Phn I

TM

TT V PHNG TRNH BC HAI

V TAM THC BC HAI

I. nh ngha v cch gii

Phng trnh: ax2 + bx + c = 0
(a 0) gi l phng trnh bc 2
(PTBH).
a thc: f(x) = ax2 + bx + c = 0 c gi l tam thc bc 2 (TTBH).
*. Nghim ca PTBH (nu c) cng c gi l nghim ca TTBH.
*. Dng chnh tc ca TTBH:
ax2 + bx + c = a[(x +

b 2 b 2 - 4ac
) ]
2a
4a 2

(1)

T dng (1) ta a ra cch gii v cng thc nghim nh SGK trnh by.
II. S phn tch TTBH
Nu D > 0 th f(x) = ax2 + bx + c = a(x - x1)(x - x2) vi x1, x2 l cc nghim.
III. nh l Vi-t
Nu D > 0 th phng trnh f(x) = ax2 + bx + c = 0 c 2 nghim phn bit
v:

S = x1 + x2 = -

b
a

c
a

P = x1x2 =

Ngc li: Nu x + y = S v x.y = P th x, y l cc nghim ca phng trnh

bc hai: t2 - St + P = 0
IV. th hm s bc 2:

a>0
D>0

a>0
D<0

a>0
D=0

2
5

2
-2

-4

a<0
D>0

a<0
D<0

a<0
D=0

-5

-2

PHNG PHP TA M THC BC 2

V. GTLN, GTNN:

D
D
Min f ( x) = 4a
4a
D
D
Nu a < 0 f(x) - Max f ( x) = 4a
4a

Nu a > 0 f(x) -

GTLN (GTNN) t c x= -b/2a

VI. Du tam thc bc 2:

Cho f(x) = ax2 + bx + c (a 0)
Nu D < 0 th af(x) > 0 " x R.
Nu D = 0 th af(x) 0 " x R. ng thc khi x = -b/2a
Nu D > 0 th af(x) < 0 " x (x1;x2).
af(x) 0 " x (-; x1] U [x2; +)
o li:
1) Nu $ a sao cho: af(a) < 0 th f(x) c 2 nghim phn bit v x1< a <x2
2) af(a) > 0
af(a) > 0
D>0
D>0
a < x 1 < x2
x1 < x2 < a;
S
<a
2

S
>a
2

H qu trc tip:
1') Cho a < b, f(x) = ax2 + bx + c (a 0)
x1 < a < x2 < b
f(a).f(b) < 0
a < x 1 < b < x2
2') a < x1 < x2 < b D > 0
af(a) > 0
af(b) > 0

a<

S
<b
2

Trn y l 6 ni dung c bn nht v PTBH v TTBH m SGK S-10

trnh by kh k.
Sau y l cc v d ng dng.

PHNG PHP TA M THC BC 2

Phn II

CC BI TON NG DNG C BN
1.GII V BIN LUN PHNG TRNH BC HAI

Php gii phng trnh bc 2 vi h s bng s kh n gin. y ta ch

cp n cc phng trnh cha tham s. Mt ch quan trng y l: Ta
thng qun mt khng xt n trng hp h s a = 0.
VD1: Cho phng trnh:
(m2 - 4)x2 + 2(m + 2)x +1 = 0 (1)
a) Tm m phng trnh (1) c nghim.
b) Tm m phng trnh (1) c nghim duy nht.
Gii: a) Thng thng HS hay mc sai lm l ch xt n trng hp: D 0
m b qun trng hp a = 0
* Nu m2 - 4 = 0 m = 2. Gi tr m = -2 khng tho mn.
* Nu m 2:
pt(1) c nghim
m 2
-2 < m 2
D' 0
Tm li pt(1) c nghim m > -2
b) pt(1) c nghim duy nht trong 2 trng hp:
*Trng hp 1: a = 0 m = 2
b0
*Trng hp 2: a 0 m 2
(Trng hp ny khng xy ra)
D' = 0
m = -2
Vy vi m = 2 pt(1) c nghim duy nht.
VD2: Bin lun theo m s nghim pt:
(2)
x3 + m(x + 2) +8 = 0
Ta c: x3 + 8 - m(x + 2) = (x + 2)(x2 - 2x + 4 - m) = 0
t f(x) = x2 - 2x + 4 - m s nghim pt (2) ph thuc s nghim ca f(x).
D' = m - 3 , f(-2) = 12 - m
Do ta c:
1) D' < 0 m < 3 f(x) VN pt(2) c 1 nghim duy nht x = -2
2) D' = 0 m = 3. Khi f(-2) = 12 - m 0 nn f(x) c 1 nghim khc -2
pt(2) c nghim phn bit (x1 = -2; x2 = 1)
PHNG PHP TA M THC BC 2

3) D' > 0 m > 3

*Nu
m > 3 pt(2) c 3 nghim phn bit.
m 12
* Nu m =12 pt(2) c 2 ngh 2 nghim: 1 nghim n v mt nghim
kp.
VD3: Cho hm s: y = (x - 2)(x2 + mx + m2 - 3) (3) c th (C). Tm m
:
a) (C) ct Ox ti 3 im phn bit.
b) (C) tip xc vi Ox.
Gii tm tt: t f(x) = x2 + mx + m2 - 3
a) (C) ct Ox ti 3 im phn bit
D>0
f(2) 0
b) (C) tip xc vi Ox f(2) = 0
D=0

VD4: Chng minh rng: Nu a, b, c l di 3 cnh ca mt tam gic th

phng trnh a2x2 + (a2 + b2 - c2)x + b2 = 0 (4) v nghim
Tht vy: D
= (a2 + b2 - c2)2 - 4a2b2
= (a2 + b2 - c2 - 2ab)( a2 + b2 - c2 + 2ab)
= [(a - b)2 - c2 ][(a + b)2 - c2]
= (a - b - c)(a - b + c)(a + b - c)(a + b + c) < 0
BI TP:
1.1. Gii phng trnh:
(x + 1)(x - 1) = -

1
2

1.2. Gi s x1 v x2 l cc nghim ca phng trnh: ax2 + bx + c = 0. Hy

thit lp phng trnh vi cc nghim l: y1 =

1
1
v y2 =
x1
x2

1.3. Tm tt c cc gi tr ca k phng trnh:

x 2 - 2x + 3
= k ( x - 3)
x -1

c nghim kp khng m
1.4. Tm tt c cc gi tr ca p parabol:
y = x2 + 2px + 13
c nh cch gc to mt khong bng 5

PHNG PHP TA M THC BC 2

2. BIU THC I XNG CA HAI NGHIM

H THC GIA CC NGHIM PTBH

t Sn = x1n + x 2n ,
x1x2 = P
Ta c
S1 = x1 + x2 = S
S2 = x12 + x 22 = (x1 + x2)2 - 2x1x2 = S2 - 2P
.................
Sn c tnh theo cng thc truy hi sau:
(*)

aSn + bSn-1 + cSn-2 = 0

Ta chng minh (*) nh sau: Gi x1, x2 l nghim ca phng trnh:
ax2 + bx + c = 0
(1)
ax12 + bx1 + c = 0
ax22 + bx2 + c = 0

(2)

Nhn hai v ca (1) v (2) ln lt vi x1n- 2 v x 2n - 2 (nZ, n > 2) Ta c:

ax1n + bx1n -1 + cx1n -2 = 0

(3)

ax2n + bx2n -1 + cx 2n - 2 = 0

(4)

Cng (3) v (4) v vi v ta c

a( x1n + x 2n ) + b( x1n -1 + x 2n -1 ) + c( x1n -2 + x 2n - 2 ) = 0

Ta c iu PCM.
VD5: Cho A = (1 + 3 ) 5 + (1 - 3 ) 5 . Chng minh A Z
HS: A = S5 = 152
VD6: Cho f(x) = 2x2 + 2(m+1)x + m2 + 4m + 3
Gi x1, x2 l nghim ca f(x). Tm Max A
A=| x1x2 - 2x1 - 2x2 |
(*)
Gii: $ x1, x2 th D 0 -5 m -1
Khi : A =

m 2 + 8m + 7
2

Xt du ca A ta c: m2 + 8m + 7 0 "x tho mn (*)

A=

- m 2 - 8m - 7 9 - ( m + 4) 2 9
9
=
MaxA =
2
2
2
2

VD7: Tm iu kin cn v phng trnh ax2 + bx + c = 0 (a 0)

c 2 nghim v nghim ny gp k ln nghim kia.
Gii: Xt: M = (x1 - kx2)(x2 - kx1) = . . . . . .
PHNG PHP TA M THC BC 2

= (k + 1)2ac - kb2
iu kin cn: Nu x1 = kx2 hoc x2 = kx1 M = 0
(k + 1)2ac = kb2
iu kin : Nu (k + 1)2ac = kb2 M = 0 x1 = kx2
x2 = kx1
2
2
2
VD8: Bit a, b, c tho mn:
a +b +c =2
(1)
ab + bc + ca = 1 (2)

4
3

Chng minh: - a, b, c

4
3

(3)

Nhn xt: T (1) v (2) ta thy vai tr ca a, b, c bnh ng nn ta ch

cn chng minh 1 trong 3 s a, b, c tho mn (3).
t: S = a + b
P = ab
T (1) v (2) ta c:
2
S - 2P = 2 - c2
(4)
P + cS = 1
(5)
T (5) P = 1 - cS thay vo (4) ta c
S2 - 2(1 - cS) = 2 - c2 S2 + 2cS + c2 - 4 = 0

S = -c + 2
S = -c - 2
* Nu S = -c +2 P = c2 - 2c + 1 a, b l nghim ca phng trnh:
t2 - (2 - c)t + c2 - 2c + 1 = 0
Phng trnh ny phi c nghim
D 0 0 c 4/3
* Nu S = -c - 2
Tng t ta c:
-4/3 c 0

4
3

Tm li: Ta c - a, b, c

4
3

VD9: Tm m th hm s y = x2 - 4x + m ct Ox ti 2 im phn bit

A, B sao cho: OA = 3 OB
HD: OA = | xA | ; OB = | xB | v xt 2 trng hp:
xA= 3xB
v xA= - 3xB
BI TP:
2.1. Tm tt c cc gi tr ca m tng cc bnh phng cc nghim ca
phng trnh: x2 - mx + m - 1 = 0 t gi tr nh nht.
2.2. Gi s (x, y) l nghim ca h phng trnh:
x + y = 2a - 1
x2 + y2 = a2 + 2a - 3
Xc nh a tch xy nh nht
PHNG PHP TA M THC BC 2

3. QUAN H GIA CC NGHIM CA HAI PTBH

1) Hai phng trnh ax2 + bx + c = 0 v a'x2 + b'x + c = 0

c nghim chung H
ax2 + bx + c = 0
(1) c nghim
a'x2 + b'x + c = 0
Ta c th gii h (1) bng phng php th. Tuy nhin nu ta gii theo
phng php sau y th n gin hn nhiu:
t x2 = y ta c:
ay + bx = - c (2)
a'y + b'x = - c'
H (1) c nghim
H (2) c nghim
y = x2
D 0

D y D x2
= 2

D
D

D 0

D x2
D y =

VD10: Chng minh rng nu 2 phng trnh x2 + p1x + q1 = 0

v x2 + p2x + q2 = 0
c nghim chung th: (q1 - q2)2 + (p1 - p2)(q2p1 - q1p2) = 0
HD: S dng phng php trnh by trn.
2) Hai phng trnh bc 2 tng ng.
Ch : HS hay b st trng hp: Nu 2 phng trnh cng v nghim th
tng ng (trn tp no )
VD11: Tm m hai phng trnh x2 -mx + 2m - 3 = 0
v
x2 -(m2 + m - 4)x +1 = 0
tng ng
*Trng hp 1: D1 < 0
D2 < 0
*Trng hp 2: S dng Vi-t
3) Hai phng trnh c nghim xen k nhau.
Ch rng: Mi phng trnh ax2 + bx + c = 0 (a 0) bao gi cng a
c v dng: x2 + px + q = 0
Do ta c bi ton: Vi iu kin no ca p, q, p', q' 2 phng trnh:
PHNG PHP TA M THC BC 2

x2 + px + q = 0 v x2 + p'x + q' = 0 c nghim xen k nhau.

Ta xt 2 kh nng:
* Kh nng 1: Nu p = p'
Khi : Nu q = q' 2 th trng nhau (khng tho mn)
Nu q q' th ny l tnh tin ca th kia dc theo ng thng
x=-

P
nn cng khng tho mn.
2

* Kh nng 2: Nu p p' 2 parabol ct nhau ti im c honh

2

q - q'
q - q'
q - q'
+ p
+ q
x0 =
y 0 =
p'- p
p'- p
p '- p

2 phng trnh c nghim xen k nhau th y0 < 0

(q - q')2 + p(q - q')(p' - p) + q(p' - p)2 < 0
VD12: Tm m 2 phng trnh x2 + 3x + 2m = 0 v x2 + 6x + 5m = 0 c
nghim xen k nhau.
S: m (0 ; 1)
BI TP:
3.1. Cho hai phng trnh:
x2 - 2x + m = 0 v x2 + 2x - 3m = 0
a). Tm m 2 phng trnh c nghim chung.
b). Tm m 2 phng trnh tng ng.
c). Tm m 2 phng trnh c cc nghim xen k nhau.
3.2. Tm m hai phng trnh sau c nghim chung:
x2 - mx + 2m + 1 = 0 v mx2 - (2m + 1)x - 1 = 0
3.3. Tm m v n hai phng trnh tng ng:
x2 - (2m + n)x - 3m = 0 v x2 - (m+3n)x - 6 = 0
3.4. Tm m phng trnh sau c 4 nghim phn bit:
(x2 - mx + 1)(x2 + x +m) = 0

PHNG PHP TA M THC BC 2

4. S TN TI NGHIM CA PTBH

1) S dng: PT ax2 + bx + c = 0 c nghim D 0

VD13: Chng minh rng: Nu a1.a2 2(b1 + b2) th t nht 1 trong 2
phng trnh
x2 + a1x + b1 = 0 (1)
2
x + a2x + b2 = 0 (2) c nghim
Gii: D1 = a12 - 4b1 ;
D 2 = a 22 - 4b2
Do : D1 + D2 = a12 + a 22 - 4(b1 + b2 ) a12 + a 22 - 2a1 a 2 0
D1 0

DPCM
D 2 0

VD14: Chng minh rng: Trong 3 phng trnh sau:

x2 + 2ax+ bc = 0
x2 + 2bx + ca = 0
x2 + 2cx + ab = 0
C t nht mt phng trnh c nghim
Gii: Ta c: D1 + D2 + D3 =

1
(a - b) 2 + (b - c) 2 + (c - a ) 2 0
2

c t nht 1 biu thc khng m PCM

2) S dng nh l v du tam thc bc hai:

* Nu af(a) < 0 x1 < a < x2
* Nu f(a)f(b) < 0 x1 < a < x2 < b
a < x1 < b < x2
iu quan trng l vic chn a, b sao cho hp l.

VD15: Chng minh rng: Phng trnh:

f(x) = (x - a)(x - b) + (x - b)(x - c) + (x - c)(x- a) = 0
Vi a < b < c lun c 2 nghim phn bit tho mn:
a < x 1 < b < x2 < c
Gii: R rng f(x) l 1 TTBH c h s ca x2 l 3 v:
f(b) = (b - c)( b - a) < 0 v a < b < c
f(x) c 2 nghim v x1 < b < x2
f(a) = (a - b)(a - c) > 0 v a < b < c nn a nm ngoi [x1 ; x2] m a < b
a < x1 < b < x2
PHNG PHP TA M THC BC 2

f(c) = (c - a)(c - b) > 0 nn c nm ngoi [x1;x2] m c > b nn a< x1< b <x2< c

VD16: Chng minh: Nu | a+c | < | b | th pt: ax2 + bx + c = 0 c nghim.
Gii:
* Nu a = 0 | c | < | b | b 0 phng trnh tr thnh:
bx + c = 0 c nghim x = - c/b
* Nu a 0 th | a+c | < | b | (a + c)2 < b2
(a + c - b)(a + c + b) < 0 f(-1)f(1) < 0 f(x) = ax2 + bx + c lun lun
c nghim (0;1)
VD17: Bit: 2a + 3b + 6c = 0
Chng minh: Phng trnh ax2 + bx + c = 0 c t nht mt nghim (0;1)
Gii: * Nu a = 0 3b + 6c = 0 b.

1
+ c = 0 x = 1/2 l nghim ca
2

phng trnh ( v 1/c (0;1) )

* Nu a 0 2a + 3b + 6c = f(1) + f(0) + 4f(1/2) = 0
Nhng f(0), f(1), f(1/2) khng th ng thi bng 0 v nu nh vy th
phng trnh bc 2 c 3 nghim phn bit (!). iu chng t: Trong 3 biu
thc f(0), f(1), f(1/2) phi tn ti 2 biu thc tri du
f(x) c t nht 1 nghim (0;1)
BI TP:
4.1. Cho a, b, c l 3 s khc nhau v khc 0. Chng minh rng: phng
trnh sau lun c nghim:
ab(x - a)(x - b) + bc(x - b)(x - c) + ca(x - c)(x - a) = 0
4.2. Cho m > 0 v a, b, c l 3 s tho mn:
a
b
c
+
+ =0
m +2 m + 1 m

Chng minh rng: Phng trnh ax2 + bx + c = 0 c nghim trong (0;1)

4.3. Chng minh rng phng trnh: ax2 + bx + c = 0 c nghim nu mt
trong hai iu kin sau c tho mn:
a(a + 2b + 4c) < 0
5a + 3b + 2c = 0
4.4. Bit rng phng trnh: x2 + ax + b + c = 0 v nghim. Chng minh
rng phng trnh: x2 + bx - a - c = 2 c nghim.
4.5. Chng minh rng phng trnh:

PHNG PHP TA M THC BC 2

1
1
+
= m c nghim vi mi m.
sin x cos x

10

5. TAM THC BC HAI V BT NG THC

1) Dng p dng trc tip du TTBH:

VD18: Cho D ABC chng minh rng:
x2
CosA + x(CosB + CosC )
"x R
2
x2
Xt f(x) =
- x(cosB + cosC) + 1 - cosA 0 " x R
2
A
B-C
2
- 4Sin 2 Sin 2
0
Dx = (cosB + cosC) - 2(1 - cosA) =
2
2
1+

PCM
Du ng thc xy ra A = B = C hay tam gic ABC u.
Ch : Nu x= 1 cosA + cosB + cosC

3
l 1 bt ng thc quen thuc
2

2) Dng p dng ngc li:

Gi s: Cn phi chng minh dng: D 0 ta chng minh f(x) khng i
du khi ta vit D 0 thnh dng: b2 - 4ac xc nh f(x).
VD19: Chng minh bt ng thc Bunhiacopxky:

a b ( a b )
2
i

2
i

(1) i = 1, n

i i

Bt ng thc ( a i bi ) - ai2 bi2 0

(2)
*Nu a1 = a2 = . . . . . = an = 0 bt ng thc (1) hin nhin ng.
Nu ai2 0 Ta xt tam thc:
f(x) = ( ai2 )x 2 - 2( ai bi )x + bi2
2

Ta c f(x) =

(a x - b )

Du "=" x =

0 "x R D' 0 chnh l PCM.

bi
=l
ai

VD20: Cc s a, b, c, d, p, q tho mn:

p2 + q2 - a2 - b2 - c2 - d2 > 0
(1)
2
2
2
2
2
2
Chng minh: (p - a - b )(q - c - d ) (pq - ac - bd)2 (2)
V (1) nn: (p2 - a2 - b2) + (q2 - c2 - d2) > 0
$ 1 trong 2 s hng khc 0 v dng. Khng mt tnh tng
qut, gi s: p2 - a2 - b2 > 0
Xt tam thc: f(x) = (p2 - a2 - b2)x2 - 2 (pq - ac - bd)x + (q2 - c2 - d2)
Gii:

PHNG PHP TA M THC BC 2

11

Ta c f(x) = (px - q)2 - (ax - c)2 - (bx - d)2

q
q
q
q
f( ) = -(a . - c) 2 - (b. - d ) 2 < 0
p
p
p
p
q
m (p2 - a2 - b2) > 0 nn: af( ) < 0 f(x) c nghim D' 0 PCM
p

nu x =

BI TP:
5.1. Cho a3 > 36 v abc = 1. Chng minh rng:
a2
+ b 2 + c 2 > ab + bc + ca
3
1
3
HD: a > 36 a > 0 v abc = 1 bc = . a bt ng thc v dng:
a
2
3 a
(b + c)2 - a(b+c) - + > 0 v xt tam thc bc hai:
a 3
3 a2
f(x) = x2 - ax - +
a 3

5.2. Cho a, b, c l ba cnh ca mt tam gic. Ba s x, y, z tho mn iu

kin:
ax + by + cz = 0.
Chng minh: xy + yz + zx 0
HD: T ax + by + cz = 0 v do c 0 (v c >0) nn c z = li bt ng thc di dng sau:
xy -

ax + by
. Ta vit
c

ax + by
(x + y) 0. Bin i bt ny v dng:
c

ax2 + xy(a+ b - c) + by2 0.

Xt tam thc bc hai:
f(t) = at2 + y(a+ b - c)t + by2 vi a >0.

5.3. Cho a >0 v n l s nguyn dng. Chng minh rng:

a + a + a + ... + a <

n du cn

1 + 4a + 1
2

HD: t a + a + a + ... + a = Un .
V a > 0 nn Un > Un-1 . Mt khc: Un2 = a + Un-1 suy ra: Un2 < a + Un hay
Un2 - Un + a < 0. Xt tam thc bc hai: f(x) = x2 - x - a
5.4. Cho c > b > a > 0.
t d2 = a2 + b2 + c2 ; P = 4(a + b + c) ; S = 2(ab + bc + ca)
PHNG PHP TA M THC BC 2

12

Chng minh rng:

1 1
1
1 1
1
a < ( P - d2 - S ) < ( P + d2 - S ) < c
3 4
2
3 4
2

HD: Xt tam thc bc hai:

f(x) = x2 -

1
1 P2
1
Px +
(
- d2 + S)
6
9 16
2

6. TAM THC BC HAI V PHNG TRNH, BT PHNG TRNH

H PHNG TRNH, H BT PHNG TRNH

I. H i xng kiu I:
L h phng trnh m nu i vai tr x v y cho nhau th mi phng trnh
khng thay i.
Phng php gii h i xng kiu I l:
t S = x + y, P = xy S2 4P
Gii h tm S, P cui cng gii phng trnh: X2 - SX + P = 0 tm x, y.
x y + y x = 30
VD21: Gii h:

x = u 0,

x x + y y = 35
y = v 0 H tr thnh:

u 2 v + v 2 u = 30
PS = 30
3
S = 5, P = 6
3
3
u + v = 35
S - 3PS = 35
x = 4
x = 9

y = 9
y = 4

VD22: Bit (x,y) l nghim ca h:

x + y = m
2
2
2
x + y = -m + 6

Tm GTNN, GTLN ca biu thc:

M = xy + 2(x + y)
Gii: H c vit thnh:
S = m
x, y l nghim ca phng trnh: t2 - mt + m2 - 3 = 0 (*)

2
P = m - 3

h c nghim th phng trnh (*) c nghim D 0 | m | 2

Khi M = P + 2S = m2 + 2m - 3
Bi ton tr thnh: Tm GTLN, GTNN ca M trong [-2;2] (y l bi ton
c bn)
M(-2) = -3, M(2) = 5, M(-1) = 4
MaxM = 5, MinM = -4
PHNG PHP TA M THC BC 2

13

Ch : HS rt d gp sai lm l xt M = m2 + 2m - 3 trn R khi ch c

GTNN ch khng c GTLN.
VD23: Cho x, y tho mn x + y = 2. Tm GTNN ca
F = x3 + y3
Gii: Bi ton quy v tm tp gi tr ca F Hay:
x + y = 2

Tm F h

3
3
x + y = F

c nghim.

S = 2
S = 2

H tr thnh: 3

8- F
S - 3PS = F
P = 6

x, y l nghim ca phng trnh: t2 - 2t +

8- F
= 0 (*)
6

H c nghim phng trnh (*) c nghim D' 0 F 2

MinF = 2 ( khi x = y)
II. Tam thc bc 2 vi phng trnh, bt phng trnh
VD24: Tm a sao cho bt ng thc:
25y2 +

1
x - axy + y - 25 x 2
100

(1)

c nghim ng " cp (x;y) tho mn | x | = | y |

Gii: Ta xt 2 trng hp:
Trng hp 1: x = y (1) (a+50)x2 - 2x +

1
0
100

a + 50 > 0
a 50
D 0

Trng hp 2: x = -y (1) (50 - a)x2 +

1
0 a 50 (3)
100

(1) ng vi " (x;y) th phi tho mn c x = y v x = -y a = 50

x 2 - 2 x + m 0 (1)
VD25: Tm m h 2
x + 4 x - m 0 (2)

c nghim duy nht.

Gii: Cng 2 bt phng trnh ta c: 2x2 + 2x 0 -1 x 0
Nghim ca h phi tho mn (3)
Xt cc tam thc v tri. Ta c: (1) v (2) c nghim

(3)

D'1 0
1 - m 0

-4 m 1
'
D 2 0
4 + m 0
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Ta c cc kh nng sau:
a) Bpt (1) c nghim duy nht v cng l nghim ca (2):
Bpt (1) c nghim duy nht m = 1 x = 1 khng tho mn (3)
b) Bpt (2) c nghim duy nht v cng l nghim ca (1):
Bpt (2) c nghim duy nht m = -4 x = -2 khng tho mn (3)
c) Bpt (1) x1 = 1 - 1 - m x x 2 = 1 + 1 - m
Bpt (2) x3 = -2 - 4 - m x x 4 = -2 + 4 + m
Vi - 4 < m < 1
BI TP:
6.1. Cho h phng trnh:
ax2 + bx + c = y
ay2 + by + c = z
az2 + bz + c = x
Trong : a 0 v (b - 1)2 - 4ac < 0. Chng minh rng h phng trnh trn
v nghim.
HD: Xt a > 0 (trng hp a < 0 l lun tng t)
Phn chng, gi s h trn c ngim (x0, y0, z0). Khi :
ax2 + bx + c = y0
ay2 + by + c = z0
az2 + bz + c = x0
Cng tng v ba phng trnh trn ta c:
[ax02 + (b-1)x0 + c] + [ay02 + (b-1)y0 + c] + [az02 + (b-1)z0 + c] = 0.
Xt tam thc: f(t) = at2 + (b-1)t + c th f(x0) + f(y0) + f(x0) = 0
m D = (b - 1)2 - 4ac < 0 nn af(t) > 0 vi mi t thuc R t suy ra mu
thun.
6.2. Tm m sao cho vi mi x cng u nghim ng t nht mt trong hai
bt phng trnh:
x2 + 5m2 + 8m > 2(3mx + 2)
x2 + 4m2 m(4x + 1)
HD: a hai bpt trn v dng tam thc bc hai i vi x v xt cc kh
nng c th c ca cc bit thc D1 v D2
6.3. Gi L l chiu di cc on nghim trn trc s ca h bpt:
-2 x2 + px + q 2
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Chng minh rng: L 4 vi mi p, q

HD: Xt cc kh nng ca D1 v D2
6.4. Gii v bin lun theo a bpt:
2 x - a x -1 > a - 1

HD: t t = x -1 0, chuyn v mt v bpt trn v xt tam thc v tri.

6.5. Cho hai phng trnh:
x2 + 3x + 2m = 0
x2 + 6x + 5m = 0
Tm m mi phng trnh c 2 nghim phn bit v gia hai nghim ca
phng trnh ny c ng mt nghim ca phng trnh kia.
HD: S dng nh l o.
6.6. Tm m sao cho phng trnh:
x4 + mx3 + x2 + mx + 1 = 0
c khng t hn 2 nghim m khc nhau.
HD: Nhn xt rng x = 0 khng phi l nghim phng trnh d m nhn gi tr
no. t: t = 1 +

1
v xt f(t) = t2 + mt - 1 vi t 2.
x

6.7. Cho phng trnh f(x) = ax2 + bx + c = 0

(1)
1. Gi s a > b + c. Chng minh rng trong khong (-1;1)
phng trnh (1) c hai nghim hoc khng c nghim no.
2. Gi s b > a + c. Chng minh rng trong khong (-1;1)
phng trnh (1) c ng 1 nghim.
3. Gi s c > a + b. Chng minh rng trong khong (-1;1)
phng trnh (1) v nghim.
6.8. Tm m phng trnh sau c nghim:
x4 + mx3 + 2mx2 + m + 1
6.9. Tm m phng trnh sau c nghim:
2 x 2 - 2(m + 4) x + 5m + 10 + 3 - x = 0

HD: cn thc ring mt v v bin i tng ng.

6.10. Gii v bin lun theo m bpt:
x-

x - m > 2m

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7. TAM THC BC HAI V TNG GIAO TH

Trong cc bi ton v tng giao th c s dng cc kin thc v tam
thc bc hai l thng cc vn sau:
1. Tm giao im ca hai th: Quy v gii h phng trnh
2. Tm tip tuyn: iu kin phng trnh c nghim kp
3. Tm qu tch: S dng biu thc gia cc nghim ca phng trnh
4. Chng minh tnh i xng (trc, tm), tnh vung gc.
Tuy nhin nu s dng thm cc kin thc v o hm th ta c cc bi ton
phc tp hn v hay hn nhiu.
Sau y ta xt mt s v d:
VD26:
Chng minh rng ng thng: y = -x lun ct parabol:
y = x2 - 2(m + 2)x + m2 + 3m
ti 2 im phn bit v khong cch gia 2 im khng ph thuc vo m.
Gii: Honh giao im l nghim phng trnh:
x2 - 2(m + 2)x + m2 + 3m = -x

x2 - (2m + 3)x + m2 + 3m = 0 (*)

Ta c: D = (2m + 3)2 - 4(m2 + 3m) = 9 > 0 nn phng trnh (*) lun c 2
nghim phn bit vi mi m ng thng lun ct parabol ti 2 im phn
bit.
Gi s 2 im l A(xA; yA) v B(xB; yB)
Trong : xA = m v xB = m + 3
(m v m + 3 l hai nghim ca phng
trnh (*).
yA = - xA = -m; yB = - xB = -m - 3
Ta c: AB = ( x A - xB ) 2 + ( y A - yB ) 2 = 18 = 3 2 khng ph thuc m.
VD27:
x2 - 2x
Cho hm s: y =
x -1

c th (P).

a). Chng minh rng: ng thng (d): y = - x + k lun ct th (P) ti hai

im phn bit A, B.
b). Tm k OA ^ OB

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Gii:
Honh giao im ca (d) v (P) l nghim ca phng trnh:
x2 - 2x
=-x+k
x -1

2x2 - (k + 3)x + k = 0

(*)

D thy x = 1 khng phi l nghim ca (*)

D = (k - 1)2 + 8 > 0 vi mi k nn phng trnh (*) lun c 2 nghim phn bit
vi mi k a) c chng minh.
yA
- xA + k
=
xA
xA
y
-x + k
H s gc ca OB l: b = B = B
xB
xB

Mt khc:

H s gc ca OA l: a =

OA ^ OB a.b = -1
(**)
Theo Vi-t th:
xA + x B =

k +3
2

- x A + k - xB + k
x .x - k ( x A + x B ) + k 2
.
= A B
= -1
xA
xB
x A .x B

xA.xB =

Vy: OA ^ OB k = 1

k
. Thay vo (**) ta c: k = 1
2

BI TP:
7.1. Chng minh rng: ng thng y = x + 2 l trc i xng ca th hm
s:

y=

x -1
x +1

HD: ng thng y = x + 2 l trc i xng ca th y =

x -1
(P) cc
x +1

ng thng vung gc vi ng thng y = x + 2 ct (P) ti hai im phn

bit A, B sao cho trung im I ca AB nm trn ng thng y = x + 2.
x2
7.2. Cho hm s: y =
c th (P). Tm 2 im A, B trn th (P) v
x -1

i xng nhau qua ng thng y = x - 1

HD: Tng t bi 7.1
7.3. Tm a th hm s: y =

ax 2 + 3ax + 2a + 1
tip xc vi ng thng:
x+2

y=a

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7.4. Chng minh rng ng thng y = -x + m lun ct th hm s

y=

2x + 1
ti hai im phn bit A, B. Tm m AB ngn nht.
x+2

7.5. Vit phng trnh tip tuyn chung ca hai parabol:

y = x2 - 5x v y = -x2 + 3x - 10
7.6. Tm cc im trn trc tung t c th k c 2 tip tuyn ti th
hm s y = x +

1
v 2 tip tuyn ny vung gc vi nhau.
x

7.7. Tm m ng thng y = x + m ct parabol y = x2 ti 2 im phn bit

A, B sao cho OA ^OB
7.8. Cho hm s: y =

4x - x 2
c th (P)
x -1

a). Xc nh tip tuyn i qua im (1;-4)

b). Chng minh rng ng thng y = 3x + a lun ct th (P) ti 2 im
phn bit A, B. Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc d =xA - xB

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PHNG PHP TA M THC BC 2

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