TRNG I HC BCH KHOA H NI

VIN CNG NGH THNG TIN V TRUYN THNG

TIN HC I CNG
Bi 2: Biu din d liu trong my tnh

Ni dung
2.1. Biu din s trong cc h m
2.2. Biu din d liu trong my tnh,
n v thng tin
2.3. Biu din s nguyn
2.4. Tnh ton s hc vi s nguyn
2.5. Tnh ton logic vi s nh phn
2.6. Biu din s thc
2.7. Biu din k t
2

Ni dung
2.1. Biu din s trong cc h m
2.2. Biu din d liu trong my tnh,
n v thng tin
2.3. Biu din s nguyn
2.4. Tnh ton s hc vi s nguyn
2.5. Tnh ton logic vi s nh phn
2.6. Biu din s thc
2.7. Biu din k t
3

Biu din s trong cc h m

H m:
L tp hp cc k hiu v qui tc, s
dng tp k hiu biu din v xc
nh gi tr cc s.
Mi h m c mt s k t/s (k s)
hu hn. Tng s k s ca mi h m
c gi l c s (base hay radix), k
hiu l b.
V d: Trong h m c s 10, dng 10
k t l: cc ch s t 0 n 9.

H m (tip)
V mt ton hc, ta c th biu din 1 s theo
h m c s bt k.
Cc h m khi nghin cu my tnh:
H thp phn (Decimal System) con ngi
s dng
H nh phn (Binary System)
my tnh s dng
H m bt phn/h c s 8 (Octal System)
dng vit gn s nh phn.
H mi su (Hexadecimal System) dng
vit gn s nh phn

H m thp phn (Decimal system, b=10)

H m thp phn hay h m c s

10 bao gm 10 k s theo k hiu
sau:
0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
Dng n ch s thp phn c th biu
din c 10n gi tr khc nhau:
00...000 = 0
....
99...999 = 10n-1
6

H m thp phn (tip)

Gi s mt s A c biu din di
dng:
A = an an-1 a1 a0 . a-1 a-2 a-m

Gi tr ca A c hiu nh sau:
A an10n an 110n 1 ... a1101 a0100 a1101 ... a m10 m
A

i
a
10
i

i m

H m thp phn (tip)

V d: S 5246 c gi tr c tnh nh
sau:
5246 = 5 x 103 + 2 x 102 + 4 x 101 + 6 x 100

V d: S 254.68 c gi tr c tnh nh
sau:
254.68 = 2 x 102 + 5 x 101 + 4 x 100 + 6 x 10-1 +
8 x 10-2

H m c s b
H m c s b (vi b 2,nguyn)
mang tnh cht sau :
C b k t th hin gi tr s. K s
nh nht l 0 v ln nht l b-1.
S N(b) trong h m c s b) c
biu din bi:
N(b)=anan-1an-2a1a0.a-1a-2a-m
9

H m c s b (tip)
Trong biu din trn, s N(b) c
n+1 k s biu din cho phn
nguyn v m k s l biu din cho
phn l, v c gi tr l:

10

H m nh phn (Binary system, b=2)

S dng 2 ch s: 0,1
Ch s nh phn gi l bit (binary
digit)
vd:
bit 0, bit 1
Bit l n v thng tin nh nht

11

H m nh phn(tip)
Dng n bit c th biu din c 2n
gi tr khc nhau:
00...000 (2)= 0 (trong h thp phn)
...
11...111 (2)= 2n - 1 (trong h thp phn)
VD: dng 3 bit th biu din c cc s
t 0 n 7 (trong h thp phn)

12

H m nh phn (tip)
Gi s c s A c biu din theo h nh
phn nh sau:
A = an an-1 a1 a0 . a-1 a-2 a-m
Vi ai l cc ch s nh phn, khi gi tr ca
A l:
A an 2n an 1 2n 1 ... a1 21 a0 20 a1 21 a2 22 ... a m 2 m
A

i
a
2
i

i m

13

H m nh phn (tip)

V d: S nh phn 1101001.1011
c gi tr:
1101001.1011(2) = 26 + 25 + 23 + 20 + 2-1
+ 2-3 + 2-4
= 64 + 32 + 8 + 1 + 0.5 + 0.125 + 0.0625
= 105.6875(10)

14

Cng tr i vi cc bit nh phn

Php cng:
1+0=0+1=1;
0+0=0;
1+1=10;
Php tr:
0-1=1; (vay 1)
1-1=0;
0-0=0;

15

Cng 2 s nh phn

1 0 1
+11 1
--------11 0 0
16

Tr 2 s nh phn

1 1 0 0
1 1 1
-------------------01 0 1
17

H m bt phn (Octal system, b=8)

S dng cc ch s:
0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7
Dng n ch s c th biu din
c 8n gi tr khc nhau:
00...000 = 0 (trong h thp phn)
...
77...777 = 8n -1 (trong h thp
phn)
18

H m bt phn (tip)
Gi s c s A c biu din theo
h nh phn nh sau:
A = an an-1 a1 a0 . a-1 a-2 a-m
Vi ai l cc ch s trong h bt
phn, khi gi tr ca A l:
A an 8n an18n1 ... a181 a0 80 a181 a2 82 ... a m 8 m
n

A ai 8

i m

19

H m bt phn (tip)

VD:
235.64(8) c gi tr nh sau:
235.64(8) = 2x82 + 3x81 + 5x80
+ 6x8-1 + 4x8-2 = 157.8125(10)

20

H m 16 (Hexadecimal , b =16)
S dng 16 k s:
0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A,B,C,D,E,F

Cc ch in:
A, B, C, D, E, F
biu din cc gi tr s
tng ng (trong h
10) l
10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15.

21

H m 16 (Hexadecimal , b =16)
Gi s c s A c biu din theo
h thp lc phn nh sau:

A = an an-1 a1 a0 . a-1 a-2 a-m

Vi ai l cc ch s trong h thp lc phn, khi
gi tr ca A l:

A an16n an116n1 ... a1161 a0160 a1161 a2162 ... a m16 m

A

i
a
16
i

i m

22

H m thp lc phn (tip)

V d: 34F5C.12D(16) c gi tr nh sau:
34F5C.12D(16) =
3x164 + 4x163 + 15x162 + 5x161 + 12x160
+?
= 216294(10) + ?

23

Chuyn i mt s t h thp phn sang h c

s b
Trng hp tng qut, mt s N trong h
thp phn (N(10)) gm phn nguyn v
phn thp phn.
Chuyn 1 s t h thp phn sang 1 s
h c s b bt k gm 2 bc:
i phn nguyn (ca s ) t h thp phn
sang h b
i phn thp phn (ca s ) t h thp
phn sang h c s b
24

Chuyn i mt s t h thp phn sang h c

s b (tip)

i phn nguyn sang h c s b:

Bc 1:Ly phn nguyn ca N(10)
chia cho b, ta c thng l T1 s
d d1.
Bc 2: Nu T1 khc 0, Ly T1 chia
tip cho b, ta c thng s l T2
, s d l d2

25

Chuyn i t h 10-h b (tip)

(C lm nh vy cho ti bc th n, khi ta
c Tn =0 )
Bc n: Nu Tn-1 khc 0, ly Tn-1 chia cho b,
ta c thng s l Tn =0, s d l dn
Kt qu ta c s N(b) l s to bi cc s
d (c vit theo th t ngc li) trong cc
bc trn

N(10) = dndn-1d1 (b)

26

Chuyn i mt s t h thp phn sang h c

s b (tip)
V d: Cch chuyn phn nguyn ca s
12.6875(10) sang s trong h nh phn:
Dng php chia cho 2 lin tip, ta c mt lot cc
s d nh sau

27

Chuyn i mt s t h thp phn sang h c

s b (tip)
i phn thp phn t h thp phn sang
h c s b:

Bc1: Ly phn l ca N(10) nhn

vi b, ta c mt s c dng x1.y1
(x l phn nguyn, y l phn thp
phn)
Bc 2: Nu y1 khc 0, tip tc ly
0.y1 nhn vi b, ta c mt s c
dng x2.y2

28

Chuyn i h 10-h b(tip)

(c lm nh vy cho n khi yn=0)
Bc n: Nu yn-1 khc 0, nhn 0.yn1 vi b, ta c xn.0

Kt qu ta c s sau
khi chuyn i l:
0.x1x2xn
29

Chuyn i mt s t h thp phn sang h c

s b
V d: Cch chuyn phn thp phn ca
s 12.6875(10) sang h nh phn:

30

Chuyn i mt s t h thp phn sang h c

s b
12.6875(10) = 1100.1011

(2)

31

Mt s v d
Nh phn Hexa:11 1011 1110 0110(2) =

3BE6(16)
Hexa Nh phn:
3E8(16) = 11 1110 1000(2)
Hexa Thp phn: 3A8C ?
3A8C (16)
= 3 x 163 + 10 x 162 + 8 x 161 +12 x
160
= 12288 + 2560 + 128 + 12 =
14988(10)
E38 (16) = ?

32

Mt s v d (tip)

Thp phn Hexa:

14988 ?

14988 : 16 =
936 d
12 tc l C
936 : 16 =
58 d
8
58 : 16 =
3 d
10 tc l A
3 : 16 =
0 d
3
Nh vy, ta c: 14988(10) = 3A8C(16)

VD1: chuyn sang h nh phn:

a) 124.75
b) 65.125
33

Tnh nhm chuyn i h c s 10 sang c s 2

Tch s nguyn cn chuyn i thnh

tng cc ly tha ca 2.
VD:
67= 64+2+1=26 + 21 +20
= 1000011 (2)

34

Biu din d liu trong my tnh

2.1. Biu din s trong cc h m
2.2. Biu din d liu trong my tnh,
n v thng tin
2.3. Biu din s nguyn
2.4. Tnh ton s hc vi s nguyn
2.5. Tnh ton logic vi s nh phn
2.6. Biu din s thc
2.7. Biu din k t
35

M ha d liu cho my tnh

Mi d liu khi a vo my tnh u phi
c m ha thnh s nh phn
Cc loi d liu:
D liu nhn to: Do con ngi quy c
D liu t nhin:
Tn ti khch quan vi con ngi.
Ph bin l cc tn hiu vt l nh m thanh, hnh
nh,

36

Nguyn tc m ha d liu
M ha d liu nhn to:
D liu s: M ha theo cc chun quy
c
D liu k t: M ha theo b m k t

M ha d liu t nhin:
Cc d liu cn phi s ha trc khi a
vo my tnh
S m ha v ti to tn hiu vt l
37

38

D liu trong my tnh

C 2 loi d liu trong my tnh:

D liu c bn
D liu c cu trc

39

D liu c bn
D liu s nguyn:
S nguyn khng du: Biu din theo m nh
phn thng thng.
S nguyn c du: Biu din di dng m b
hai.

D liu s thc: c biu din bng s

du chm ng.

40

D liu c bn (tip)
D liu k t: c biu din bng m k
t da trn cc b m k t.
* di t d liu:
L s bit c s dng m ha loi d
liu tng ng
Trong thc t, di t d liu thng l bi
s ca 8.

41

D liu c cu trc
L tp hp cc loi d liu c bn c
cu thnh theo mt cch no .
V d: kiu d liu mng, xu k t, tp
hp, bn ghi,
Trong phn tip theo chng ta ch nghin
cu cc d liu c bn, cn cc d liu c
cu trc s c nghin cu c th trong
phn hc v ngn ng lp trnh.
42

n v o thng tin

43

Biu din d liu trong my tnh

2.1. Biu din s trong cc h m
2.2. Biu din d liu trong my tnh,
n v thng tin
2.3. Biu din s nguyn
2.4. Tnh ton s hc vi s nguyn
2.5. Tnh ton logic vi s nh phn
2.6. Biu din s thc
2.7. Biu din k t
44

Biu din s nguyn

Dng 1 chui bit biu din.
i vi s nguyn c du, ngi ta
s dng bit u tin(Most significant
bit) biu din du - v bit ny gi
l bit du

45

S nguyn khng du
Dng tng qut: gi s dng n bit biu din cho
mt s nguyn khng du A:
an-1an-2...a3a2a1a0
Gi tr ca A c tnh nh sau:

A an 1 2

n 1

an 2 2

n 2

... a1 2 a0 2
1

n 1

A ai 2i
i 0

Di biu din ca A: t 0 n 2n-1

46

Cc v d
V d 1. Biu din cc s nguyn khng du sau
y bng 8 bit:
A = 45
B = 156
Gii:
A = 45 = 32 + 8 + 4 + 1 = 25 + 23 + 22 + 20
A = 0010 1101
B = 156 = 128 + 16 + 8 + 4 = 27 + 24 + 23 +
22
B = 1001 1100

Cc v d (tip)
V d 2. Cho cc s nguyn khng du X,
Y c biu din bng 8 bit nh sau:
X = 0010 1011
Y = 1001 0110
Gii:
X = 0010 1011 = 25 + 23 + 21 + 20
= 32 + 8 + 2 + 1 = 43
Y = 1001 0110 = 27 + 24 + 22 + 21
= 128 + 16 + 4 + 2 = 150

Trng hp c th: vi n = 8 bit

Di biu din l [0, 255]
0000 0000

0000 0001 =
0000 0010 =
0000 0011 =
.....
1111 1111 =

1
2
3

Trc s hc my tnh:
255
254

1
2
3

255

Trc s hc:
0

255

49

Vi n = 8 bit
Kiu d liu tng ng trong Turbo C l kiu
unsigned char.
V d:
1111 1111
unsinged char a;
{
a := 255;
a := a + 1;
printf(%d,a); { Kt qu sai l 0 }
}

+ 0000 0001
1 0000 0000
KQ sai: 255 + 1 = 0 ?
(do php cng b nh ra
ngoi)

Vi n = 16 bit, 32 bit, 64 bit

n = 16 bit:
Di biu din l [0, 65535]
Kiu d liu tng ng trong Turbo C l kiu unsigned int
V d:
unsigned int a;
{
a := $FFFF;
a := a + 1;
printf(%d,a);
}

n = 32 bit:
Di biu din l [0, 232-1]

n = 64 bit:
Di biu din l [0, 264-1]

Biu din s nguyn c du

Dng tng qut ca s nguyn c du A:

an-1an-2...a2a1a0
Gi tr ca A c xc nh nh sau:

A an 1 2

n 1

Di biu din: [-2n-1, 2n-1-1]

10000000
.
01111111

n2

ai 2

i 0

52

Biu din s nguyn c du (tip)

Dng n bit biu din s nguyn c du A:
an-1an-2...a2a1a0
Vi s dng:
Bit an-1 = 0
Cc bit cn li biu din ln ca s dng

Dng tng qut ca s dng: 0an-2...a2a1a0

Gi tr ca s dng:
n2

a 2
i 0

Di biu din ca s dng: [0, 2n-1-1]

53

Biu din s nguyn c du (tip)

Vi s m:
Bit an-1 = 1
Dng tng qut ca s m: 1an-2...a2a1a0
Gi tr ca s m:

A 2

n 1

n2

ai 2

i 0

Di biu din ca s m: [-2n-1, -1]

54

Biu din s nguyn c du (tip)

V d: Xc nh gi tr ca cc s nguyn c du
8 bit sau y:
A = 0101 0110
B = 1101 0010
Gii:
A = 26 + 24 + 22 + 21 = 64 + 16 + 4 + 2 = +86
B = -27 + 26 + 24 + 21 =
= -128 + 64 + 16 + 2 = -46

55

Biu din s nguyn c du (tip)

Chuyn mt s nguyn
(dng/m h 10)
v dng biu din ca
my tnh ?
56

Biu din s nguyn c du (tip)

S b mt v s b hai (h nh phn):
Gi s c mt s nguyn (khng du) nh
phn A c biu din bi n bit. Khi ta c:
S b mt ca A = (2n - 1) - A
S b hai ca A = 2n - A
NX: S b hai = S b mt + 1

V d:
Xt n = 4 bit, A = 0110
S b mt ca A = (24 - 1) - 0110 = 1001
S b hai ca A = 24 - 0110 = 1010

57

Biu din s nguyn c du (tip)

Dng n bit biu din s nguyn c du A =
Biu din s b 2 ca A (s dng n bit)
V d: Biu din s nguyn c du sau y bng
8 bit: A = -70
Biu din 70 = 0100 0110
B 1:
1011 1001
+
1
B 2:
1011 1010
Vy: A= 1011 1010

58

Biu din d liu trong my tnh

2.1. Biu din s trong cc h m
2.2. Biu din d liu trong my tnh,
n v thng tin
2.3. Biu din s nguyn
2.4. Tnh ton s hc vi s nguyn
2.5. Tnh ton logic vi s nh phn
2.6. Biu din s thc
2.7. Biu din k t
59

Tnh ton s hc vi s nguyn

Cng/ tr s nguyn khng du:

Tin hnh cng ln lt tng bt t phi
qua tri.
Khi cng hai s nguyn khng du n
bits ta thu c mt s nguyn khng
du cng n bits.
Nu tng ca hai s ln hn 2n-1 th
khi s trn s v kt qu s l sai.
60

Cng/ tr s nguyn khng du (tip)

Dng 8 bit biu din s nguyn khng du
Trng hp khng xy ra trn s (carry-out):

X = 1001 0110 = 150

Y = 0001 0011 = 19
S = 1010 1001 = 169
Cout = 0

Trng hp c xy ra trn s (carry-out):

X = 1100 0101 = 197

Y = 0100 0110 = 70
S = 0000 1011 267
Cout = 1 carry-out
(KQ sai = 23 + 21 + 20 = 11)
61

Cng/tr s nguyn c du
Cng ln lt cc cp bit t phi qua tri,
b qua bit nh (nu c).
tr hai s nguyn c du X v Y (X
Y) , cn ly b hai ca Y tc Y, sau
cng X vi Y theo nguyn tc trn.

62

Cng/tr s nguyn c du (tip)

Cng hai s khc du: kt qu lun ng
Cng hai s cng du:
Nu tng nhn c cng du vi 2 s hng th kt
qu l ng
Nu tng nhn c khc du vi 2 s hng th
xy ra hin tng trn s hc (Overflow) v kt qu
nhn c l sai

Trn s hc xy ra khi tng thc s ca hai s

nm ngoi di biu din ca s nguyn c du n
bit:
[-2n-1, 2n-1-1]

63

Cng/tr s nguyn c du (tip)

VD: khng trn s

64

Cng/tr s nguyn c du (tip)

C xy ra trn s:

65

Nhn/chia s nguyn khng du

Cc bc thc hin nh trng h 10.

Vd: Php nhn
1011

(11 c s 10)

1101
------------1011
0000
1011
1011
-------------10001111

(13 c s 10)

(143 c s 10)
66

Nhn/chia s nguyn khng du (tip)

VD: Php chia

67

Biu din d liu trong my tnh

2.1. Biu din s trong cc h m
2.2. Biu din d liu trong my tnh,
n v thng tin
2.3. Biu din s nguyn
2.4. Tnh ton s hc vi s nguyn
2.5. Tnh ton logic vi s nh phn
2.6. Biu din s thc
2.7. Biu din k t
68

Cc php ton logic vi s nh phn

AND

OR

XOR

0
69

Cc php ton logic vi s nh phn (tip)

NOT

0
70

Cc php ton logic vi s nh phn (tip)

Thc hin cc php ton logic vi 2
s nh phn:
Kt qu l 1 s nh phn khi thc hin
cc php ton logic vi tng cp bit ca
2 s nh phn
Cc php ton ny ch tc ng ln
tng cp bit m khng nh hng n
bit khc.

71

Cc php ton logic vi s nh phn (tip)

VD: A = 1010 1010 v B = 0000 111

AND

OR

XOR

NOT

1010 1010

01010101

0000 1111

11110000
00001010 10101111 10100101

Nhn xt: +Php AND dng xo mt s bit v gi

nguyn 1 s bit cn li.
+Php OR dng thit lp 1 s bit v gi
nguyn 1 s bit khc.

72

Biu din d liu trong my tnh

2.1. Biu din s trong cc h m
2.2. Biu din d liu trong my tnh,
n v thng tin
2.3. Biu din s nguyn
2.4. Tnh ton s hc vi s nguyn
2.5. Tnh ton logic vi s nh phn
2.6. Biu din s thc
2.7. Biu din k t
73

Biu din s thc

Nguyn tc chung:
biu din s thc, trong my tnh
ngi ta thng dng k php du
phy ng (Floating Point Number).

74

Biu din s thc (tip)

Mt s thc X c biu din theo kiu s
du chm ng nh sau:
X = M * RE
Trong :
M l phn nh tr (Mantissa)
R l c s (Radix) thng l 2 hoc 10.
E l phn m (Exponent)

Vi R c nh th lu tr X ta ch cn
lu tr M v E (di dng s nguyn)
75

Biu din s thc (tip)

V d: vi c s R = 10, gi s 2 s thc
N1 v N2 c lu tr theo phn nh tr
v s m nh sau:
M1 = -15 v E1 = +12
M2 = +314 v E2 = -9
C ngha l N1 = M1 x 10 E1 = -15x10E1
= -15 000 000 000 000

v N2 = M2 x 10 E2 = 314 x 10-9
0.000 000 314

76

Biu din s thc (tip)

Khi thc hin php ton vi s du chm
ng s c tin hnh trn c s cc gi
tr ca phn nh tr v phn m.

77

Biu din s thc (tip)

Gi s c 2 s du phy ng sau:
N1 = M1 x RE1 v N2 = M2 x RE2

Khi , vic thc hin cc php ton s

hc s c tin hnh:
N1 N2 = (M1 x R E1-E2 M2) x RE2 ,
gi thit E1 E2
N1 x N2 = (M1x M2) x R E1+E2
N1 /N2 = (M1 / M2) / R E1-E2
78

Chun IEEE 754/85

L chun m ha s du chm ng
C s R = 2
C cc dng c bn:
Dng c chnh xc n, 32-bit
Dng c chnh xc kp, 64-bit
Dng c chnh xc kp m rng, 80bit
79

Chun IEEE 754/85 (tip)

Khun dng m ha:

31 30
S

23 22
e

63 62
S

52 51

79 78
S

64 63
e

0
m

80

Chun IEEE 754/85 (tip)

S l bit du, S=0 l s dng, S=1 l s
m.
e l m lch (excess) ca phn m E, tc l: E =
eb
Trong b l lch (bias):
Dng 32-bit : b = 127, hay E = e - 127
Dng 64-bit : b = 1023, hay E = e - 1023
Dng 80-bit : b = 16383, hay E = e - 16383

81

Chun IEEE 754/85 (tip)

m l cc bit phn l ca phn nh tr M, phn
nh tr c ngm nh nh sau:
M = 1.m
Cng thc xc nh gi tr ca s thc tng
ng l:
X = (-1)S x 1.m x 2e-b

m
82

V d v s du chm ng
V d 1: C mt s thc X c dng biu din nh
phn theo chun IEEE 754 dng 32 bit nh sau:
1100 0001 0101 0110 0000 0000 0000 0000
Xc nh gi tr thp phn ca s thc .
Gii:

S = 1 X l s m
e = 1000 0010 = 130
m = 10101100...00
Vy X = (-1)1 x 1.10101100...00 x 2130-127
= -1.101011 x 23 = -1101.011 = -13.375
83

V d v s du chm ng (tip)
V d 2: Xc nh gi tr thp phn ca s thc X
c dng biu din theo chun IEEE 754 dng 32
bit nh sau:
0011 1111 1000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000
Gii:

S = 0 X l s dng
e = 0111 1111= 127
m = 000000...00
Vy X = (-1)0 x 1.0000...00 x 2127-127
= 1.0 x 20 = 1

84

V d v s du chm ng (tip)
V d 3: Biu din s thc X = 9.6875 v dng s du
chm ng theo chun IEEE 754 dng 32 bit
Gii:
X = 9.6875(10) = 1001.1011(2) = 1.0011011 x 23
Ta c:
S = 0 v y l s dng
E = e 127 nn e = 127 + 3 = 130(10) = 1000 0010(2)
m = 001101100...00 (23 bit)

Vy:
X = 0100 0001 0001 1011 0000 0000 0000 0000

85

Cc quy c c bit
Nu tt c cc bit ca e u bng 0, cc
bit ca m u bng 0, th X = 0
Nu tt c cc bit ca e u bng 1, cc
bit ca m u bng 0, th X =
Nu tt c cc bit ca e u bng 1, m c
t nht mt bit bng 1, th X khng phi l
s (not a number - NaN)

86

Trc s biu din

underflow

overflow

-b

-a

-0 +0

overflow
a

Dng 32 bit: a = 2-127 10-38

b = 2+127 10+38
Dng 64 bit: a = 2-1023 10-308 b = 2+1023 10+308
Dng 80 bit: a = 2-16383 10-4932 b = 2+16383 10+4932

87

Thc hin cc php ton

X1 = M1 * RE1
X2 = M2 * RE2
Ta c
X1 X2
= (M1 * RE1-E2 M2) * RE2 , vi
E2 E1
X1 * X2 = (M1 * M2) * RE1+E2
X1 / X2 = (M1 / M2) * RE1-E2

88

Biu din d liu trong my tnh

2.1. Biu din s trong cc h m
2.2. Biu din d liu trong my tnh,
n v thng tin
2.3. Biu din s nguyn
2.4. Tnh ton s hc vi s nguyn
2.5. Tnh ton logic vi s nh phn
2.6. Biu din s thc
2.7. Biu din k t
89

Biu din k t
Nguyn tc chung:
Cc k t cng cn c chuyn i
thnh chui bit nh phn gi l m k
t.
S bit dng cho mi k t theo cc m
khc nhau l khc nhau.
Vd : B m ASCII dng 8 bit cho 1 k t.
B m Unicode dng 16 bit.
90

B m ASCII
Do ANSI (American National Standard
Institute) thit k
ASCII l b m c dng trao i
thng tin chun ca M. Lc u ch dng
7 bit (128 k t) sau m rng cho 8 bit
v c th biu din 256 k t khc nhau
trong my tnh
B m 8 bit m ha c cho 28 = 256
k t, c m t 0016 FF16, bao gm:
128 k t chun c m t 0016 7F16
128 k t m rng c m t 8016 FF16

91

92

B m ASCII (tip)
95 k t hin th c:c m t 2016
7E16
26 ch ci hoa Latin 'A' 'Z' c m t 4116
5A16
26 ch ci thng Latin 'a' 'z' c m t 6116
7A16
10 ch s thp phn '0' '9' c m t 3016
3916

93

B m ASCII (tip)
95 k t hin th c:
Cc du cu: . , ? ! : ;
Cc du php ton: + - * /
Mt s k t thng dng: #, $, &, @, ...
Du cch (m l 2016)

94

B m ASCII (tip)
33 m iu khin: m t 0016 1F16 v
7F16 dng m ha cho cc chc nng
iu khin

95

iu khin nh dng
BS

Backspace - Li li mt v tr: K t iu khin con tr li li mt v tr.

HT

Horizontal Tab - Tab ngang: K t iu khin con tr dch tip mt khong

nh trc.

LF

Line Feed - Xung mt dng: K t iu khin con tr chuyn xung dng

di.

VT

Vertical Tab - Tab ng: K t iu khin con tr chuyn qua mt s dng

nh trc.

FF

Form Feed - y sang u trang: K t iu khin con tr di chuyn xung

u trang tip theo.

CR

Carriage Return - V u dng: K t iu khin con tr di chuyn v u

dng hin hnh.

96

iu khin truyn s liu

SOH

Start of Heading - Bt u tiu : K t nh du bt u phn thng tin tiu

.

STX

Start of Text - Bt u vn bn: K t nh du bt u khi d liu vn bn

v cng chnh l kt thc phn thng tin tiu .

ETX

End of Text - Kt thc vn bn: K t nh du kt thc khi d liu vn bn

c bt u bng STX.

EOT

End of Transmission - Kt thc truyn: Ch ra cho bn thu bit kt thc

truyn.

ENQ

Enquiry - Hi: Tn hiu yu cu p ng t mt my xa.

ACK

Acknowledge - Bo nhn: K t c pht ra t pha thu bo cho pha pht

bit rng d liu c nhn thnh cng.

NAK

Negative Aknowledge - Bo ph nhn: K t c pht ra t pha thu bo cho

pha pht bit rng vic nhn d liu khng thnh cng.

SYN

Synchronous / Idle - ng b ha: c s dng bi h thng truyn ng b

ng b ho qu trnh truyn d liu.

ETB

End of Transmission Block - Kt thc khi truyn: Ch ra kt thc khi d

liu c truyn.
97

iu khin phn cch thng tin

FS

File Separator - K hiu phn cch tp tin: nh du ranh gii gia cc tp tin.

GS

Group Separator - K hiu phn cch nhm: nh du ranh gii gia cc

nhm tin (tp hp cc bn ghi).

RS

Record Separator - K hiu phn cch bn ghi: nh du ranh gii gia cc

bn ghi.

US

Unit Separator - K hiu phn cch n v: nh du ranh gii gia cc phn

ca bn ghi.

98

Cc k t iu khin khc
NUL

Null - K t rng: c s dng in khong trng khi khng c d liu.

BEL

Bell - Chung: c s dng pht ra ting bp khi cn gi s ch ca con ngi.

SO

Shift Out - Dch ra: Ch ra rng cc m tip theo s nm ngoi tp k t chun cho
n khi gp k t SI.

SI

Shift In - Dch vo: Ch ra rng cc m tip theo s nm trong tp k t chun.

DLE
DC1
DC4

Data Link Escape - Thot lin kt d liu: K t s thay i ngha ca mt hoc

nhiu k t lin tip sau .
Device Control - iu khin thit b : Cc k t dng iu khin cc thit b
ph tr.

CAN

Cancel - Hy b: Ch ra rng mt s k t nm trc n cn phi b qua.

EM

End of Medium - Kt thc phng tin: Ch ra k t ngay trc n l k t cui

cng c tc dng vi phng tin vt l.

SUB

Substitute - Thay th: c thay th cho k t no c xc nh l b li.

ESC

Escape - Thot: K t c dng cung cp cc m m rng bng cch kt hp

vi k t sau .

DEL

Delete - Xa: Dng xa cc k t khng mong mun.

99

Cc k t m rng ca bng ASCII

c nh ngha bi:
Nh ch to my tnh
Ngi pht trin phn mm

100

Cc k t m rng ca bng Ascii

V d:
B m k t m rng ca IBM: c dng
trn my tnh IBM-PC.
B m k t m rng ca Apple: c dng
trn my tnh Macintosh.
Cc nh pht trin phn mm ting Vit cng
thay i phn ny m ho cho cc k
t ring ca ch Vit, v d nh b m TCVN
5712.

101

B m Unicode
Do cc hng my tnh hng u thit k
L b m 16-bit, Vy s k t c th biu
din (m ho) l 216
c thit k cho a ngn ng, trong
c ting Vit

102

Tho lun

08/09/2010

Copyright by SOICT

103