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vpfb&,f0g' tawG;tac:oabmw&m;udk wnfaxmifcJhyHkESifh a&SŒwef;a&mufatmif
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10
trSw(
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*vdkb,fvdkufaZ;&Sif;onf xl;jcm;jzpfpOfopfw&yftjzpf pD;yGm;a&;t&/

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twmudk ,if;jzpfpOf. ¶_axmifhpHk oGifjyifvuQ%mESifhtwl em;vnf&ef vdktyfonf?
Tokd@aom urBmvHk;qdkif&mjzpfpOftay: rwluGJjym;aom ¶_jrifrSK trsKd;trsKd;tzHkzHk
&Sdaeonf?

abm*aA'Edkb,fqk&Sif ygarmuQ *sdK;ZufpwpfvZf Joseph Stiglitz u *vdk

b,fvdkufaZ;&Sif;xl;jcm;jzpfpOfonf “urBmhEdkifiHtoD;oD;ESifh jynfolrsm;t=um; ydkI
eD;uyfaygif;pnf;vmrSKw&yfyif jzpfonf” [kqdk+yD;/ xif&Sm;aom owif;pmq&m
aomrwfpfz¶dk'frif; Thomas Friedman url “aps;uGufrsm;/ trsKd;om;EdkifiHawmfrsm;
ESifh enf;ynmrsm; a&Smifv$JIr&aom aygif;pnf;rSKjzpfpOf” [lI zGifhqdkonf? z¶dk'frif;u
tcdkiftrm tqkdðy&mwGif urBmw0Srf; “vGwfvyfaom aps;uGuft&if;&Sifpepf
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rsm;tm; ‚if;wdk@ &ifqdkifae&aom vufawG@yuwdjy\emrsm;udk vSpfvsL¶_apr!fh/
‚if;wdk@udk,fwdkif yg0ifaeaom ordkif;t=uyftwnf;udk em;vnfrSKvGJrSm;apr!fh aqG;aEG;
p&m ta=umif;t&mwpf&yftjzpf *vdkb,fvdkufaZ;&Sif;udk =u!fhjrifonf? a0:vm
pwdef;u vuf&Sdumvonf “toGifajymif;aeqJumvwpf&yf” jzpf+yD;/ “wdus&Sif;vif;
aom pnf;rsOf;rsm;jzifh twnfwusjzpfwnfae+yD;aom urBmhvHk;qdkif&m jzpfpOfopf
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a&;vGwfvyfcGifhjyKjcif;wdk@udk t&Sdefjr‡ifhum aps;uGufvGwfvyfa&;udk OD;wnf
jcif;jzpfonf?
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EdkifiHa&;oabmw&m;tawG;tjrifudk tm;jzpfapr!fh pHwefbdk;rsm;ESifh t"dy`g,f
owfrSwfcsufrsm;jzifh *vdkb,fvdkufaZ;&Sif; t,ltqudk enf;vrf;aygif;pHkjzifh zGifhqdkfae
ayvdrfhrnf” [k ref;z&uf'f pwuf*g Manfred Steger u qdo k nf?

*vdkb,fvdkufaZ;&Sif;[lonf tajccHtm;jzifh pD;yGm;a&;t& xl;jcm;jzpfpOf

wpf&yfjzpf+yD;/ ,if;. tjcm;rsufESmpmrsm;rSm pDyGm;a&;b0jzpfpOfrsm;udk a&mifjyef[yf
jcif;rsm; jzpfonf? xdkjzpfpOfrsm;onf t&if;pkpnf;a&;avm*spf. armif;ESifrSKjzifh
11
tvif;&eH@ *sme,f trSw(
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jzpfonf? xdo k @kd aom pD;yGm;a&;vSKyf&mS ;rSKus,jf yef@vmjcif;onf *vdbk ,fvu kd af Z;&Si;f .
tajccHoGifjyifjzpf+yD;/ ,if;. tvsiftjref zGH@xGm;vmjcif; aemufuG,fu armif;ESiftm;
wpf&yfvnf; jzpfayonf? EdkifiHwumaps;uGufrsm; wjznf;jznf;ajymif;vJjzpfxGef;vm
jcif;ESifh ukefoG,frSK/ enf;ynm/ b¾maiGa=u;pD;qif;rSKESifh EdkifiHjcm;wdkuf&dkuf&if;ESD;jr‡yfESHrSK
wdk@udk ta=umif;jyKI trsKd;om;pDyGm;a&;rsm; qufpyfrSK wdk;jrifhvmjcif;wdk@u wurBmvHk;
twdkif;twmaqmifaom tjyeftvSefrSDcdk&rSKtoGifodk@ OD;wnfapcJhonf? pD;yGm;a&;
*vdkb,fvdkufaZ;&Sif;. odomxif&Sm;aom toGiftjyifwdk@rSm ukefxkwfvkyfa&;jzpfpOf
yHpk aH jymif;vmjcif;ESihf aiGa=u;v$aJ jymif;rSKrsm; Edik if w
H umoabmaqmifvmjcif;wd@k jzpfonf?
EdkifiHvGefaumfydka&;&Sif;}uD;rsm;onf aps;csdKaomvkyftm;ESifh obm0t&if;tjrpfrsm;udk
tvG,fwul&Edkif+yD; tcGifhtvrf;omapr!fh xkwfvkyfa&;tajccHrsm;&Sd&m a'orsm;wGif
vkyfief;rsm;udk wdk;csJŒvm=uonf? xkwfvkyfa&;vkyfief;tqifhqifhudkvnf; jzef@cGJum
urBmhae&ma'otoD;oD;wGif woD;wjcm;pD xkwfvkyfvm=uonf? ,if;wdk@rSm ukef
xkwfvkyfrSKjzpfpOf ajymif;vmjcif;yifjzpfonf? aiGa=u;aps;uGufrsm;udk vGwfvyfcGifh
jyKvmjcif;ESifh owif;enf;ynmtqifhjrifhvmjcif;wdk@a=umifh b¾ma&; *vdkb,fvdkuf
aZ;&Sif;jzpfpOfonfvnf; ododomom t&SdefjrifhvmcJhayonf?

ynm&SiftcsKdŒurl *vdkb,fvdkufaZ;&Sif;udk EdkifiHvGef ukefxkwfvkyfa&;jzpfpOf

ESifh EdkifiHvGef t&if;a¶GŒvsm;rSKwdk@a=umifh urBmhpD;yGm;a&;wdk;wufaygif;pnf;vmjcif;ESifh
qufpyfaeaom EdkifiHa&;jzpfpOfwpf&yftjzpf ¶_jrif=uonf? ref;z&uf'f pwuf*g
Manfred Steger . tqdkt& “pD;yGm;a&;jzpfpOfwGif EdkifiHa&;ESifhoD;jcm;uif;vGwfaom/
w+ydKifwnf;wGif Edik if aH &;udk armif;ESiaf om twGi;f ydik ;f ,kww dW pf&yf &Sad eonf?” ygarmuQ
plqefpx&def@csf Susan Strange uvnf; æ
“tu,fI ajymif;vJrSKwpf&yf&SdcJhrnf? ,if;ajymif;vJrSKuvnf; t"du
tm;jzif h tjrif h q H k ; tqif h w G i f Ed k i f i H a wmf r sm;t=um; Ed k i f i H a &;ud k
oufa&mufaprnf? tjcm;tpGef;wzufwGif urBmw0Srf;vHk;&Sd vlwOD;csif;pD.
b0tcGifhtvrf;tajctaersm;udk oufa&mufaprnf? ,if;odk@qdkygu
,if;onf urBmhpD;yGm;a&;. xkwfvkyfa&;yHkpHtaqmuftHk ajymif;vJrSKyif
jzpfonf? ”
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qDodk@ yg0gta¶GŒudk jzpfapcJhonf? tcsKyftjcmtm%mydkifr_ oabmobm0ESifh yx0D
e,fedrdwfwpfcktwGif; EkdifiHa&;tm%mjzef@usufr_wdk@onf vl@tzGJ@tpnf;ESifh pyfqdkifr_
r&Sdawmho!fh oabmyifjzpfonf? Todk@aom wdrf;!$wfr_u EdkifiHa&;ESifh vlr_a&;
ajymif;vJrj_ zpfpOfwiG f e,ferd w d q
f o kd nfh t"dyg` ,u
f kd ajymif;vJjyÏmef;ay;onf? xd@k a=umifh

12
trSw(
f 2)? azaz:0g7Dv 2009 ckep
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_ ufqaH &;wGif Edik if aH &;tm%m A[dck suf
u EdkifiHawmftqifhrS urBmvHk;qdkif&mtqifhodk@ a¶GŒvsm;vmonfh EdkifiHa&;jzpfpOfwpf&yf
vnf; jzpfonf? urBmvHk;qdkif&mtqifh vlr_qufqHa&;qdkonfrSm EdkifiHwum xkwfvkyf
a&; jzpfpOftwGif; t&if;pkpnf;r_jzpfay:aejcif; jzpfonf?

urBmhae&ma'otESH@tjym;&Sd jynfolrsm;. vlr_qufqHa&;wGif tjyeftvSef

qufE, G rf r_ sm; tjyeftvSerf cDS rkd r_ sm; }uD;xGm;vmr_a=umifh ynm&Sit f csKd @u tqdyk gjzpfpOf
ESihf ,Ofaus;r_tajymif;tvJt=um; qufpyfru _ kd tm¶Hpk u
kd v
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,Ofaus;r_pD;a=umif;rsm;u jynfolwdk@. ae@w"l0 b0rsm;tay: oufa&mufr_ }uD;}uD;
rm;rm; &Sdaea=umif; ynm&Sifrsm;u tcdkiftrmyif ajymqdkae=uonf? ,Ofaus;r_onf
oufqdkif&ma'ot0ef;t0dkif; owfrSwfcsufESifh yHkaowGJqufr_rsKd; r&SdawmhbJ urBmvHk;
twdkif;twmESifh v$rf;rdk;vmaom ta=umif;t&mrsm;udk xif[yfvmonf? =oZm
tm%m}uD;aom EdkifiHwumrD'D,maumfydka&;&Sif;}uD;rsm;. armif;ESiftm;uvnf;
urBmht&if;&Sifpepfudk OD;wnfonfh wpfpHkwnf;aompHE_ef;wefbdk;wnfaqmufr_udk
tm;jznfhapcJhonf?

acwfopfvpfb&,f0g'ay:xGef;vmjcif;

t,fvDZbufrmwDeufZfESifh tmEdk'dk*gpD,m wdk@a&;om;+yD; ynm&Sif trsm;

tjym;u &nf!$ef;udk;um;&aom 1997 ckESpfxkwf “acwfopfvpfb&,f0g'qdkonfrSm
tb,fenf;” [lonfh aqmif;yg;wGif az: jyxm;onfrSm æ
acwfopfvpfb&,f0g'qdkwm ukefvGefcJhwJh ESpftpdwfausmf oHk;q,ftwGif;
xifay:us,fjyef@vmwJh pD;yGm;a&;rl0g'wpfpHk jzpfygw,f? tar&dum;rSm
'Da0g[m&udk t=um;&enf;yg;ayr,fhvnf; vlcsrf;omawGudk ydk}uD;yGm;
vmap+yD; vlrGJawGudkawmh ydkrdkqif;&JrGJawvmapwJh acwfopfvpfb&,f0g'&JŒ
tusKd;oufa&mufr_awGudkawmh txift&Sm; jrifawG@ae&ygw,f? urBmh
ae&mtoD;oD;rSm 'D0g'udk taumiftxnfaz:usifhoHk;atmif vkyfaqmif
olawGuawmh EdkifiHwumaiGa=u;&efyHkaiGtzGJ@/ urBmhb%feJ@ tar&duEdkifiH
rsm;zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;b%f tp&Sdo!fh tm%mt&Sdeft0g }uD;rm;aom
b¾maiGa=u;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;yJ jzpf=uygw,f? vGefcJhwJh tESpftpdwfausmf
umvtwGif; tjrwftpGef;&&SdE_ef; usqif;vmr_ESifhtwl jzpfay:vmwJh
t&if;&Sifpepft=uyftwnf;u pD;yGm;a&;vpfb&,f0g'tm; wenf;enf;eJ@
jyef v nf & S i f o ef }uD ; xG m ;atmif }ud K ;yrf ; aqmif ¶ G u f z d k @ aumf y d k a &;&S i f ;
vl@rvdkifawGudk aphaqmfcJhwmyg? 'ga=umifhvnf; “acwfopf” odk@r[kwf
“topf” vdk@ ac:a0: jzpfcJh=uygw,f?

13
tvif;&eH@ *sme,f trSw(
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• aps;uGupf ;kd rd;k a&;Oya'o - qdv k o kd nfrmS t&if;/ xkwuf ek yf pPn;f ESihf 0efaqmif
r_wdk@udk aps;uGufu vGwfvyfpGm pDrHcef@cGJEdkif&rnf? tqdkygtajctaewGif
aps;uGufu ol@pnf;rsOf;twdkif; ol@bmom vnfywfoGm;rnfjzpf+yD; "ejzef@cGJ
r_wiG f jrif&h mrS ESrd &hf mod@k v#u
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tm;jzifh aps;uGuftm; EdkifiHawmf odk@r[kwf tpdk;&. xdef;csKyfr_rS vGwfvyfcGifh
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rsm;taejzifh ol@bmomol tvdktavsmuf pDrHoGm;r!fh ,E W,m;wpf&yf
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vma&;onf acwfopfvpfb&,fwdk@. tE Wdr&nfrSef;csufyif jzpfonf? xdk&nfrSef;csuf
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usif;ycJhonf? xdknDvmcHY EdkifiHwumaiGa=u;rsm;vJvS,fa&;pepf/ aiGvJE_ef;yHkao
owfrSwfcsufESifh vGwfvyfaom ukefoG,fa&;wdk@yg0ifo!fh ppfvGefumv EdkifiHwum
aiGa=u;pepfwpf&yfxlaxmif&ef oabmwlnDcJhonf? tqdkygoabmwlnDcsuft&

14
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EdkifiHwum jyefvnfxlaxmifa&;ESifh zGH@+zdK;a&;b%fwdk@tm; tzGJ@tpnf;ESifh vkyfxHk;
vkyfenf;qdkif&m ,E W,m;rsm;tjzpf zGJ@pnf;wnfaxmifcJh=uonf? 1947 ckESpfwGif
ukefoG,fa&;ESifh taumufcGefqdkif&m taxGaxGoabmwlnDcsuf (*wfoabmwlnD
csuf) udk xlaxmifcJhonf? *wfoabmwlnDcsufrSm ukefoG,fa&;twm;tqD; tuef@
towfrsm; zsufodrf;&ef/ taumufcGefrsm;av#mhcs&efESifh tzGJ@0ifEdkifiHrsm;t=um;
ukeo f ,G af &;qdik &f m tjiif;yGm;r_rsm;udk ajz&Si;f a&; trsm;oabmwlvufco
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tpdk;&rsm;tm; tdkiftrftufzf. tultnD taxmuftyHhudk vufcH&ef zdtm;ay;cJh+yD;/
tdkiftrftufzf. “taqmuftHkqdkif&mjyKjyifajymif;vJa&;tpDtrH” ('Structural
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tajctaeodk@ wGef;ydk@cJhonf? tdkiftrftufzf. tqdkt& &nf¶G,fcsufrSm jynfwGif;
pD;yGm;a&;wnf+idrfap&ef/ pD;yGm;a&;wdk;wufr_udk Edk;qG&efESifh EdkifiHjcm;aºuG;+rD ajyvnf
apa&;twGuf wdkif;jynf. EdkifiHjcm;aiG&EdkifpGrf;udk zefwD;&efwdk@ jzpfonf? odk@aomf
“taqmuftHkqdkif&mjyKjyifajymif;vJa&;tpDtrH” . wu,fhtajccH&nf¶G,fcsufrSm
yGifhvif;vGwfvyfaom aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;pepf zGH@+zdK;ap&ef jzpfonf? “taqmufttHk
qdkif&mjyKjyifajymif;vJa&;tpDtrH” atmuf&Sd tpdk;&toHk;pm;&dwfav#mhcsa&;/ yk*~vdu
ydkif vGJajymif;a&;/ ukefoG,fa&;ESifh b¾maiGa=u;aps;uGuftm; xdef;csKyfr_ zsufodrf;a&;/
pD;yGm;a&;pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm;av#mhcsa&;qdkif&m rl0g'rsm;rSm acwfopfvpfb&,fwdk@.
&nf¶G,fcsuf vkyfief;pOfrsm;ESifh wxyfwnf;yif jzpfonf?

a&mfe,fa&*ifESifh rm*&ufoufcsmwdk@ tm%m&aeo!fh 1980 vGefESpfrsm;

onf taemufwikd ;f t&if;&Sipf epfwiG f acwfopfvpfb&,fawmfveS af &;od@k tul;tajymif;
umv jzpfonf? tar&duefESifh +AdwdefwGif vGwfvyfonfh aps;uGuftawG;tac:udk
xlaxmifcJh=u+yD;/ tdkiftrftufzfESifh urBmhb%fwdk@rSwqifh wwd,urBmEdkifiHrsm;wGif
tqdkygtawG;tac:ESifh rl0g'rsm;udk jyef@ESH@apcJhonf? xdkEdkifiHwumtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;u
1990 vGefESpfrsm;wGif tultnDtaxmuftyHhvufcHaom EdkifiHrsm;tm; acwfopf

15
tvif;&eH@ *sme,f trSw(
f 2)? azaz:0g7Dv 2009 ckep
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vpfb&,frl0g'rsm;. vrf;!$efcsufrsm;udk vkdufem taumiftxnfaz:&ef zdtm;ay;
awmif;qdkcJh=uonf? 2000 ckESpfxkwf ‘EdkifiHjcm;a&;rl0g'’ Foreign Policy pmapmifyg
“0g&SifwefoabmwlnDr_vm;/ 0g&Sifwef &_yfaxG;r_vm;” aqmifyg;wGif rGdKufpfEdkrfu -
(tultnD,lrnfh) EdkifiHrsm;tzdk@ trSefwu,fyif jiif;qefEdkifpGrf; r&Sdavmuf
atmif tdik tf rftufzEf iS hf urBmb
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jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;rsm; taumiftxnfaz:a&; pnf;urf;owfrSwfcsufudk
vufcHrSom acs;aiGtultnDay;rnf[k tcdkiftrm awmif;qdkcJh=uonf?
[k axmufjycJhonf?

xdkrl0g'rsm;tpHkvdkufrSm *|ef0DvsHqif oHk;E_ef;cJhonfhtwdkif; “0g&Sifwef

oabmwlnDr_” [lI xif&Sm;onf? 2000 ckESpfxkwf The World Bank Research
Observer pmapmif twGJ(15) trSwf(2)yg "What Should the World Bank Think
about the Washington Consensus?" wGif *|ef0DvsHqif u xdkodk@aom (10)csufyg
rl0g't}uHjyKcsufrsm;onf t"dutm;jzifh aps;uGufvGwfvyfcGifhjyKa&;udk OD;wnfaejcif;
om jzpfonf[k qdkonf? ‚if;u -
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rl0g'jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;rsm;tay: zdk;uyfpf vkyfxm;jcif;jzpfonf? tpdk;&
tcef;u¾tm;av#mhcsa&;/ yk*~vduydkifvGJajymif;a&;ESifh ukefoG,fa&;/
b¾ma&;/ Ed k i f i H j cm;wd k u f & d k u f & if ; ES D ; jr‡ K yf E S H r _ / wd k i f ; jynf t 0if t xG u f
tp&Sdonfwdk@tm; vGwfvyfcGifhjyKa&; rl0g'tajymif;tvJrsm; jzpf=uonf?
xdk@a=umifh ,if;umv vdktyfcsufrsm;t& tqdkyg rl0g'jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;
rsm;rSm aps;uGufvGwfvyf cGifhjyKa&;qDodk@ OD;wnfv#uf&Sdaeayonf?
[k &Sif;vif;jycJhonf?

xdk@tjyif 1999 ckESpf ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJwpfckY wifoGif;aom “acwfopf

vpfb&,f0g'ordkif;tusOf;” ("A Short History of Neo-liberalism") pmwrf;wGif
ygarmuQ plqefa*smhcsf (Susan George)u acwfopfvpfb&,f0g'tm; rnfuJhodk@
wnfaqmufcJhyHkudk &Sif;vif;wifjycJhonf? ol. wifjycsufwGif -
acwfopfvpfb&,f0g'DawGu “r[majymif;vJr_}uD;”udk olwdk@tvdkus
ajymif;jyefvSefvdkuf+yD; olwdk@&JΠudk,fydkiftjzpf aiGay;0,f,lvdkufwm jzpf
ygw,f? wdk;wufwJhtiftm;pkawGvdk r[kwfyJ/ olwdk@u tdkif'D,mawG&JŒ
ta&;ygr_ u d k em;vnf c J h = uw,f ? tawG ; tac:eJ @ pD ; yG m ;a&;ynm&S i f
“z±dkuf'&pfcfAGef[m,ufcf” Friedrich von Hayek eJ@ ol&JŒwy!fh
“rDvw f ef z±duk 'f rf if;ef” Milton Friedman vdk ausmif;om;awGukd pkpnf;+yD;
csDum*dkwuUodkvfrSm oaE<wnf tpjyKcJh&muae acwfopfvpfb&,f0g'D

16
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qufqHa&;XmeawG yg0ifwJh EdkifiHwumuGef,uf}uD;wpfckudk xlaxmif
vmcJh=uw,f? tJh'Duae olwdk@&JΠtdkif'D,mawGeJ@ ay:vpD t,ltqawG
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}udK;yrf;vkyfaqmifcJh=uygw,f? æ æ æ wu,fwrf;ajym&r,fqdk&if
vuf,morm;awG&ŒJ tawG;tac:t,ltqa&;&mjri‡ w hf ifa&;vkyif ef;awG[m
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&usdK;vnf;eyfcJhw,f? acwfopfvpfb&,f0g'udk vlom;rsKd;EG,f&JΠobm0
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aiGa=u;t=uyftwnf;awG/ ±_H;ESdrfholawG ab;a&mufolawG 'keJ@a';eJ@ jzpfay:
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a=umifh jzpfonf?

acwfopfvpfb&,f0g'jr‡ifhwifa&;vkyfaqmifolrsm;.tqdkt& urBmvHk;
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tqdkygjzpfpOftm; a&SmifvGJr&Edkifaom/ aemufa=umif;jyefvSnfhr&Edkifaom wurBmvHk;

17
tvif;&eH@ *sme,f trSw(
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*vdb k ,fvukd af Z;&Si;f onf enf;ynmzefw;D qef;opfrr_ sm;. wGe;f tm;ay;armif;ESirf j_ zifh
aemufjyefvSnfhI r&Edkifawmhaom aps;uGuftiftm;pkrsm; jyef@ESH@wnf&Sdr_udk xif[yfae
jcif;jzpfonf? xdk@a=umifh trsKd;om;pD;yGm;a&;rsm; urBmhtwdkif;twmaqmif aygif;pD;
vmjcif;udk a&SmifvGJ&ef rnfodk@r# rjzpfEdkifawmh[lI qdk=uonf?

rm*&ufoufcsm. pum;udk Tae&mwGif jyefvnfI trSwf&apvdkonf/

“rSwyg;tjcm;r&Sd+yD” [lI jzpfonf? tar&dueforwa[mif; uvifwefuvnf;
tvm;wlyif “trsKd;om;pD;yGm;umuG,fa&; qdkwmudk rpOf;pm;ygeJ@awmh/ bmjzpfvdk@
vnf;qdkawmh *vdkb,fvdkufaZ;&Sif;qdkwm aemufjyefvSnfhzdk@ rjzpfEdkifawmhvdk@yg” [lI
xkwfaz:ajymcJhbl;onf? aps;uGuftajccHrlrsm;. ,kwWdaA'udk tpm;xdk;&ef rnfo!fh
t&mrS r&Sdawmh[k xdkodk@aom ajymqdkcsufrsm;u qdkvdk=ujcif; jzpfonf? odk@jzpf&m
tpdk;&rsm;/ EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;ESifh vlr_ajymif;vJa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;taejzifh qufvuf
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&HkrSwyg; tjcm;enf;vrf;vHk;0r&Sdawmhonfh oabmyif? xdkenf;wlpGmyif aomrwfpf
z±dkufrif;uvnf; ol. 2000 ckESpfxkwf xif&Sm;aom pmtkyfjzpfo!fh “vufZyfum;ESifh
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b,fvdkufaZ;&Sif;udk vufcHrSmvm; 'grSr[kwf ckcHqef@usifrSmvm;” [k ar;cGef;xkwfcJh
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&ef rjzpfEikd af wmh[o l !fh t,ltqudk toH;k jyKI }udK;yrf;tm;xkwaf ea=umif;udk tqdyk g
ajymqdkcsufrsm;u vSpf[jyaeonf?

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18
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19
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