O
1
, O
2
).
Qlh[u khdjZlblv mihlj_[e_gb_ bg^_dkh\, fgh`_kl\Z kljZl_]bc b]jhdh\ 1 b 2
ZglZ]hgbklbq_kdhc b]j_ [m^ml h[uqgh h[hagZqZlvky q_j_a X b Y, Z nmgdpby \ub]jurZ G
i
- q_j_a H. >ey Zglh]hgbklbq_kdbo b]j k ^\mfy b]jhdZfb \\h^blky ke_^mxs__
hij_^_e_gb_.
Hij_^_e_gb_ Imklv dZ`^hc kljZl_]bb 1-]h b]jhdZ \aZbfhh^gha-gZqgh ihklZ\e_gZ \
khhl\_lkl\b_ kljhdZ g_dhlhjhc fZljbpu :, Z dZ`^hc kljZl_]bb 2-]h b]jhdZ
\aZbfhh^ghagZqgh ihklZ\e_g \ khhl\_lkl\b_ klhe[_p wlhc fZljbpu. FZljbpm : gZau\Zxl
ieZl_`ghc (beb fZljbp_c b]ju), _keb _z we_f_gl a
if
jZ\_g \ub]jurm 1-]h b]jhdZ (l._.
ijhb]jurm 2-]h) ijb \u[hj_ 1-f b]jhdhf i-c kljZl_]bb, Z 2-f - f-c.
Ihwlhfm ZglZ]hgbklbq_kdZy b]jZ iheghklvx hibku\Z_lky _^bgkl\_gghc fZljbp_c b \
khhl\_lkl\bb k wlbf gZau\Z_lky fZljbqghc.
Ijbf_j 4.1 R\_cgh_ ij_îjbylb_ ieZgbjm_l d fZkkh\hfm \uimkdm gh\mx fh^_ev
h^_`û. Kijhk gZ wlm fh^_ev g_ fh`_l [ulv lhqgh hij_^_e_g H^gZdh fh`gh
ij_îheh`blv, qlh _]h \_ebqbgZ oZjZdl_jbam_lky lj_fy \hafh`gufb khklhygbyfb (I, II,
III). K mq_lhf wlbo khklhygbc ZgZebabjmxlky ljb \hafh`guo \ZjbZglZ \uimkdZ ^Zgghc
fh^_eb (:, ;, <). DZ`ûc ba wlbo \ZjbZglh\ lj_[m_l k\hbo aZljZl b h[_ki_qb\Z_l \
dhg_qghf kq_l_ jZaebqguc wnn_dl. Ijb[uev (luk. j.), dhlhjmx ihemqZ_l ij_îjbylb_
ijb ^Zgghf h[t_f_ \uimkdZ fh^_eb b khhl\_lkl\mxs_f khklhygbb kijhkZ, hij_^_ey_lky
fZljbp_c
]
]
]
\
|
24 21 20
23 25 21
22 23 22
III II I
<
;
:
<u[hj \ lhf beb bghf kfuke_ gZbemqr_]h \ZjbZglZ \uimkdZ fh^_e_c fh`gh
ihgbfZlv dZd fZljbqgmx b]jm.
4.2 Ihgylb_ hilbfZevghklb kljZl_]bb
L_hjby b]j dZd fZl_fZlbq_kdZy ^bkpbiebgZ \ __ kh\j_f_gghf khklhygbb aZgbfZ_lky
ghjfZlb\guf bamq_gb_f b]j, l._. kqblZ_l k\h_c aZ^Zq_c mklZgh\blv dZdh_ ih\_^_gb_
b]jhdh\ ke_^m_l kqblZlv hilbfZevguf (jZamfguf, p_e_khh[jZaguf).
HilbfZevghklv kljZl_]bb hq_\b^gh fh`gh ihgbfZlv ih-jZaghfm. Lh _klv ihgylby
hilbfZevghklb \ l_hjbb b]j b hilbfZevgh]h j_r_gby b]ju g_ y\eyxlky h^ghagZqgufb,
Zijbhjgufb, Z[khexlgufb. <f_kl_ k l_f wlb ihgylby y\eyxlky h[t_dlb\gufb, l._.
dZ`ûc \ZjbZgl hilbfZevghklb ih^^Z_lky lhqghfm hibkZgbx ijb ihfhsb
g_^\mkfuke_gguo fZl_fZlbq_kdbo nhjfmebjh\hd. L_f kZfuf jZaebqgu_
kh^_j`Zl_evgu_ ij_^klZ\e_gby h[ hilbfZevghklb fh]ml ijb\h^blv d hlebqZxsbfky
fZl_fZlbq_kdbf fh^_eyf.
Hkgh\gufb kh^_j`Zl_evgufb q_jlZfb hilbfZevghklb \ ijbf_g_gbb d bkoh^m beb d
fgh`_kl\m bkoh^h\ dhgnebdlZ fh`gh kqblZlv bglmblb\gu_ ij_^klZ\e_gby h \u]h^ghklb
b kijZ\_êb\hklb.
Fh`gh, gZijbf_j, hilbfZevghc kblmZpb_c kqblZlv lZdmx, \ dhlhjhc h^gh\j_f_ggh
^hklb]Zxl k\hbo fZdkbfmfh\ nmgdpbb \ub]jurZ dZ`^h]h ba b]jhdh\. Mkeh\b_
hilbfZevghklb \ wlhf kfuke_ êy kblmZpbb o* êy b]ju (4.1) nhjfZevgh fh`gh aZibkZlv
dZd
G
i
(o) G
i
(o*) êy ex[uo i e I , x e Z. (4.2)
<u]h^ghklv lZdhc kblmZpbb ykgZ.
G_ljm^gh \b^_lv, h^gZdh, qlh kms_kl\h\Zgb_ \ [_kdhZebpbhgghc b]j_ kblmZpbc,
hilbfZevguo \ lhevdh qlh hibkZgghf kfuke_, y\ey_lky kjZ\gbl_evgh j_^dbf
bkdexq_gb_f (dZd b ex[h_ kh\iZ^_gb_ fZdkbfmfh\ g_kdhevdbo nmgdpbc). < kmsghklb,
j_Zebam_fhklv wlh]h ijbgpbiZ hilbfZevghklb khhl\_lkl\m_l keZ[hklb dhgnebdlguo q_jl
fh^_ebjm_fh]h y\e_gby, [ebahklb p_e_c _]h mqZklgbdh\.
?kl_kl\_ggh ihwlhfm bkdZlv ^jm]b_ ij_^klZ\e_gby h[ hilbfZevghklb, [ulv fh`_l,
g_ klhev [_kkihjgu_, gh aZlh [he__ qZklh j_Zebam_fu_.
H^ghc ba gZb[he__ ieh^hl\hjguo nhjf j_ZebaZpbb ij_^klZ\e_gbc h[ hilbfZevghklb
fh`gh kqblZlv ihgylb_ jZ\gh\_kby, khklhys__ \ ke_^mxs_f.
Hij_^_e_gb_ KblmZpby gZau\Z_lky jZ\gh\_kghc, _keb gb h^bg ba b]jhdh\ g_
aZbgl_j_kh\Zg \ lhf, qlh[u __ gZjmrblv, l._. hldehgblvky hl g__.
?keb b]jZ = y\ey_lky ZglZ]hgbklbq_kdhc, lh jZ\gh\_kgZy kblmZpby o* bf__l \b^ (o*,
m*) b nhjfZevgh êy jZ\gh\_kghc kblmZpbb fh`gh aZibkZlv
G(o, m*) s G(o*, m*) s G(o*, m), (4.3)
ijb ex[uo x e X, v e Y. M`_ ba lh]h, qlh \ (4.3) bkihevam_lky g_ kljh]h_ g_jZ\_gkl\h
"f_gvr_ beb jZ\gh - s" ke_^m_l, qlh jZ\gh\_kguo kblmZpbc fh`_l [ulv g_kdhevdh.
Hij_^_e_gb_ < kemqZ_ ZglZ]hgbklbq_kdhc b]ju kblmZpby jZ\gh\_kby gZau\Z_lky
k_êh\hc lhqdhc. HdZau\Z_lky, qlh nmgdpby \ub]jurZ b]ju \h \k_o __ k_êh\uo lhqdZo
ijbgbfZ_l h^gh b lh `_ agZq_gb_, dhlhjh_ gZau\Z_lky p_ghc b]ju (beb agZq_gb_f b]ju).
Bf_ggh kblmZpbb jZ\gh\_kby fh]ml [ulv ij_^f_lhf mklhcqb\uo ^h]h\hjh\ f_`^m
b]jhdZfb. <kydZy ihiuldZ aZnbdkbjh\Zlv \ ^h]h\hj_ g_jZ\gh\_kgmx kblmZpbx [m^_l
hagZqZlv, qlh ohly [u m h^ghc ba ^h]h\Zjb\Zxsboky klhjhg gZc^_lky lZdZy kljZl_]by,
qlh \u[hj __ \f_klh ij_^mkfhlj_gghc ^h]h\hjhf m\_ebqbl \ub]jur wlh]h b]jhdZ. L_f
kZfuf \hagbdZxl fhlb\u d gZjmr_gbx ^h]h\hjZ.
H[uqgh bf_ggh jZ\gh\_kgu_ kljZl_]bb kqblZxl hilbfZevgufb b gZau\Zxl bo
j_r_gb_f b]ju.
Ijbgpbi hilbfZevghklb \ [_kdhZebpbhgghc b]j_, khklhysbc \ hkms_kl\e_gbb
b]jhdZfb __ kblmZpbc jZ\gh\_kby, y\ey_lky [he__ keZ[uf b qZs_ j_Zebam_fuf, q_f
ijbgpbi \ujZ`Z_fuc khhlghr_gb_f (4.2). H^gZdh jZ\gh\_kgu_ kblmZpbb hij_^_ey_fu_
khhlghr_gb_f (4.2) lZd `_ kms_kl\mxl g_ êy \kydhc b]ju.
HdZau\Z_lky ba wlhc kblmZpbb lZd`_ fh`gh ihiulZlvky gZclb \uoh^. Ijb
hlkmlkl\bb \ b]j_ kblmZpbc jZ\gh\_kby, ijb bkihevah\Zgbb b]jhdZfb _^bgkl\_gghc
kljZl_]bb (ba bf_xsboky m dZ`^h]h ba gbo fgh`_kl\Z), _kl_kl\_ggh ihklZ\blv \hijhk h
jZkrbj_gbb ihgylby kljZl_]bb. LZdhf qlh[u kj_^b kblmZpbc, khklZ\e_gguo ba gh\uo,
h[h[s_gguo kljZl_]bc \k_ `_ fh]eb [u gZclbkv jZ\gh\_kgu_.
Hij_^_e_gb_ We_f_glu fgh`_kl\Z X b Y gZau\Zxl qbklufb kljZl_]byfb b]jhdh\.
Hij_^_e_gb_ <_dlhj, dZ`^Zy ba dhfihg_gl dhlhjh]h ihdZau\Z_l hlghkbl_evgmx
qZklhlm bkihevah\Zgby b]jhdhf khhl\_lkl\mxs_c qbklhc kljZl_]bb, gZau\Z_lky
kf_rZgghc kljZl_]b_c ^Zggh]h b]jhdZ.
Ba ^Zggh]h hij_^_e_gby g_ihkj_^kl\_ggh ke_^m_l, qlh kmffZ dhfihg_gl mdZaZggh]h
\_dlhjZ jZ\gZ _^bgbp_, Z kZfb dhfihg_glu g_ hljbpZl_evgu. Ykgh lZd `_, qlh qbklmx
kljZl_]bx fh`gh jZkkfZljb\Zlv dZd qZklguc kemqZc kf_rZgghc.
M^h[ghc bgl_jij_lZpb_c kf_rZgghc kljZl_]bb y\ey_lky __ ij_^klZ\e_gb_ dZd
kemqZcgh]h \u[hjZ b]jhdhf k\hbo qbkluo kljZl_]bc \ khhl\_lkl\bb k \_jhylghklyfb
aZ^Z\Z_fufb hlghkbl_evgufb qZklhlZfb (\kihfgbf "deZkkbq_kdh_ hij_^_e_gb_
\_jhylghklb kh[ulby"). Ijbq_f \u[hju b]jhdh\ g_aZ\bkbfu, Z \ub]jur \ kblmZpbb \
kf_rZgguo kljZl_]byo hij_^_ey_lky dZd fZl_fZlbq_kdh_ h`b^Zgb_ kemqZcgh]h
\ub]jurZ.
4.3 J_r_gb_ fZljbqghc b]ju \ qbkluo kljZl_]byo
Ba\_klguc fZl_fZlbd :. <Zev^ knhjfmebjh\Ze ijbgpbi khklhysbc \ lhf, qlh ijb
ijbgylbb j_r_gby \ mkeh\byo g_hij_^_e_gghklb jZamfgh bkoh^blv ba lh]h, qlh keh`blky
gZbf_g__ [eZ]hijbylgZy êy gZk kblmZpby. Bkoh^y ba wlh]h ijbgpbiZ b]jhd 1 fh`_l
jZkkm`^Zlv ke_^mxsbf h[jZahf:
"Ij_îheh`bf, qlh y \u[_jm i-x kljZl_]bx, lh]^Z \ om^r_f êy f_gy kemqZ_ y
ihemqm \ub]jur \_ebqbghc
m f a
if
f
, 1 ), ( min = ,
]^_ m-dhebq_kl\h kljhd \ fZljbp_ b]ju, l._. dhebq_kl\h qbkluo kljZl_]bc 2-]h b]jhdZ.
Lh]^Z y ^he`_g \u[jZlv lZdmx kljhdm, l._. I-x kljZl_]bx ( n i , 1 = , n - dhebq_kl\h klhe[ph\
\ fZljbp_ b]ju), ijb dhlhjhc wlhl fbgbfmf fZdkbfZevguc".
Hij_^_e_gb_ Qbkeh o ) min ( max
if
f i
a gZau\Z_lky gb`g_c p_ghc b]ju beb
fZdkbfbghf, Z khhl\_lkl\mxsZy _fm kljZl_]by (kljhdZ) - fZdkbfbgghc.
:gZeh]bqgh, \lhjhc b]jhd lZd`_ bkoh^y ba gZbom^r_]h bkoh^Z ^he`_g jZkkm`^Zlv
ke_^mxsbf h[jZahf:
"Ij_îheh`bf, qlh y \u[_jm i-x kljZl_]bx, lh]^Z \ om^r_f êy f_gy kemqZ_ y
ihl_jyx \_ebqbgm
n i a
if
i
, 1 ), ( min = .
Lh]^Z y ^he`_g \u[jZlv lZdhc klhe[_p, l._. f-x kljZl_]bx, ijb dhlhjhc wlhl
fZdkbfmf fbgbfZevguc."
Hij_^_e_gb_ Qbkeh | ) max ( min
if
i f
a gZau\Z_lky \_jog_c p_ghc b]ju beb
fbgbfZdkhf, Z khhl\_lkl\mxsZy _fm kljZl_]by b]jhdZ (klhe[_p) - fbgbfZdkghc.
L_hj_fZ Gb`gyy p_gZ b]ju \k_]^Z g_ ij_\hkoh^bl \_jog_c p_gu b]ju.
?keb êy g_dhlhjhc b]ju \_jogyy b gb`gyy p_gu jZ\gu, l._. \uihegy_lky o |, beb
qlh lh `_ kZfh_
) min ( max
if
f i
a ) max ( min
if
i f
a
* *
f i
a ,
]^_
* *
f i
a - khhl\_lkl\mxsbc we_f_gl fZljbpu b]ju, lh hq_\b^gh êy wlh]h we_f_glZ
\uihegy_lky g_jZ\_gkl\h
*
f i
a s
* *
f i
a s
f i
a
*
.
KjZ\gb\Zy _]h k (4.3) \b^bf, qlh hdZau\Z_lky kblmZpby ) , (
* *
f i y\ey_lky jZ\gh\_kghc,
l._. hilbfZevghc, l._. j_r_gb_f b]ju. <_ebqbgZ J o | ijb wlhf hq_\b^gh y\ey_lky
p_ghc b]ju.
Lh _klv jZkkfZljb\Z_fu_ ijbgpbiu fZdkbfbgZ b fbgbfZdkZ ijb\_eb gZk d
hilbfZevghfm b jZ\gh\_kghfm khklhygbx. Wlh _s_ jZa k\b^_l_evkl\m_l h[
h[hkgh\Zgghklb bo bkihevah\Zgby ijb ijbgylbb j_r_gbc.
Hij_^_e_gb_ B]jZ, êy dhlhjhc o |, gZau\Z_lky b]jhc k k_êh\hc lhqdhc.
Ijbf_j 4.2 >ey b]jh\hc fZljbpu ba ijbf_jZ 4.1 gZclb k_êh\u_ lhqdb, _keb hgb
_klv. GZoh`^_gb_ gb`g_c b \_jog_c p_g b]ju, jZ\gh dZd b ijh\_jdZ kms_kl\h\Zgby
k_êh\uo lhq_d b bo gZoh`^_gb_, êy fZljbqguo b]j m^h[gh ijh\h^blv ih ke_^mxs_c
ko_f_:
.
22 max min
24 25 22
22 min max
20
21
22
24 21 20
23 25 21
22 23 22
min
max

=
+ + +
=
]
]
]
\
|
if
a
i
a
a
a
f
if
f i
if
f
if
i
<b^bf, qlh fZdkbfbg bf__l f_klh \ 1-c kljhd_, l._. ijb i_j\hc kljZl_]bb 1-]h
b]jhdZ. FbgbfZdk - \ i_j\hf klhe[p_, l._. ijb 1-c kljZl_]bb 2-]h b]jhdZ. Ijb wlhf
hgb kh\iZ^Zxl, lh _klv bf__lky k_êh\Zy lhqdZ, b wlh kblmZpby x
*
(1,1).
4.4 J_r_gb_ fZljbqghc b]ju \ kf_rZgguo kljZl_]byo
B]jZ, aZ^ZggZy g_dhlhjhc fZljbp_c, fh`_l g_ bf_lv k_êh\hc lhqdb.
Ijbf_j 4.3 JZkkfhljbf fZljbpm
]
]
]
\
|
=
3 2 7 9
0 7 8 1
5 4 6 3
A .
>ey i_j\h]h b]jhdZ gZoh^bf fZdkbfbg
) min ( max
if
f i
a 3 } 2 , 1 , 3 max =
i
.
>ey \lhjh]h - fbgbfZdk
) max ( min
if
i f
a 5 } 5 , 8 , 9 min =
f
.
<b^bf - fbgbfZdk b fZdkbfbg g_ kh\iZ^Zxl, l._. iheh`_gby jZ\gh\_kby \ qbkluo
kljZl_]byo g_ kms_kl\m_l.
?keb kj_^b qbkluo kljZl_]bc j_r_gby b]ju g_l, lh êy _]h gZoh`^_gby bkihevamxlky
kf_rZggu_ kljZl_]bb. HdZau\Z_lky kijZ\_êb\Z l_hj_fZ.
L_hj_fZ <kydZy fZljbqgZy b]jZ k gme_\hc kmffhc bf__l j_r_gb_ \ kf_rZgguo
kljZl_]byo. Ijb wlhf _keb : - ieZl_`gZy fZljbpZ, ) ..., , , (
2 1
- - - -
=
n
u u u U - hilbfZevgZy
kf_rZggZy kljZl_]by i_j\h]h b]jhdZ, Z ) ..., , , (
2 1
- - - -
=
m
: : : Z - \lhjh]h, lh qbkeh
- -
= =
- -
= =
AZ U : u a v
n
i
m
f
f i if
1 1
y\ey_lky p_ghc b]ju.
GZoh`^_gb_ lZdh]h j_r_gby k\h^blky d j_r_gbx aZ^Zqb ebg_cgh]h
ijh]jZffbjh\Zgby, lhqg__ ]h\hjy d j_r_gbx iZju \aZbfhkhijy`_gguo aZ^Zq.
JZkkfhljbf, qlh wlh aZ aZ^Zqb.
BlZd, imklv A - ieZl_`gZy fZljbpZ b]ju jZaf_jghklb m n , l._.
]
]
]
\
|
=
nm n n
m
m
a a a
a a a
a a a
A
2 1
2 22 21
1 12 11
.
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kljZl_]by i_j\h]h b]jhdZ b p_gZ b]ju, lh êy g__ ^he`gh \uihegylvky g_jZ\_gkl\h
m f v u a
n
i
i if
..., , 1 ,
1
= > '
=
(4.4)
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A) _]h ijhb]jur [m^_l g_ f_gvr_ p_gu b]ju (l._. fZdkbfbgZ). Ij_îheh`bf êy
hij_^_e_gghklb, qlh v > 0. <\_^_f h[hagZq_gb_
* *
i i
v v u = ,
lh]^Z mkeh\b_ 1
1
= '
=
n
i
i
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n
i
i
/ 1
1
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=
.
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m f v a
n
i
i if
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1
*
= >
=
.
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* *
2
*
1
*
n
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min ...
2 1
+ + + =
n
v v v F ,
ijb h]jZgbq_gbyo:
m f v a
n
i
i if
..., , 1 , 1
1
= >
=
,
n i v
i
..., , 1 , 0 = > .
GZc^y j_r_gb_
*
v wlhc aZ^Zqb e_]dh i_j_oh^bf d
*
U ih nhjfmeZf

= =
= = = =
n
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i
v
v n i vv
v
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kf_rZgghc kljZl_]bb 2-]h b]jhdZ ) ,..., , (
* *
2
*
1
*
m
: : : Z = k\h^blky d gZoh`^_gbx \_dlhjZ
) ,..., , (
* *
2
*
1
*
m
x x x x = , y\eyxs_]hky j_r_gb_f ke_^mxs_c aZ^Zqb ebg_cgh]h
ijh]jZffbjh\Zgby:
max ...
2 1
+ + + =
m
x x x F ,
ijb h]jZgbq_gbyo
n i x a
m
i
f if
,..., 1 , 1
1
= s
=
,
m f x
f
,..., 1 , 0 = > .
GZc^y j_r_gb_
*
x wlhc aZ^Zqb e_]dh i_j_oh^bf d
*
Z ih nhjfmeZf

= =
= = = =
m
f
f
f
m
f
f
f
f
x
v m f vx
x
x
:
1
*
*
1
*
*
*
1
, ,.., 1 , .
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]h b]jhdZ
max
3 2 1
= v v v F , min,
3 2 1
+ + = v v v F
ijb h]jZgbq_gbyo:
> + +
> + +
> + +
> +
, 1 3 5
, 1 2 7 4
, 1 7 8 6
, 1 9 3
3 1
3 2 1
3 2 1
3 2 1
v v
v v v
v v v
v v v
3 ,..., 1 , 0 = > i v
i
.
>ey 2-]h b]jhdZ
max
4 3 2 1
+ + + = x x x x F ,
ijb h]jZgbq_gbyo
s + + +
s + +
s + + +
, 1 3 2 7 9
, 1 7 8
, 1 5 4 6 3
4 3 2 1
3 2 1
4 3 2 1
x x x x
x x x
x x x x
4 ,..., 1 , 0 = > f x
f
.
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^Z`_ g_ ihlj_[m_lky \\_^_gby bkdmkkl\_gguo i_j_f_gguo. AZ bkoh^guc [Zabk fh`gh
ijbgylv ^hihegbl_evgu_ i_j_f_ggu_, g_h[-oh^bfu_ êy i_j_oh^Z d dZghgbq_kdhc
nhjf_ aZ^Zqb. HimkdZy jZkq_lu, ijb\_^_f ihke_^gxx kbfie_dk-lZ[ebpm, dhlhjZy
ihemq_gZ gZ q_l\_jlhf rZ]_.
;Zabk x
1
x
2
x
3
x
4
x
5
x
6
x
7
P
x
4
0 -1/10 0 1 13/50 -3/25 -1/10 0,04
x
3
0 61/5
0
1 0 -3/250 18/12
5
1/50 0,15
2
x
1
1 27/5
0
0 0 -
21/25
0
1/125 7/50 0,06
4
A
0 33/50 0 0 41/250 4/125 3/50 0,256
LZdbf h[jZahf ) 04 , 0 , 152 , 0 , 0 , 064 , 0 (
*
= x , ijb lhf, qlh F
*
0,256. Hlkx^Z
. 15625 , 0 , 59375 , 0 , 0 , 25 , 0 , 90625 . 3
1
,
32
125
256 . 0
*
4
1
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4
1
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= = = = =
=
=
Z
x
v x
f
f
f
f
Ijh\_jb\, qlh 1
4
1
*
=
= i
i
:
m[_`^Z_fky \ ijZ\bevghklb ihemq_ggh]h hl\_lZ.
Ba wlhc `_ lZ[ebpu gZoh^bf j_r_gb_ ^\hckl\_gghc aZ^Zqb. IhemqZ_f, qlh
) 50 / 3 , 125 / 4 , 250 / 41 (
*
= v , ijb lhf `_ F
*
0,256. Hlkx^Z ihemqZ_f
) 64 / 15 , 32 / 4 , 64 / 41 (
* *
= = vv U , b 1
3
1
*
=
= i
i
u .
LZdbf h[jZahf, kf_rZggu_ hilbfZevgu_ kljZl_]bb 1-]h b]jhdZ
*
U b 2-]h b]jhdZ
*
Z gZc^_gu, lZd`_ dZd b p_gZ b]ju v.
4.5 B]jZ k ijbjh^hc
Djhf_ Zglh]hgbklbq_kdbo jZkkfZljb\Zxl lZd gZau\Z_fu_ g_Zglh]hgbklbq_kdb_
b]ju. < wlhf kemqZ_ ij_îheZ]Zxl, qlh ^_ckl\by ijhlb\gbdZ g_ ghkyl oZjZdl_j kljh]h]h
ijhlb\hklhygby. ?]h bgl_j_ku fh]ml [ulv jZagufb b \ h[s_f kemqZ_ g_ kh\iZ^Zxsbfb
k gZrbfb, h^gZdh hgb g_ y\eyxlky "aehgZf_j_ggh" gZijZ\e_ggufb ijhlb\ gZk.
Ijhkl_crbf ijbf_jhf lZdhc kblmZpbb y\ey_lky ke_^mxsZy.
Ij_îheh`bf, qlh ba\_klgZ (\ h[s_f kemqZ_ kf_rZggZy) kljZl_]by ijbf_gy_fZy
h^gbf ba b]jhdh\. GZijbf_j, ba hiulZ ij_û^msbo gZ[ex^_gbc. Wlhl b]jhd bkihevam_l
k\hx kljZl_]bx \g_ aZ\bkbfhklb hl gZr_c kljZl_]bb. LZdmx b]jm ijbgylh gZau\Zlv
b]jhc k ijbjh^hc. Ijbjh^Z dZd [u g_ bf_y \ h[s_f `_eZgby gZf gZ\j_^blv ^_ckl\m_l ih
k\hbf aZdhgZf.
;m^_f êy hij_^_e_gghklb kqblZlv, qlh ba\_klgZ kf_rZggZy kljZl_]by
) ,..., , (
2 1 m
: : : Z = ihklhyggh ijbf_gy_fZy 2-f b]jhdhf. Ijbq_f hgZ kh\_jr_ggh g_
h[yaZl_evgh y\ey_lky hilbfZevghc êy g_]h. < wlbo mkeh\byo \hagbdZ_l \hijhk, dZd 1-fm
b]jhdm ihkljhblv kljZl_]bx
*
U fZdkbfbabjmxsmx _]h h`b^Z_fuc \ub]jur. Hl\_l gZ
wlhl \hijhk ^Zzlky ijhklh. : bf_ggh hilbfZevghc [m^_l lZ qbklZy kljZl_]by, êy ghf_jZ
i* dhlhjhc ^hklb]Z_lky fZdkbfmf
=
=
m
f
if f
i
a : v
1
max
max .
4.6 Dhhi_jZlb\gZy l_hjby
>jm]bf deZkkhf g_Zglh]hgbklbq_kdbo b]j y\eyxlky dhhi_jZlb\gu_ b]ju.
DZ`^Zy [_kdhZebpbhggZy b]jZ hibku\Z_l g_dhlhjuc, \hh[s_ ]h\hjy, ^hklZlhqgh
keh`guc dhgnebdl, g_ \k_]^Z ih^^Zxsbcky g_ lhevdh ^_lZevghfm bamq_gbx, gh b ^Z`_
lhqghfm hibkZgbx. Ihwlhfm bgh]^Z ij_^klZ\ey_lky _kl_kl\_gguf \u[bjZlv \ wlhf
dhgnebdl_ hl^_evgu_ _]h Zki_dlu b ih^\_j]Zlv bo ki_pbZevghfm ZgZebam.
;ulv fh`_l, kZfuf ijhkluf [m^_l ijb wlhf \u^_e_gb_ g_dhlhjh]h fgh`_kl\Z
b]jhdh\ D c I, gZau\Z_fh]h dhZebpb_c ([_kdhZebpbhgghklv jZkkfZljb\Z_fuo b]j \ lhf b
khklhbl, qlh gbdZdb_ dhZebpbb i_j\hgZqZevgh \ ijZ\beZo b]ju g_ ij_^mkfhlj_gu), b
jZkkfhlj_gb_ ZglZ]hgbklbq_kdhc b]ju =(D) dhZebpbb D dZd _^bgh]h b]jhdZ ijhlb\ __
"hdjm`_gby" 1\D \ p_ehf. Ijb wlhf dhf[bgZpbb kljZl_]bc b]jhdh\ ba D (b ba 1D)
khklZ\eyxl kljZl_]bb D (khhl\_lkl\_ggh kljZl_]bb 1\D), Z kmffZ \ub]jur_c b]jhdh\ ba
K - \ub]jur dhZebpbb K. AgZq_gb_ v(D) wlhc b]ju _kl_kl\_ggh ihgbfZlv dZd kbem
dhZebpbb D \ h[s_c b]j_ =.
Khhl\_lkl\b_ D v(D) êy dZ`^hc dhZebpbb D c I \ mkeh\byo [_kdhZebpbhgghc
b]ju = gZau\Z_lky __ oZjZdl_jbklbq_kdhc nmgdpb_c b h[hagZqZ_lky q_j_a v
=
.
OZjZdl_jbklbq_kdZy nmgdpby v
=
^Z_l ij_^klZ\e_gb_ h \hafh`ghklyo dhZebpbc b
hl^_evguo b]jhdh\ \ mkeh\byo b]ju = ^Z`_ [_a mdZaZgby fgh`_kl\Z kljZl_]bc b nmgdpbc
\ub]jurZ \ g_c. Ihwlhfm ]h\hjyl ^Z`_ h aZ^Zgbb b]j "\ nhjf_ oZjZdl_jbklbq_kdhc
nmgdpbb", ijhlb\hihklZ\eyy _]h aZ^Zgbx b]j "\ ghjfZevghc nhjf_", b \ ^jm]bo nhjfZo,
dhlhju_ kms_kl\mxl, gh gZfb g_ aZljZ]b\Zxlky. Bamq_gb_ oZjZdl_jbklbq_kdbo nmgdpbc
b]j b khklZ\ey_l kh^_j`Zgb_ dhhi_jZlb\ghc l_hjbb b]j.
< jZfdZo lZdhc dhhi_jZlb\ghc l_hjbb bkoh^Zfb b]ju [m^ml g_dhlhju_
jZkij_^_e_gby kmffZjgh]h \ub]jurZ, gZau\Z_fu_ ^_e_`Zfb. OZjZdl_jbklbq_kdmx
nmgdpbx, jZkkfZljb\Z_fmx kh\f_klgh k g_dhlhjuf fgh`_kl\hf ^_e_`_c, ijbgylh
gZau\Zlv dhhi_jZlb\ghc b]jhc. >ey dhhi_jZlb\guo b]j dhgkljmbjmxlky
khhl\_lkl\mxsb_ ijbgpbiu hilbfZevghklb b jZkkfZljb\Z_lky k\yaZggZy k gbfb
ijh[e_fZlbdZ.
< g_dhlhjuo ba wlbo ijbgpbih\ hilbfZevghklb \hiehsZxlky ij_^klZ\e_gby h[
mklhcqb\hklb, dhlhju_ ihemqZxlky i_j_g_k_gb_f gZ khhlghr_gby f_`^m ^_e_`Zfb
jZaebqguo \ZjbZglh\ hibkZgby fZdkbfmfZ nmgdpbb. H^gZdh ijbf_gbl_evgh d ^_e_`Zf
wlb \ZjbZglu hij_^_e_gby i_j_klZxl [ulv wd\b\Ze_glgufb b ihjh`^Zxl jZaebqgu_
ijbgpbiu hilbfZevghklb.
<\h^bfu_ ijbgpbiu hilbfZevghklb bf_xl g_dhlhju_ g_^hklZldb (_keb \hh[s_
fh`gh ]h\hjblv h g_^hklZldZo ^hklZlhqgh _kl_kl\_ggh \hagbdZxsbo h[t_dlh\): hgb g_
\k_]^Z j_Zebam_fu, Z \ l_o kemqZyo, dh]^Z j_Zebam_fu, fh]ml ^himkdZlv p_eu_ fgh`_kl\Z
j_ZebaZpbb, ijbq_f dZ`^Zy j_ZebaZpby fh`_l khklhylv ba .fgh]bo ^_e_`_c. D lhfm `_
j_ZebaZpbb wlbo ijbgpbih\ fh]ml g_ m^h\e_l\hjylv mkeh\byf kijZ\_êb\hklb \ lhf
kfuke_, dZd hgZ hij_^_eyeZkv \ur_.
<k_ kdZaZggh_ aZklZ\ey_l bkdZlv gh\u_ ijbgpbiu hilbfZevghklb. Ijb wlhf
ieh^hl\hjguf hdZau\Z_lky ke_^mxsbc imlv: g_ i_j_ghkblv gZ kemqZc ^_e_`_c l_ beb
bgu_ nhjfmebjh\db êy fZdkbfmfh\ gZ qbkeh\uo fgh`_kl\Zo, \uykgyy, dZdbfb
k\hckl\Zfb ihemq_ggu_ ijbgpbiu hilbfZevghklb [m^ml h[eZ^Zlv, Z gZh[hjhl,
nbdkbjh\Zlv l_ k\hckl\Z (\ lhf qbke_ - g_dhlhju_ q_jlu kijZ\_êb\hklb), dhlhju_
`_eZl_evgh \b^_lv m bgl_j_kmxsbo gZk ijbgpbih\ hilbfZevghklb, b dhgkljmbjh\Zlv
ijbgpbi, dhlhjuc wlbfb k\hckl\Zfb aZ\_^hfh [m^_l h[eZ^Zlv.
L_fZ 5 BKIHEVAH<:GB? L?HJBB =J:NH<
< g_dhlhjuo kemqZyo kblmZpby, ijb dhlhjhc ^he`gh [ulv ijbgylh lh beb bgh_
j_r_gb_, fh`_l [ulv ijhfh^_ebjh\ZgZ g_dhlhjhc ]jZnbq_kdhc kljmdlmjhc, êy dhlhjhc
\ fZl_fZlbq_kdhc l_hjbb bkihevam_lky gZa\Zgb_ ]jZn. Lhqgh_ hij_^_e_gb_ wlh]h
ihgylby [m^_l ^Zgh gb`_. D lZdbf kblmZpbyf hlghkylky ieZgbjh\Zgb_ fZjrjmlh\
ljZgkihjlguo i_j_\hahd beb bguo i_j_f_s_gbc h[t_dlh\, jZkq_l gZbemqrbo ko_f
jZkiheh`_gby lh\Zjh\ ih iehsZ^b kdeZ^Z beb imgdlh\ ojZg_gby g_dhlhjuo aZiZkh\.
H[uqgh bf__lky \hafh`ghklv hkms_kl\blv g_h[oh^bfu_ ^_ckl\by fgh]bfb jZaebqgufb
kihkh[Zfb, b \hagbdZ_l aZ^ZqZ \u[hjZ gZbemqr_]h ba gbo. Lh _klv \hagbdZ_l aZ^ZqZ
hkh[h]h lbiZ hilbfbaZpbb ijbgbfZ_fh]h j_r_gby, hilbfbaZpbhggZy aZ^ZqZ gZ ]jZn_
|10, 12, 13|.
5.1 Hkgh\gu_ ihgylby l_hjbb ]jZnh\
Imklv bf__lky g_dhlhjh_ fgh`_kl\h lhq_d X \ ijhkljZgkl\_. Bf__lky lZd`_
fgh`_kl\h U, khklhys__ ba g_dhlhjuo iZj we_f_glh\ X. Lh _klv, _keb a
1
b a
2
ijbgZê_`Zl
X, lh iZju (a
1
, a
1
), (a
1
, a
2
) fh]ml (ohly b g_ h[yaZl_evgh) ijbgZê_`Zlv U. =h\hjyl, qlh
fgh`_kl\Z X b U aZ^Zxl ]jZn G (X, U).
Ijb wlhf we_f_glu fgh`_kl\Z X gZau\Zxl \_jrbgZfb ]jZnZ G. We_f_glu
fgh`_kl\Z U gZau\Zxl j_[jZfb ]jZnZ G.
=jZn fh`_l [ulv êy gZ]ey^ghklb bah[jZ`_g \ \b^_ g_dhlhjhc ]_hf_ljbq_kdhc
kljmdlmju. GZ bah[jZ`_gbyo ]jZnZ h[uqgh h[hagZqZxlky \_jrbgu, kljhqgufb
eZlbgkdbfb [md\Zfb, k bg^_dkZfb beb [_a. GZijbf_j gZ jbkmgd_ 5.1 bah[jZ`_g ]jZn G
1
(x
1
, x
2
, x
3
, x
4
, x
5
, x
6
},(x
1
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2
), (x
2
, x
4
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4
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3
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4
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5
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5
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6
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3
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6
)}), l._. _]h fgh`_kl\h
\_jrbg X x
1
, x
2
, x
3
, x
4
, x
5
, x
6
}, Z fgh`_kl\h j_[_j U (x
1
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2
), (x
2
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4
), (x
4
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3
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(x
4
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5
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5
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6
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3
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i
, a
f
) fh]ml [ulv mihjy^hq_ggufb beb g_l, l._. we_f_glu (a
i
, a
f
) b (a
f
, a
i
)
kqblZlvky jZagufb we_f_glZfb beb h^gbf b l_f `_. ?keb iZju mihjy^hq_gu, ]h\hjyl,
qlh ]jZn hjb_glbjh\Zgguc (hj]jZn). J_[jZ hj]jZnZ gZau\Zxl ^m]Zfb. Ijb wlhf h[uqgh
ihjy^hd q_j_^h\Zgby \_jrbg mdZau\Zxl klj_edhc. GZ jbkmgd_ 5.2 ijb\_^_g ijbf_j
hj]jZnZ G
2
(a, b, c, d, e, f},(b, a), (b, d), (d, b), (d, c), (c, e), (e, c), (e, d), (f, e), (e, f)}).
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i
) \_jrbgu a
i
gZau\Z_lky qbkeh g_ihkj_^kl\_ggh k\yaZgguo k g_c
j_[_j. GZijbf_j, êy ]jZnZ k jbk. 5.1 kl_i_gv \_jrbgu x
4
jZ\gZ 3, d(a
4
) 3. ?keb ]jZn
hjb_glbjh\Zgguc, lh kl_i_gvx gZau\Z_lky kmffZ qbkeZ \oh^ysbo b \uoh^ysbo ^m].
Kl_i_gv \_jrbgu e ]jZnZ k jbkmgdZ 5.2 jZ\gZ 5, d(e) 5.
FZjrjmlhf \ ]jZn_ gZau\Z_lky ihke_^h\Zl_evghklv \_jrbg b j_[_j, \ dhlhjhc êy
\k_o j_[_j, djhf_ i_j\h]h b ihke_^g_]h, dhg_p ij_û^ms_]h j_[jZ kh\iZ^Z_l k gZqZehf
ke_^mxs_]h. ?keb \ fZjrjml_ \k_ j_[jZ jZaebqgu, lh hg gZau\Z_lky p_ivx. =jZn
gZau\Z_lky k\yaguf, _keb êy ex[uo ^\mo _]h \_jrbg kms_kl\m_l kh_^bgyxsZy bo p_iv.
Pbdehf gZau\Z_lky p_iv gZqZeh b dhg_p dhlhjhc kh\iZ^Zxl. ?keb pbde \dexqZ_l \
k_[y \k_ j_[jZ ]jZnZ, lh hg gZau\Z_lky wce_jh\uf pbdehf (beb wce_jh\hc p_ivx). ?keb \
]jZn_ bf__lky ohly [u h^bg wce_jh\ pbde, lh hg gZau\Z_lky wce_jh\uf ]jZnhf.
KijZ\_êb\Z ke_^mxsZy l_hj_fZ.
Jbk. 5.1 Jbk 5.2
x
3
x
2
x
1
x
4
x
6
x
5
b
f
Z
c
d
e
L_hj_fZ 5.1 Wce_jh\ pbde \ k\yaZgghf ]jZn_ kms_kl\m_l lh]^Z b lhevdh lh]^Z,
dh]^Z kl_i_gb \k_o _]h \_jrbg - q_lgu_ qbkeZ.
Kms_kl\m_l Ze]hjblf, ih dhlhjhfm fh`gh ihkljhblv wce_jh\m p_iv, _keb hgZ
bf__lky.
< hj]jZn_ fZjrjml h[uqgh gZau\Zxl dhglmjhf, Z p_iv - iml_f.
5.2 GZoh`^_gb_ djZlqZcr_]h imlb \ ]jZn_
DZ`^hfm j_[jm : fh`gh khihklZ\blv g_dhlhjh_ qbkeh l(:) - êbgm wlhc ^m]b. Lh]^Z
fh`gh ]h\hjblv b h êbg_ imlb , ykgh qlh wlZ \_ebqbgZ ^he`gZ [ulv hij_^_e_gZ lZd
e
=
:
: l l ) ( ) ( ,
l._. dZd kmffZ êbg \k_o j_[_j \oh^ysbo \ imlv.
<hagbdZ_l ke_^mxsZy aZ^ZqZ. GZclb \ ]jZn_ G imlv djZlqZcr_c êbgu,
kh_^bgyxs_c \_jrbgm a k \_jrbghc b.
?keb, gZijbf_j, \ \b^_ ]jZnZ ij_^klZ\e_gZ k_lv ljZgkihjlguo iml_c \ ]hjh^_, beb
bo qZklv, \_jrbgZfb dhlhjh]h y\eyxlky \ qZklghklb g_dhlhju_ imgdlu, dhlhju_
g_h[oh^bfh \j_fy hl \j_f_gb ihk_sZlv, lh aZ^ZqZ ihbkdZ djZlqZcr_]h imlb f_`^m gbfb
bf__l ijZdlbq_kdh_ agZq_gb_. Ijb wlhf, \ dZq_kl\_ êbgu j_[_j fh`_l [ulv ijbgylZ g_
nbabq_kdh_ jZkklhygb_ f_`^m imgdlZfb, Z j_Zevgh g_h[oh^bfh_ êy i_j_f_s_gby f_`^m
gbfb \j_fy. Wlh fh`_l [ulv k^_eZgh êy mq_lZ jZagbpu \ dZq_kl\_ ljZgkihjlguo iml_c
b l.i.
Bf__lky ke_^mxsbc Ze]hjblf gZoh`^_gby djZlqZcr_]h imlb f_`^m aZ^Zggufb
\_jrbgZfb:
1 I_j_gmf_jh\Zlv \_jrbgu ]jZnZ G lZd, qlh[u \_jrbgZ a ihemqbeZ ghf_j 0.
H[hagZqbf \_jrbgm a q_j_a x
0
. : \_jrbgm b q_j_a x
N
.
2 Ijbk\hblv dZ`^hc \_jrbg_ x
i
f_ldm i
i
lZd, qlh[u i
0
0, i
i
ijb i ~ 0.
3 >EY <?JRBGU X
1
G:CLB <K? <?JRBGU X
I
, (I k , 1 = ), >EY DHLHJUO
OO
1
- OO
I
> L(X
I
, X
1
). (5.1)
(IHE:=:?F, QLH ff-ff 0.) M <?JRBGU X
1
A:F?GBLV F?LDM OO
1
G:
F?GVRMX <?EBQBGM OO
1
OO
I
+ MINL(X
I
, X
1
)], A>?KV FBGBFMF ;?J?LKY
IH <K?F >M=:F (X
I
, X
1
), >EY DHLHJUO <UIHEGY?LKY MKEH<B?
(5.1).
1 Ijbf_gylv ijZ\beh 3 ^h l_o ihj, ihdZ êy dZ`^hc ^m]b (x
i
, x
f
) g_ klZg_l
kijZ\_êb\uf g_jZ\_gkl\h i
f
- i
i
s l(x
i
, x
f
).
2 Ba \k_o ^m] \oh^ysbo \ \_jrbgm b x
N
, gZclb lZdmx ^m]m (x
p1
, x
N
), qlh[u [ueh
kijZ\_êb\h jZ\_gkl\h
i
N
i
p1
l(x
p1
, x
N
).
3 :gZeh]bqgh, ba \k_o ^m] \oh^ysbo \ \_jrbgm x
p1
, \u[jZlv lZdmx ^m]m (x
p2
, x
p1
),
qlh[u
i
p1
i
p2
l(x
p2
, x
p1
),
b lZd ^Ze__.
1 Ihke_ g_dhlhjh]h qbkeZ rZ]h\, \_jrbgZ x
pk
kh\iZ^_l k a x
0
.
2 Imlv a x
pk
, x
p(k-1)
, ., x
p1
, b} - y\ey_lky djZlqZcrbf.
JZkkfhljbf bkihevah\Zgb_ wlh]h Ze]hjblfZ gZ ijbf_j_.
Ijbf_j 5.1 GZc^_f êy ]jZnZ, ij_^klZ\e_ggh]h gZ jbk. 5.3, djZl-qZcrbc imlv hl
\_jrbgu x
0
^h \_jrbgu \_jrbgu x
6
. >ebgu ^m] gZ jbkmgd_ mdZaZgu pbnjZfb. J_r_gb_
[m^_f aZibku\Zlv \ \b^_ ihke_^h\Zl_evghklb rZ]h\.
RZ] 1 < khhl\_lkl\bb k Ze]hjblfhf, kgZqZeZ ijbibku\Z_f f_ldb \k_f \_jrbgZf
]jZnZ ke_^mxsbf h[jZahf:
i
0
0, i
i
ijb i ~ 0.
RZ] 2 >ey x
1
gZoh^bf _^bgkl\_ggmx \_jrbgm x
0
, êy dhlhjhc
i
1
- i
0
~ l(x
0
, x
1
),
l.d. i
1
- i
0
-0 ~ l(x
0
, x
1
) 2. IjbgbfZ_f i
1
2.
RZ] 3 >ey x
3
gZoh^bf khhl\_lkl\mxsb_ \_jrbgu, wlh: x
0
, x
1
. Ijbibku\Z_f x
3
f_ldm i
3
:
i
3
mini
0
l(x
0
, x
3
), i
1
l(x
1
, x
3
)} min0 4,2 7} 4.
AZf_qZgb_ < ijhp_kk_ j_r_gby qZklh [u\Z_l p_e_khh[jZagh hkms_kl\eylv i_j_[hj
\_jrbg lZdbf h[jZahf, qlh[u \ha\jZsZlvky d m`_ ihf_q_gguf dhg_qguf qbkehf
\_jrbgZf, i_j_^ l_f dZd ^\b]Zlvky ^Zevr_ ih ]jZnm m\_ebqb\Zy ghf_j jZkkfZljb\Z_fhc
\_jrbgu. Wlh qZklh iha\hey_l mf_gvrblv qbkeh g_h[oh^bfuo rZ]h\, ohly \ p_ehf
Ze]hjblf ^Zzl j_amevlZl g_aZ\bkbfh hl f_lh^bdb i_j_[hjZ \_jrbg.
Jbk. 5.3 Jbk. 5.4
RZ] 4 >ey x
1
ijbibku\Z_f f_ldm i
1
:
i
1
mini
0
l(x
0
, x
1
), i
3
l(x
3
, x
1
)} min0 12,4 7} 11.
RZ] 5 >ey x
2
gZoh^bf \_jrbgu, wlh: x
0
, x
3
. Ijbibku\Z_f x
2
f_ldm i
2
:
i
2
mini
0
l(x
0
, x
2
), i
3
l(x
3
, x
2
)} min0 3,4 7} 3.
RZ] 6 >ey x
4
gZoh^bf \_jrbgu, wlh: x
2
, x
3
. Ijbibku\Z_f x
4
f_ldm i
4
:
i
4
mini
2
l(x
2
, x
4
), i
3
l(x
3
, x
4
)} min3 6,4 8} 9.
RZ] 7 >ey x
5
gZoh^bf \_jrbgu: x
1
, x
3
, x
4
. Ijbibku\Z_f x
5
f_ldm i
5
:
O
5
mini
1
l(x
1
, x
5
), i
3
l(x
3
, x
5
), i
4
l(x
4
, x
5
)}
min11 10,4 14,9 8} 17.
RZ] 8 >ey x
6
gZoh^bf \_jrbgu: x
4
, x
5
. Ijbibku\Z_f x
6
f_ldm:
i
6
mini
3
l(x
3
, x
6
), i
4
l(x
4
, x
6
), i
5
l(x
5
, x
6
)}
x1 x5
x6
x3
x0
x2 x4
x6(21)
x5(17)
x1(11)
x0(0)
x2(3)
x4(9)
x3(4)
16
10
14 7
12
4
7
3
6
8
8
4
13
21
min3 21,9 13,17 4} 21.
MdZau\Z_f gZ ]jZn_ jZkkqblZggu_ f_ldb, \ kdh[dZo m gZa\Zgbc \_jrbg. ?s_ jZa
m[_`^Z_fky \ lhf, qlh êy dZ`^hc ^m]b (x
i
, x
f
) kijZ\_êb\hf g_jZ\_gkl\h i
f
- i
i
s l(x
i
, x
f
).
RZ] 9 L_i_jv, \ khhl\_lkl\bb k Ze]hjblfhf, êy \_jrbgu x
6
gZoh^bf lZdmx ^m]m
(x
p1
, x
6
), qlh kijZ\_êb\h jZ\_gkl\h
i
6
i
p1
l(x
p1
, x
6
),
lZdhc ^m]hc y\ey_lky (x
5
, x
6
). Ijba\h^y ZgZeh]bqgu_ ^_ckl\by êy \_jrbgu x
5
b
ihke_^mxsbo, ihemqZ_f bkdhfuc imlv gZbf_gvr_c êbgu:
(x
0
, x
3
), (x
3
, x
4
), (x
4
, x
5
), (x
5
, x
6
)}.
5.3 =Zfbevlhgh\u ]jZnu. AZ^ZqZ h dhffb\hy`_j_
Imklv G (X, U) - iheghklvx g_hjb_glbjh\Zgguc ]jZn. P_iv ijhoh^ysZy q_j_a
dZ`^mx \_jrbgm wlh]h ]jZnZ, b ijblhf lhevdh ih h^ghfm jZam, gZau\Z_lky ]Zfbevlhgh\hc.
Pbde (x
0
, x
1
), (x
1
, x
2
), ..., (x
n-1
, x
n
)}, ijhoh^ysbc q_j_a \k_ \_jrbgu ]jZnZ G b ijblhf
lhevdh ih h^ghfm jZam q_j_a dZ`^mx (aZ bkdexq_gb_f x
0
x
n
), gZau\Z_lky
]Zfbevlhgh\uf pbdehf.
GZijbf_j, êy ]jZnZ bah[jZ`_ggh]h gZ jbk. 5.2 ]Zfbevlhgh\uf y\ey_lky pbde
(x
0
, x
3
), (x
3
, x
5
), (x
5
, x
6
), (x
6
, x
1
), (x
1
, x
2
), (x
2
, x
4
), (x
4
, x
0
)}. <b^bf lZd`_, qlh m wlh]h ]jZnZ
bf__lky g_kdhevdh jZaebqguo ]Zfbev-lhgh\uo pbdeh\.
< ]jZn_ fh`_l g_ gZclbkv gb h^ghc ]Zfbevlhgh\hc p_ib. Fh]ml bf_lvky
]Zfbevlhgh\u p_ib, gh hlkmlkl\h\Zlv ]Zfbevlhgh\u pbdeu. KijZ\_êb\Z ke_^mxsZy
l_hj_fZ.
L_hj_fZ 5.2 Imklv \ ]jZn_ n \_jrbg, lh]^Z _keb êy ex[hc iZju \_jrbg x
i
b x
f
\uihegy_lky khhlghr_gb_
d(x
i
) d(x
f
) > n - 1,
lh ]jZn bf__l ]Zfbevlhgh\m p_iv. ?keb `_ êy ex[hc \_jrbgu x
i
d(x
i
) >
2
n
,
lh ]jZn bf__l ]Zfbevlhgh\ pbde.
AZ^ZqZ gZoh`^_gby ]Zfbevlhgh\uo p_i_c beb dhglmjh\ k\yaZgZ kh ke_^mxs_c
ijZdlbq_kdb \Z`ghc aZ^Zq_c, dhlhjmx gZau\Zxl aZ^Zq_c h [jh^yq_f lhj]h\p_ beb qZs_
aZ^Zq_c dhffb\hy`_jZ. JZchg, dhlhjuc ^he`_g ihk_lblv [jh^yqbc lhj]h\_p kh^_j`bl
g_dhlhjh_ dhebq_kl\h ]hjh^h\, jZkklhygby f_`^m dhlhjufb ba\_klgu. Lj_[m_lky gZclb
fZjrjml ijhoh^ysbc q_j_a \k_ imgdlu lhevdh ih h^ghfm jZam b \ha\jZsZxsbcky \
bkoh^guc. ?keb lZdbo fZjrjmlh\ g_kdhevdh, lj_[m_lky gZclb djZlqZcrbc ba gbo.
AZ^ZqZ h dhffb\hy`_j_ \hagbdZ_l g_ lhevdh \ hibkZgghc kblmZpbb. D g_c k\h^blky b
hilbfbaZpby fZjrjmlZ jZa\hadb ijh^mdlh\ ih lhj]h\uf lhqdZf ]hjh^Z lZd, qlh[u
kmffZjgZy êbgZ ijh[_]Z fZrbg [ueZ [u fbgbfZevghc. Beb, gZijbf_j, aZ^ZqZ
hij_^_e_gby hilbfZevgh]h ihjy^dZ h[jZ[hldb ^_lZe_c \ dhebq_kl\_ n rlmd, _keb
ba\_klgh \j_fy t
if
i_j_gZeZ^db klZgdZ êy h[jZ[hldb i-c ^_lZeb ihke_ h[jZ[hldb f-c
^_lZeb, dh]^Z lj_[m_lky mklZgh\blv lZdhc ihjy^hd jZ[hlu, ijb dhlhjhf kmffZjgh_
\j_fy gZ i_j_gZeZ^dm [ueh [u fbgbfZevguf.
Ykgh, qlh êy j_r_gby aZ^Zqb h dhffb\hy`_j_ lj_[m_lky gZclb ba bf_xsboky \
]jZn_ ]Zfbevlhgh\ pbde fbgbfZevghc êbgu. >ZggZy aZ^ZqZ y\ey_lky \_kvfZ keh`ghc.
>h kbo ihj g_l ^hklZlhqgh wnn_dlb\guo Ze]hjblfh\, dhlhju_ [u ih h[t_fm \uqbke_gbc
kms_kl\_ggh hlebqZebkv [u hl ijyfh]h i_j_[hjZ ]jhfZ^gh]h qbkeh \ZjbZglh\. Qbkeh
wlbo \ZjbZglh\ ijb[eb`Z_lky d \_ebqbg_ n! 1 2 . n (]h\hjyl: n - nZdlhjbZe). Hgh
\ lhqghklb jZ\gh n! êy ]jZnZ, ex[Zy iZjZ \_jrbg dhlhjh]h k\yaZgZ j_[jhf (lZdhc ]jZn
gZau\Z_lky iheguf).
GZb[he__ wnn_dlb\guf Ze]hjblfhf j_r_gby aZ^Zqb dhffb\hy`_jZ kqblZ_lky lZd
gZau\Z_fuc f_lh^ \_l\_c b ]jZgbp, dhlhjuc h^gZdh lh`_ g_ ]ZjZglbjm_l hl ihegh]h
i_j_[hjZ \ZjbZglh\, b y\eyykv ^hklZlhqgh keh`guf a^_kv g_ jZkkfZljb\Z_lky.
IjZdlbq_kdmx \Z`ghklv bf_xl Ze]hjblfu ^Zxsb_ ijb[eb`_ggh_ j_r_gb_ aZ^Zqb.
Ke_^m_l hlf_lblv, qlh ijb bkihevah\Zgbb kh\j_f_gghc dhfivxl_jghc l_ogbdb,
ijZdlbq_kdb \hafh`gh j_rblv mdZaZggmx aZ^Zqm ijyfuf i_j_[hjhf \ZjbZglh\ êy
qbkeZ imgdlh\ ^h 25 - 30 b [he__. >ZggZy \_ebqbgZ n \iheg_ ^hklZlhqgZ êy [hevrbgkl\Z
\hagbdZxsbo gZ ijZdlbd_ kblmZpbc.
Bf_xlky b ^jm]b_ lbiu hilbfbaZpbhgguo aZ^Zq gZ ]jZnZo. GZijbf_j, lZd
gZau\Z_fZy aZ^ZqZ h fZdkbfZevghf ihlhd_ |10|.
5.4 Bkihevah\Zgb_ ebg_cgh]h ijh]jZffbjh\Zgby êy
j_r_gby hilbfbaZpbhgguo aZ^Zq gZ ]jZnZo
DZd m`_ ]h\hjbehkv ebg_cgu_ aZ^Zqb hilbfbaZpbb \klj_qZxlky \ kZfuo jZaguo
h[eZklyo fZl_fZlbq_kdhc l_hjbb ijbgylby j_r_gbc (__ h[uqgh gZau\Zxl l_hjb_c
bkke_^h\Zgby hi_jZpbc) b hilbfbaZpbb. JZkkfhljbf \hafh`ghklv bkihevah\Zgby
ebg_cgh]h ijh]jZffbjh\Zgby êy g_dhlhjuo aZ^Zq l_hjbb ]jZnh\.
>ey aZ^Zqb h djZlqZcr_f imlb. H[hagZqbf q_j_a
if
x i_j_f_ggmx, dhlhjZy ijbgbfZ_l
agZq_gb_ 1, _keb ^m]Z (i, f) \oh^bl \ bkdhfuc fZjrjml, b - 0, _keb g_ \oh^bl. H[hagZqbf
q_j_a
if
c êbgm ^m]b (i, f),
i
K - dhebq_kl\h \k_o \oh^ysbo \ i-mx \_jrbgm ^m],
i
M -
dhebq_kl\h \k_o \uoh^ysbo ba g_z ^m], n - dhebq_kl\h \_jrbg. Lh]^Z fZl_fZlbq_kdZy
nhjfmebjh\dZ mdZaZgghc aZ^Zqb bf__l \b^ (kmffbjh\Zgb_ ijhba\h^blky ih \k_f ^m]Zf)
=
i f
if if
x c F min , (5.2)
ijb h]jZgbq_gbyo \b^Z (êy dZ`^hc \_jrbgu ]jZnZ):
imgdlZ. dhg_qgh]h êy - 1
imgdlh\, guo ijhf_`mlhq êy 0
imgdlZ, gZqZevgh]h êy 1
1 1

=

= =
i
M
m
im
i
K
k
ki
x x (5.3)
Wlb h]jZgbq_gby \ujZ`Zxl lh, qlh ba gZqZevgh]h imgdlZ \uoh^bl gZ h^gm ^m]m [hevr_,
q_f \oh^bl. < dhg_qguc - gZ h^gm [hevr_ \oh^bl. : êy ijhf_`mlhqguo \_jrbg
dhebq_kl\h \oh^ysbo b \uoh^ysbo ^m] ^he`gh [ulv jZ\gh.
Hq_\b^gh, qlh lh, qlh i_j_f_ggu_
if
x fh]ml ijbgbfZlv lhevdh agZq_gby 0 b 1 (lZdb_
i_j_f_ggu_ gZau\Zxlky [me_\ufb) y\ey_lky ^hihegbl_evguf h]jZgbq_gb_f hkh[h]h
\b^Z. J_rZlv aZ^Zqb k lZdbfb h]jZgbq_gbyfb \ h[s_f kemqZ_ ke_^m_l ihkj_^kl\hf
bf_xsboky ki_pbZevguo fh^bnbdZpbc kbfie_dk-f_lh^Z. H^gZdh \ jZkkfZljb\Z_fhf
kemqZ_, \ kbem nhjfu h]jZgbq_gbc (5.3) fh`gh h]jZgbqblvky ebrv h[uqguf
lj_[h\Zgb_f g_hljbpZl_evghklb:
) , 1 , ( , 0 n f i x
if
= > . (5.4)
>ey aZ^Zqb h dhffb\hy`_j_. Ijb l_o `_ h[hagZq_gbyo __ fh`gh aZibkZlv \ \b^_:
=
i f
if if
x c F min , (5.5)
ijb h]jZgbq_gbyo:
1
1
=
=
i
K
k
ki
x , 1
1
=
=
i
M
m
im
x , (5.6)
dhlhju_ \ujZ`Zxl, qlh \ dZ`^mx \_jrbgm \oh^bl lhevdh h^gZ ^m]Z, b lhevdh h^gZ ^m]Z
\uoh^bl ba g__. Wlb h]jZgbq_gby g_h[oh^bfh ^hihegblv mkeh\b_f [me_\hklb
i_j_f_gguo, Z lZd `_ ^hihegbl_evgufb mkeh\byfb g_ij_ju\ghklb fZjrjmlZ, êy
bkdexq_gby \hafh`ghklb kha^Zgby ih^pbdeh\.
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0,2N2 ihdmiZl_e_c.
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2 ihdmiZl_ey?
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j_rbl g_ klZgh\blvky \ hq_j_^v)?
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m`_ bf__lky 3 q_eh\_dZ b qlh, i_j_^ hldjulb_f lhqdb \ hq_j_^b [ue h^bg ihdmiZl_ev k
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^hex \j_f_gb ijhklhy ijh^Z\pZ [_a jZ[hlu. K^_eZlv wlh ^\mfy kihkh[Zfb
khhl\_lk\mxsbfb ke_^mxsbf ij_îheh`_gbyf:
- \ hq_j_^b g_ fh`_l [ulv [he__ 3N2 ihdmiZl_e_c;
- gZ êbgm hq_j_^b h]jZgbq_gbc g_l.
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f_lh^hf. KhklZ\blv ^\hckl\_ggmx aZ^Zqm. GZclb _z j_r_gb_. Ijhbgl_jij_lbjh\Zlv
ihemq_ggh_ j_r_gb_ ^\hckl\_gghc aZ^Zqb.
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j_kmjkh\: klZghqgh_ h[hjm^h\Zgb_ b jZ[hqmx kbem. Ghjfu aZljZl klZgdh-qZkh\ b ghjfh-
qZkh\ g_h[oh^bfu_ êy ba]hlh\e_gby h^ghc lukyqb ba^_ebc dZ`^h]h \b^Z, p_gZ h^ghc
lukyqb ba^_ebc dZ`^h]h \b^Z, Z lZd`_ h[s__ bf_xs__ky dhebq_kl\h j_kmjkh\
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KqblZ_lky, qlh k[ul h[_ki_q_g. KhklZ\blv ieZg ijhba\h^kl\Z ba^_ebc, ijb dhlhjhf
klhbfhklv ijh^mdpbb [m^_l fZdkbfZevghc.
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klhoZklbq_kdhc fh^_eb nhjfbjh\Zgby hilbfZevgh]h ijhba\h^kl\_ggh]h ieZgZ k
mq_lhf gZ^_`ghklb. Ijbgy\ \_jhylghklv \uiheg_gby h]jZgbq_gbc fh^_eb 0,95, Z
dhwnnbpb_gl rljZnZ h 1000, ij_êh`blv ^himklbfuc ieZg, dhlhjuc ih
\hafh`ghklb ^hklZ\eye [u fZdkbfmf ijb[ueb.
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oZjZdl_jbam_lky khhl\_lkl\_ggh \_dlhjZfb :
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khihklZ\bfuo hilh\uo p_gZo.
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= = D N d - khhl\_lkl\_ggh gb`gyy b \_jogyy ]jZgbpu h[t_fZ ijhba\h^kl\Z
ijh^mdpbb 1-]h \b^Z (\ luk. rl.), êy ^jm]hc ijh^mdpbb lZdbo h]jZgbq_gbc g_l.
AZ^ZqZ 4 Bkihevamy l_hjbx b]j ijhZgZebabjh\Zlv kblmZpbx b ijbgylv j_r_gb_.
JZkkfhlj_lv kblmZpbx, dZd Zglh]hgbklbq_kdmx b]jm b b]jm k ijbjh^hc.
H[m\gZy nZ[jbdZ ieZgbjm_l \uimkd lj_o fh^_e_c h[m\b A, B, C. H[sbc h[t_f
ijhba\h^kl\Z h[m\b h]jZgbq_g bf_xsbfbky fhsghklyfb. Kijhk gZ wlb fh^_eb aZ\bkbl
hl kblmZpbb gZ jugd_, dhlhjmx fh`gh ijb[eb`_ggh oZjZdl_jbah\Zlv lZd `_ lj_fy
khklhygbyfb I, II, III. Ba\_klgu hp_gdb \_ebqbgu kijhkZ gZ mdZaZggu_ fh^_eb h[m\b \
aZ\bkbfhklb hl khklhygby jugdZ. Hgb aZ^Zxlky fZljbp_c
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III II I
N N N N
N N N N
N N N
<
;
:
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nZdlhjh\.
GZclb hilbfZevgu_ ijhihjpbb \uimkdZ jZaebqguo fh^_e_c (dZdmx qZklv hl h[s_]h
h[t_fZ ke_^m_l hl^Zlv gZ \uimkd lhc beb bghc fh^_eb) \ kblmZpbyo:
1 Ih\_^_gb_ jugdZ g_ba\_klgh.
2 Ba\_klgh, qlh \_dlhj hibku\Zxsbc qZklhlm ij_[u\Zgby jugdZ \ lhf beb bghf
khklhygbb bf__l \b^
]
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,
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N
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N N
.
AZ^ZqZ 5 J_rblv aZ^Zqm bkihevamy l_hjbx ]jZnh\.
GZclb, bkihevamy Ze]hjblf (jZa^. 5.2), djZlqZcrbc fZjrjml f_`^m \_jrbgZfb x b v
]jZnZ bah[jZ`_ggh]h gZ gb`_ke_^mxs_f jbkmgd_. <ZjbZglu iZj \_jrbg x b v b êbgu
j_[_j ]jZnZ, \ aZ\bkbfhklb hl N1 b N2, mdZaZgu \ lZ[ebpZo.
>ebgZ j_[jZ
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N2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0
GZclb
djZlqZcrbc
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a, k b, f f, c b, c f, g k, a f, b c, f c, b g, f
IJBEH@?GB?
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)

t
=
x
dt e x F
t
2
2
2
1
) (
x -2 -1,9 -1,8 -1,7 -1,6 -1,5 -1,4 -1,3 -1,2 -
1,1
F(x) 0,023 0,028 0,036 0,045 0,055 0,067 0,081 0,097 0,1150,136
x -1 -0,9 -0,8 -0,7 -0,6 -0,5 -0,4 -0,3 -0,2 -0,1
F(x) 0,159 0,184 0,212 0,242 0,274 0,309 0,345 0,382 0,421 0,46
x 0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9
F(x) 0,5 0,54 0,58 0,618 0,655 0,692 0726 0,758 0,788 0,816
x 1 1,1 1,2 1,3 1,4 1,5 1,6 1,7 1,8 1,9
F(x) 0,841 0,864 0,885 0,903 0,919 0,933 0,945 0,955 0,9640,971
KIBKHD EBL?J:LMJU
1 L_jg_j >. <_jhylghklv, klZlbklbdZ b bkke_^h\Zgb_ hi_jZpbc. F.: KlZlbklbdZ,
1976.
2 Wdhghfbdh-fZl_fZlbq_kdb_ f_lhû b ijbdeZ^gu_ fh^_eb/ Ih^ j_^. <. <.
N_^hk__\Z. -F.: XGBLB, 1999.
3 :dmebq B. E. FZl_fZlbq_kdh_ ijh]jZffbjh\Zgb_ \ ijbf_jZo b aZ^ZqZo. F.:
<ukrZy rdheZ,1993.
4 JZkk K. Ebg_cgh_ ijh]jZffbjh\Zgb_ (f_lhû b ijbeh`_gby). F.: NbafZl]ba,
1961.
5 :jobi_gdh\ K. F. Wdhghfbdh-fZl_fZlbq_kdb_ fh^_eb nhjfbjh\Zgby
hilbfZevguo (gZijy`_gguo) b gZ^_`guo ieZgh\ ijhba\h^kl\Z gZ ij_îjbylbyo
h[jZ[Zlu\Zxs_c ijhfure_gghklb. LZf[h\: Ba^-\h LZf[. ]hk. l_o. mg-l. 1999.
6 <_glp_ev ?. K. L_hjby \_jhylghkl_c. F.: <ukrZy rdheZ, 1998.
7 :c\Zayg K. :., FoblZjyg <. K. IjbdeZ^gZy klZlbklbdZ b hkgh\u wdhghf_ljbdb.
F.: XGBLB, 1998.
8 ;hevr_\ E. G., Kfbjgh\ G. <. LZ[ebpu fZl_fZlbq_kdhc klZlbklbdb. F.: GZmdZ,
1965.
9 Dhkkh\ <. <. F_`hljZke_\u_ fh^_eb. F.: WdhghfbdZ, 1973.
10 ;_eh\ <. <., <hjh[v_\ ?. F., RZlZeh\ <. ?. L_hjby ]jZnh\. F.: <ukrZy rdheZ,
1976.
11 <hjh[v_\ G. G. L_hjby b]j êy wdhghfbklh\-db[_jg_lbdh\. F.: GZmdZ, 1985.
12 Dj_f_j G. R., Ljbrbg B. F., Njb^fZg F. G. Bkke_^h\Zgb_ hi_jZpbc \
wdhghfbd_: Mq_[. ihkh[b_ êy \mah\ / Ih^ j_^. ijhn. G. R. Dj_f_jZ. F.: XGBLB, 1997.
13 R_eh[Z_\ K. B. FZl_fZlbq_kdb_ f_lhû b fh^_eb \ wdhghfbd_, nbgZgkZo b
[bag_k_: Mq_[gbd êy \mah\. F.: XGBLB, 2000.
14 KhehiZoh :. <. FZl_fZlbdZ \ wdhghfbd_: Mq_[.-f_lh^. ihkh[b_: LZf[h\: < 2 q.
LZf[h\: Ba^-\h LZf[. ]hk. l_o. mg-lZ, 2000. |4.| 2.
Mq_[gh_ ba^Zgb_
F:L?F:LBD: < WDHGHFBD?
QZklv 1
Mq_[gh-ijZdlbq_kdh_ ihkh[b_
:\lhj-khklZ\bl_ev KHEHI:OH :e_dkZg^j <eZ^bfbjh\bq
J_^Zdlhj L. F. N_^q_gdh
Bg`_g_j ih dhfivxl_jghfm fZd_lbjh\Zgbx
=. X. DhjZ[_evgbdh\Z

Matematika V Ekonomike

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Matematika V Ekonomike

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Fbgbkl_jkl\h h[jZah\Zgby Jhkkbckdhc N_^_jZpbb

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