1

I HC THI NGUYN
TRNG I HC CNG NGH THNG TIN V TRUYN THNG
......................................




BI GING
O LNG TRONG H THNG VIN THNG

Bin son: Ths. Mc Th Phng













Thi Nguyn, nm 2013



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MC LC
CHNG 1 TNG QUAN V MNG VIN THNG V CC PHP O TRONG
VIN THNG 8
1.1. Tng quan v mng vin thng ................................................................................. 8
1.1.1. Cc thnh phn c bn ca mng vin thng ..................................................... 8
1.2. Cc yu t nh hng n cht lng mng vin thng ......................................... 14
1.3. Cc php o trong mng vin thng ........................................................................ 19
1.4 Cc quy trnh o cn dng khi no? ......................................................................... 20
CHNG 2: O LI BIT .................................................................................................. 22
2.1. nh ngha v cc thut ng .................................................................................... 22
2.2. Cc tiu chun v li bit .......................................................................................... 23
2.2.1. Phn b ch tiu cho knh truyn dn 64kb/s ................................................... 23
2.2.2. Phn b ch tiu cho m hnh on s phn cp tc 2048 kb/s ................... 24
2.2.3. Tiu chun li bit cho cc lung c s hoc ln hn ....................................... 24
2.2.4. Tiu chun li bit cho cc lung s tc cao ................................................ 25
2.2.5. Xc nh li i vi cc lung s PDH ............................................................ 26
2.2.6. Xc nh ch tiu li i vi lung SDH .......................................................... 27
2.3. Nguyn nhn v nh hng ca li bt ................................................................... 28
2.3.1 Nhng ngun gy li bn trong h thng .......................................................... 29
2.3.2 Mt s nguyn nhn bn ngoi gy ra nhiu ..................................................... 29
2.3.3 nh hng ca li bit ................................................................................. 29
2.4 Nguyn l hot ng my o li bit ......................................................................... 31
2.5 Li cm hay trt bit? .............................................................................................. 32


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2.6 My o li bit phn ng li nh th no? ................................................................. 32
2.7. Phng php o li bit ............................................................................................ 35
2.7.1. Cc php o lung 2Mb/s khi ang cung cp dch v...................................... 37
2.7.2. Cc php o khi h thng khng cung cp dch v tc 2 Mb/s ............... 44
2.7.3 Cc php o trong mng SDH .................................................................... 50
CHNG 3: O TRT BIT ........................................................................................... 61
3.1 nh ngha v cc thut ng ..................................................................................... 61
3.2. Nguyn nhn gy ra hin tng trt bit ................................................................ 65
3.3. nh hng ca hin tng trt bit ........................................................................ 72
3.4. Tiu chun o trt bit ............................................................................................ 75
3.4.1. Tiu chun rung pha i vi giao din PDH .................................................... 75
3.4.2. Gii hn cho php i vi mc rung pha v tri pha vo giao din PDH ....... 76
3.4.3. Tiu chun rung pha v tri pha vi giao din SDH ........................................ 78
3.5. Phng php o ....................................................................................................... 79
3.5.1 Yu cu .............................................................................................................. 79
3.5.2 Cu trc thit b ................................................................................................. 80
3.5.3.Nguyn l o dung sai ....................................................................................... 82
3.5.4 Mt s v d v o dung sai jitter ...................................................................... 83
CHNG 4: O KIM MNG CP NG ................................................................... 92
4.1. Gii thiu chung v mng cp ng ........................................................................ 92
4.1.1Cu trc mng ngoi vi ....................................................................................... 92
4.1.2Nguyn tc t chc mng cp............................................................................. 93
4.1.3 Nguyn tc xc nh dung lng mng cp ng. ..................................... 97


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4.1.4 Phng thc gim khong cch cp ng n nh thu bao............................. 99
4.2. Yu cu chung v cc tham s o cht lng mng cp ng .............................. 100
4.2.1 Yu cu chung v mng cp ng v phn loi cp ........................................ 100
4.2.2 Mc ch o kim ............................................................................................ 100
4.2.3 Cc ch tiu k thut phc v o kim ............................................................ 101
4.3 Phng php o ...................................................................................................... 104
4.3.1 o in tr cch in ....................................................................................... 104
4.3.2 o in tr mt chiu ............................................................................... 105
4.3.3 o mt cn bng in tr i dy (li dn) ..................................................... 106
4.3.4 o in dung cng tc ca i dy ................................................................. 107
4.3.5 o in dung khng cn bng ......................................................................... 108
4.3.6 o suy hao truyn dn (suy hao xen) .............................................................. 108
4.3.7 o suy hao xuyn m u gn ......................................................................... 109
4.3.8 o suy hao xuyn m u xa ........................................................................... 110
CHNG 5: O KIM TRA NG DY THU BAO S xDSL .......................... 112
5.1. Gii thiu chung v mng xDSL ........................................................................... 112
5.1.1 Khi nim chung .............................................................................................. 112
5.1.2 Cu trc tng th mng xDSL ......................................................................... 114
5.2. Cc tham s cn o kim trong trin khai dch v xDSL ...................................... 115
5.2.1 Vai tr ca o kim trong trin khai dch v xDSL ........................................ 115
5.2.2 Cc tham s cn o kim trong trin khai dch v xDSL................................ 116
5.3 Phng php o ...................................................................................................... 118
5.3.1 S dng my o o cc tn hiu lp di v kh nng kt ni lp IP ........ 118


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5.3.2 Phn tch kt qu o thc t ...................................................................... 121
CHNG 6: O KIM TRA MNG CP QUANG ...................................................... 123
6.1. Gii thiu chung .................................................................................................... 123
6.2. Yu cu chung v cc tham s cht lng mng cp quang ................................. 124
6.2.1 Yu cu chung v mng cp quang ................................................................. 124
6.2.2 Mc ch o kim ............................................................................................ 124
6.2.3. Ch tiu k thut ca cc php o ................................................................... 125
6.3. Cc php o ........................................................................................................... 130
6.3.1. Cc php o dng my o cng sut quang ................................................... 130
6.3.2. Cc php o quang s dng my o phn x quang OTDR .......................... 136








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THUT NG VIT TT





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CHNG 1 TNG QUAN V MNG VIN THNG V CC PHP O TRONG
VIN THNG
1.1. Tng quan v mng vin thng
1.1.1. Cc thnh phn c bn ca mng vin thng
* Khi nim v mng vin thng:
Mng vin thng l mng thc hin truyn a thng tin t u pht ti u thu
nhm cung cp cc dch v vin thng cho khch hng.
Mng vin thng bao gm cc thnh phn chnh: thit b chuyn mch, thit b
truyn dn, mi trng truyn v thit b u cui.
S khi cc thnh phn ca h thng vin thng, hnh 1.1
* Thit b u cui:
Thit b u cui gip cho vic giao tip gia mng v con ngi hoc my, bao
gm c cc my tnh. Thit b u cui chuyn thng tin thnh cc tn hiu in v trao
i cc tn hiu iu khin vi mng.
Cc thit b u cui gm c: my in thoi, my fax, my in bo, my tnh
in t, my in thoi di ng v cc thit b ph tr SIM- Subcriber Interface Module:
M un giao tip thu bao)
* Thit b chuyn mch:
Chuyn mch c ngha l thit lp mt ng truyn gia bt c cc thu bao (u
cui) no. Chc nng ca cc thit b chuyn mch l thit lp cc ng truyn ny. Vi
thit b chuyn mch nh vy, ng truyn c chia x v c th c trin khai mt
cch kinh t. Tng i ng vai tr cc nt trong mng vin thng, c cc chc nng c
bn sau:
- Xc nh thu bao
- Kt ni vi thu bao b gi
- Phc hi h thng khi cuc gi kt thc.
- Tnh cc cuc gi
thc hin chc nng trn tng i c nhim v sau:


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- Bo hiu: l nhim v trao i vi cc thit b bn ngoi tng i gm cc mch
in v cc ng dy thu bao, cc trung k u ni n thu bao hay n tng i khc.
- X l thng tin bo hiu v iu khin thao tc chuyn mch: thit b iu khin
chuyn mch s nhn thng tin bo hiu t ng dy thu bao v trung k, x l cc
thng tin ny v a cc thng tin iu khin cp tn hiu n ng dy thu bao,
trung k v cc thit b ngoi vi khc iu khin thc hin cng vic chuyn mch,
thng bo u ni, gim st v gii phng kt ni.
- Tnh cc: tng i phi to ra cc s liu cc ph hp vi tng cuc gi ngay
sau khi cuc gi kt thc, s liu cc ny s c x l thnh cc bn tin cc phc
v cng tc thanh ton. Gi tr cc phi c tnh ton theo khong cch v thi gian
cuc gi.

* Thit b truyn dn:
Thit b truyn dn c s dng ni cc thit b u cui hay gia cc tng i
vi nhau v truyn cc tn hiu mt cch nhanh chng v chnh xc.
Thit b truyn dn c th phn loi thnh thit b truyn thu bao, ni thit b u
cui vi mt tng i ni ht, v thit b truyn dn chuyn tip ni gia cc tng i.
in thoi
Fax
Thit b v
tuyn
Thit b
chuyn mch
Thit b
chuyn mch
Cc phng tin
truyn dn
Hnh 1.1. Cc thnh phn ca mng vin thng
V tinh
truyn thng
in thoi
Fax
u cui
d liu
Thit b
u cui
u cui
d liu


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Da vo mi trng truyn dn, thit b truyn dn c th phn loi s lc thnh thit b
truyn dn tuyn s dng cp kim loi, cp si quang v thit b truyn dn radio s dng
sng radio.
- Thit b truyn dn thu bao:
Thit b truyn dn thu bao c th s dng cp kim loi hoc radio. Cp si quang
s c s dng cho cc ng thu ring v mng s lin kt a dch v (ISDN), yu
cu dung lng truyn dn ln.
- Cc thit b truyn dn chuyn tip:
Thit b truyn dn chuyn tip s dng cc h thng cp si quang, h thng vi
ba, h thng v tinh v.vTrong thit b truyn dn chuyn tip, cc tn hiu v thng tin
c truyn qua mt tuyn truyn dn n vi hiu sut kinh t cao.
1.1.2. Cu trc mng
phc v cho cc dch v thng tin nh thoi, s liu, fax, telex v cc dch v
khc nh in thoi di ng, nhn tin, nn nc ta hin nay ngoi mng chuyn mch
cng cng cn c cc mng ca mt s dch v khc. Ring mng Telex khng kt ni
vi mng thoi ca VNPT, cn cc mng khc u c kt ni vo mng ca VNPT
thng qua cc knh trung k hoc cc b MSU (Main Switch Unit), mt s khc li truy
nhp vo mng PSTN qua cc knh thu bao bnh thng, s dng k thut DLC (Digital
Loop Carrier), k thut truy nhp v tuyn...
V cu trc mng, mng vin thng ca VNPT hin nay c chia thnh 3 cp:
cp quc t, cp quc gia, cp ni tnh/ thnh ph.
My pht
thu
My pht
thu
Tng
i
MUX &
DEMUX
MUX &
DEMUX
Tng
i
Cp quang
Mi trng
truyn dn
... ...
Hnh 1.2. Cu hnh h thng truyn dn
Vi ba


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Xt v kha cnh chc nng ca cc h thng thit b trn mng th mng vin
thng bao gm: Mng chuyn mch, mng truy nhp, mng truyn dn, v cc mng chc
nng.
a. Mng chuyn mch
Mng chuyn mch c 4 cp (da trn cc cp tng i chuyn mch): qu giang
quc t, qu giang ng di, ni tnh v ni ht. Ring ti thnh ph H Ch Minh c
thm cp qu giang ni ht.
Hin nay mng ca VNPT c cc trung tm chuyn mch quc t v chuyn
mch quc gia H Ni, Nng, Thnh ph H Ch Minh. Mng ca cc bu in tnh
cng ang pht trin v m rng. Nhiu tnh, thnh ph xut hin cc cu trc mng vi
nhiu tng i Host, cc thnh ph ln nh H Ni, Thnh ph H Ch Minh v ang
trin khai cc tandem ni ht.
Mng vin thng ca VNPT hin ti c chia thnh 5 cp, trong tng lai s
c gim t 5 cp xung 4 cp.
Mng ny do cc thnh vin ca VNPT iu hnh: l VTI, VTN v cc Bu
in tnh. VTI qun l cc tng i chuyn mch qu giang quc t. VTN qun l cc
tng i chuyn mch qu giang ng di ti 3 trung tm H ni, Nng v Tp H Ch
Minh. Phn cn li do cc bu in tnh qun l.
Cc loi tng i c trn mng vin thng Vit Nam: A1000E10 ca Alcatel,
NEAX 61E ca NEC, AXE10 ca Ercsson, EWSD ca Siemens.
Cc cng ngh chuyn mch c s dng: chuyn mch knh (PSTN), X.25
relay, ATM (s liu)
Nhn chung mng chuyn mch ti Vit Nam cn nhiu cp v vic iu khin b
phn tn trong mng (iu khin nm ti cc tng i).
b. Mng truy nhp
Vi tng mng cung cp dch v khc nhau m c mng truy nhp tng ng.
Mng truy nhp l mng nm gia ngi s dng dch v vin thng v im dch v ca
mng (tng i).
Mng truy nhp hin nay gm cc loi sau:
- Mng cp kim loi, cp chn, cp treo, cp cng.


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- Mng cp quang.
- Mng v tuyn.
- H thng VISAT (Very Small Aperture Terminal).
c. Mng truyn dn
Cc h thng thit b truyn dn trn mng vin thng ca VNPT hin nay ch yu
s dng hai loi cng ngh l: cp quang SDH v vi ba PDH.
- Cp quang SDH: Thit b ny do nhiu hng khc nhau cung cp l :Northern
Telecom, Siemens, Fujitsu, Alcatel, Lucent, NEC, Nortel. Cc thit b c dung lng ln
nh 155Mb/s, 622Mb/s, 2,5Gb/s, 10Gb/s.
- Vi ba PDH: thit b ny cng c ngun gc t nhiu hng cung cp khc nhau
nh Siemens, Fujitsu, Alcatel, SIS, SAT, NOKIA, AWA. Dung lng 140Mb/s, 34Mb/s,
v n.2Mb/s. Cng ngh vi ba SDH c s dng hn ch vi s lng t.
Mng truyn dn c 2 cp: mng truyn dn lin tnh v mng truyn dn ni tnh.
* Mng truyn dn lin tnh
Bao gm cc h thng truyn dn bng cp quang, bng v tuyn.
Mng truyn dn lin tnh bng cp quang:
Mng truyn dn ng trc quc gia ni gia H Ni v Tp H Ch Minh di
4000 km, s dng STM -16/ 2F BSHR, c chia thnh 4 vng ring ti H Tnh,
Nng, Quy Nhn v thnh ph H Ch Minh.
- Vng 1: H Ni H Tnh (884Km).
- Vng 2: H Tnh - nng (834Km).
- Vng 3: Nng Quy Nhn ( 817Km).
- Vng 4: Quy Nhn Tp H Ch Minh (1424Km).
Cc ng truyn dn khc: H Ni Hi Phng, H Ni Ho Bnh, Tp HCM -
Vng tu, H Ni Ph L Nam nh, Nng Tam k. Cc tuyn truyn dn lin
tnh ny dng STM- 4. Ring tuyn H Ni Nam nh, nng -Tam K vn cn s
dng PDH, trong tng lai s thay th bng SDH.
Mng truyn dn lin tnh bng v tuyn:


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Dng h thng vi ba SDH (STM-1, dung lng 155Mb/s: tuyn Bi Chy Hn
Gai), h thng vi ba PDH (dung lng 4Mb/s, 8Mb/s, 34Mb/s, 140Mb/s) trn cc truyn
khc.
* Mng truyn dn ni tnh
Khong 88% cc tuyn truyn dn ni tnh s dng h thng vi ba v h thng
truyn dn quang.
d. Mng bo hiu
Hin nay trn mng vin thng Vit nam s dng c hai loi bo hiu R
2
v SS7.
Mng bo hiu s 7 (SS7) c a vo khai thc ti Vit nam theo chin lc trin khai
t trn xung di theo tiu chun ca ITU ( khai thc th nghim t nm 1995 ti VTN
v VTI). Cho n nay, mng bo hiu s 7 hnh thnh vi mt cp STP (im chuyn
mch bo hiu) ti 3 trung tm (H Ni, nng, H Ch Minh) ca 3 khu vc (Bc,
Trung, Nam) v phc v kh hiu qu.
Bo hiu cho PSTN ta c R
2
v SS7, i vi mng truyn s liu qua IP c H.323,
i vi ISDN c bo hiu knh D.Q.931.
e. Mng ng b
Mng ng b ca Vit nam thc hin xy dng giai on 1 v giai on 2 vi
3 ng h ch PRC ti H Ni, Nng, thnh ph H Ch Minh v mt ng h th cp
SSU. Mng ng b Vit nam hot ng theo nguyn tc ch t c d phng, bao gm 4
cp, hai loi giao din chuyn giao tn hiu ng b ch yu l 2MHz v 2Mb/s.
Cc cp ca mng ng b c phn chia thnh 4 cp nh sau:
1. Cp 0: cp ng h ch.
2. Cp 1: cp nt quc t v nt quc gia.
3. Cp 2: cp nt chuyn tip ni ht.
4. Cp 3. cp nt ni ht.
Mng c phn thnh 3 vng c lp, mi vng c 2 ng h mu : mt ng h
chnh (Cesium) v mt ng h d phng (GPS). Cc ng h ny c t ti trung tm
3 vng v c iu chnh theo phng thc cn ng b.
Cc tng i quc t v toll trong vng c iu khin bi ng h ch theo
phng php ch t.


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Cc tng i tandem v host ti cc tnh hot ng bm theo cc tng i toll theo
phng php ch t. Cc tng i huyn (RSS) cng hot ng bm theo cc host theo
phng php ch t.
1.2. Cc yu t nh hng n cht lng mng vin thng
Trong cc h thng lin lc ta thy cc tn hiu khi nhn c c s khc bit vi
tn hiu khi pht. i vi tn hiu lin tc (analog) s suy yu dn n gim cht lng
ca tn hiu, vi tn hiu s, dn n lm sai s v bit. Mt bit c gi tr 1 c th tr thnh
bit gi tr 0 v ngc li. Mt tn hiu trn ng truyn s chu cc nh hng sau:
B suy gim v dn n mo dng.
B lm chm.
B nhiu.
a. S lm suy gim v mo dng Khi truyn trong mi trng, cng sut ca tn
hiu s suy gim. i vi mi trng nh hng s suy gim thng thng theo
logarit, thng thng n l gi tr c nh theo khong cch. i vi mi trng khng
nh hng s suy gim l mt hm phc tp ph thuc vo khong cch v p sut
khng kh. S suy gim s dn n:
Tn hiu thu c khng mnh khi phc li tn hiu ban u b phn
thu.
Tn hiu thu c khng ln bo m t s (t s tn hiu trn tp m) d
sinh ra sai s.
S suy gim s l hm ca tn s.
b. S lm tr tn hiu Tn hiu truyn lan trn mi trng dn bao gi cng b lm
tr. i vi mt tn hiu c bng thng gii hn, s lm tr ph thuc vo tn s ca tn
hiu. Vi tn hiu c tn s khc nhau n s n b thu thi gian khc nhau. Hin tng
ta gi l tn hiu b lm chm trn ng truyn, c bit vi tn hiu s hin tng
lm tr cng r rng hn.
c. Nhiu Khi truyn, thng thng tn hiu nhn c b thu bao gi cng bao
gm tn hiu pht v mt tn hiu ta khng h mong mun c thm vo gia b pht v
b thu. Tn hiu ta khng mong mun gi l nhiu. Nhiu s lm hn ch kt qu h
thng lin lc ca ta. Nhiu thng c chia lm 4 loi sau:
Nhiu nhit .


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Tp m ni b.
Xuyn m.
Nhiu xung.
Nhiu nhit to ra do s vn chuyn in t trong vt liu, n tn ti trong tr
c cc thit b in t, trong mi trng v n l hm ca nhit . Nhiu nhit c nh
hng trn tt c dy tn ph nn c tn gi l nhiu trng.
Nhiu nhit khng th trnh c. N c tnh:
N
o
= kT
N
o
: nhy ngun nhiu.
K : Hng s Boltzman = 1,3803 x 10
-23
J/k
T : Nhit Kelvin
Nhiu cng khng ph thuc vo tn s. Do n c tnh bng watt trong ton
bng thng w.
N = kTW
hoc tnh bng decibel - watts
N = 10logk + 10 log T + 10logW = -228,6 dbW + 10logT + 10logW
Nhiu do phch tn s bn trong Khi tn hiu vi cc tn s khc nhau truyn trn
mi trng c th s sinh ra nhiu ni b. Kt qu ca nhiu ni b c th sinh ra tn s l
cng hoc tr 2 tn hiu gc hoc l nhn ca tn hiu . V d s trn cc tn hiu c tn
s f
1
, f
2
c th sinh ra tn s f
1
+f
2
v n s lm tng cho tn hiu tn s f
1
+f
2
sn c.
Nhiu do hin tng phch sinh ra do hin tng khng tuyn tnh trong cc
thit b pht, thu, h thng truyn ... Thng h thng khng tuyn tnh, tn hiu u ra
l hm phc tp ca tn hiu u vo.


16


Hinh 1.5. nh hng nhiu trn tn hiu s.
Nhiu xuyn m Nhiu xuyn m l nhiu ta khng mong mun trong khi truyn.
V d trong h thng in thoi ta c th nghe c cuc ni chuyn ca ngi khc. N
sinh ra do s ghp in t gia cc cp cp xon i, hay trong cp ng trc ng thi
truyn nhiu knh, cng c khi do cc ng ten vi ba to ra cc bp sng nh hng.
Nhiu giao thoa gia cc k t (ISI) l mt hu qu khng th trnh khi ca c hai
h thng truyn thng c dy v khng dy. Morse u tin nhn thy n trn dy cp
in bo xuyn truyn ti thng ip bng cch s dng du chm v du gch ngang v
t lc n khng i. N c x l bng cch lm chm li vic truyn ti.
Trong nhng n lc truyn i, iu c ch l cc tn hiu nhn c c xu
hng di ra v chng ln vo nhau. Mt xung ngn i din cho mt du chm nhn
c ging nh nhng phin bn gm nhiu du chm ging nhau gy nho tn hiu.
Vn xut hin c lin quan n cc thuc tnh ca cc phng tin c s dng v
khong cch ca qu trnh truyn tn hiu. chng li tc dng khng mong mun ny,
trm lp c thnh lp v cch thc c a ra gim s nho nhot tn hiu.


17




Hnh 1.6. (a) Tn hiu c gi i, (b) tn hiu nhn c
Lm th no iu ny thc s nh hng n chng ngay by gi? Hnh 1.7 cho
thy mt chui d liu, 1,0,1,1,0,1 m chng ti mun gi. Trnh t ny l hnh thc xung
vung. Xung vung l tt p, nhng trn thc t n rt kh to ra v cng yu cu
bng thng kh ln. V vy, chng ta nh hnh nh th hin trong cc ng chm chm.
Phin bn hnh c bn trng ging nh mt xung vung v chng ti nhanh chng c th
cho bit nhng g c gi thm ch trc quan. Li th (ty ) hnh thnh vo thi
im ny l n lm gim yu cu bng thng v thc s c th c to ra bi phn cng.

Hnh 1.7.
Hnh 1.8 cho thy mi k hiu khi nhn c. Chng ta c th thy nhng g cc
phng tin truyn dn to ra mt ci ui ca nng lng ko di nhiu thi gian hn d
nh. Nng lng t cc k hiu 1 v 2 i tt c cc v tr k hiu 3. Mi k hiu can thip
vi mt hoc nhiu trong nhng k hiu tip theo. Cc khu vc quanh khu vc nhiu ln.
(b)


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Hnh 1.8. Mi k hiu nhn c b tri rng ra
Cc tn hiu lan rng v bi nho nh vy m nng lng t mt hiu ng biu
tng ca nhng ngi tip theo trong mt cch m cc tn hiu nhn c c mt xc
sut cao hn c gii thch khng chnh xc c gi l Inter Symbol Interference hay
ISI.
Nhiu xung Nhiu xung l loi nhiu khng lin tc, khng quy lut nhiu khi n
l nhng t bin bin ln, trong thi gian nh. Nhiu sinh ra do nhiu nguyn nhn
khc nhau nh t bin in t trng, nh sng, tt bt h thng my ...
Tuy nhin, nhiu xung l nguyn nhn trc tin gy sai s trong khi truyn tn hiu
s.
Hnh v 1.8 cho ta v d cch nhn tng quan v nh hng ca nhiu n tn hiu
truyn.


19

1.3. Cc php o trong mng vin thng
Trong h thng vin thng thc hin qun l mng v cht lng dch v mng
i vi khch hng v mc nh hng ca cc sng tn hiu, ngi ta thc hin cc
phng php o kim khc nhau. Cc qui trinh o c s dng cho cc lnh vc sau:
m bo tnh nng ca h thng ph hp vi nhng khuyn ngh ph hp ca
ITU-T;
o th tnh ph hp ca mng;
Gim st cht lng ca cc dch v cung cp;
Ti u ha vic lp qui hoch mng v m rng mng;
Khc phc cc ng dy b s c;
Chy th nhng h thng mi lp t;
Kim tra nhng ng dy mi c cu hnh;
Nhng php o sc cng, nhng php o ti;
Phn tch thng k;
m bo truyn cc thng tin bo hiu khng b li;
Phn tch cc th tc truyn thng;
M phng phn ng thc t ca mng v nhng li c th khi truyn thng;
Kim tra ng cp bng cc php o;
Thm nh tnh chu li;
Pht hin sm cc vn ca truyn thng;
o th kh nng chu trt v phn ng khi c trt;
Xc nh v tr xy ra s c trc khi nhng s c ny nh hng n ngi s
dng;
iu tra v gii quyt nhng vn v tnh tng thch;
Ngc li, nhng nhim v chnh ca qun l mng l:
Lp cu hnh mi cho cc phn t mng bng cch iu khin t xa;
Cung cp nhanh chng cc dch v khc nhau;


20

nh tuyn d phng t ng;
Qun l cc h thng do cc nh sn xut khc nhau cung cp;
Qun l cc phn t mng phn b v mt a l;
Thch ng linh hot vi s thay i cc cu trc hot ng (iu hnh);
Gim st cht lng cc kt n (thng k li);
S dng ng cch v hiu qu dung lng mng;
Ghi vo h s v cc s c.
1.4 Cc quy trnh o cn dng khi no?
Cc giai on hot ng khc nhau trong sut thi gian sng ca nhiu khi thit b
c s dng trn cc mng s t ra cc nhu cu khc nhau v cc qui trnh o. Di
y lit k tm tt nhng cng vic cn n cc qui trnh o:
- Cc php o th cho pht trin /tch hp/hp chun:
Cc php o mc rng, tng tc gia phn cng v phn mm, cc php o
th ti.
Nhng yu cu v qui trnh o: Linh hot, x l cc tc bit v cc m cha c
tiu chun ha v.v.., m phng v phn tch ton din, k c ti mc giao thc.
- Sn xut:
Cc php o th bng mch, linh kin, nh gi kt qu o th thnh cng qua hay
tht bi) ti mc thng lng ti a.
Nhng yu cu v qui trnh o: Tc o c ti a ha, so snh nhanh cc gi tr
danh nh v gi tr thc t, iu khin t xa, tch hp vo cc h thng o th t ng.
- Lp t:
Phn tch lc u v phn tch trong thi gian di.
Nhng yu cu v qui trnh o: Cc php o c thc hin khi thit b khng cung
cp dch v, cc qui trnh/tin trnh o c nh trc, lu tr kt qu o, phn tch lu
di, d dng s dng, c th mang i c v mnh.
- Khc phc s c, bo dng:
Pht hin, xc nh v tr v khc phc s c, to li cu hnh, ti u ha hot ng


21

ca mng, cc o c cht lng dch v.
Nhng yu cu v qui trnh o: Cc php o khi thit b ang cung cp dch v (in-
service) hoc khng cung cp dch v (out-ofservice), gim st ng dy v thuc tnh,
m phng li v cc cnh bo, o c ng thi, chi ph thp v c th mang i c,
mi th ch cn thong qua l bit, iu khin t xa, nh gi cht lng r rng.
- Sa cha/Xc nh qui m:
Xc nh v tr s c mc bng mch in, m phng cc iu kin hot ng.
Nhng yu cu v qui trnh o: Ti liu hng dn y , thc hin thit lp o
th.


22

CHNG 2: O LI BIT
2.1. nh ngha v cc thut ng
a. Li bit: L s thu sai bit do qu trnh truyn dn tn hiu s trong mng s gy ra
b. T l li bit(BER: Bit Error Rate): L t s gia s bit b li trn tng s bit pht
i. Thng s ny c trng cho cht lng truyn dn ca tuyn.
c. Li khi (EB: Error Block): L li mt hay nhiu bit trong mt khi bit. Trong
, khi bit l tp hp cc bit lin tip trong mt lung vi s lng xc nh.
d. Thi gian kh dng: L thi gian trong h thng c coi l c kh nng thc
hin cc chc nng quy nh
e. Thi gian khng kh dng: L thi gian trong h thng c coi l khng c
kh nng lm vic. Khong thi gian mt giy c tnh l khong thi gian n v
xem xt t l li bit
f. Giy b li (ES: Errored Second): Mt giy trong khong thi gian kh dng c t
l li bit nm trong khong t 0 n 10
-3
.
g. Giy b li nghim trng(SES: Severely Errored Second): Mt giy trong khong
thi gian kh dng c t l li bit ln hn 10
-3
hoc c tn hiu ch th cnh bo AIS
h. Giy b li theo khi (BES: Block Errored Second): Trong khong thi gian mt
giy c t nht mt khi b li
i. Giy b li nghim trng theo khi (SBES: Severely Block Errored Second):
Trong khong thi gian mt giy c nhiu hn 30% khi b li hoc c t nht mt ch th
cnh bo AIS
j. Li khi nn (BBE: Background Block Error): Mt khi b li khng thuc trong
giy li nghim trng
k. T l li khi nn (BBER: Background Block Error Rate): L t s gia li khi
nn v tng s khi o c trong khong thi gian kh dng.



23

2.2. Cc tiu chun v li bit
2.2.1. Phn b ch tiu cho knh truyn dn 64kb/s
Theo khuyn ngh ITU-T-G821, nh gi cht lng mt tuyn truyn dn,
ngi ta da trn m hnh tuyn s gi nh chun. Tuyn ny c di tng cng l
27500km vi thi gian o cc thng s li l mt thng.

Hnh 2.1. M hnh tuyn s gi nh chun

Ton b tuyn c phn thnh 3 cp:
- Cp ni ht: l phn ca tuyn nm gia thu bao v tng i ni ht
-Cp trung bnh: : l phn ca tuyn nm gia tng i ni ht v trung tm chuyn
mch quc t
- Cp cao: l phn ca tuyn nm gia cc trung tm chuyn mch quc t



24

Bng 2 m t ch tiu v giy b li (ES) v pht suy gim cht lng (DM) cho cc
cp cp mch.

Bng 3 m t ch tiu v phn b li nghim trng (SES) cho cc cp mch.
2.2.2. Phn b ch tiu cho m hnh on s phn cp tc 2048 kb/s
Theo khuyn ngh G921 a ra m hnh on s vi cc di thc t l 50 hoc
280 km. Mt on s bao gm hai thit b u cui v mi trng truyn dn gia chng.
Phn b ch tiu li cho cc on truyn dn s nh trong bng 4.

2.2.3. Tiu chun li bit cho cc lung c s hoc ln hn
a. Giy b li


25


b. Pht suy gim cht lng

c. Giy b li nghim trng (SES)
T l phn trm giy b li nghim trng quy chun v u ni ti tc 64kb/s c
th c tnh t php o ti tc bit cn o nh sau:
SES= Y% + Z%
Y: l phn giy b li nghim trng ti tc bit cn o
Z: Phn giy khng b li nghim trng nhng cha mt hoc nhiu s mt ng
b ti tc bit cn o
2.2.4. Tiu chun li bit cho cc lung s tc cao
M hnh tuyn s gi nh chun c di tng cng l 27500km vi thi gian o
cc thng s li l mt thng. Cc ch tiu li cho lung s tc cao nh bng 5:


26


2.2.5. Xc nh li i vi cc lung s PDH
a. Cc bt bnh thng
a1: Mt tn hiu ng b khung b li
a2: Mt khi b li (EB) c ch th bi m pht hin li (EDC)
d1: Mt khung (LOF)
d2: Tn hiu ch th cnh bo (AIS)
d3: Mt ng b khung
b. Cc thng s v tiu chun o lung PDH
Cc thng s v tiu chun o lung PDH c ch th trong bng 7, bng 8:
Bng 7: Ch th cc thng s tiu chun v giy b li nghim trng i vi lung
PDH

Bng 8 : cc thng s v tiu chun o cc lung PDH


27


2.2.6. Xc nh ch tiu li i vi lung SDH
a. Cc bt thng
a1: Mt khi b li qua kim tra ca m pht hin li (EDC)
Cc sai hng c trnh by trong bng 9
Bng 9: Cc sai hng dn n SES


28


b. Cc thng s v tiu chun o lung SDH
ES: Mt giy b li quan st c khi trong mt giy t nht c mt bt bnh thng
a1 hoc mt sai hng trong bng 9
SES: Mt giy b li nghim trng quan st c khi trong mt giy t nht c x
khi b li hoc mt sai hng trong bng 9
BBE: Mt li khi nn quan st c khi mt bt bnh thng a1 xy ra trong mt
khi nhng khng thuc giy b li nghim trng
2.3. Nguyn nhn v nh hng ca li bt
u im chnh ca truyn thng s l cht lng tryn dn khng ph thuc vo
khong cch truyn thng. Theo Fourier, mi tn hiu s' u c th c m t bi mt
s ln cc tn hiu hnh sin chng ln nhau. V th nhng yu t gy nhiu i vi cc tn
hiu tng t nh suy hao, xuyn m hay mo v th cng tc ng n truyn dn tn
hiu s (hnh 2.2).
Cc yu t gy nhiu c phn loi theo loi ngun gy nhiu (cc ngun bn
trong hoc bn ngoi h thng) hoc theo nh hng ca chng (li n, li kp).


29

2.3.1 Nhng ngun gy li bn trong h thng
Ngun li ch yu l:
Tnh khng n nh ca ng h nhp;
ng h nhp b tri;
Tnh khng n nh do s lo ha ca cc linh kin;
S cn bng khng ng i vi suy hao ng dy ph thuc vo tn s (chng
hn trong mt b ti to);
2.3.2 Mt s nguyn nhn bn ngoi gy ra nhiu
Xuyn m (t cc ng dy bn cnh);
Trt (tch ly) trong khi truyn dn;
Nhiu in t (cc my mc, st,...);
Bin ng in p ngun cung cp (chng hn do cc t st gy ra);
Nhiu xung (bin nh 5 - 20 mV) ;
Nhng bin ng c kh, cc mi tip xc km;
S suy gim cc c tnh ca phng tin truyn dn;
S c ton b h thng do ng dy b t.
2.3.3 nh hng ca li bit
Khi c mt in p nhiu tc ng nh th cc trng thi bit ca mt tn hiu s s
khng thay i, nu tn hiu nh nh hn mt na chnh lch ca cc mc in p hin
th s dn n thay i trng thi bit. Nu tn hiu gy nhiu vt qu mc ngng ny, s
gy ra s suy gim ngay lp tc cht lng truyn
S sai lch d ch mt bit trong mt ngn bit (t l li bit 10
-3
) u dn n cht
lng truyn dn khng th chp nhn c i vi cc tn hiu m ha theo lut -A, l
nhng tn hiu khng c nn thm. Nu vt qu mc ngng ny, t nht l h thng
s khng cung cp dch v c na. i vi cc tn hiu thoi c truyn i dng tn
hiu nn mc cao th h thng t l li bit cho php thp hn th nhiu (nh trong
thng tin di ng).
Cc li phn b ngu nhin l kt qu ca mt t s tn hiu trn nhiu km. Trong


30

truyn dn thoi n thun, s phn b li ngu nhin c th ch lm suy gim rt t cht
lng m thanh. Nhng i vi truyn thng s liu th li khc. Nu xy ra mt li, thit
b u cui s dng phng thc kim tra li trong giao thc truyn thng bo cho u
cng cp s liu rng khi s liu b li phi c truyn li. Vic lp li ca cc khi d
liu b li c th dn n thng lng d liu thp khng th chp nhn c, lm tng
thi gian v chi ph truyn dn.


Hnh 2.2 Cc yu t in hnh nh hng n cht lng truyn dn
Vic nh gi mt cch chi tit s phn b li trn ng truyn cho php phn tch
s dng cc phng php c tiu chun ha. Nhng phng php ny c cp
chi tit trong phn sau
Vi vic s dng thng thng mt kt ni 2 Mbit/s cho 30 knh thoi s xut hin
thi thong nhng ting lch tch xy ra v nhiu khng mong mun, song khng gy
nhiu qu nhiu i vi kt ni ny. Nu kt ni 2 Mbit/s c s dng trong truy nhp
ISDN tc s cp cho cc tn hiu thoi v s liu hoc cho truyn cc tn hiu thoi
c nn mc cao trong mt h thg thng tin v tuyn, th nhng hu qu ca nhiu
c th mc cao hn.


31

Cch thc m nhiu nh hng n cht lng truyn dn c bn c xc nh bi
cc tham s sau y:
Loi thng tin c truyn dn: Thoi, s liu, video, a phng tin
Phng thc truyn dn v kiu m ha c s dng v mc d tha trong tn
hiu
S li mc phi hay t l li
Phn b li: cc li n hay cc chm li
Ngun gy nhiu: trong h thng hay cc ngun bn ngoi
T l li cho php ca phng thc truyn dn s dng (nh nhy cm vi pha, mc
nn).
T l li cho php ca cc h thng truyn thng (nh n nh ca ng h nhp,
t l trt cho php s sai lch cho php ca nhp ng h).
2.4 Nguyn l hot ng my o li bit

Hnh 2.3 Gim st ng b ca my o li bit
Tt c cc my o li bit u s dng cng mt nguyn l: mt dng chui bit o
bit trc (chng hn mt PRBS) c so snh theo kiu bit vi bit vi mt dng chui


32

bit so snh my thu. Nhng s khc nhau c ghi l cc li v c nh gi thm.
My thu ng b vi tn hiu u vo ti thi im bt u php o.
ng b, mt thanh ghi dch tham chiu c np cho n khi y lung bit tun
t v mt dng chui bit so snh c to ra. Tip n my o chuyn sang o t ng.
Cc dng chui bit ny c dch theo pha, dn n to ra mt s ln cc xung li. S
ng b t c bng vic dng hot ng ca ng h nhp dng to ra dng chui
bit so snh mi ln to ra mt xung li. C mt khong thi giani thch hp cho mt s
chu k tun t.bit m bo rng trng thi ng b c th khng phi do cc li
truyn dn ngu nhin to ra (hnh 2.3).
Mt b m tng/gim thng c s dng gim st s ng b ny. N m
ln mi ln pht hin c mt li v m xung bt c khi no khng c li xy ra.
ng b c th b mt khi gi tr m c t n mt mc ngng (v d do cc cm b
li).
2.5 Li cm hay trt bit?
Cc li truyn dn c th dng cc li n hoc cc cm li. Mt cm li c th
do hin tng pha-inh ca sng mang trong truyn dn v tuyn gy ra hoc do nhiu
in t ngn (nh chuyn mch) gy ra.
Cc nguyn nhn gy li khc, nh trn b m trong tng i s hay cc vn v
ng h nhp ti cc thit b cng c th dn n mt i nhng on nht nh ca dng
bit hon chnh hoc cc trng thi bit c truyn i hai ln. Vic trt bit dn n mt s
dch pha gia cc dng chui bit pht i v thu c theo quan im ca my o li bit.
2.6 My o li bit phn ng li nh th no?
Nu xy ra mt s dch pha gia cc dng chui bit thu c v tham chiu, s cc
li bit o c s l v hn. V trong trng hp ny, mt trng thi ko di (cm li) b
ly ra bi mt li n (trt bit), nn php o phi c ngng li v my o li bit phi
thc hin ng b li.
Tuy nhin mt li chm c th b gy ra bi mt tnh hung dn ti mt s ln cc
li bit xy ra trong mt thi gian ngn (v d do tip xc km).
Trong cc phng php gim st ng b hay dng c nhc im l mt li chm
xut hin s dn ti mt ng b. Thit b o khng th xc nh c liu cc xung li
ti u ra ca b so snh c phi l kt qu ca nhng li bit thc hay do mt s dch
pha gy ra. V l do ny nhiu thit b o b mt ng b khi li t n mc ngng


33

(chng hn 30%). Qui trnh ny lm sai lch ng k kt qu o, v s cc li bit c xc
nh khng ng v nguyn nhn gy ra cc li ny cng khng c pht hin.
Mt gii php cho vn phn bit gia vic trt bit v li chm c mt s
t cc nh sn xut cc thit b a ra. Gii php ny da trn vic thm vo hai chui gi
ngu nhin c dch pha lin quan vi nhau to ra mt chui gi ngu nhin khc.
Vic trin khai gii php ny trn thc t c trnh by trong hnh 2.4. Tn hiu ra khi
b so snh (2) s chnh l mt PRBS nu c mt s dch pha gia chui thu c v chui
tham chiu. Thanh ghi (3) c np lin tc trong khi o v cho php phn bit hai tnh
hung:
C hai dng chui (chui thu c v chui tham chiu) ging ht nhau nhng
dch pha so vi nhau: Cc li bit thc l khng c, m xy ra mt s trt bit.
C hai dng chui cng pha nhau, c cc li bit thc.
Trong trng hp u, mt s trt bit c pht hin v c nh gi. Khi xy ra
li cm, ng b c duy tr nh trong trng hp tn hiu b ngt qung trong thi gian
ngn (cc ngt v cng nh). Vic gim st ng b c bit ny m bo rng kt qu
thu c cui php o l s cc li thc, v n khng b nh hng bi thit b o. N
cn a ra nhng kt lun v nguyn nhn gy li. y l mt u im v n lm n
gin vic tm nguyn nhn ca li.
Nu mt cnh bo (v d cnh bo mt tn hiu) xy ra trong khi ang o, mt s
ln cc li thm vo s c m cho n khi trng thi cnh bo c thit b o khng
ch. Nhng li bit thm vo ny c th lm cho cht lng ng truyn km i, trong
khi trn thc t th ng truyn li khng c li g c.
Qui trnh o ng n s phi t ng loi b, nhng li bit thm vo do mt cnh
bo gy ra trong kt qa o, m iu ny c th c thc hin nu bit c thi gian
phn ng ca kh pht hin nguyn nhn cho tng tc bit.
S khi c n gin ha m t hai pha pht v thu ca mt my o 2 Mbit/s.
Dng thc o c to ra s dng mt thanh ghi dch c phn b trn n khe thi gian
c th chn la (n = 1 n 31), trong khi nhng khe thi gian cn li c in vo mt
tn hiu knh ri. Thng tin bo hiu (khe thi gian 16) v thng tin ng b v gim st
li (khe thi gian 0) c thm vo. Mt chip m ha bin i m NRZ thnh m ng
dy HDB-3. Tn hiu u vo l tn hiu c th b suyhao mt 40 dB, trc tin c
khuch i v c ti to li trong khi thu. Sau khi bin i thnh m NRZ, im bt


34

u khung tn hiu (khe thi gian 0), khe thi gian 16 v cc knh thng tin ca ngi s
dng cha mu o c tch ra v c gim st ring r pht hin li v cc cnh
bo. Thng tin bo hiu c ghi li v c dch ra. Mt khe thi gian c la chn c
th c a n mt b bin i D - A, cho php gim st t m thc v vic nh gi
cht lng truyn dn v mt m thanh. Hai khi u vo c thc hin trong cc my
o 2 Mbit/s, l nhng my o c th gim st c hai hung truyn dn.













Hnh 2.4 S khi my o lung 2Mb/s
Do thng khng th bit trc c nhng tnh hung s c no c kh nng xy
ra, b thit b o cn phi c kh nng bt c tt c cc li v cc cnh bo ng thi.
Nhng khng phi thit b o no cng p ng c yu cu ny
Vic chn v tr o nh hng trc tip n tn hiu th (o) yu cu. Mt chui bit
qui nh khng c bt k cu trc khung no l cho ng dng trnh by trong hnh 2.4.
Vic thit lp ban u cc ng truyn thng 2 Mbit/s c th c thc hin bng vic
s dng hoc khng s dng mt mch vng u xa
Tiu chun cht lng hin nay l i vi cc kt ni 2 Mbit/s, t l li bit nh hn
10
-6
. c c cht lng tt hn, chng hn mt kt ni c t l li bit c bo m


35

mc tt hn 10
-7
, ta phi tr mt gi cao hn nhiu.
2.5. Phng php o li bit
C th s dng cc phng php o c bn sau:
H thng/ng truyn ngng cung cp dch v: S dng cc php o v khc
phc s c ng dy trn cc b ghp knh hoc cc thit b ng dy.
H thng/ng truyn ang cung cp dch v: S dng kim tra nhm xc
nh v tr li v xc nh hiu nng hot ng ca h thng/ng truyn trong thi gian
di.

Hnh 2.3. Cc phng php o kim tra li bit trn h thng
Vic so snh tng bit gia tn hiu thu v tn hiu pht ch c th thc hin c khi
h thng ngng cung cp dch v. i vi cc php o trong khi h thng ang hot
ng, cc kt lun v cc li trong phn cn li ca lung d liu c suy ra t biu hin
ca cc tin trnh tng b phn trong lung d liu .
C th kt hp hai phng thc o ny bng cch t trc mt phn dung lng
knh cho mc ch o c. Cc php o khi h thng ngng cung cp dch v c th c
thc hin s dng bt k phng thc no trong ba phng thc trnh by trong hnh


36


Hnh 2.4 Cc nguyn l o cho cc phn t ca h thng v ng truyn

Hnh 2.5. S o li bit lung 2Mb/s trong iu kin h thng ang khai thc

Hnh 2.6. S o li bit lung 2Mb/s t u cui ti u cui trong iu kin h
thng ngng khai thc


37


Hnh 2.6. S o li bit trong trng hp u vng
2.4.1. Cc php o lung 2Mb/s khi ang cung cp dch v
Cc php o s dng cc dng chui bit o bit b hn ch rt mnh khi h thng
ang cung cp dch v. Thc t cng c th rt kh u ni vt l my o vi ng
dy hoc phn t cn o hoc nhn c mt bin tn hiu cao mt khi kt ni
c thc hin.
iu ny c th do nhng nguyn nhn sau:
Cc tn hiu b mo v b suy hao mnh: Vn y l vic chn im o
khng ph hp (chng hn ngay trc b ti to tn hiu - regenerator) hoc cc ng
cp o di ni ti my o. Suy hao trn ng dy ph thuc tn s l mt vn ch yu
dn ti my o khng c kh nng ti to c tn hiu. V vy s cn bng tn hiu y
l rt quan trng. S l rt hay nu my phn tch c s dng c th cung cp s cn
bng trn ng dy mt cch t ng.
Truyn thng quang: Mt b chia cng sut quang c th c cung cp h tr
trong nhng trng hp sau: tn hiu c cp qua b chia v mt mt phn nh c
trch ra thc hin php o.
Nhc im: Knh truyn phi b ngt trong mt khong thi gianngn a b
chia vo. Mt cch khc l c th s dng thm mt b bin i quang in.
Cc in p ngun cp cho b ti to c t ln trn cng: c bit, vi s c
mt trn th trng ca nhng thit b u ni r tin dng cch ly u vo ca my o
khi cc in p cao. Nu bin tn hiu ln, mt gii php n gin l s dng mt
my o thm d. Nu c th, v l do an ton, php o s c thc hin ti hoc ngay
trc thit b kt cui ng dy (LTE: Line Terminating Equipment).


38

Khng c im gim st trn phn t cn o: Hu ht cc nh sn xut u lm cho
cc thit b ghp knh ca h va kht vi cc im gim st c bo v cung cp
mt tn hiu o c cch ly khi tn hiu ng dy v c lm suy hao i 20 dB. Nu
khng c im gim st no, mt im gim st nhn to c th c to ra vi s tr
gip ca mt b bin i nh c chc nng tch v lm suy hao tn hi.
Cc php o trong khi ang cung cp dch v phi c tin hnh theo cch thc
sao cho tn hiu c o khng b nh hng theo bt k cch no bi thit b o
2.4.1.1 Cc php o li trn tn hiu ng chnh khung
Phn c nh ca tn hiu ng chnh khung di 7 bit (bit u dnh cho so snh
CRC) v c truyn i cc khung th hai. Cc php o ny p dng cho mt dung
lng truyn dn l 28 kbit/s. Nu cc php o li c thc hin trn tn hiu ng chnh
khung, li c th c pht hin m khng cn t trc thm dung lng truyn dn cho
php o, cho d tng li thnh phn trong cc knh ca ngi s dng khng c pht
hin. Tuy nhin, nhng nguyn nhn gy li in hnh, nh tip xc km; hay ngun cung
cp khng n nh, thng c mt trong t nht vi mini giy, v vy tn hiu ng chnh
khung cng c nhiu kh nng b nh hng. V l do ny, khng th rt ra nhng kt
lun trc tip v t l li ca mt knh 64 kbit/s t vic bit c t l li ca FAS.
Chc nng gim st li ca h thng s phn ng khi t l li ca FAS vt qu gi
tr ngng qui nh (chng hn 10
-6
hoc 10
-3
).
2.4.1.2 Phn tch li CRC v cc li bit E
Mt my o c th d dng pht hin c CRC n gin bng cch kim tra tng
kim tra CRC. Tuy nhin php o ny khng cho bit c bao nhiu li CRC c mt khi
mt s c xy ra. My o gi nh rng mt li truyn dn xy ra trong mi khi kim
tra b li. Nu c nhiu li xy ra, c mt c may nh l mt s t hp nht nh ca cc
li s tr li mt tng kim tra ng.
Khi o cc li CRC, cng cn lu rng mt s phn t h thng c th khng
trong sut i vi CRC. iu ny c th dn ti tnh hung khng th o c cc li
CRC cho d ng truyn b li nghim trng, v c th dn ti nhng kt lun sai v
biu hin ca ton b h thng.
Cc bit E cung cp thng tin v nhng s c trn ng tr v. Nu c mt li CRC
c pht hin trn ng truyn i, bit E c thit lp trn ng tr v trong khong
thi gian ca mt a khung CRC. iu ny c ngha l thng tin v ng tr v c th


39

thu c t mt im o duy nht c nh l ch mt tn hiu 2 Mbit/s c gim st.
2.4.1.3 Gim st cc li m
u im ch yu ca vic gim st nhng li m l ch cc li truyn dn c th
c pht hin theo cch ny m khng cn bit cu trc khung ca tn hiu hoc ni
dung d liu ca ngi s dng. Tnh d tha c hu trong m c s dng pht hin
li cho ton b tn hiu. Nhc im ca vic gim st ny l ch vic gim st li ch
c th trn mt on ng truyn trong sut i vi m tn hiu v khng lin quan n
vic m ha tn hiu. Trn thc t, vn ny thng khng c ch ti hoc b b
qua.
Cc li m xy ra khi mt s c trn ng truyn dn lm mo tn hiu c
m ha hoc do bn thn b m ha b s c' (trng hp ny him xy ra hn). Cc li
m thiig dn ti cc li bit, ty thuc vo loi li v loi m c s dng. Nh chng
ta thy, cc quyt nh ca b gi m i vi mt s'm ng dy ph thuc vo
trng thi ca s qu bit trc (v d 3 bit cui cng trong m ng dy HDB-3).
Nu mt trong nhng s qu ny b sai trong khi truyn dn, n c th dn ti nhng
li khng mong mun ngoi li bit thc c pht hin (hin tng nhn li)
S ti to ra cc li gy bi cc li phn b mt cch ngu nhin cn c lu
n khi s dng mt my o to ra cc li bit v phn tch cc li m.

Hnh 2.7 ti to cc li m trong mt tn hiu c m ho HDB3


40

2.4.1.4 nh gi cc cnh bo v cc s c truyn dn
H thng t pht hin nhng cnh bo v nhng s c ln v hot ng ca n
trong khi ang hot ng v gi nhng thng tin ny ti h thng qun l mng hoc bo
cho nhn vin iu hnh bit c s c xy ra bng cc tn hiu cnh bo quang hoc m
thanh.
Cc qui trnh o nh gi cht lng v pht hin li ch yu s dng tn hiu
ng chnh khung, CRC v cc li m
Phn tch d liu ca ngi s dng
My o phi c kh nng pht hin v nh gi cc giao thc mng c truyn i
trong cc khe thi giann x 64 kbit/s. Vic m s cc khi lp li c th c s dng
xc nh thng lng d liu. Ngun gy li thng c th c xc nh t loi li
xy ra trong giao thc truyn dn. Theo cch ny, nhng li c tnh h thng trong nhiu
trng hp c th c o theo n tn nhng thit lp khng ng i vi cc thit b
u cui.

Hnh 2.8 Nhng tnh hung li v cnh bo quan trng
Cc bn tin cnh bo: AIS cnh bo khn Cp/cnh bo khng khn cp
Mt AIS l c th xy ra khi mt tn hiu ton bit "1" trn ng dy hoc trong
mt khung tn hiu. Tn hiu ng chnh khung ca mt AIS c phn khung l ng,
nhng tt c cc khe thi gian khc c thit lp l mt tn hiu ton bit "1". Bn tin
cnh bo AIS c th hin th ngun gy li. Trong trng ny, c mt s c pha u
vo ca b ghp knh (cc lung thnh phn i vo b ghp knh). Mt AIS khng phn


41

khung c truyn i nu b ghp knh khng nhn c bt k khung tn hiu no t
u xa.
Cc bn tin li bit S
A

Vic s dng cc bit S
A
c gii thch chi tit trong mc sau. ngha ca cc
t hp bit S
A
theo qui nh ca tng nc. iu ny cn c ghi nh khi gim st lu
lng quc t. Cc bit S
A
i khi cng c s dng truyn i cc giao thc bo hiu
tc 4 kbit/s.
sai lch tn s tn hiu
Php o ny ch c ngha nu ngun ng h nhp bn trong ca thit b o n
nh hn nhiu so vi ngun ng h nhp ca cc phn t h thng. Trn thc t, gi tr
chnh xc ca nhp ng h ca c hai u c cp s' m (cc ng h thch anh), sao cho
vic o tc bit nhn c ch cho nhng kt qu c ngha khi sai lch tn s tn
hiu l cc ln. Tnh hung s khc i nu my o c trang b hai b thu 2 Mbit/s v c
th o khc nhau gia cc ng h hng i v hng tr v. Nhng sai lch nhp
ng h qu ln dn ti trn b m, gy ra hin tng trt bit.
Cc dch pha ca cc chui bit o (trt bit)
Trt bit xy ra khi mt hai nhiu bit thng tin b lp li hoc b ri trong khi
truyn dn. Cc vn v nh thi xy ra khi cc mng ca cc nh cung cp khc nhau
c n vi nhau l nguyn nhn chnh gy ra trt bit. Vic pht hin s trt bt i
hi mt knh ri c th c in vo mt chui bt o.
Gim st cc t m nh (truyn dn thoai)
Phn b b m, c ngha l phn khc nhau gia cc t m nh dng v m, cn
xp x bng khng. Nhng sai lch ln c th biu th trng thi bo ha hoc cc vn
khc v mc tn hiu.
2.4.1.5 Cc v d v vic gim st li khi h thng ang cung cp dch v
Mt ngi s dng truyn d liu tc 64 kbit/s trn mt ng dy thu ring
2 Mbit/s phn nn v thi gian p ng cho kt ni qu lu.
Cu hi u tin cn c tr li l: Ch c ngi s dng b nh hng hay
nhng ngi khc cng b nhng c th v h kin nhn hn hoc t hn nn h cha
phn nn? cn phi lm s c l xy ra do ngn hn hoc n ch xy ra nhng thi
im c th. S c ny c th do cc giao din hoc do vic trin khai khng ng cc


42

giao thc truyn thng ti thit b u cui ca ngi s dng.
Vic gim st ng thi FAS v tng kim tra CRC trn c hai hng cho ta mt s
khng nh chc chn rng s c do nhiu bn ngoi gy ra: Li xy ra ti cng thi
im v vi cng tn s trn c hai hng. Do cc li FAS cng c mt, nn c nhiu kh
nng cc knh 64 kbit/s khc cng b nh hng.










Hnh 2.9 Gim st phn b ca b m ho
Trong v d ny, mt php o ko di vi gi c tin hnh v cc kt qu c
hin th dng biu . Chc nng phng to - thu nh (zoom) cho php phn tch chi tit
s phn b li trong khong thi gian vi giy. V d ny cho thy r rng rng cc li
xy ra theo kiu dn cm, ch yu trong gi hnh chnh bnh thng. Nhiu t mc cao
nht vo lc bt u ngy lm vic. Cc trng nhiu in t b nghi l th phm. iu
ny c xc nhn: mt cp truyn dn di trong dy ko ca mt thang my b trt ra
khi ray dn cp.
Ngi s dng mt mng dng ring phn nn rng, cc tn hiu d liu s c
mt PBX truyn i ng nhng cc kt ni thoi trn chnh PBX lin tc c s c.Hai
t m v phn b ca b m ha t m s c gim st bng mt my o c kh nng
gii m cc tn hiu ting ni c s ha cc khe thi gian c chn la. Kt qu
l r rng: Gi tr b ca b m ha qu cao (hnh 2.9). Nguyn nhn nhanh chng c
pht hin: B m ha trn card tng t b qu ti. Vn ny c th c loi b bng
cch so snh ph hp mc tn hiu (s dng mt in tr kt cui).


43

2.4.1.6 Cc php o tch v chn
C nhiu vn truyn thng khng th gii quyt c khi s dng cc phng
php o trnh by, hoc c th ch c gii quyt phn no vi rt nhiu n lc v
thi gian. Vic kim tra cht lng truyn dn tha thun gia nh cung cp mng v
ngi s dng l vn quan trng, c bit vi nhng ng dy thu ring 2 Mbit/s.
L do l v nh cung cp mng lp t mt phn t h thng (NTPM: Network
Termination Primary Multiplexer - B ghp knh s cp kt cui mng) c th hin th r
rng bt k li no pha ngi s dng (cc bit SA) nhng n ch cung cp thng tin rt
hn ch v ng tr v (t mng n ngi s dng). Thm ch nu cc s c xc nh
xy ra trn ng tryn, dn ti cc li FAS v CRC, th vic to li phn mo u ca
khung truyn dn c ngha l c mt tn hiu khng b li khe thi gian 0 u ra pha
ngi s dng ca kt cu mng (NT). Cc NT l trong sut v mt bit i vi tt c cc
khe thi gian t khe s 0. Trong nhng trng hp ngoi l, khe thi gian 0 c th cng
c truyn i trong sut qua NT bng cch thit lp li mt b chuyn mch, cho php
gim st tn hiu. Cc nh cung cp mng thng khng cho php ngi s dng thc
hin vic ny.
Lm th no mt ngi s dng thay v thc hin vic nu trn m tin hnh xc
nh xem trong kh hot ng bnh thng liu cc s c c xy ra pha mng hay
khng? Kh nng duy nht l thc hin mt php o s dng cc knh ri trong mt kt
ni. Php o ny c trnh by trong hnh 2.10, c chn in vo cc knh ri ca
mt kt ni cc chui bit o. ch tch v chn, my o tch hoc trch ra nhng
ni dung ca mt hoc mt s khe thi gian (n X 64 kbit/s) c chn v chn vo mt
chui bit o c chn vo ch cng khe hoc nhng khe c tch ra. iu ny cho
php trnh by mt cch c th cht lng truyn dn ca mt knh n pha 2 Mbit/s,
bt k cc phn t h thng c lp t c truyn khe thi gian trong sut hay khng
hay n c to ra trn c hai hng truyn dn Nhc im ca php o ny l kt ni
phi c ngt trong thi gian ngn chn thit b o vo v ch kt ni s b mt nu
my o hng.
Kiu o ny cn c gi l ch tch v chn. N biu th c mt gp nhau gia
cc php o trong khi h thng ang cung cp dch v v cc php o khi h thng khng
cung cp dch v. Ch tch v chn c nhng u im ni bt so vi vic s dng cc
tn hiu o nhn to hon ton c my o to ra, c bit trong nhng tnh hung xy ra
nhng vn rc ri. Mt s m phng chnh xc cc iu kin hot ng thc l c th


44

thc hin c nu my o c th m phng cc cm li hoc cc li n lp li mt
cch c th trong mt knh c chn (n = 1 +31) trong ch thng. Nu my o c
mt u vo ring chn li, mt b to tp m c th c ni vi n m phng
cc li phn b ngu nhin.
Kiu o ny cn c th c s dng nh l mt s thay th tm thi nu khng c
cc m-un ca b ghp knh dng cc card tn hiu s ring r. Bn thn my o cung
cp giao din d liu v chn d liu o vo mt hoc mt s khe thi gian c chn
(trong trng hp n X 64 kbit/s).

Hnh 2.10 Phn tch tn hiu trong ch truyn qua
2.4.2. Cc php o khi h thng khng cung cp dch v tc 2 Mb/s
2.4.2.1 o cc thit b ghp knh
Nu vic khc phc s c cho thy rng c mt phn t ca h thng lin quan n
tuyn truyn dn c th l nguyn ngn gy ra s c, th cc php o trc tip trn bn
thn thnh phn h thng l cn thit.









45



Hnh 2.11 o mc knh s
Php o cc b ghp knh bao gm nhng ng dng sau:
Thit b o c ni vi pha u vo ca b ghp knh. y ch cn s dng
mt php o vi cc tn hiu khng cu trc khung. Mt mch vng c to nn ti pha
u ra ca thit b ghp knh.
Thit b o c ni vi pha u ra ca b ghp knh. Mt mch vng c to
nn pha vo ca b ghp knh. Cc php o mch vng c thc hin t pha 2
Mbit/s (pha u ra ca b ghp knh) lun yu cu mt tn hiu c cu trc khung. Mt
s thit b c o (nh NTPM) yu cu cc tn hiu c cu trc khung pha u vo
cng nh pha u ra ca b ghp knh.
Thit b o thc hin mt php o na knh s (digital). u ra ca thit b o m
phng lung hoc u ra ca b ghp knh, ty thuc vo cch n c u ni nh th
no. ng dng ny cung cp phng tin cho vic o hot ng ca cc card giao din
c s dng ni vi mng truyn dn.
2.4.2.2 Cc php o s dng cc tn hiu n X 64 kbit/s
Mt ng dng u ni ban u (line-up) tn hiu phn khung in hnh cho mt b
ghp knh s cp kt cui mng (NTPM) c trnh by trong hnh 2.12. y thit b o
pht i v phn tch mt chui bit gi ngu nhin (PRBS: Pseudo Random Bit Sequence)
c phn b trn tt c cc khe thi gian(n X 64 kbit/s). y l mt s m phng thc t
ca mt tn hiu 2 Mbit/s vi tt c cc khe thi gian u c nhi cc bit.

Hnh 2.12 u ni thit b o trn mng


46


Hnh 2.13 Cc php o s dng tn hiu n x 64Kb/s
Hnh 2.13 trnh by vic thip lp u ni ban u mt giao din b ghp knh n
X 64 kbit/s (n = 3). Loi truy nhp tc ca ny c yu cu cho nhng thit b u
cui c th hot ng c cc tc bit n X 64 kbit/s. Cc knh n X 64 kbit/s thng
khng c b ghp knh phn b cc khe thi gian k tip nhau, v vy thit b o phi
chn li v loi b nhng khong cch gia cc khe thi gian trong khung 2 Mbit/s
(bng mt b cha m) v lp rp li cc on n X 8 bit thnh mt tn hiu o lin tc.
Nhng kt qu tin cy m hu nh c gi tr thng tin nh nhng kt qu thu c
t mt php o li bit thc c th thu c bng cch phn tch ng thi chui PRBS,
tn hiu ng chnh khung (FAS), tn hiu ng chnh khng khung (NFAS) v php kim
tra tng CRC (Cyclic Redundancy Check: Kim tra d tha theo chu k).
Php o trc tip vi cc knh n X 64 kbit/s (n = 1 +31) cng cn cho vic u ni
ban u cc lung d liu thnh phn (cc lung i vo b ghp knh) nh my tnh,
video, in thoi thy hnh, pht thanh v tuyn s vi dung lng t 64 kbit/s (n = 1) cho
n 1984 kbit/s (n = 31).
2.4.2.3 Kim tra kh nng chu ng ca h thng i vi s sai lch ca nhp
ng h
Mt h thng truyn thng 2 Mbit/s vn phi hot ng ng khi nhp ng h sai
lch ti 50 10
-6
. Cc nh sn xut o kim cc sn phm ca h nhng gi tr cn cao
hn na, bi v s lo ha ca thit b v nhng khim khuyt ca vic u ni dy c th


47

dn n gim cc gi tr ti a v kh nng chu ng ca h thng.








Hnh 2.14 o kim phn thu ca mt b ghp knh
Mt v d thc t: Sau khi c nhng phn nn t mt s khch hng, nh cung cp
tin hnh o kim mt kt ni 2 Mbit/s. ng truyn dn biu th mt s phn b,li
mc cao lin tc. Mt phn t ca h thng b nghi ng l nguyn nhn gy li cho ng
truyn v ng truyn b li b ngng cung cp dch v. ng dng trnh by trong
hnh 2.14 cho php o nhng chc nng quan trng nht ca b ghp knh. Trong v d
ny, ta s nhanh chng nhn thy khi tc bit truyn dn ca thit b o c b bng
cc bc 1 ppm cho n khi b ghp knh khng cn hot ng ng na v b mt ng
b nhng sai lch rt nh so vi tc bit danh nh. B ghp knh hng ny c thay
th v gi tr li nh sn xut sa cha cng vi h s cc kt qu m my o cung
cp.
Cc b cm bin cnh bo lp trong thit b ghp knh cng c th c kim tra d
dng theo kiu ny. B ghp knh s mt ng b nu c nhiu hn ba tn hiu ng
chnh khung lin tip hoc c hn 913 php so snh CRC trong mt giy l khng ng.
kim tra chc nng ny, PDH m phng cc t FAS v CRC bit li dng cc cm
li (FAS) hoc bng mt s c th thay i cc li trong mt giy (CRC).
2.4.2.4 o tr tn hiu
Cht lng ca truyn dn tn hiu s' bng v tuyn hoc v tinh cng c qui
nh bi tr truyn lan ca tn hiu. Nhng khuyn ngh ca ITU-T qui nh cc gi tr ti
a i vi tr tn hiu. Tr tn hiu gy bi cc tng i chuyn mch s v cc thit b ni
cho c th dn ti nhng mc tr tch lu cao khng th chp nhn c khi vic nh


48

tuyn ng truyn khng ph hp.









Hnh 2.15 Php o thi gian tr
Cc php o tr c thc hin s dng mt chui bit gi ngu nhin (PRBS). Phn
to tn hiu ca thit b o gi mt xung ti phn thu ca my o khi c mt chui bit o
xc nh (chng hn chui di nht cc bit 0) c truyn i. B thu (ca my o) gim
st chui PRBS n. B thu ny cng to ra mt xung khng pht hin ra chui bit xc
nh trong tn hiu n. Tr tn hiu c tnh ra t s khc nhau v thi gian gia hai
xung ny.
Nhc im ca php o ny l thi gian tr ca h thng c th di hn khong
thi gian (chu k) ca chui bit s dng cho php o. V vy ta nn thc hin mt d
on bng l thuyt thi gian tr c th xy ra v chn di ca chui bit o tng ng,
nu khng cc kt qu thu c c th khng r rng khi o c thi gian tr di. phn
gii biu th kt ca php o tr cn t nht mc mt micr giy. Tc bit cng cao,
khong thi gian(chu k) ca mt chui bit o cho trc cng ngn, sao cho thi giantr
ti a c th o c gim xung cc tc bit cao.
Nguyn l o c gii thch trong hnh 2.15. Tr ch c th o c vi phng
php ny khi thit lp mt mch vng ti u xa ca ng truyn. Thi gian tr c th
xc nh c bng cch khc nh vic ng b mt cch chnh xc hai my o cch xa
nhau. Vic ny c th c thc hin bng cch s dng h thng nh v ton cu (GPS:
Global Positioning System) bng v tinh, l h thng cung cp thng tin nh thi c
chnh xe cao dng m ha.


49

2.4.2.5 S dng tn hiu ng chnh khng khung (cc bit S
A
) gim st li
Cc nh cung cp mng cnh tranh nhau ch xoay quanh s tranh ci lin quan n
vic nh cung cp mng no chu trch nhim trong trng hp c s c mng v ai c
bn phn cho nhng tn tht do s c" v truyn thng mng gy ra. Vic s dng cc bit
S
A
hin th li cho php lm r nhng vn ny, bng cch thit lp cc mch vng
o v bng vic gim tn hiu n. Cc bit S
A
gip cho ngi k s nhanh chng lm r
mt bn tin bo li v xc nh c v tr a l ni xy ra s c.
Nh cp n phn bn v cc nguyn l c bn, cc bit S
A
c s dng
mt cu trc theo phng thng ng trong cc NFAS k tip nhau. Chng c tc 4
kbit/s v cho php thc hin cc chc nng o v nh v li gia cc tng i chuyn
mch v cc thit b u cui. ngha ca bit ny ty thuc vo hng truyn v c
trnh by trong bng 2.1.
Bng 2.1 M ho cc bit S
A


Mt tiu chun ETSI c pht hnh nm 1995 (ETS 300233) qui nh vic s


50

dng cc tnh nng ca bit S
A
trong vic khc phc s c v kim tra nhng truy cp b
ghp knh s cp. Vic s dng cc bit S
A
cho php cnh bo tnh trng thc ca s c
kt cui mng v thc hin u chuyn cc mch vng o. Sau nhn vin dch v c
th tn dng nhng nh gi v trng thi li tm ra trong tng i s
2.4.3 Cc php o trong mng SDH
Gim st li trong cc phn t SDH c ci thin rt nhiu so vi PDH. V vy
cc thit b c s dng ch yu trong khi lp t, chy th v khc phc s c hn l
dng gim st trong khi h thng ang cung cp dch v. iu ny dn ti s phn loi
cc nhim v o kim cho lp t v khc phc s c nh sau:
o kim tnh nng:
Cc php o thit b cng: Truyn i cc tn hiu cn ng b (ng b) v phn
tch cc tn hiu u ra ng b (cn ng b);
Trin khai cc bin th nh x khc nhau;
o kim m bo cc chc nng phn knh v nh x ca cc giao din ni
cho hot ng ng.
o kim cc b cm bin pht hin li c lp sn trong my:
Cc phng tin m phng v phn tch li truyn dn, cnh bo v cc s c tnh
nng;
Truy cp o li v phn tch giao thc i vi cc knh truyn dn dng cho
gim st h thng v iu khin nt mng;
Gim st hiu nng hot ng ca h thng.
o th kim tra s ng b v nh thi ca mng
Phn tch trt v tri
nh gi hot ng ca con tr.
Di y l mt s phng php truy nhp vo tn hiu cn o trong khi iu hnh
h thng:
u ni vi cc im gim st cc c tnh in: cc tn hiu thng b suy hao 20
dB. Nhiu nh sn xut b qua c im ny v th ngi khc khng th gim st c
mch.


51

Cc php o s dng my phn tch SDH ch thng mch vng: My o cho
tn hiu in hoc tn hiu quang i qua m khng b thay i g, gim st li v cc bn
tin bo li. Nhc im: Trc tin phi ngt mch ni my phn tch v tn hiu ca
h thng s b nh hng khi mv phn tch hot ng khng chun.
S dng mt b chia cng sut quang: B chia quang ly ra mt phn nh cng
sut tn hiu quang, phn cn li c cho qua m khng b thay i g. u im: Hot
ng khng chun hay s c ca my phn tch khng nh hng n tn hiu ca h
thng. Trc tin mch phi c ngt ra chn b chia cng sut quang vo. S l tt
hn nu b chia cng sut quang l mt b phn ca my o c s dng.
Chc nng l b phn b ca mt thit b ni cho c th c s dng chuyn
mt bn sao ca tn hiu cn qua ti u ra ca mt card giao din cha s dng trong
thit b ni cho ny my o SDH c th ni trc tip vi n.
2.4.3.1 Cu trc thit b o SDH
Hnh 2.16 trnh by cu trc c bn ca mt my o SDH c trang b cc chc
nng. Vic trin khai ng thi cc chc nng SDH, SONET v ATM m bo rng my
o c th lin tc theo kp s pht trin ca mng li. Vic bao gm c hai chun PDH
(tiu chun chu u 2/8/34/140 Mbit/s v tiu chun Bc M 1,5/6/45 Mbit/s) v cc qui
trnh nh x tng ng cho php thc hin cc php o trn nhng kt ni quc t v cho
php s dng c my o bt c u trn th gii. y l yu t quan trng i vi
nhng nc s dng cc h thng pha trn ca nhiu chun truyn dn, hoc cc b
phn pht trin, tch hp, sn xut v dch v ca cc nh sn xut thit b vin thng
quc t.
Kinh nghim thu c vi vic trin khai cc h thng SDH ban u ch ra rng
trong nhiu trng hdp vic khi ng v o th cc giao din STM-4 v STM-16 bng
cch ni vng tr v v o pha STM-1 l khng . Nhiu nh cung cp mng yu cu
c nhng bng chng bng o c m bo hot ng ca STM l khng c vn g.
My phn tch cn phi da trn cc nguyn l iu khin v x l tiu chun v iu ny
to cho ta nhng u im to ln trong vic n gin ha cc qui trnh vn hnh v x l
kt qu o. Nu b thit b my o c km theo mt my tnh c nhn, th c th chy cc
qui trnh o th t ng v c th iu khin c thm nhng thit b khc nh cc my
qut im o nh s dng cc phm mm iu khin thit b tiu chun (nh
LabWindows).


52

Cc phng tin iu khin t xa hin c chun trn th trng. Nu b thit b
o bao gm mt my tnh c nhn (PC) th c th thc hin c nhng chc nng b
sung nh s dng cc card PCMCIA, chng hn iu khin qua ISDN hoc kt hp vi
mt mng LAN trong mi trng sn xut.

Hnh 2.16 Cu trc my o SDH
2.4.3.2 Phn tch nh x
S trnh by trong hnh 2.17 l o kim chc nng nh x ca SDH (v d C-
12, C-3, C-4 tng ng vi cc tc 2, 34 v 140 Mbit/s).
My o gi i mt tn hiu 2, 34 hoc 140 Mbit/s v phn tch tn hiu ny t tn


53

hiu ra STM-1 ca thit b ni cho. thc hin php o na knh ny, my phn tch
phi gi i mt tn hiu phn khung hoc khng phn khung ty thuc vo cu hnh card
cng. Trong trng hp nh x khng ng b cc tn hiu 2 Mbit/s, vic b tn s ca
tn hiu 2 Mbit/s dn n s nhi bit b thay i trong cng-ten-n. Cc bit ng b sp
xp vo cng-ten-n p li vic b trong tn hiu 2 Mbit/s thnh phn bng nhng di
chuyn ca con tr. My phn tch s dng s so snh chui bit o o li bit trong
phn t tin chui bit gi ngu nhin (PRBS) v nh gi nhng di chuyn ca con tr ca
TU-12 v AU-4. ng thi, thng tin v tnh chn l (cn bng), xc nhn li, cnh bo
v phn b cng-ten-n cha trong phn mo u ca cc cng-ten-n VC-3/4 v VC-12
(byte V5) cng c phn tch

Hnh 2.17 S o phn tch nh x (C12, C3, C4)
Trong s trnh by trn, phn t mng p ng bng cc bn tin cnh bo nu
khng c tn hiu ti u vo A trong khi o na knh t B n C. V vy my phn tch
cn cung cp mt tn hiu ra th hai. Thng s l nu cc giao in in v quang ca
my o cng hot ng. Mt u vo/ra bn ngoi t vo my o cho php bt k mt
tn hiu 2 Mbit/s no u c chn vo hoc tch ra m-un truyn ti ng b (STM)
ny


54

2.4.3.3 Khi ng cc giao din cng
Lm th no c th bit c cc giao din cng 2 Mbit/s c c u n ng
hay khng? Trong s hnh 2.18, cc mch vng bn trong c thit lp tt c cc
giao din u vo 2 Mbit/s ca nt mng bng mt lnh chuyn mch thch hp. My o
SDH truyn i mt tn hiu STM-1 cha 63 cng-ten-n, mi cng-ten-n mang mt tn
hiu 2 Mbit/s. My thu kim tra tn hiu STM-1 ny v phn tch tng tn hiu thnh phn
(cc tn hiu 2 Mbit/s). Nu thc hin php o nhn cng y s tiu tn nhiu thi gian
v phi t li s knh cho mi ln o.
Hnh 2.18 trnh by mt phng php khc, gim c ng k thi gian o yu
cu. My phn tch truyn i mt cu trc khung STM-1 cha 63 cng-ten-n. Mi cng-
ten-n c np vo mt chui bit PRBS tun t mt cch t ng v c kim tra
xem c li cnh bo no khng bng mt php o th nhanh pha thu (ch qut).
Trc khi a h thng trng thi trc tuyn (on-line), phi m bo c c cu
hnh ng cho cc ngng ca b cm bin. thc hin vic ny, my phn tch m
phng cc li ca tn hiu ng chnh khung hoc cc li bit chn l bng s phn b
chn la c (lin tc hoc theo cm li). Nu t l li c chnh tt, c th tin dn ti
ngng ca b cm bin v kim chng c hot ng tt ca n.











Hnh 2.18 Khi ng STM 1 vi vng lp 2Mb/s


55

2.4.3.4 Cc php o s dng tn hiu th c cu trc
S trnh by trong hnh 2.19 l mt trong nhng php o c bn trn cc b ni
cho ng b. B ni cho ny nh x tn hiu trng hp, bn thn mt tn hiu 140
Mbit/s li c to nn t vic ghp cc tn hiu 34, 8 v 2 Mbit/s hoc 64 kbit/s. Trong
trng hp ny, b ni cho thc hin phn knh khung 140 Mbit/s v cc tn hiu thnh
phn 2 Mbit/s c ng gi vo khi truyn ti STM-1 tng ng theo s iu khin ca
b iu khin nt mng.
S hot ng ng i vi cc tn hiu c cu trc (phn khung) ca b ni cho
ch c th kim tra c nu my phn tch c th m phng mt tn hiu 140 Mbit/s cha
04 tn hiu thnh phn 34 Mbit/s, m mi tn hiu thnh phn ny li bao gm 16 tn hiu
2 Mbit/s c cu trc hoc khng c cu trc.










Hnh 2.19 Php o s dng tn hiu c cu trc
kim tra tnh nng chuyn mch thng, b to tn hiu o ca b thit b o np
vo mt knh o tc 64 kbit/s, 2, 8 hc 34 Mbit/s (c hoc khng c cu trc) mt
kiu chui bit o (PRBS) v ghp tn hiu ny ln ti tc ti a l 140 Mbit/s. Tn hiu
ghp knh ny cn c th c nh x vo khung STM-1. B phn tch phn gii tn hiu
ra (STM-1) ca b ni cho v thc hin mt php o li bit trn chui bit o ti mt mc
phn cp c chn la. My phn tch thc hin phn knh tn hiu 140 Mbit/s hin ti
cng ra thnh cc tn hiu 2 Mbit/s hoc 64 kbit/s. Mt lot cc b ghp knh hoc phn
knh thng thng c thc hin bi cc s phn tng cc thit b ghp knh cn ng


56

b. My o SDH cn c kh nng chn nhng li c th v cc cnh bo vo ng ghp
knh c la chn.
2.4.3.5 o kim hot ng chuyn mch cc dch v phn b








Hnh 2.20 o kim hot ng chuyn mch ca b ni cho
Mt lnh chuyn mch c th c s dng phn b mt knh 2 Mbit/s dnh cho
ngi s dng ca mt giao din b ni cho STM-1 trn n knh (n =1 n 63) ca mt
tuyn ra. B ni cho thc hin vic ti to v phn b cc chc nng trong trng hp
ny.
Trong ng dng trnh by trong hnh 2.20, my phn tch s dng mt chui bit
PRBS m phng mt knh ca ngi s dng c ni vi u vo ca b ni cho.
Tt c cc knh ti giao din ra m cha chui bit o c pht hin mt cch t ng.
Kiu o ny cn c th c s dng xc nh cc mch vng pha 2 Mbit/s ca b
n cho.
2.4.3.6 Php o trn cc b xen/r
Cc b ghp knh xen/r (ADM: Add/Drop Multiplexer) l nhng nt mng nh c
nhng tnh nng hn ch. Chng ang ngy cng tr nn quan trng, lm phng tin truy
nhp ph cp ca ngi s dng l cc cng kt ni gia th gii cn ng b v ng b.
Cu hnh chung nht cho cc mng ng b ni vng l mt vng gm cc ADM Hnh
2.21 trnh by hai cu hnh o n gin cho cc php o na knh v c knh. y,
cng vy, vic qut t ng cc cng-ten-n thnh phn l rt hu ch. My phn tch
phi cung cp mt tn hiu STM-N ngoi tn hiu cn ng b kh cc bn tin cnh
bo khi ADM.


57











Hnh 2.22 Php o trn cc b ghp knh xen r
2.4.3.7 Cc php o li bit DCC/ECC
DDC/ECC l t vit tt ca Data Communications Channel/ Embedded Control
Communications Channel (Knh thng tin s liu/Knh thng tin gn lin) Cc knh s
liu Dl n D3 trong SOH cung cp mt kt ni d liu nhanh tc 192 kbit/s dng
cho vic trao i cc giao thc gia cc phn t mng v qun l mng. Hot ng ca
nhng knh s liu ny phi c kim tra khi tin hnh o th nghim , thu hoc khi
c s c xy ra phn qun l mng. Cc my phn tch c trn th trng hin nay u
cho php try nhp vo cc knh t D1 n D3 thng qua mt giao din bn ngoi. Mt
chui bit o c a n v c khi phc t gio din ny phc v cho vic phn tch.
Chui bit gi ngu nhin ny m phng cc d liu m s c truyn i khi h thng
trng thi trc tuyn (on-line). Nu my o SDH c th np mt chui bit gi ngu nhin
(PRBS) vo cc knh t D1 n D3 v D4 n D12 th s rt hu dng. Nh th khng
cn phi c thm thit b o c no na.
2.4.3.8 o tr
Cc nh cung cp mng lun n lc gim thiu tr tn hiu trn cc mng vin
thng ca mnh. Cc t chc tiu chun ha ang t ra nhng gii hn i vi tr tn
hiu (ITU-T G782). Tr c o bng cch s dng cc chui bit gi ngu nhin trong
cc cng-ten-n ca SDH. Kt qu ca php o tr phi c phn gii mc micrgiy,
sao cho c th o c tr ti a cho php trong mt nt mng l 125s


58

2.4.3.9 Kim tra chc nng chuyn mch bo v t ng
Cc qui trnh chuyn mch bo v t ng (APS: Automatic Protection Switching)
trong trng hp c s c c trnh by chi tit trong cc Khuyn ngh G. 783 (Chuyn
mch tuyn tnh) v G.841 (Chuyn mch vng). APS c thc hin nh s dng cc
byte Kl v K2. Hin nay, cc byte K3 v K4 trong VC-3/4 hoc VC-11/12/2 cng c
chun ha cho mc ch ny.
Khi pht hin c li xy ra (nh t l li qu cao, mt tn hiu hoc mt ng b
khung), phn t mng u tin pht hin ra s c ny s dng cc byte K bo cho tt
c cc phn t mng khc c lin quan bit chuyn sang ch chuyn mch bo v.
Vic chuyn sang ng truyn d phng cn din ra trong mt vi miligiy, thc t c
th coi khng c s ngt qung ca truyn thng, sao cho ngi s dng khng th nhn
bit c c s chuyn i ng truyn ny.
bo m cho hai phn t mng s hot ng tin cy vi nhau cho d c li xy
ra, mi phn t phi c o kim ring r.
Ta phi tr li nhng cu hi sau khi kim tra hot ng ca APS (chc nng
chuyn mch bo v t ng):
Tt c cc phn t mng c s dng cng mt giao thc khng? Nhim v ca
php o kim: M phng v din gii giao thc APS bng ch.







Hnh 2.23 Kim tra chc nng chuyn mch bo v t ng
Phi mt bao lu chuyn sang ng truyn d phng? Nhim v ca php o
kim: o thi gian chuyn mch bo v t ng.
Trong hnh 2.23, my o SDH c s dng m phng cc trng thi khc nhau
ca cc byte K1 v K2. php o ny n gin nht mc c th v khng cn phi c


59

kin thc su v SDH, cc lnh v cnh bo chuyn mch c chun ha phi c th
c thit lp c dng k t n gin trn my o SDH. Mt cch khc l to ra cc
trng thi thnh phn bng cch son tng byte mt th kh thc hin v lm nh vy rt
d mc li
Thi gian tri qua gia s m phng lnh chuyn sang mch d phng v ln thc
hin chuyn mch thnh cng trc c o bng my o v c so snh vi mt gi
tr ngng c th chn la c.
Giao thc APS c nh gi bng vic s dng cc trig ghi li cc trng thi
bit trong cc byte Kl v K2 trong cc khung k tip nhau. Sau nhng thng tin ny
c hin th km theo cc mc thi gianv nhng din gii v cc m APS
2.4.3.9 M phng hot ng ca con tr
Mng s phn ng li nh th no nu n b dn p bi cc cm con tr gy ra do
nhng thay i t ngt ca tn hiu xung nhp (chng hn khi chuyn sang mt on
ng truyn khc?). ITU-T nh ra cc chui con tr trong Khuyn ngh G.783, l
khuyn ngh c th c dng kim tra xem mng c gi n nh trong nhng trng
hp nh vy khng. kim tra cc ch tiu hot ng ca mng i vi nhng tn hiu
quan trng, th phi m phng nhng tn hiu ny tin hnh o c. Cc t chc tiu
chun ha qui nh nhng chui o kim thch hp (ITU-T G.783, ANSI Tl.105.03 v
Bellcore GR-253) m phng nhiu bc tng v gim t ngt ca con tr (hnh 2.24).













60

Hnh 2.24 m t cc chui con tr i vi chun G.783

Hnh 2.25 Cc hot ng con tr m phng cc bc tng gim, thay i t ngt
Lng tng 87/3, hay cn gi l 87/3 INC (INC vit tt ca t Increment) c ngha
l mt khong m trong cc con tr gia khng thay i sau mt chui 87 bc tng
trong gi tr con tr. C kh nng pht hin c nhng nh hng trn ti tin nu c th
m phng c cc con tr v nh gi c cc con tr AU v TU mt cch ng thi.
Qui trnh m phng cc hot ng ca con tr c tiu chun ha trong Khuyn ngh
G.783 ca ITU-T nh trnh by trong hnh 2.25. cn phi c kh nng chuyn mch cho
ti tin i qua m khng c li bt k hot ng m phng con tr nh th no.



61

CHNG 3: O TRT BIT
3.1 nh ngha v cc thut ng
Rung pha v tri pha l nhng bin i pha ca tn hiu s thu c so vi v tr l
tng ca chng.
Nhng bin i pha ln hn hoc bng 10Hz gi l rung pha (Jitter)
Nhng bin i pha nh hn hoc bng 10Hz gi l tri pha (wander)
Hnh 3.1. Hm jitter ca mt tn hiu s



62

Khi jitter xut hin thi im chuyn mc ca mt xung s s sm hn hoc tr hn
so vi tn hiu chun, cc sai lch ny l ngu nhin v lin tc. Bin ng ny dng
thi gian hay pha.

Hnh 3.2. Tn hiu s c jitter v ng h chun
Dng sng jitter c th c biu din bng 1 hm lin tc theo thi gian v c lp
vi tn hiu s b nh hng. Hnh 3.1 minh ha nh hng ca jitter vo mt tn hiu
nh thi gian .
* n v o jiiter
Jitter c c trng bi bin v tn s
.
Bin jitter l gi tr nh - nh ca
hm jitter theo thi gian cn tn s l s ln dao ng quanh thi im c trng trong
mt giy.
Bin ca jitter c o bng khong n v - UI (interval unit). Khong n v
UI c th hiu n gin l rng ca mt bit
Do xung ng h ca tn hiu NRZ v RZ l nh nhau nn UI s khng ph thuc
vo dng tn hiu s. Ngoi ra, UI cn khng ph thuc vo tc bit v n c ly
chun da trn chu k ca mt xung ng h chun. Nhng thun li ny lm cho UI tr
thnh mt tham s danh nh, cho php so snh bin jitter o cc tc bit khc
nhau ca mt phn cp s


63


Hnh 3.3. Khi nim khong n v
V d: Bin tc thi ca jitter o c l 1 s trong dng sng vung
100khz, v chu k ca dng sng 100 khz l 10 s do khong thi gian c ngha
i vi dng sng ny l 5 s. Nh vy khong UI l 5 s v bin jitter l 1:5 =
0,2 UI.
* Sai s khong thi gian (Time Interval Error -TIE).
Sai s thi gian hay sai khong thi gian, sai s ny tch ly khi mt ngun tn s
c s dng nh mt ng h. Tn s ti thi im bt k t l:


64





Vi f
D
l tn s danh nh. Nh vy s sai bit thi gian gia thi gian ng h
biu kin v thi gian ng l:




65

Sai S Khong Thi Gian (TIE) c nh ngha l lch pha gia tn hiu c
o vi tn hiu ng h tham chiu (chun). TIE thng c tnh theo ns bng cch chia
lch pha ny vi tn s danh nh ca ng h chun. thun tin chn TIE = 0 ti
thi im bt u ca chu k o T. Do TIE hin th s thay i pha ngay t khi php
o bt u. Php o TIE l nn tng cho cc php tnh khc (MTIE, TDEV).
3.2. Nguyn nhn gy ra hin tng trt bit
Jitter (bin ng chp chn nhanh) c th xut hin t cc nguyn nhn khc nhau
trong mt h thng truyn dn s, tuy vy ch yu cc nguyn nhn ny c th phn thnh
cc loi sau:
a. Jitter do cc phn t nh thi gy ra
Jitter ny c bin v tn s tng i thp tc l wander, n xut hin do cc
nguyn nhn sau :
Tp m pha trong cc mch dao ng lm ng h trong ton h thng cng nh
trong cc mch logic do s khng hon thin ca cc linh kin mch.
nh hng ca nhit ln cc b ao ng ni dng thch anh lm thay i tn
s ca n. S khng n nh do nhit thng rt ln, do cc b cng hng thng
phi t trong cc b tn nhit m bo chnh xc ca nhit bn trong l 0. lc
khi nhit phng my thay i t 0 ti 60c
S bin i chm trong cc ngun cung cp, s bin i in p offset nh hng
n mc ngng kch thch trong cc mch logic
Hnh 3.4 minh ha thnh phn jitter c to ra do s khng n nh ca vng
chuyn tip trong mch logic. Thnh phn jitter ny t c nh hng ln cht lng truyn
dn.


66


Hnh 3.4. Jitter do s khng n nh ca vng chuyn tip trong mch logic.
b.Jitter do s thay i thi gian tr truyn dn
Bt c s thay i no trong thi gian tr ca tn hiu trn ng truyn dn u
a n s bin ng v pha ca tn hiu tng ng. Thng th s thay i ny l do s
bin i chm v nhit ni t cp gy ra. Jitter trong trng hp ny c tn s thp v
thng c coi l wander.
c. Jitter do giao thoa gia cc k t
Knh truyn dn c c tnh bin v pha khng l tng. V th, chui tn hiu
khi truyn qua knh truyn dn s b mt tnh trc giao. ng ra knh truyn dn, cc k
t s b ko di v chng ln ln nhau to ra hin tng giao thoa gia cc tn hiu. Do
, thi im ly mu ti u ti to li tn hiu ban u cng b lch i gy ra jitter
(hnh 3.5). Jitter ny gi l jitter mu ph thuc.


67


Hnh 3.5 Jitter do giao thoa gia cc k t
d. Jitter do hiu chnh
Trong k thut ghp knh cn ng b PDH, ng h ca cc tn hiu lung s
chy t do (free-running). iu ny c ngha l c s khc bit gia ng h ca cc tn
hiu lung s v ng h ghp knh so vi ng h danh nh. m bo s ng b
trong qu trnh tch/ghp knh, cc b ghp knh s dng k thut thch nghi ng h
nh sau: b ghp knh lun c ng h ln hn mt cht so vi cc ng h ca cc
lung s v s khc bit gia hai ng h s c khc phc bng hiu chnh.
Hiu chnh l mt qu trnh trong cc bit c u n chn vo cc lung bit
n nng tc bit ln n tc m thit b ghp knh yu cu. u cui xa nh c
tn hiu iu khin hiu chnh, cc bit c chn thm vo trc b ly ra khi
phc tn hiu thng tin tr li gi tr danh nh ca n. Vic loi b bit hiu chnh u
cui lm cho tn hiu s c nhng khong trng (khe thi gian). Tn hiu bt thng ny
ngoi vic i vo b lu tr n hi cn c a n u vo mch PLL (phase locked
loop), mch ny tch c tn hiu nh thi t tc trung bnh ca tn hiu bt thng.
Tn hiu nh thi tng hp c s dng c tn hiu n ra khi b nh n hi
(n hp thu s bt thng ny).
B ghp knh pha pht c b nh m n hi (elastic store) bao gm cc t bo
nh mt bit m c th c ghi vo, c ra mt cch c lp vi nhau (tc l ti mt thi
im c th va ghi vo mt t bo, va c ra t mt t bo khc). Tn hiu i n c
ghi vo cc t bo mt cch tun hon nh ng h c khi phc t tn hiu n vng



68

kha pha TR. Cc bt nh c c ra nh xung nhp ca ng h ca b ghp knh c
tn s cao hn nn a ch c ra tin dn n a ch ghi vo. S khc nhau gia a ch
ghi vo v a ch c ra c gim st bi b so snh a ch (AC). Khi m s sai lch
gia a ch c ra vi a ch ghi vo nh hn ba t bo b nh, b iu khin chn
(logic) s kim ch c v qu trnh chn bt u:
Nu v tr bit iu khin chn (justification service bit) trong khung xut hin , bit
s c gi tn 1.
Khi v tr bit iu khin chn xut hin th a ch c s c gi li mt chu k
ng h v t bo nh hin ti s c c thm mt ln na, y l bit chn v bit ny s
b loi ra u thu. Bi v a ch c c gi li 1 chu k ng h nn s khc nhau
gia a ch c v a ch ghi tng ln.
Chu trnh trn s c lp i lp li v th tn s ng h ca cc lung cn ng b
s tng thch vi tn s ca ng h b ghp knh.
Khong thi gian gia thi im bt u qu trnh chn v thi im thc hin c
th ko di vi chu k khung. Trong thi gian ny a ch c cng tin gn a ch ghi
hn na. V th qu trnh chn cn c khi ng ngay khi khong cch gia hai a ch
nh hn 3 trnh tnh trng cn b nh.
Do bit chn khng th a vo lp tc sau khi t ti ngng chn v ch c
a vo v tr dnh cho n trong khung k tip. Nh vy c mt thnh phn jitter thi
gian ch i (waiting time jitter) xut hin
,

u thu cng c b nh n hi. Tn hiu iu khin chn s ngn cn vic ghi
cc bit ti v tr chn hay iu khin chn vo b nh Vic xa chn gy ra gin on
trong tn hiu ng h thu - tn hiu ng b khong h (gap timing) ti cc v tr chn.
Tn hiu ng b khong h c a n ng vo mch PLL, mch ny tch c tn
hiu nh thi (ng b lin tc) t tc trung bnh ca tn hiu ng b khong h. Tn
hiu nh thi c s dng c tn hiu ra khi b nh n hi. Nh vy tn hiu
c c ra vi s ng b lin tc, c ngha l tn hiu xut hin ng ra mt cch u
n.
lm c iu ny s t bin v pha ng vo b so pha (phase comparator)
c bin i thnh s dch chuyn in p. S dch chuyn ny c lm phng bi b
lc thng thp. Tn hiu ng ra ca b lc thng thp c dng iu khin b dao
ng c iu khin bng in p (VCO) to ra tn hiu ng h lin tc t tc trung


69

bnh ca tn hiu ng b khong h.
Do tnh khng l tng ca b lc thng thp, s dch chuyn in p khng bao
gi c lm phng mt cch hon ho. l l do khin tn s ca tn hiu nh thi
c lm phng bin thin theo tn hiu ng ra ca b so pha, tc l jitter c pht
sinh, jitter ny gi l jitter do chn (pulse stuffing jitter).

Hnh 3.6. S khi ca mt b m mm do (pha ghp knh)

e. Jitter do hot ng ca b ti to xung ng h
Cc thit b truyn dn cn ng b hin nay u s dng nguyn l t nh thi,
tc l ng h cn thit cho cc mc ch ng b c khi phc t lung tn hiu s thu


70

c.

Hnh 3.7. S khi ca mt b tch xung nh thi
B to xung nh thi to xung ti nhng thi im m sng cn hi vi tn s
nh thi i qua zero. Trong trng hp l tng, nu ngng bt u lm vic ca b to
xung nh thi ng bng zero th cc xung nh thi s c hnh thnh ng vo thi
im i qua zero ca sng cn hi. Trn thc t b to xung nh thi c mt vng khng
cm ng i vi s thay i ca tn hiu vo. Hu qu l cc xung nh thi c th c
to ra vo cc thi im ngu nhin trong gii hn ca nhng vng khng cm ng ni
trn. ln ca nhng vng ny (hu qu l bin jitter) ph thuc vo bin ca tn
hiu. Nh vy s thng ging bin ca sng cn hi (hu qu s giao thoa gia cc tn
hiu) bin i thnh s thng ging pha (jitter) ca cc xung nh thi.
S giao thoa gia cc tn hiu cn a ti s thng ging v rng v v tr thi
gian ca cc xung ng vo ca b khung dao ng. S thng ging ny s lm bin
ng thi im chuyn qua zero ca cc tn hiu cn hi a n jitter ca cc xung nh
thi tng ng.
y mt ln na cn thy r rng do s iu hng khng chnh xc ca khung
dao ng tn s ring ca khung s khc vi tn s nh thi. iu ny dn ti s khng
n nh ca nhng thi im i qua zero ca tn hiu cn hi v gy ra jitter.
Hot ng ca b to xung nh thi ch c hiu qu khi mt ca chui tn hiu
vo tng i cao, tc l chui tn hiu vo cha nhiu xung kch thch cho khung cng
hng
.
Trong trng hp tn hiu vo cha cc chui 0 (zero) di th khung cng hng
s khng c kch thch mt cch hiu qu. S tt dn ca khung dao ng b ko
di. Pha ca tn hiu nh thi v th s b bin ng. S rung pha ny c gi l
jitter mu ph thuc



71






Hnh 3.8. Sng cn hi v cc thi im hnh thnh xung nh thi
f. Jitter trong mng PDH/SDH
Hai loi jitter c nh hng rt mnh ln vic truyn tn hiu PDH qua mng SDH.
l jitter nh x (mapping jitter) v jitter con tr (pointer jitter).
* Jitter nh x
truyn cc tn hiu cn ng b trong khung SDH, trc tin cn phi nh x
chng vo cc container. K thut chn c s dng cn bng tc gia cc lung
s PDH v cc container tng ng. trm u cui xa, cc container c gii nh x
tr li thnh tn hiu PDH bng cch xa chn.
Do vic chn v xa chn cng nh vic lm phng pha trong qu trnh nh x / gii
nh x m cc thnh phn jitter do chn v jitter thi gian ch i c sinh ra. Trong
trng hp ny jitter c gi l jitter nh x/ gii nh x
.
Jitter ny tng ng vi jitter
chn v jitter thi gian ch i trong mng PDH
Jitter nh x c bin thp v tn s tng i cao. Bin jitter nh x thay i
khi tc lung PDH dch chuyn so vi VC-N
* Jitter con tr
Trong k thut truyn dn SDH, s khc nhau v ng h ca hai mng hay hai
phn t ca mng ( im kt ni cho hay trm ghp knh u cui) c b tr bng
cch hiu chnh con tr trong khung tn hiu ng b, tc l thay i v tr thi gian ca
cc container ti thng tin trong khung tn hiu c truyn i. iu ny c thc hin
bng cch tng hoc gim gi tr ca con tr i mt n v. Cc container o v th s dch
i mt byte (trong SONET) hay ba byte (trong SDH), tng ng vi pha tn hiu b
dch i 8 hay 24 UI.
Do vic hiu chnh con tr ch c th thc hin t nht sau 3 khung tn hiu, u
thu, tn hiu ng h thu cng phi c lm phng ging nh trong qu trnh chn bit.


72

Cc thnh phn jitter tng t (jitter do chn v jitter thi gian ch i) c to ra.
Trong trng hp ny cc bin ng pha c tn s cao c loi tr, jitter cn li ch
cha cc thnh phn tn s thp c bin cao.
Nh vy, trong k thut truyn dn ng b, lung tn hiu c khi phc pha
thu lun lun cha hai loi jitter l jitter nh x v jitter con tr. Hai thnh phn ny lun
lun kt hp vi nhau thnh jitter kt hp.
3.3. nh hng ca hin tng trt bit
- Jitter lm tng xc sut li a vo trong tn hiu s: jitter lm cho thi im ti
to tn hiu s (thi im ly mu tn hiu ) b lch i so vi thi im l tng ca chng
khi lch ny vt qu dung sai cho php th li bit xy ra .
Tn hiu s qua knh truyn dn thng b mo do giao thoa. Nu ng h ly mu
khng c jitter th vic ly mu c thc hin ng thi im t u, do vic quyt
nh tn hiu truyn i ( l o hay 1 ) vn c th thc hin chnh xc.
Nu c tn hiu s v ng h c cng mt jitter ln , v tr chuyn tip ca ng h
so vi v tr ti u ca tn hiu ( gia tn hiu ) khng thay i . Do vic ly mu vn
c thc hin chnh xc v li bit khng xy ra. y l trng hp i vi jitter tn s
thp m mch khi phc ng h dng PLL c th theo nhng bin thin pha ca tn hiu
s.
Ti cc tn s jitter cao, mch khi phc ng h khng th bm theo nhng bin
i pha nhanh ca tn hiu s. Khi ng h c khi phc dch pha hn 0,5 UI so vi tn
hiu s thu c th vic ly mu tn hiu s khng chnh xc v gy ra li bit.

Hnh 3.10. Ly mu ng


73


Hnh 3.11. Ly mu ng ngay c khi c bin ln

Hnh 3.12. Ly mu sai tn hiu s do jitter
- J itter a cc trt khng iu khin c vo tn hiu s: Khi jitter qu ln,
dung lng ca cc b nh m c s dng ht v th gy ra hin tng trn hoc cn
b nh. Hiu ng ny gy ra trt, mt hoc nhn i (lp li) cc lung bt trong mt
khung s a n SES v cc s c khc.
i vi cc dch v thoi, slip (trt) ny c th l nguyn nhn gy ra nhng ting
ng nh c th nghe thy. Loi ting ng ny khng xut hin thng xuyn v khng
nghim trng. Tuy vy cc dch v thoi vn ra nhng gii hn cho php vi slip
.

i vi cc dch v khc, slip c th gy ra nhng hu qu nghim trng. Trong
truyn fax ch 1 slip cng gy nn nhiu hoc mt i 8 dng trong bn fax. iu ny
tng ng vi vic mt 0,08 inch chiu ng (trc tung). Vic mt thng tin s dn n
cn phi truyn li (fax li) bn tin cn fax. Vic truyn li ny phi do ngi s dng;
khng c thc hin t ng bi thit b.


74

nh hng ca slip i vi truyn s liu l nguyn nhn gy ra cc dy li. di
ca cc li ny ph thuc vo tc c s liu v loi modem t 10 mili giy n 1,5
giy.
Trong thi gian b li, thit b thu u ni vi modem thu c s liu t qung v
kt qu l ngi s dng phi truyn li s liu.
Khi slip xy ra trong dch v hi ngh video, cng s dn n vic xy ra cc li v
cn phi thit lp li qu trnh.
Tc ng ca slip i vi vic truyn s' liu ph thuc vo giao thc truyn dn.
Nu s dng giao thc khng c kh nng truyn li s xy ra vic s liu b mt, b lp
li, hoc b li. Giao thc truyn li c kh nng pht hin slip v do s
khccxcdtds57i ng vic truyn li.
i vi vic truyn video s (hi ngh video), cc php kim a ch ra rng slip
thng gy nn nhiu tng on ca nh. Mc nghim trng v chiu di ca nhiu
ph thuc vo loi m v thit b nn tn hiu c s dng

S suy gim l nguy him

nht i vi thit b gii m tc bit thp.
Slip tc ng mnh ln cc dch v m ha (mt m). Slip dn n vic mt cha
kha mt m
.
Vic ny lm cho vic truyn dn khng th hiu c v do cn phi
truyn li cha kha v khi phc li lin lc. Tuy nhin, yu cu truyn li cha kha th
khng ph hp vi tnh bo mt- i vi cc ng dng bo mt khng th chp nhn c
nhiu hn 1 slip trong 1 ngy.
- Jitter lm suy gim cht lng tn hiu tng t c m ha:
i vi cc tn hiu tng t c m ha, jitter trong lung s ho s nh
hng n tnh ng u gia cc mu ca tn hiu PAM c khi phc. Tn hiu
ting ni c m ha PCM c th chu c nh hng ny, nhng i vi tn hiu hnh
v cc tn hiu khc th nhy hn nhiu.
i vi cc tn hiu truyn hnh s, khi truyn trong khong cch xa c th mo do
jitter (dao ng v pha). Mo pha do thay i v tr xung ca cc mu gy ra mo ng
bin, cc chi tit nh thay i lin tc theo cc khung.
- nh hng ca jitter v wander trong mng SDH:
Trong h thng SDH cn quan tm n c jitter v wander. Cc vng kha pha rt
nhy cm vi jitter vn c s dng trong mch khi phc ng h. Ngoi ra cn c cc


75

b nh m FIFO (Frist In Frist Out) rt nhy cm vi wander. Cc FIFO hot ng vng
m (open loop) ph thuc vo ng h c v ghi. Do mi bin ng pha t 10 Hz n
DC (wander) tr thnh 1 tham s ht sc quan trng.
Nu jitter ca ti thng tin qu ln, n c th lm trn hoc cn cc b m FIFO.
Hu qu cht lng dch v suy gim nghim trng a n mt mt v doanh thu
.

3.4. Tiu chun o trt bit
3.4.1. Tiu chun rung pha i vi giao din PDH





76


3.4.2. Gii hn cho php i vi mc rung pha v tri pha vo giao din
PDH

Hnh 3.14. Gii hn thp nht cho php rung pha v tri pha li vo cc i ca
thit b


77





78

3.4.3. Tiu chun rung pha v tri pha vi giao din SDH





79

3.5. Phng php o
3.5.1 Yu cu





80


3.5.2 Cu trc thit b

Hnh 3.15. Cu trc c bn ca thit b o jitter


81


Hnh 3.16. S khi my phn tch jitter/wander
Mt my phn tch jitter c bn gm: mt b bin i mu/ng h (Pattern/clock
converter), b to ng h chun (Internal reference clock generator), b o pha (Phase
meter hay Phase detecter), cc b lc trng lng (Weighting filters) v b o gi tr nh
(Peak value detecter). Hnh 3.16 l s khi ca my phn tch jitter. B bin i mu/
ng h to ra tn hiu ng h t tn hiu s thu c. ng h ny c jitter ging nh
jitter trong tn hiu s (tn hiu iu pha xung m PPM). ng h ny c so snh vi
ng h chun ong b o pha. Tn hiu ng ra c rng t l vi s thay i jitter theo
thi gian (tn hiu iu ch rng xung PDM). Tn hiu ny c a qua cc b lc
trng lng gii hn ph tn sjitter. Cc b lc s o cc gi tr m v dng ca tn
hiu ny v hin th chng theo n v UIPP .
Tn hiu ng ra ca b lc c a ti ng ra b gii iu ch x l tip nu
c yu cu. Vic phn tch jitter sau c th thc hin trong min thi gian hoc tn s
v d nh c th s dng my hin sng (oscilloscope), my o mc chn hay my phn
tch ph. B to ng h chun bo m pha tham chiu bng cch s dng vng kha


82

pha (PLL) hiu chnh s lch pha do jitter. Bng thng ca vng kha pha PLL xc
nh tn s gii hn di ca php o jitter.
3.5.3.Nguyn l o dung sai
Hnh 3.17 l m hnh nguyn l o dung sai jitter
.
B to jitter gm mt ngun
ng h, mt ngun jitter v mt b to mu (hnh 3.18) . Ngun jitter thng l tn hiu
iu ch sng hi. ng h b iu pha bi cc sng sin ny s iu khin b to mu
pht ra chui bit c jitter mong mun. Trong cc phn sau, cc b to jitter s c hiu
theo nguyn l trn.

Hnh 3.17 M hnh o dung sai jitter
Ti mt tn s cho trc, tng bin jitter cho n khi li bit xut hin ng ra
ca thit b cn kim tra. Bin jitter c hin th trn b to jitter chnh l dung sai
ca jitter ti tn s ni trn. Ln lt thc hin php o ny vi cc tn s khc nhau theo
khuyn ngh ca CCITT. Ni cc im o thu c, ta c ng cong dung sai ca
jitter. ng cong ny phi tha mn mt n dung sai jitter tng ng theo cc khuyn
ngh nu trn.

Hnh 3.18. S khi b to jitter
Hai phng php o dung sai jitter : bt u li (onset of error) v pht BER (Ber
penalty).
PRBS




83

Bt du li (Onset of error):
Phng php ny thch hp cho vic kim tra phn ln cc thit b mng. N kim
tra c cht lng hot ng ca b m ln mch ti to ng h bn trong phn t mng.
Tn hiu kim tra c cp cho thit b cn kim tra v bin jitter c tng ln cho
n khi li BER vt qua mt ngng xc nh. Theo khuyn ngh 0.171, ngng li l 2
giy c li (ES) trong khong thi gian o l 30 giy. Quy tnh kim tra c th nh sau :
1. Tng bin jitter ti mt tn s cho trc cho n khi li c ghi nhn.
2. Gim jitter cho n khi khng c ES trong vng 30 giy.
3. Tng dn bin jitter ln cho n khi c 2 ES c ghi nhn trong vng 30
giy.
4. Bin jitter ny chnh l dung sai jitter ti tn s thc hin o.
5. Lp li cc bc 1-3 i vi cc tn s cn li.
Pht BER (BER penalty):
Phng php ny thng p dng kim a cc trm lp giao tip quang. Phng
php ny ch kim tra c cht lng ca mch ti to ng h bn trong thit b. Quy
trnh kim tra nh sau :
1. Khi khng c jitter u vo, tng dn suy hao quang cho n BER = 10
10

2. Gim suy hao i ldB.
3. Tng dn bin jitter ti mt tn s cho trc cho n khi BER t li gi tr
ban u (BER = 10'
10
).
4. Bin jitter ny chnh l dung sai jitter ti tn s thc hin o.
5. Lp li bc trn cho tt c cc tn s cn li (trong di tn theo khuyn ngh
G.968 ITU).
Lu : Trn thc t, khi s dng mc BER chun 10
-10
, thi gian thc hin php
o rt lu. Ni chung c th s dng cc mc BER chun khc trong di 10
-7
n 10
-10

gim thi gian o nu iu ny khng nh hng n kt qu o.
3.5.4 Mt s v d v o dung sai jitter
a) o dung sai jitter ca thit b u cui ng dy
Hnh 3.19 l nguyn l o dung sai ca thit b u cui ng dy (LTE) 34Mb/s.


84

Tn hiu kim a khng c jitter c a vo pha ghp knh. LTE bin i tn hiu m
giao din HDB3 thnh m ng dy 4B 3T. Tn hiu 4B 3T khng c jitter ny c
a qua b to jitter ni vng (loop through jitter generator). B to jitter ny a jitter
vo tn hiu ng dy thu c v ni vng thng (loop through) LTE.
Jitter a vo tn hiu c tng dn ln theo mt quy trnh xc nh trc cho n
khi li bit bt u hin th (n my o li bit) pha tch knh. Kt qu thu c chnh
l dung sai jitter ca LTE.



Hnh 3.19. o dung sai jitter thit b u cui
b) o dung sai pha ghp knh
Hnh 3.20 l nguyn l o dung sai pha ghp knh ca thit b ghp knh MUX
2/8. Chui tn hiu gi ngu nhin c jitter c a n mt ng vo 2Mb/s. Bin
jitter ti mt tn s cho trc c tng dn cho n khi li bit xut hin tn hiu tng
8Mb/s.


85


Hnh 3.20. o dung sai jitter b ghp knh
c)o dung sai pha tch knh
Hnh 3.21 l nguyn l o dung sai pha tch knh ca thit b tch knh DEMUX
8/2. Tn hiu khung 8 Mb/s c jitter c da n ng vo DEMUX b tch knh hot
ng ng b vi khung th cp. Bin jitter ti mt tn s cho trc c tng dn cho
n khi li bit xut hin tn hiu 2 Mb/s.

Hnh 3.21. o dung sai b tch knh
d)o jitter ng ra


86


Hnh 3.22. M hnh o jitter ni ti
M hnh a c p dng cho cc thit b cn kim tra c b to ng h bn trong
(b ghp knh PDH ) v khi khng cn tn hiu ng vo. M hnh b dng cho cc thit
b cn li. Mt ngun litter ni ti rt thp c th cn phi s dng cho m hnh ny. C
th s dng cc b to jitter cht lng cao vi kiu iu ch bt tt (switched off).
o jitter ni ti cn phi s dng cc thit b o jitter c jitter ni ti thp. D
nhin, jitter ni ti ca thit b o phi nh hn jitter ca thit b cn kim tra.
e) o jitter ni ti ca trm lp 34 Mb/s
Hnh 3.23 l mt v d v o jitter ni ti ca mt trm lp 34 Mb/s theo m hnh b.
Trm c ni vi b m phng ng dy thng qua b lc nhnh. M ng dy c
s dng l 4B 3T (MMS 43). Bng k thut iu ch ct (modulation switch off ), b to
jitter to ra chui gi ngu nhin (2 - 1) khng c jitter, m HDB3. B i m s bin i
HDB3 thnh 4B 3T, tc 34 Mb/s gim xung cn 26.7 Mbaud. B m phng ng
dy v b lc nhnh c s dng ti to cc iu kin lm vic bnh thng cho trm
lp. My o jitter s o trc tip jitter ni ti tc 26.7 Mbaud. Kt qu o c trong
di tn t 2 Mhz n 3.6 MHz khng c vt qu 0.034 UIpp .


87


Hnh 3.23. o jitter ni ti ca mt trm lp 34 Mb/s
f)o Jitter nh x

Hnh 3.24. o jitter nh x
S o c nh by trn hnh 7.23. My phn tch SDH gi tn hiu cn ng
b ti ng vo ca phn t mng (b ghp knh xen-rt ADM). Tn hiu nhnh c nh
x vo khung tn hiu ng b. phn thu, tn hiu c gii nh x t khung tn hiu
ng b tr li tn hiu PDH ban u. Bng cc b lc trng lng jitter, thit b o s


88

phn tch v hin th gi tr ca jitter nh x trong tn hiu nhnh c khi phc.
trnh jitter do hiu chnh con tr, thit b kim tra v phn t mng phi c ng b vi
nhau t mt ngun ng h chun.
Phng php o:
Thay i dch tn s ng h tn hiu PDH trong dung sai cho php (v d
50ppm vi 2 Mb/s), o gi tr nh-nh ca jitter ng ra trong 60 giy v so snh vi
cc gii hn tiu chun.
Khi dch tn s gia PDH v SDH ln, qu trnh chn trong nh x i vo ng
thi n nh vi cc chn nhanh (tc l jitter c cc thnh phn tn sc cao v l cc
thnh phn d dng b lc bi b gii nh x).
Khi dch tn s nh, jitter tng do qu trnh chn c tn s thp hn. B gii nh
x t hiu qu hn trong vic lc cc thnh phn ny.
Khi ng h PDH v SDH c cng mt tc jitter s khng xut hin (khng xy
ra chn).
g) o jitter con tr tng hp
S o c trnh by trn hnh 3.25. trnh jitter xut hin do hiu chnh con
tr khng iu khin c, thit b o v phn t mng phi c ng b vi nhau t
mt ng h chun. My o pht ra cc chui con tr theo cc tiu chun khc nhau
tc ng ln mng hay phn t mng. My o s o tc ng ca cc chui con tr ny
ln tn hiu lung nhnh thu c. Gi tr jitter thu c khng c vt qa gii hn
cho trc trong cc di thng trng lng jitter xc nh. Cc gi tr nh-nh ca jitter
c ghi nhn theo chu k 60 giy.


89


Hnh 3.25. o jitter con tr tng hp
Khi thc hin php o ny cn lu 2 im sau:
Thi im bt u php o khng th ty m phi ng b vi chui con tr
c th c s dng.
Chu k o thay i, ph thuc vo mi chui con tr c th c s dng v
cng phi c ng b vi chui .
Mc ch kim tra
Mc ch ca php o ny l nh gi nh hng ca s thay i gi tr con tr
trong SDH. V d, mt hiu chnh con tr ca AU-4 s to ra mt gin on pha 21.5 bit
(154 ns) trong ti 140 Mb/s. cn phi nh gi kh nng ca b kh ng b trong vic
lm phng s chuyn tip pha ny trong tn hiu 140Mb/s ng ra. Mt vn khc cng
cn quan tm l nh hng cua cc con tro TU mc d chng c tm quan trng t hn do
t xut hin.
Thit b o phi c kh nng to ra cc chui con tr kim tra khc nhau:
n (single) - Theo lnh ca ngi s dng.
Chm(Burst) - 2-8 ln hiu chnh con tr lin tc m phng mu con tr trong
trng hp xu nht: cu hnh li ng b nt mng u xa.
Lin tc - c s dng m phng trng hp nt mng u xa b mt ng
b. l ng hp nt mng mt ht ngun ng h s cp v hot ng kiu kim
gi (holdover).


90

Cc chui kim tra G.783 - s m t trong phn sau.
Thc hin kt hp cc loi kim tra ny, ngi vn hnh c th bo m rng jitter
trong mng SDH / PDH ca h c hn ch v s khng vt qua cc gii hn mng
cho trc d tnh thng k ca hiu chnh con tr l khng xc nh.
Chui kim tra con tr (pointer test sequences):
Chui kim tra con tr l mu lp li ca cc hiu chnh con tr theo thi gian. Cc
chui ny c nh ngha r rng trong khuyn ngh G.783 ITU. Tt c cc chui kim
tra con tr u c chung mt nguyn l v cu trc v cc yu cu v o c (xem phn
cu trc chui kim tra con tr).
Ni chung cc chui con tr chia ra lm hai loi:
n/chm (single/burst): (H 3.26) c s dng kim tra p ng ca cc b
chnh ng b (desynchronizer) i vi cc s kin con tr ring bit. Cc s kin ny m
phng cc ng h c wander qu mc hay s chuyn mch cc ngun ng b chun
mt im no trn mng. Cc s kin ny cch bit theo thi gian, thng thy t nht
l 10 giy cc b chnh ng b kp phc hi tr li trng thi n inh khi khng c
dch chuyn con tr. Hnh 3.27 ch th hin minh ha chuoi kim tra con tr loi ny.
Chui ny c th gi l chui chm kp n cc.
u n / chu k (regular / periodic) (H3.27) c s dng kim tra p ng
ca cc b chnh ng b i vi cc s kin lin tc. Cc s kin ny m phng trng
hp c s lch tn s c nh hay mt ng b ti mt im no trn mng. Cc hiu
chnh bt bnh thng nh b xung con tr hay kh con tr c xem l mt phn
ca chui.
Cu trc chui kim tra con tr:
Cc chui con tr ni chung u gm 3 giai on (hnh 3.26, 3.27):
Giai on khi ng(Lnitialization period): Giai on ny bo m rng cc b
nh m ca b x l con tr c lm y (ngha l khng hot ng im gia) do
tc ng ca chui con tr mi th hin chnh xc trong kt qu o. Vi tc 1 con
/giy (tc ti a l 3 con tr /giy), giai on ny ko di t nht 30 giy
Giai on lm ngui (Cool-Down period) Giai on ny bo m rng cc b
chnh ng b v ti to ng h thch nghi vi trng thi n nh khi khng c dch
chuyn con tr hay trng thi n nh khi hiu chnh con tr u n (chui con tr u


91

n). Giai on ny phi ko di trong mt khong thi gian l mt s nguyn ln cc
chui hoan chnh (vi di 60 giy hay mt chui c chu k di hn). Nu trong chui
c s bt thng th phi c t nht mt s bt bnh thng trong giai on ny.
- Giai on o ( Measurement period ) Giai on ny phi ko di cho mt
s chu k hon chnh. Mt s chui kim tra c cha cc s bt bnh thng hoc l con
tr b xung hoc l con tr b kh. Trong trng hp ny, giai on phi cha t nh't
hai s bt bnh thng bo m kt qu o n nh. Trong giai on o, gi tr ti a
nh-nh c ghi nhn

Hnh 3.26. Chui kim tra con tr n/trm tng qut

Hnh 3.27. Chui kim tra con tr u n/chu k tng qut
Cc vn cn lu khi o jitter con tr
Tt c 3 giai on: khi ng, lm ngui, o u phi c trong chui kim tra con
tr.
Cc php o phi c thc hin ng b vi chui kim tra.
Tn s ct ca b lc jitter phi c iu khin cht ch. Jitter con tr c bin
ln tn s thp nn li trong p ng ca b lc bng cao s lm cho php o khng
chnh xc.
Cc php o bng y (full-band) vi b lc bng cao 0.1Hz n 10Hz rt c li
cho vic xc nh c tnh ca qu trnh chuyn tip pha v c thm cc thng tin cho
vic chn on.



92

CHNG 4: O KIM MNG CP NG
4.1. Gii thiu chung v mng cp ng
4.1.1Cu trc mng ngoi vi
Mng ngoi vi l mt trong ba thnh phn chnh cu thnh mng vin thng (h
thng chuyn mch, h thng truyn dn v h thng mng ngoi vi).
4.1.1.1 Mng cp thu bao
Cu trc tng quan mng cp thu bao c trnh by trong hnh 4.1.

Hnh 4.1 Cu trc mng cp thu bao
Mng cp thu bao gm:
- Mng cp ng thu bao l h thng cp thng tin si ng kt ni t nt chuyn
mch/im truy nhp n nh thu bao, mng bao gm cc thnh phn nh: gi phi dy
chnh (MDF: Main Distribution Frame), mng sng cp, phin ni dy, t cp, hp cp,
cp vo nh thu bao v h thng cng b;
- Mng cp quang thu bao l h thng cp si quang kt ni t nt chuyn


93

mch/im truy nhp n nh thu bao, mng bao gm cc thnh phn nh: gi phn phi
cp quang (ODF: Optical Distribution Frames), mng sng quang, t cp, n v mng
quang (ONU: Optical Network Unit) v h thng cng b.
4.1.1.2 Mng cp quang trung k
Mng cp quang trung k c chia lm hai cp:
- Mng trung k cp I l h thng cp quang thuc mng vin thng ng trc quc
gia, quc t c s dng kt ni trung k gia cc tng i trung tm - chuyn tip,
chuyn tip - chuyn tip, chuyn tip - cng, cng - cng.
- Mng trung k cp II l h thng cp quang thuc mng vin thng ni tnh, thnh
ph, c s dng kt ni trung k gia cc tng i trung tm - trung tm, trung tm -
tng i chuyn tip ni ht, trung tm - v tinh/im truy nhp.
4.1.1.3 H thng h tr, bo v mng ngoi vi
H thng h tr, bo v mng ngoi vi bao gm: h thng hm, h, cng cp, ct b
tng cp, trang thit b chng st cho mng cp ng v cp quang
4.1.2Nguyn tc t chc mng cp
4.1.2.1Mng cp ng thu bao
Mng cp ng thu bao c qui hoch phn vng da trn cc nguyn tc sau:
- Mng cp ng thu bao ca mt tnh, thnh ph c phn thnh cc vng mng
theo ng vng phc v ca cc tng i ni ht.
- Trong mt vng mng, mng cp ng thu bao ca mt tng i c phn thnh
nhiu vng phc v theo cc tuyn cp chnh nh minh ho trn hnh 4.2.
- Da vo mt dn c, c im a l ca vng dn c v cc chng ngi t
nhin to bi cc ng giao thng ln, ng st, sng ngi, knh rch phn khu vc
phc v ca cc tuyn cp chnh thun tin cho vic thi cng, xy dng v qun l mng;
Vng phc v ca mt tuyn cp chnh c phn thnh 3 dng sau:
Vng phc v trc tip: Trong vng phc v trc tip thu bao c kt ni trc
tip vi nt chuyn mch qua mt cp chnh, khu vc A trn hnh 4.2 m t phm vi vng
phc v trc tip ca mng cp chnh;



94


Hnh 4.2 : S phn vng phc v ca mng cp ng ni ht
- Vng phc v qua mt cp phi cp: Trong vng ny thu bao c kt ni vi
nt chuyn mch qua mt cp phi v mt cp chnh, khu vc B trn hnh 1.2 m t phm
vi vng phc v ca mt cp chnh.
- Vng phc v qua hai cp phi cp: Trong vng ny thu bao c kt ni vi nt
chuyn mch qua mt cp chnh, mt cp phi
Cp I v mt cp phi cp II, khu vc c trn hnh 4.2 m t vng phc v ca mt
tuyn cp phi cp I;
Thc hin nguyn tc gim cp phi cp n mc ti thiu nhm nng cao cht
lng mng ngoi vi; khng khuyn khch m hnh phi cp ln hn hai cp tr nhng
trng hp trin khai tm thi do nhu cu pht trin nhanh v cha trin khai u t kp.
C ba cch phi cp trn mng cp dng thu bao:
- Phi cp trc tip l cch phi cp m thu bao c ni vi nt chuyn mch ch
qua mt hp cp, hnh 1.3 l s cu hnh phi cp trc tip, trong s ny, cp chnh
l cp ni t MDF n hp cp, cch phi cp ny thc hin ngay khu vc t tng i


95

v nhng khu vc c mt dn c cao cch tng i khong 500 mt;
- Phi cp mt cp l cch phi cp m thu bao c ni vi nt chuyn mch ch
qua mt hp cp v mt t cp. Hnh 1.4 m t cu hnh phi cp mt cp. Trong cu
hnh ny, cp chnh l cp ni t MDF n t cp, cp phi l cp ni t t cp n hp
cp, cch phi cp ny thc hin ti cc khu vc th n nh c mt in thoi cao,
vng phc v ca tng i n nh v l ni c nhu cu cao v dch v Internet bng rng.


Hnh 4.3 S phi cp trc tip
Phi cp hai cp l cch phi cp m thu bao c ni vi MDF qua mt t cp
cp I, mt t cp cp n v mt hp cp; hnh 1.5 m t cu hnh phi cp hai cp. Trong
cu hnh ny, cp chnh l cp ni t MDF n t cp cp I, cp phi cp mt l cp ni
t t cp cp I n t cp cp II, cp phi cp hai l cp ni t t cp cp II n hp cp.
Cch phi cp ny c tnh linh ng cao, thng p dng i vi vng dn c ang pht
trin hoc vi vng ngoi thnh, khu vc nng thn nng cao hiu sut s dng ca
mng cp chnh v cp phi. Khi s pht trin thu bao ti cc cc vng ny n nh
th s chuyn sang cu hnh phi cp mt cp bng cch thay t cp cp mt bng mng
xng r nhnh cp.

Hnh 1.3: S cu hnh phi cp trc tip


96


Hnh 4.4: S phi cp mt cp


Hnh 4.5 : S phi cp 2 cp
4.1.2.2 Mng cp chnh
- Cn c vo c im a l v vng phc v ca tng i ni ht, mng cp chnh
phi c t chc theo tng tuyn v c phn vng phc v cho tng cp chnh
- Cp chnh phi c ngm ho ti cc trung tm tnh, thnh ph, huyn l, th trn.
- S dng mng sng cp trn cc tuyn cp chnh r nhnh cp chnh sang cc
tuyn khc nhau vi nhu cu dung lng cp cn dng trn cc tuyn nhnh thp hn,
khng c dng t cp r nhnh cp. Mng sng cp phi chu c ngp nc lu
ngy.
- T cp cp I c dung lng t 200 i n 600 i.


97

- T cp c t trong vng phc v ca t cp. V tr t t cp c la chn sao
cho bo m yu cu s dng ti u dung lng cng b, cng nh thun tin cho vic thi
cng cp phi, bo dng, x l v thay th cp. Khng t qua su trong vng phc v
ca t cp nhm trnh vic phi chy nhiu cp phi ngc v pha tng i gy tn dung
lng cng b.
- Khng t t cp gn t phn phi in lc. T cp t cao trnh ngp lt
theo cc qui nh v phng chng lt bo.
- Trc khi tuyn cng b b qu ti t nht l 18 thng, phi lp phng n thay cp
ng bng cp quang vi thit b truy nhp nhm gii phng l cng b cho pht trin
mng trong tng lai. u tin thay trc cc tuyn cp c cht lng xu, c chiu di
ln nht v qua nhiu cp phi cp.
- Cc tuyn cp c cht lng xu do s dng lu nm hoc do s c k thut cn c
phng n thay th.
4.1.2.3 Mng cp phi
- Ti cc trung tm tnh, thnh ph phi thc hin trit vic ngm ho mng cp
phi. Mng sng cp c s dng r nhnh cp phi khi cn thit nhm mc tiu
gim cp phi cp trn ton tuyn v nng cao cht 1- ng tuyn cp.
- Khu vc phc v ca t cp II phi c la chn v khoanh vng r sao cho trnh
c trng hp cc tuyn cp phi n hp cp phi ct ngang qua cc ng giao
thng ln, qua sng ngi.
- Khong cch gia hai t cp lin k trn mt tuyn cp hoc gia cc t cp ca
hai tuyn cp khc nhau trong khong t 200 mt n 300 mt. Ti cc khu vc c mt
in thoi c bit cao th khong cch gia hai t c th ngn hn yu cu trn.
- Cc hp cp c dung lng t 10 i n 50 i. T cp cp II c dung lng t
100 n 200 i.
4.1.3 Nguyn tc xc nh dung lng mng cp ng.
4.1.3.1 Cp vo nh thu bao
Cp vo nh thu bao l on cp ni t hp cp vo nh thu bao c lp t theo
hai phng thc: treo hoc i ngm. Dung lng ca cp t mt n hai i. Li cp
c xon i v c bn vi nhau theo TCN 68 - 153: 1998.


98

Cp vo nh thu bao cng ngn cng tt, khng di qu 300m trong cc khu vc
th. Ti vng ngoi thnh v nng thn th c th di hon nhng phi nm trong phm
vi cho php v suy hao ng dy
4.1.3.2 Cp vng
Cp vng l cp ni gia hai t cp cp I ca hai cp chnh trong vng phc v ca
mt tng i ni ht, hoc gia hai t cp cp II trong vng phc v ca mt cp chnh.
Cp vng c s dng vi mc ch p ng nhu cu t chc thng tin t xut
do thiu cp pht trin thu bao, thiu s cc b hoc cn pht trin dch v thu knh
ring v.v... ca n v khi cp chnh hay cp phi ti vng phc v s dng ht dung
lng hoc c cht lng xu cn phi chuyn sang tuyn cp khc.
ng knh si ng ca cp vng phi bng ng knh si ng ca cp chnh
trong trng hp cp vng ni gia hai t cp cp I v bng ng knh cp phi trong
trng hp cp vng ni gia hai t cp cp II.
di ca cp vng phi c tnh ton sao cho m bo cc ch tiu suy hao
ng dy ca mch vng thu bao.
S dng cp vng ch l gii php tm thi khc phc c tnh cht ng cu v
loi b gii php tm thi ny khi c iu kin, hnh 4.6 m t cch u cp vng gia
hai t cp cp I ca hai cp chnh khc nhau.
4.1.3.3 Bn knh phc v ca mng truy nhp cp ng v tiu chun k thut
i vi vng mt dn c cao nh ti cc thnh ph, th x, bn knh phc v ca
mng cp tnh t trung tm chuyn mch n hp cp kt cui khng qu 3 km i vi c
dy 0,4 mm v khng qu 4 km i vi c dy 0,5 mm; suy hao ng dy t gi MDF
n hp cp kt cui khng qu 7 dB; in tr mch vng ca mt i cp t MDF n
hp cp khng qu 1000 .
i vi vng nng thn, mt dn s thp, bn knh phc v ca mng cp tnh t
trung tm chuyn mch n hp cp kt cui c th ln hn 4 km nhng suy hao ng
dy thu bao khng vt qu 10 dB v khng qu 2 ln thay i ng knh dy, in tr
mch vng ng dy thu bao khng qu 1200 , c th s dng cp ng c ng
knh 0,65 mm, 0,9 mm m rng vng phc v ca cp ng nhung phi bo m ch
tiu k thut v phi tnh n hiu qu kinh t so vi vic dng cp quang v thit b truy
nhp.


99

Mc tiu lu di i vi mng ngoi vi ca mt Bu in tnh, thnh ph l t
c 90% thu bao nm trong bn knh phc v < 3 km v trn 95% thu bao nm trong
bn knh phc v < 4 km.
4.1.4 Phng thc gim khong cch cp ng n nh thu bao

Hnh 4.6: Cch chuyn mng cp ng sang mng vng ring cp quang
Vi mc tiu nng cao cht lng dch v truy nhp bng rng bng cch gim
chiu di cp ti nh thu bao ng thi nng cao hiu qu s dng h thng cng b,
thc hin chuyn i mng cp ng sang phng thc vng ring cp quang + thit b
truy nhp/v tinh ngoi tri ti cc ni xa nt chuyn mch m mch vng thu bao
khng m bo tiu chun suy hao nh quy nh
Mng cp quang thu bao gm mng cp quang t nt chuyn mch/im truy
nhp n cc nh thu bao, cp quang s dng trn mng thu bao quang cc th
loi c bit v loi mt c th s dng loi cp quang c dung lng n 144 si,


100

tu theo nhu cu s dng dch v m s dng cp si quang c dung lng n 48
si.
4.2. Yu cu chung v cc tham s o cht lng mng cp ng
4.2.1 Yu cu chung v mng cp ng v phn loi cp
- Mng cp ng l mng cp, c tnh t gi u cp MDF ca tng i ni ht
n hp cp thu bao (khng k ng y thu bao t hp cp n nh thu bao) v gia
cc tng i, tnh t gi u dy MDF.
- Cc thnh phn trong mng cp si ng bao gm: h thng cp dn, t u cp,
mng sng, hp cp thu bao v h thng cng b cp...
- H thng cng b cp phi c nghim thu trc khi trin khai mng cp ng, v
vy khng bt buc phi kim tra h thng cng b cp, nhng trong bo co o kim ho
mng phi c cc bin bn nghim thu cng trnh cng b cp c thc hin trc

- Tt c cc t u cp, hp cp n nh thu bao, mng sng cp ng nha lun cp
v cc hoi cp truyn dn s dng cho mng ngoi vi pht l cc chng loi c
chng nhn hp chun.
4.2.2 Mc ch o kim
Bn 4.1 Cc thng s cn o i vi mng cp ng












101

Thc hin o kim nhm m bo h thng c thi cng theo ng thit k v cc
c tnh truyn dn ca cc loi cp s dng trong mng ngoi vi p ng c cc ch
tiu k thut ban u.
- Vic o kim ho mng cc cng thnh ngoi vi c thc hin khi h thng cp
lp t xong, nhng cha kt ni vi cc gi u dy MDF.
- Khi tin hnh o bo dng hoc khc phc s c phi tho i cp cn o ra khi
gi MDF c hai pha.
4.2.3 Cc ch tiu k thut phc v o kim
Cc ch tiu k thut quy nh trong phn ny ch p dng cho cp mi lp t.
Cng c th tham kho cc ch tiu ny cho cp ang s dng nhng cc gi tr o
c phi khng c vt qu 20% gi tr tiu chun. Cc thng s' k thut trong mc
ny hon ton ph hp vi TCN 68 - 132: 1998 "Cp thng tin kim loi dng cho mng
ni ht".
4.2.3.1in tr dng mt chiu ca li dn
in tr dng mt chiu ca li dn, 20c, phi tun theo cc ch tiu trong bng
2.3. i vi cp t 100 i tr ln, cho php 1% s i trong cun cp khng t yu cu
v in tr c bit
Bng 4.2 Ch tiu in tr dng mt chiu trong li dn

4.2.3.1 Mc mt cn bng in tr ca li dn
Mc mt cn bng in tr ca li dn, nhit 20
(l
c, phi tun theo cc ch
tiu trong bng 4.3. i vi cp t 100 i tr ln, cho php 1% s di trong b cp


102

khng t yu cu v mc mt cn bng in tr c bit cc i.
Bng 4.3: Mc mt cn bng in tr trong li dn







4.2.3.3 in dung cng tc
in dung cng tc l in dung tng h gia hai li dn ca mt i y khi tt
c cc i cn li c ni vi mn chn nhiu v c ni t. Trong mt b cp bt k,
in dung cng tc ca tt c cc i y, c o tn s 1 kHz v nhit 20c,
khng c vt qu gi tr quy nh trong bng 4.4
Bng 4.4: in dung cng tc

i vi cp t 100 i tr ln, cho php 1% s i trong b cp khng t yu cu
v gi tr in dung c bit cc i
4.2.3.4 in dung khng cn bng
in dung khng cn bng gia cc i dy v gia cc i dy vi t, o ti tn
s 1 kHz v nhit 20
0
C, khng c vt qu cc gi tr quy nh trong bng 4.5


103


i vi cp t 100 i tr ln, ch php 1% s i trong b cp khng t yu cu
v gi tr in dung khng cn bng c bit cc i
4.2.3.5 in tr cch in
in tr cch in ca mi dy c bc cch in i vi tt c cc dy khc
v vi mn chn nhiu ca si cp, nhit 20C, phi ln hn 10.000 MQ/km.
in p o th l in p mt chiu 500 V cho cp mi v 350 V cho cp ang s
dng, thi gian o: 1 pht
Suy hao truyn dn
Gi tr trung bnh cc i ca suy hao truyn dn o ti tn s kHz, 150 kHz v
772 kHz, nhit 20C, phi tun th cc gi tr quy nh i vi cp t 100 i tr
ln, cho php 1 % s i trong b cp khng t yu cu v gi tr suy hao truyn dn c
bit cc i. Gi tr suy hao truyn dn c bit cc i c tnh bng 110% gi tr trung
bnh quy nh trong bng 4.6.
Bng 4.6: Suy hao truyn dn








104

4.2.3.6 Suy hao xuyn m
Suy hao ca tng cng sut xuyn m trung bnh u xa v suy hao ca tng cng
sut xuyn m c bit u xa, o ti cc tn s 1 kHz, 150 kHz v 772 kHz, phi ln hom
gi tr trong bng 4.7.
Suy hao ca tng cng sut xuyn m u gn trung bnh v suy hao ca tng cng
sut xuyn m u gn c bit, c o trong mi nhm bt k ca b cp ti tn s 1
kHz, 150 kHz v 772 kHz, phi ln hn gi tr trong bng 4.8
Bng 4.7: Suy hao xuyn m u xa

Bn 4.8: Suy hao xuyn m u gn

4.3 Phng php o
4.3.1 o in tr cch in
in tr thun gia mt li dn so vi cc li dn khc v so vi t. in p khi
o l 500 V hoc 350 V, nhit l 20
0
c.
- Tin hnh o


105

t in p l 100 V DC
Thi gian o l 60 giy






Hnh 4.8 : S o in tr cch in
4.3.2 o in tr mt chiu
in tr mt chiu l i lng vt l c trng cho tnh cht cn tr dng in ca
mt vt th dn in. N c nh ngha l t s ca hiu in th gia hai u vt th
vi cng dng in i qua n:R = U/I




Hnh 4.9 S o in tr vng
Trong cp ng ngi ta quy chun v in tr mt chiu ca li trn 1 km chiu
di nhit 20c
Tin hnh o
u ni thit b o RLC nh hnh 4.9
Thc hin ni tt hai si dy ca i dy cn o
t in p ra ca my o l IV v tn s mc thp nht (DC).
Lu
dl. Nu tin hnh o nhit khc 20c th cn quy i kt qu o:
R = R
1
/[l + 0,00393.(t - 20)] ()


106

d2. Nu di ng dy khc 1 km th cn quy i v di chun 1 km:
R = R
1
/L ( /km)
Trong :
R: gi tr in tr c quy i v 1 km,
R
1
: gi tr in tr o c ca si dy,
L: chiu di ca si dy c o, km.
4.3.3 o mt cn bng in tr i dy (li dn)
Khi nim:
L s chnh lch in tr mt chiu gia hai si ca cng i dy: nhit 20c
R
mcb
= (R
max
-R
min
)/R
min
x 100(%)
Phng php o
Tin hnh o
u ni thit b o RLC nh hnh 4.10
Thc hin o ti hai u si dy ca dy cn o
t in p ra ca my o l IV v tn s mc thp nht (DC).








Hnh 4.10: S o mt cn bng in tr i dy
Lu
Nu di ng dy khc 1 km th cn quy i v di chun 1 km: R = R
1
/L


107

(/km)
Trong :
R: gi tr in tr c quy i v 1 km,
R: gi tr in tr o c ca si dy,
L: chiu di ca si dy c o, km.
Thng thng kt hp o in tr mt chiu ca dy dn sau tnh ton mt
cn bng in tr i dy
4.3.4 o in dung cng tc ca i dy
Khi nim:
in dung cng tc ca i dy l in dung tng h gia hai dy dn ca mt i
cp khi tt c cc i cn li c ni vi mn che v ni t. in dung ny c o
tn s 1000 Hz v nhit 20c.
Phng php o
u ni thit b o RLC nh hnh 4.11.
Thc hin ni t tt c i dy cn li.
t tn s o 1000 Hz

Hnh 4.11: S o in dung cng tc ca i dy
Lu
Nu di ng dy khc 1 km th cn quy i v di chun 1 km:
C
0
= C/L X 1000 (nF/km)
Trong :


108

C
0
: in dung cng tc, nF/km
C: in dung o c, nF
L: chiu di i dy c o, m.
4.3.5 o in dung khng cn bng
- Khi nim:
L in dung tng h gia cc i dy v gia cc i dy vi t. in dung ny
c o tn s 1000 Hz v nhit 20c.






Hnh 4.12 S o in dung khng cn bng
Thc hin o in dung ca tng si dy ca i ny vi si dy i khc hoc vi
t.
t tn s o 1000 Hz
Tnh in dung khng cn bng: i - t
C
UPG
=C
AL
- C
BL
(pF)
Tnh in dung khng cn bng: i - i
C
UPP
= (C
AD
+ C
BC
) - (C
AC
+ C
BD
) (pF).
4.3.6 o suy hao truyn dn (suy hao xen)
Khi nim:
Suy hao truyn dn (suy hao xen) l gi tr trung bnh cc i suy hao tn hiu 1
kHz, 150 kHz v 772 kHz trn i 1 km v nhit 20c.
Phng php o


109


Hnh 4.13: S do suy hao truyn dn
u ni cc thit b o nh hnh 3.6.
Thng thng mt my l my pht tn hiu hnh sin vi mt I mc cng sut c
nh v my kia l my thu o cng sut.
t tn s o 1 kHz, 150 kHz v 772 kHz.
Lu
Khi o suy hao, phi gim thiu cc nguyn nhn lm mt mt cng sut hoc
cng sut phn x my thu -> tng thch tr khng ca my pht tn hiu v my o
cng sut vi tr khng ng dy.
Cng thc tnh: L
sh
= -101og(P
Rx
/P
Tx
) (dB)
Trong : L
sh
: gi tr suy hao, dB
P
Tx
, P
RX
: cng sut pht v thu, w.
4.3.7 o suy hao xuyn m u gn
Phng php o
u ni thit b o nh hnh 4.14.
Mt u l my pht tn hiu hnh sin vi mt mc cng sut c nh v u thu l
my o cng sut.
Kt cui ti u xa hai i dy vi in tr tng ng tr khng ng dy.
t tn s o 150 kHz v 772 kHz.
Lu :
Suy hao xuyn m u gn: n
ji
(NEXT) = - 10log(P
ii
/P
ji
) (dB)



110

Gi tr trung bnh suy hao tng cng sut xuyn m u gn.


Hnh 4.14 S o suy hao xuyn m u gn
4.3.8 o suy hao xuyn m u xa
Phng php o
u ni thit b o nh hnh 4.15.
Mt u l my pht tn hiu hnh sin vi mt mc cng sut c nh v u thu l
my o cng sut.
Kt cui cc u cn li ca i dy vi in tr tng ng tr khng ng dy.
t tn s o 150 kHz v 772 kHz.

Hnh 4.15: S o su hao xuyn m u xa



111

Lu
Suy hao xuyn m u xa: m
ji
(FEXT) = -10 log (P
ij
/P
jj
) (dB)
Suy hao tng cng sut xuyn m u xa:


112

CHNG 5: O KIM TRA NG DY THU BAO S xDSL
5.1. Gii thiu chung v mng xDSL
5.1.1 Khi nim chung
ng dy thu bao s (DSL: Digital Subscriber Line) l mt h cc cng ngh
truyn s liu ang ph bin hin nay. Truyn s liu tc cao tn dng cc bng tn m
cp ng cho php ngoi bng tn thoi. Cc cng ngh ADSL, ADSL2+, SHDSL,
VDSL u thuc h cng ngh xDSL
C nhiu cng ngh ti tc hai hng ln xung v chiu di cp cho php khc
nhau
ADSL (Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line) l ng dy thu bao s bt i xng.
N c s dng ph bin nht. Tc hng xung cao hn hng ln (v l thuyt c
th t ti a 8 Mbit/s chiu xung v i Mbit/s hng ln).
Hai bng tn c lp cho hai hng ln xung. C th truyn ng thi vi tn hiu
thoi c nh truyn thng trn mt i cp ng.








Hnh 5.1: Bng tn cho hai hng ln xung ca ADSL
Cng ngh ADSL 2+
Cng ngh ADSL 2+ c ci tin t ADSL. N tng thch vi cc thit b
ADSL. N c tc cao hn nhiu so vi ADSL (v l thuyt c th t ti a 24 Mbit/s
chiu xung v 1 Mbit/s chiu ln). C th truyn ng thi vi tn hiu thoi c nh
truyn thng trn mt i cp ng.


113

SHDSL- ng dy thu bao s tc cao i xng
ng dy ny thng s dng cho cc Home Server. N c tc I hng
ln v hng xung bng nhau (2.304 kbis vi mt i dy, 4.608 kbit/s - 2 i dy).
ng dy ny s dng cng mt bng tn cho c hai hng. N khng th truyn ng
thi vi tn hiu thoi c
nh truyn thng trn mt i cp ng.
VDSL: ng dy thu bao s tc rt cao. y l cng ngh cui trong h
cng ngh xDSL. N tn dng trit cc bng tn c th truyn trn cp ng. N c tc
cao hn nhiu so vi ADSL v SHDSL (v l thuyt VDSL2 c th t ti 100 Mbit/s
hng xung vi i cp di 500 m).
nh hng ca mng cp ng n cht lng ng dy xDSL
Cht lng cp ng l yu t quan trng nht quyt nh cht lng ca tn hiu
xDSL. Tn hiu xDSL trn cc bng tn cao do yu cu cht lng cp tt hn nhiu
so vi in thoi truyn thng.













Hnh 5.2 nh hng ca chiu di cp n cht lng tn hiu


114

5.1.2 Cu trc tng th mng xDSL

Hnh 5.3: Cu trc mng xDSL
Cc thnh phn chc nng ca mng
Cc thnh phn chnh ca mng gm c:
+ My tnh, m-em v b chia
+ Mng cp ng
+ B ghp knh truy nhp cc ng thu bao s (DSLAM)
+ H thng truyn dn (ATM, Ethernet...)
+ My ch truy nhp t xa bng rng (BRAS)
+ Cc my ch dch v.
5.1.2.1 M-em u cui
L thit b chuyn i tn hiu s sang tng t. N hot ng nh mt b nh


115

tuyn hoc cu ni. Vic ghp knh tn hiu s liu v thoi c th c tch hp trong
m-em.
5.1.2.2 B glp knh truy nhp cc dng thu bao s DSLAM lm nhim v
Chuyn i cc tn hiu tng t thnh tn hiu s (v ngc li) + Tch knh thoi
v knh s liu
+ Ghp knh cc tn hiu s vo chung mt ng truyn dn hng ln
+ Kt ni ti BRAS qua h thng truyn dn.
5.1.2.3 H thng truyn dn
Thng s dng cng ngh ATM (vi mng truyn dn truyn thng) hoc
GigabitEthemet (vi mng Metro Ethernet).
Cc DSLAM pha trn cng ng vai tr nh mt thit b truyn dn cho cc
DSLAM pha di.
5.1.2.4 BRAS
L thit b cui nhn v tr li yu cu kt ni ca (m-em/my tnh) khch hng.
Trao i thng tin cho RADIUS xc thc, phn quyn v ghi cc. Cp a ch IP
cng cng cho khch hng v p t chnh sch kt ni (hoc t chi kt ni). ng vai
tr gateway (cng) ra Internet.
5.1.2.5 Cc my ch dch v
RADIUS: My ch xc thc, phn quyn, ghi cc.
LDAP: My ch lu d liu xc thc.
DN5: My ch phn gii h thng tn min

Mail Server: My ch cung cp dch v th in t.
5.2. Cc tham s cn o kim trong trin khai dch v xDSL
5.2.1 Vai tr ca o kim trong trin khai dch v xDSL
o kim cht lng mng cp ng trc khi xy lp l mt phn ca qu trnh
kho st. y l nhn t quan trng cho quyt nh xy lp
-
;
o kim cht lng mng xDSL sau khi xy lp nhm m bo cht lng dch v
cung cp cho khch hng.


116

o kim cht lng nh k v theo yu cu nhm pht hin, khc phc li, ci
thin cht lng dch v.
5.2.2 Cc tham s cn o kim trong trin khai dch v xDSL
5.2.2.1 Cc tham s lp vt l
+ Thng s cp ng
+ in tr, in dung
+ Chiu di cp
+ in p xoay chiu, in p mt chiu
+ Nhiu
+ Cun cm (load coil), cu r...
+ V tr li.
a.S ATM DSLAM








5.3. Phng php o




Hnh 5.4 S mng xDSL s dng ATM DSLAM


117

ATM
DSLAM
Interne
t
M-em ADSL
o cht lung
cp ng, tn
hiu xDSL
Kim tra xc thc ppp
o lp IP
b.S IP
DSLAM












Hnh 5.5 S mng xDSL s dng IP DSLAM
c. o in tr ca i dy ngn mch u xa

in tr mt chiu cch ly (u xa h mch): T/G > 5 M; R/G > 5 M.
Nu khng tha mn, dy b chm t.
Tip/Ring > 5 M.
Nu khng tha mn, hai dy b ngn mch.



118

5.2.2.2 Cc tham s lp 2
Kim tra lp ATM (ATM DLAM)
+ ATM segment
+ ATM end-to-end
+ Qut tm vcc.
Kim tra lp ppp
+ Xc nh my ch PPPoA/PPPoE
+ Kim tra kh nng xc thc
Tham s lp IP - tc d liu
Phng php xc nh: Phng php m phng. Tng s mu o t nht l 100 mu
o ti tp (file) d liu vo cc gi khc nhau trong ngy i vi mi loi ti ln v ti
xung, ni mng v ngoi mng;
dung lng ca tp d liu dng thc hin mu o t nht l 2 MB tr ln i vi
php ti xung, 1 MB tr ln i vi php ti ln.
+ Tc ti d liu trung bnh ni mng
Pd > 0,8 Vdmax v Pu > 0,8 Vumax
+ Tc ti d liu trung bnh ngoi mng
Pd > 0,6 Vdmax v Pu > 0,6 Vumax.
5.3 Phng php o
5.3.1 S dng my o o cc tn hiu lp di v kh nng kt ni lp IP
Kim tra cht lng cp ng, pht hin li cp.
Kim tra cht lng tn hiu xDSL.
Kim tra kt ni cho ATM.
Kim tra kt qu xc thc.
u im:
C th o c tn hiu c cc lp di.


119

D dng pht hin ra li khc phc.
t ph thuc vo cc yu t nm ngoi cht lng mng.
5.3.1.1 Xc nh v tr li cp bng my o phn hi min thi gian (Time Domain
Reflectometer: TDR)
Nguyn l: Pht ra mt xung v o thi gian n phn hi ri xc nh khng cch
da trn tc lan truyn ca xung
Nhng nguyn nhn gy ra s phn hi:
H mch
Ngn mch
Cu r (R nhnh)
Cun cm (load coil).









Hnh 5.6: Xc nh li cp bng my o phn hi min thi gian TDR
Nhc im:
+ Gi thnh t
+ Ch o phn on t khch hng ti BRAS
+ C th kt qu cha thuy phc c khch hng nu khng o lp ng dng.
khc phc cc nhc im trn cn kt hp vi vic o tc d liu lp P


120

bng phn mm ng dng sau khi thu c kt qu tt t php o bng my o.
5.3.1.2 S dng cc tnh nng kim tra bng m-em c h tr kim tra
Kim tra tn hiu xDSL
Kim tra kt ni cho ATM
Kim tra kt qu xc thc
Kim tra kt ni ti mng Internet
Kim tra cht lng cp ng, pht hin li cp
Kim tra cht lng tn hiu xDSL
Kim tra kt ni cho ATM
Kim tra kt qu xc thc.
u im:
+ Khng cn s dng thm thit b + C th pht hin lp c li khc phc.
Nhc im:
+ Ch c th kim tra khi c tn hiu xDSL + Ch dng kim tra khc phc li
khi khng kt ni c + Mt s loi m-em khng c h tr tnh nng kim tra.
5.3.1.3 S dng phn mm ng dng o tc truyn s tiu lp I P
+ S dng my ch FTP, my ch Web
+ S dng cc chng trnh o tc hai chiu
+ L phng php c s dng ph bin nht hin nay.
u im:
+ Khng i hi cc thit b phc tp
+ Kim tra trc tip tc lp IP l thng s khch hng quan tm nht
+ Khch hng c th t thc hin m khng ph thuc vo nh cung cp dch v.
Nhc im:
+ Khng xc nh c li


121

+ Ph thuc vo nhiu yu t nm ngoi cht lng mng (my tnh, m-em, my
ch, bng thng ti my ch,...)
khc phc cc nhc im ta cn:
+ S dng my tnh v m-em c cht ng tt khng nh hng ti kt qu
o
+ S dng cc my ch c cu hnh tt, bng thng ti BRAS ln
+ S dng tin ch tng tc ti xung, ti ln.
5.3.2 Phn tch kt qu o thc t
5.3.2.1 Kim tra tnh tch hp ca modem








Hnh 5.7: Bn tin kt qu o kim bng modem

Hnh 5.7 Bn tin kt qu o kim bng modem




122

5.3.2.2 o cht lng cp ng bng my o Sunset MTT












Hnh 5.8 Kt qu o cht lng cp ng bng my o Sunset MTT
5.3.2.3 o tn hiu ADSL bng my o Sunset MTT










123

CHNG 6: O KIM TRA MNG CP QUANG
6.1. Gii thiu chung
Mng cp quang hin nay tn ti 2 loi ln : Mng cp quang thu bao v mng
cp quang trung k (cp I,II)
- Mng cp quang thu bao
Mng cp quang thu bao gm mng cp quang t nt chuyn mch/im truy
nhp n cc nh thu bao, cp quang s dng trn mng thu bao quang cc th
loi c bit v loi mt c th s dng loi cp quang c dung lng n 144 si,
tu theo nhu cu s dng dch v m s dng cp si quang c dung lng n 48
si.
- Mng cp quang trung k
+ Mng cp quang trung k cp I c t chc theo dng ring 2 si hoc 4 si tu
theo yu cu v dung lng cng nh bo v mng li.
- Tc truyn dn ca mng ring phi m bo tho mn nhu cu v lu lng
t nht l 7 nm.
- Cc d n u t cho mng cp quang cp I phi tnh n vic b sung si
quang cho tuyn trc ni tnh ni m tuyn cp I i qua.
- Cp quang s dng trn mng trung k cp mt s dng loi cp c dung lng
t 16-24 si.
+ Mng cp quang trung k cp II c t chc theo mng ring (2 si hoc 4 si)
cc trm trung tm - trung tm, trung tm - chuyn tip tu theo yu cu v dung lng
cng nh bo v mng li.
- Tc truyn dn ca mng ring phi m bo tho mn nhu cu v lu lng
t nht l 5 nm.
- Cp quang trung k cp II c th s dng kt hp cho mng trung k cp I v
vy cp quang s dng trn mng cp II cc th loi c bit c th s dng cp c
dung lng ti 144 si; cc th loi mt c th s dng loi cp quang c dung lng
ti 96 si, cc th loi II v cc th x c th s dng loi cp quang n 48 si.


124

- bo m an ton mng, cc im truy nhp c t chc thnh mng ring v
kt hp vi cc tuyn nhnh
- Cp quang s dng trn mng trung k l loi cp quang n mt, cp quang s
dng trn mng thu bao quang c th dng loi n mt hc a mt tu theo mc ch
s dng, cht lng si quang v v cp phi p ng cc yu cu k thut theo tiu
chun ngnh 68 - 160: 1996 v tiu chun ITU - T (G.652), s si quang c tnh khi lp
d n cho cc mng trung k cp I, II, phi tho mn cho nhu cu s dng hin ti, c d
phng cho cc bc pht trin thm h thng mi.
6.2. Yu cu chung v cc tham s cht lng mng cp quang
6.2.1 Yu cu chung v mng cp quang
Mng cp quang l mng cp c tnh t gi. phi dy ODF n ODF gia hai
thit b u cui quang.
Cc thnh phn trong mng cp quang bao gm: gi phi y, mng sng, h thng
cng b, ct treo cp;
H thng cng b cp phi c nghim thu (c bin bn km theo) trc khi trin
khai mng cp quang, trong bo co o kim ho mng phi c cc bin bn nghim
thu cng trnh cng b cp thc hin trc .
Tt c cc gi phi dy, t u cp, hp cp n nh thu bao, mng sng cp, ng
nha lun cp v cc loi cp truyn n s dng cho mng ngoai vi phi l cc chng
loi c cp chng nhn hp chun hoc c ph duyt cho php s dng.
6.2.2 Mc ch o kim
Thc hin o, kim tra nhm m bo rng h thng c thi cng theo ng thit
k v cc c tnh truyn dn ca cc loi cp s dng, trong mng p ng c cc ch
tiu k thut yu cu.
Vic o kim ho mng cc cng trnh mng cp si quang c thc hin khi h
thng cp lp t xong, nhng cha kt ni. vi cc thit b u cui quang.
Trong qu trnh o kim tra nh k hoc khc phc s c cn tch cc i cp
phi o ra khi g ODF c hai u.



125

6.2.3. Ch tiu k thut ca cc php o
6.2.3.1. Tc truyn dn
Cc h thng thng tin quang phi c kh nng truyn cc tn hiu vi tc danh
nh v mc sai s theo tiu chun quy nh trong bng 6.1

Bng 6.1. Sai s cho php ca cc tc truyn dn
6.2.3.2. Cc tiu chun ca phn giao din in
a. Tiu chun cho tc 2048 Kb/s
* i vi u ra lung 2048 Kb/s
Bng 6.2. c tnh ca tn hiu in lung 2048 Kb/s



126


Cc tn hiu u ra lung 2048 Kb/s phi tho mn cc iu kin ghi trong bng 6.2.
* i vi u vo lung 2048 Kb/s
Suy hao phn x ti u vo 2048 Kb/s ca cc u cui trong h thng thng tin
quang phi ln hn cc gi tr trong bng 6.3
Bng 6.3. Suy hao phn x nh nht ti u vo 2048 kb/s

b. Tiu chun cho tc 34369Kb/s
* i vi u ra lung 34 Mb/s
Bng 6.4. c tnh ca tn hiu in lung 34Mb/s

- i vi u vo lung 34Mb/s


127

Suy hao phn x ti u vo 34Mb/s ca cc u cui trong h thng thng tin
quang phi ln hn cc gi tr trong bng 6.5
Bng 6.5. Suy hao phn x nh nht ti u vo 34Mb/s

c. Tiu chun cho tc 140Mb/s
Bng 6.6. c tnh ca tn hiu in lung 140Mb/s

d. Ch tiu giao din u ra ca tn hiu in SDH
Ch tiu giao din u ra ca tn hiu in SDH 155 Mbit/s: cc tn hiu u ra in
ca thit b u cui quang c giao din 155 Mbit/s phi tho mn cc iu kin trong
bng 6.7
Bng 6.7. c tnh ca tn hiu in lung 155Mb/s



128


6.2.3.3. Tiu chun v xc nh v bo s c


6.2.3.4. Tiu chun v li bit
Bng6.8. Gii hn ca cc tham s li bit

Bng 6.9 Ch tiu suy hao v bng tn i vi khong lp dng si quang a mode



129



Bng 6.10 c tnh truyn dn i vi si quang n mode


130


Bng 6.11 H s tn sc i vi si quang n mode

6.3. Cc php o
6.3.1. Cc php o dng my o cng sut quang
6.3.1.1. Gii thiu chung v my o cng sut quang
My o cng sut quang series 1930/2930 sn phm c thit k o sng lin
tc (CW) h tr nhu cu sn xut th nghim v sn xut si quang v cc ngnh cng
nghip khc. Nhng my o cng sut ny c th phn ng kch hot hoc lu tr ln
n 1.000 php o ring bit cho mi knh. Cu hnh thit b mt knh c mt phn s
bt u l 1930, trong khi cu hnh hai knh c mt phn s bt u bng 2930.
My o ny s dng mt hnh cu tch hp InGaAs v Si c kh nng o di sng
trong khong t 400 n 1650nm. My o c cu hnh cho mt knh h tr v kt hp
giao din a cng
Mi dng sn phm ca series 1930/2930 khc nhau theo nhiu cch. Bng 34 l
cc loi m hnh khc nhau v phn cng cc tnh nng lin quan ca thit b ny.
Model S
ingle
C
hannel
Du
al
Cha
nnel
S
i
D
etector
In
GaAs
D
etector
Integ
rating
Sphe
re
FC
/PC &
APC
S
C/PC
New
ports
Universal
Port*
1930-C X
2930-C X
1930F-
SL-FC
X X X
2930F-
SL-FC
X X X
1930F-
SL-SC
X X X
2930F-
SL-SC
X X X
1930F-
IG-FC
X X X
2930F-
IG-FC
X X X


131

1930F-
IG-SC
X X X
2930F-
IG-SC
X X X
1930IS X X X X X

Mn hnh d liu c hin th khi khi ng. Phn trn ca mn hnh d liu l
mt mn hnh hin th thi gian thc ca cng sut o c, v na di ca mn hnh d
liu l mt dy chn cc tnh nng khc nhau phn nh ci t my o hin ti . Bng 35 l
cc thng s hin th
Nhn thng bo ngha
Zero Ch Zero
Dig Kch hot chc nng lc
s Alg Kch hot chc nng lc
tng t Auto Kch hot o t ng
Store Kch hot tnh nng lu
d liu ExtTrg Kch hot tnh nng bn
ngoi Ucal Kch hot tnh nng hiu
chun ngi dng
Attn Bt tnh nng suy hao
V d mt mn hnh hin th nh sau:



132


Hnh 6.1. Cu hnh mt trc ca thit b

Hnh 6.2. Cu hnh mt sau ca thit b
OPM (Opticall Power Metter) l mt dng c o cm tay c dng o cng
sut pht quang rt thng dng trong k thut vin thng. N c th c s dng trong
khi o thit lp tuyn, sa cha cc thit b hay tuyn truyn dn quang.
OPM cho php kt ni d dng vi mt s loi Connector tiu chun khc nhau v
c giao din vi ngi s dng rt n gin, d s dng, bao gm :
- Chuyn mch ngun (Power switching)
- Nm iu chnh bc sng hot ng () : Cho php la chn bc sng cn o :
780, 850, 1300 hoc 1550nm.


133

- Mn hin th LCD : hin th bc sng v cng sut quang o c .
Cc yu cu i vi OPM rt khc nhau tu thuc vo tng ng dng o OPM phi
cng sut o tn hiu u ra ca thit b truyn dn quang ang s dng, ng thi
phi nhy, chnh xc c th o cng sut quang ti cui si quang khong
cch rt xa.
Tn hiu in c to bi Photo Diode c cng rt yu, do vy n c a
ti b khuch i ti mt mc cng sut ln ri c a ra hin th di dng s.
6.3.1.2 Cu trc v hot ng ca my o
Tn hiu c phn nh qua mt chuyn i tng t/s c tip tc x l nh
minh ha trong s khi Hnh 6.3: Tn hiu c s ho bi b chuyn i tng t/s
v di chuyn thng qua mt s cc bc qu trnh m c th hoc khng th thay i gi
tr s ha ty thuc vo tnh trng hot ng ca my o. Mi khi trong cc bc sau c
th c tho lun theo th t xy ra ca n.

Hnh 6.3. S lung tn hiu tng t








Hnh 6.4. S khi lung tn hiu c s ho qua thit b o cng sut quang
Figure
6.3


134


* Chc nng lc s (DIG filter)
Nu chc nng b lc s c kch hot, th u ra ca b lc l mc trung bnh
ca gn 16 gi tr y c s ha. Khi t hn 16 gi tr th c thng bo ly t gi tr
thit lp cui cng ca b lc s, u ra l mc trung bnh ca tt c cc gi tr nhn
c. Cc b lc k thut s c thit lp li khi Model 1930/2930 c bt v bt c
khi no cc n v hoc thay i phm vi hoc khi phm MODE nhn.
* Chc nng Zero Offset
Bm phm ZERO chuyn i gia vic kch hot hay khng kch hot chc nng
Zero offset. Vi Zero hin th, Zero offset c kch hot. Khng c g hin th,
Zero offset khng c kch hot v gi tr cng sut gi nguyn, khng tnh nh hng
mi trng.
Chc nng offset cho php loi tr cc nh hng ca thnh phn mt chiu DC
mi trng xung quanh bng cch b khng mn hnh hin th trc khi o.
* Khi Units
Khi ny cho php la chn n v o l dB, dBm, W, amps bng cch hiu
chnh chnh xc cc gi tr o tnh ton v la chn khi hin th
* Khi Sto Ref
Bm STO REF lu tr mt im tham chiu chn in t. cc
gi tr tham kho c lu tr trong trng user ref ca menu Channel.
* Khi Responsivity Map(s)
Qu trnh ny lm ph hp gi tr u vo vi chun bc sng hin ti v ghp tn
hiu t modun tch sng chun . u ra ca qu trnh ny, tc l gi tr o c,
gi tr u vo c s ha c phn chia nh s kt hp gia tn hiu v nhy
u ra ca khi tch sng vi bc sng chun hin ti hoc hiu chun gi tr ngi
dng xc nh.
* Analog Output
Tn hiu u ra tng t (Khi figure 5.1) l tn hiu tch sng c khuch i
v cha c hiu chnh cho ph hp vi tn hiu v nhy ca khi tch sng.
* Cn nhc khi o


135

c im ca b tch sng, cn cn nhc gia quang hc v in t, v nh hng
mi trng trn cc php o quang hc. Nhn chung, chnh xc o c gii hn bi
chnh xc ca khi hiu chun sau tch sng.Tuy nhin, php o chnh xc cng ph
thuc vo vic thit lp tham s o thch hp, kim sot nhit v cc iu kin chiu
sng v s hiu bit cc yu t nh hng n cc php o quang hc.
- Hiu chun sau tch sng v chnh xc: Nhn chung, chnh xc hiu chun
sau tch sng thay i t 2% n 5% v gi tr tuyt i v thay i theo bc sng.
Mi b tch sng cng s c mt s s thay i trong phn ng trn b mt ca n.V
vy, i vi hu ht cc php o ti sn xut, nh sng phi chiu sng vo b tch mt
cch ng nht. v sau mt khong thi gian xc nh phi c hiu chun li v phn
ng ca tch sng thay i theo thi gian
- nh hng ca tch sng lng t khi nhit thay i: Khi nhit thay i
lm cho hot ng ca b tch sng b nh hng. Ti cc bc sng di, b tch sng
lng t mt nhy cm khi tng nhit . Ngoi ra, dng ti trong b tch sng tng theo
quy lut cp s nhn khi nhit tng. Dng ti thng b chi phi bi s tng tc gia
b tch sng vi b o khuch i v thng l ln hn so vi l thuyt gii hn dng ti.
do vy thng c c ch lm mt b tch sng gim ng k nh hng ca dng ti
v nhiu dng ti.
* Khi giao tip
My o cng sut cho php giao tip vi my tnh qua cng RS232 hoc USB
6.3.1.3 Mt s php o dng my o cng sut quang
a. o suy hao tuyn quang bng my o cng sut quang






Hnh 6.5: S o suy hao tuyn quang bng my o cng sut
Cc bc thc hin:


136

Lau sch cc b ni.
Bt ngun b o cng sut v ngun quang cho n nh. Nu s dng ngun quang
Laser phi c an ton trc khi o.
Nhn dng tng si quang o, nu si lp vo h thng th cn tt ngun thit
b quang khi tho si ra.
Hiu chun 2 dy nhy quang A v B c suy hao l 0 dB.
Suy hao tuyn quang: L(dB) = P
Tx
(dBm) - P
Rx
(dBm).
b. o suy hao tuyn quang WDM
Trng hp tuyn si l WDM th ngun quang phi c kh nng thay i bc
sng. Suy hao gm suy hao si quang v suy hao ghp







Hnh 6.6: S o suy hao tuyn quang WDM
6.3.2. Cc php o quang s dng my o phn x quang OTDR
6.3.2.1. Gii thiu chung v my o OTDR
phn tch nh gi cc c tnh truyn dn ca si quang, cn phi pht cc xung
nh sng vo si quang ri thu nhn v phn tch cc xung quang phn x. Nguyn l ny
c p dng trong thit b o OTDR (Optical Time Domain Reflectometer) do Banosky
v Jnen a ra ln u tin vo nm 1976.
Hin nay, OTDR tr thnh mt thit b o c ng dng rng ri trong vic o
th, o kim cc tuyn truyn dn quang. Ngoi vic o suy hao ca tuyn, thit b o
OTDR cn cho bit s phn b suy hao, chiu di thc ca tuyn, v tr mi hn, v tr t


137

si, connector... u im ni bt ca OTDR l c th o tt c cc thng s ca si quang
ch cn tin hnh o mt u si m khng cn phi ct si.
Xt mt s hin tng c dng lm c s cho my o OTDR khi truyn nh
sng trong li si quang:
(1) Suy hao
Cng sut quang truyn trn si gim dn theo khong cch vi quy lut hm s
m:
P(x) = P
o
exp (-2ox) (W)
Trong :
P(x) l cng sut quang c ly x(m)
P
o
l cng sut quang u si
o l suy hao trung bnh trn mi mt si quang, c n v l Neper/m
Nu o c tnh vi n v dB/km th biu thc ca hm cng sut si quang c
dng:

Trong : ; 1dB/km ~ 115.10
-6
Np/m
(2) S phn x (Reflection)
Khi nh sng truyn n cui si gp khng kh (cui si h), nh sng s phn
x ngc tr li (phn x Fresnel) vi h s phn x c tnh nh sau:

Trong :
n
1
~ 1,5 : Chit sut ca si thu tinh.
n
0
~ 1 : Chit sut ca khng kh.
Do vy, R ~ 0,04 = 4% (hay ~ 14dB)
| | | | km x km dB = = ; / o
2
0 1
2
0 1
) (
) (
n n
n n
R
+

=
x
o
P x P
10
10 ) (
o

=


138

iu c ngha u cui ca si (hoc ch si b t) c khong 4% cng sut
quang phn x tr li.
Nu mt ct u cui si quang nghing hoc khng nhn th h s phn x thp
hn. (R<4%)
Tng qut, cng sut nh sng phn x c tnh bi cng thc:
khi n v tnh ca o l Np/m, hoc:
khi n v tnh ca o l dB/km
Trong :
R l h s phn x
P
0
l cng sut u si
o l h s suy hao trung bnh
v l vn tc nh sng trong si (m/s hoc km/s)
t l thi gian (s)
(3) S tn x ngc (Back Scattering)
Tn x Rayleigh l mt trong nhng nguyn nhn gy ra suy hao trn si quang.
Cc tia tn x to ra mi hng, nhng tia no quay ngc v pha ngun quang c
phng hp vi trc si mt gc nh hn gc m ca si c th truyn v u si.
Nhng tia tn x theo cc hng khc th hoc tip tc truyn v pha cui si hoc
b khc x ra khi li si tu theo phng ca chng.
Cng sut tn x c dng tng qut:
P
S
(t) = So
S
vtP
0
exp(-2ovt)
Trong :
S: H s tn x ngc
o
S
: H s tn x Rayleigh
v: Vn tc nh sng trong si
t: rng xung nh sng
vt
R
e RP t P
o 2
0
) (

=
vt
R
e RP t P
10
0
) (
o

=


139

P
0
: Cng sut ca xung nh sng ti
o: suy hao trung bnh ca si quang
t: Thi gian
H s tn x ngc S ph thuc vo tng loi si quang :
- Si a mode chit sut phn bc (SI):
trong : n
1
l chit sut li,
n
2
l chit sut lp bc.
- Si a mode chit sut gim dn (GI):

- Si n mode (SM):
Trong : l bc sng, 2p l ng knh trng mode
6.3.2.2. Cu trc v hot ng ca my o
a. S khi










2
1
2
2
2
1
4
.
2
3
n
n n
S

=
2
1
2
2
2
1
4
.
n
n n
S

=
2
1
2 .
038 , 0
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
p n
S


A

B



A

D


X L TN HIU

LASER DIODE
CONNECTOR
DIODE
TCH QUANG
B K
B

O

X
U
N
G

MN HNH
Si cn o
Hnh 6.7. S khi OTDR


140

Nguyn l hot ng ca thit b o OTDR da trn vic pht vo si quang cc
xung quang ri thu nhn cc xung phn x phn tch v nh gi cc c tnh truyn
dn ca si quang.
thc hin c cc chc nng ny th mt thit b o OTDR thng c cc
thnh phn c bn nh : Mt ngun sng Laer Diode, mt b to xung pht, mt Coupler
quang, mt b tch sng Photo Diode, mt b bin i tng t/s, mt mn hin th v
mt b vi x l. Cc thnh phn c bn ny c ch ra trong s khi thit b o
OTDR ti hnh 6.7:
- Laser Diode : L ngun pht ra cc xung nh sng n nh pht vo si quang.
Cc xung nh sng c to ra di s iu khin ca b to xung pht. C th thay i
rng xung theo yu cu ca php o. rng xung nh sng c la chn theo bc
sng. Cc bc sng c s dng trong cc php o OTDR thng l 850, 1300 nm cho
si a mode v 1310, 1550nm cho si n mode.
- B to xung pht: C nhim v to ra cc xung in iu khin Laser diode
pht ra mt xung hay mt chui xung ri rc.
- Coupler quang: C nhim v truyn a ra nh sng t Laser Diode vo si quang
v truyn a nh sng phn x t si quang vo Photodiode. thc hin nhim v ny,
trong OTDR thng dng b li tia tch sng nh hng.
- Photo Diode (APD): L b bin i quang/in, c nhim v bin i nh sng
phn x n Photo Diode thnh tn hiu in.
- B khuch i (K): Tn hiu in c to ra bi Photodiode c cng rt
yu, v vy c tn hiu cng sut mnh a sang b vi s l, tn hiu ny c
khuch i nh b khuch i.
- A/D: L b bin i tn hiu t tng t sang tn hiu s.
- Vi x l v mn hin th: Tn hiu phn x, sau khi c bin i A/D c a
n b vi s l phn tch di s h tr ca phn mm chuyn dng. Kt qu sau s l
s c a ra mn hin th di dng ho v cc thng s.
Phn hin th l mt mn hnh CRT hoc mn hnh LCD cho thy cc im d liu
to nn cc du vt trn s quang, v hin th cc iu kin thit lp trn my o OTDR
cho cc php o. Hu ht cc mn hnh OTDR kt ni cc im d liu vi mt dng
cung cp mt ci nhn r rng hn cc du vt tng th. Bn c th iu khin con tr
trn mn hnh chn im bt k trn cc du vt trn s quang. Khong cch n con


141

tr s c hin th trn mn hnh. Mi my o OTDR c hai con tr hin th khong
cch mi con tr v s khc bit trong mc tn x gia chng. Kt qu o c hin
th trn mn hnh.
Hnh 6.2. Mn hnh hin th kt qu ca php o thc hin trn my o OTDR
b. Nguyn l hot ng ca OTDR
B vi x l iu khin b to xung pht pht ra cc xung in. Cc xung in
ny iu khin Laser Diode pht ra cc xung nh sng. Cc xung nh sng ny c a
vo Coupler quang, n connector quang ri pht vo si quang. Cc xung nh sng phn
hi t si quang c a v Coupler quang tch cng sut, sau c a sang
Photo Diode bin i quang/in. Tn hiu in Analog to thnh sau Photo Diode
c khuch i, bin i thnh tn hiu Digital ri c a n b vi s l phn tch,
s l kt qu v hin th ra ngoi di dng ho.
- S bin thin cng sut tn x ngc v phn x th hin s phn b suy hao si
quang. Thi gian tr t du hiu phn x u si n du hiu phn x cui si th
hin thi gian truyn ca nh sng t u si n cui si theo 2 chiu. T c th suy
ra chiu di ca si. Tng t nh vy c th tnh c c ly t u si n im c suy
hao bt thng.



142

- Nu tn hiu tn x ngc c khuch i tuyn tnh th ng biu din trn
mn hnh l ng cong gim dn theo quy lut hm s m. Nu dng b khuch i
logarit th ng biu din trn mn hnh l ng thng c h s gc m.
c) Cc ng dng c bn ca OTDR
* o suy hao ton tuyn, suy hao mi hn, khp ni v chiu di si quang
- Da vo chnh lch ca cng sut tn x ngc u v cui si, tnh suy hao
ton tuyn theo cng thc sau:
+ Nu trc tung chia theo n v mW

) (
) (
lg 5
) (
) (
lg 10 .
2
1
) (
2
1
2
1
mW P
mW P
mW P
mW P
dB A = =
+ Nu trc tung chia theo n v dBm v h s 1/2 c tnh sn th suy hao
c tnh nh sau:
A(dB) = P
1
(dBm) - P
2
(dBm)
- Chiu di si quang: L = L
2
- L
1
(km) .
- Suy hao trung bnh :
) (
) (
) / (
km L
dB A
km dB = o
- o suy hao mi hn v khp ni:
+ Suy hao mi hn v khp ni c xc nh bi chnh lch cng sut tn x
ngc trc v sau im ni.
+ Khi truyn qua mi hn nng chy, nh sng hu nh khng c phn x nn
ng biu din trn my o ch thay i dc cn khi truyn qua khp ni, nh sng
thng b phn x cho nn trn mn hnh s quan st thy xung phn x.
* o xc nh v tr t si
- Da trn nguyn tc o chiu di si c th xc nh c c ly t u si n v
tr t si (im c du hiu phn x).
- php o t chnh xc cao, dng phng php o t 2 u si sau tnh
ton v tm ra v tr t si.
- Ch : cc php o c cnh xc cn tnh n cp d phng, si quang d
phng khi hn ni v xon ca si quang trong rut cp.


143

* o hn nhm si quang
- Khi hn ni cp nhiu si c th xy ra trng hp hn nhm th t si quang
trong cp.
- Dng my o OTDR u vo mt u si, u cn li c ngm vo cht lng
c chit sut tng ng vi chit sut li si sau quan st mn hnh hin th, nu
cui si khng c phn x th si hn ng, nu c phn x th si hn nhm.
- C th dng ngun quang v my o cng sut quang xc nh si quang b
hn nhm.
- Ch : Khng th xc nh c v tr hn nhm khi trn tuyn c nhiu mi hn.
d.Cc thng s k thut
(1) Tn s pht xung
- c ng biu din chnh xc , ngi ta cho phng nhiu xung ri ly gi tr
trung bnh ca cc xung phn x. Tn s pht xung c lin quan n tc truyn ca nh
sng trong si v chiu di si.
- Thi gian 1 xung nh sng truyn t u si n cui si ri phn x v u
si l:

Trong : L l chiu di si
l vn tc nh sng truyn trong si
- Thi gian trn chnh l chu k ti thiu ca chui xung nn tn s ti a ca chui
xung l:

Mun o si cng di th tn s pht xung cng thp, thng thng tn s xung
trong khong t 1 2KHz.
(2) phn gii (Resolution)
Khong cch ti thiu gia 2 chng ngi gn nhau m my o cn phn bit c
cho bit kh nng phn gii ca my. phn gii ph thuc b rng ca xung nh sng.
C
n
L
v
L
t
1
2 2 = =
1
n
C
v =
1
max
2
1
Ln
C
t
f = =


144

Thi gian truyn ht mt xung nh sng qua mt im trn si cng chnh l b
rng ca xung.
C ly truyn tng ng b rng ca mt xung nh sng l:
Trong : l vn tc truyn ca nh sng trong li si
T l rng xung.
Vi n
1
=1,5 (chit sut li si) th:
iu c ngha nu xung c rng T=1s th khong cch ca 2 chng ngi
gn nht m my o cn phn bit c l 100m.
Ni chung , rng xung T cng nh th phn gii cng cao v ngc li.
rng xung ca cc my trn thc t c th iu chnh c t vi ns n vi s.
Khi o c ly gn th dng T nh tng phn gii, cn khi o c ly xa th dng T ln
tng di ng.
(3) Di ng (Dynamic Range)
C ly ti a m my o OTDR c th o c ph thuc vo di ng ca my v
suy hao trung bnh ca si quang. xc nh di ng ca my, cn xem xt s phn
b cng sut quang do my pht ra
Di ng n hng SWDR (Single Way Dinamic Range) ca mt my OTDR l
mc suy hao ln nht ca si quang m khi o c th quan st c t u n cui si
Di ng n hng (gi tt l di ng) c tnh bi cng thc:

Trong :
P
P
: Cng sut pht ca LASER (cng sut nh)
P
D
: Mc nhiu ca linh kin tch sng quang.
L = L
1
+L
2
: Tng suy hao ghp c 2 hng i v v.
R : Suy hao tn x ngc .
vT l
2
1
=
1
n
C
v =
) ( . 10 ) ( .
5 , 1
/ 10 . 3
.
2
1
8
8
m T s T
s m
l = =
( ) | | SNI R L P P SWDR
D P
+ + =
2
1


145

SNI: ci thin nhiu (Signal to Noise Improvement)
Di ng ca cc my o OTDR hin nay vo khong 20 35dB
Chiu di si ti a c th o c l:
Trong :
SWDR : Di ng n hng (dB)
o : suy hao trung bnh (k c suy hao hn ni) (dB/km)
Di ng v phn gii ca mt my o OTDR c lin quan vi nhau thng qua
rng xung T. Xung cng rng th cng sut quang phng vo si cng ln nn di
ng cng cao nhng phn gii cng km v ngc li.









Hnh 6.3. M t gii ng ca my o OTDR
(4). Vng cht (Dead Zone)
Vng cht cp n khong cch trn mt du vt si quang sau phn x Fresnel
trong mc phn x li cao hn mc tn x.

o
SWWDR
L =
max


146


Hnh 6.4. M t vng cht ca my o
Mt b cm bin ca OTDR c thit k o mc tn x thp t mt si
quang, v tr nn m khi mt phn x Fresnel ln hn p vo n. mc ti thiu,
thi gian ny b che khut t nht l bng thi gian ca xung. Khi b cm bin nhn c
mc cao t s phn x n tr nn bo ha v khng th o mc thp ca tn x c
th xy ra ngay sau khi mt s kin phn x. Vng cht bao gm thi gian phn x
phc hi cho cc b cm bin iu chnh nhy ti a ca n. B cm bin cht
lng cao phc hi nhanh hn so vi nhng b cm bin r tin v do n t c
khong cch vng cht ngn hn.
nh hng ca vng cht c th c minh ha bng cch xem xt nhng g s xy
ra trong khi bn ang tm kim mt bu tri y sao: khng c n khc xung quanh, i
mt ca bn tr nn nhy cm v bn c th nhn thy nh sng rt m t cc ngi sao
(nh tn x). Nu mt ngi no sau ta sng mt n pin vo mt ca bn, nh
sng qu mnh (nh mt s phn nh Fresnel) lm che khut mt bn v bn khng cn
c th thy nhng ngi sao. Bn s khng th nhn thy bt c iu g, nhng nh sng
ti sng tn ti khi n ang trong i mt ca bn (xung thi gian). Sau khi nh sng
c ly ra, i mt ca bn t t iu chnh vi bng ti, tr nn nhy cm hn, v bn
c th xem mc nh sng thp ca cc ngi sao mt ln na. Cc cm bin OTDR
hnh vi rt ging i mt ca chng ta trong v d ny. Thi gian m la v phc hi
nhy tn x gi l vng cht.
Tm quan trng ca cc vng cht. Vng cht xy ra trong mt du vt si quang
bt c ni no c mt kt ni cp quang, v ti mt s khim khuyt (nh cc vt nt)
trong si. Lun lun c t nht mt vng cht trong mi si quang, ni m n c kt
ni vi my OTDR. iu ny c ngha rng c mt khng gian bt u t u ca si


147

theo th nghim trong O KHNG TH C. Khng gian ny l trc tip lin
quan n rng xung ca ngun laser. rng xung in hnh trong OTDRs phm vi t
3 ns (nano giy - phn t ca mt giy) n 20.000 ns. Tng ng vi khong cch 2 feet
(0,6 mt). Nu bn cn m t mt phn ca si l gn cui, hoc nu bn cn o
hai ch ni c gn nhau, bn s cn phi chn rng xung ngn nht c th tip cn
vi nhng im bn mun o.


Hnh 6.5. Suy hao ti vng cht
Suy hao ti vng cht l khong cch sau khi c mt s phn x Fresnel cho n khi
mc tn x c th c pht hin. c im k thut ny s cho bn lm th no ngay
sau mt phn x, bn c th o mt s kin th hai, chng hn nh mi ni cu ch hoc
mt khim khuyt trong si. thc hin bt k php o suy hao trong si quang, bn
phi c kh nng xem xt tn x trn c hai mt ca mi ni. iu ny c ngha l cc
du vt n tt c cc con ng xung t nh cao phn x xung mc tn x. Khu
S suy gim cht lun lun di hn s kin vng cht, v vy cc my tch sng phi thc
hin mt hi phc hon ton xung n cp tn x.
6.3.2.3 Cc php o
Php o quan trng nht ca my o OTDR l pht hin ra v tr b khim khuyt
hoc b gy trong si quang. sa cha mt li phi xc nh chnh xc v tr li.
Mt phn x Fresnel xy ra hu ht cc li si quang. iu ny xut hin nh mt
s tng t ngt ln trn cc du vt si quang, n ch ra rng xung OTDR gp phi


148

mt s thay i t ngt trong mt ca li si - ngha l, n gp phi khng kh cui
ca si. Khong cch ny phn x trn mt du vt OTDR l im m ti xung phn
x tng t ngt. Nu cc du vt tr li mc tn x sau khi phn x, th si quang
khng phi l hon ton b t S thay i mc tn x t phn x trc ti phn x sau
cho bit bao nhiu nh sng b mt ti v tr li hay khim khuyt.
Cc du hiu hin th trn mn hnh nh hnh 6.8










Hnh 6.8 Cc du hiu hin th trn mn hnh OTDR khi o si quang







Hnh 6.9. V tr cui si quang
a) o suy hao v chiu di si quang.
* Thit b:


149

My o OTDR (OTDR: Optical Time Domain Reflectometer)
* Dng c :
- Dng c ct cp quang
- Dng c tut v si quang
- Dng c ct ng m.
- Dng c ct si quang
- Dao, ko, nhp, thc, bao tay, ...
* Vt liu
- Khp ni tho lp c.
- Cn , giy lau (giy xp), gi lau (vi bng) ...
- Dung dch ra cht du m trong cp.
* Quy trnh o
Bc 1:
Chun b cc u si quang gm cc vic: Bc v cp, lm sch li cp, ct phn
ph, ct gia cng, ct ng m, lm sch si quang, xc nh th t si, ct si ging
nh bc chun b lp t mng sng cp.
Bc 2:
Dng khp ni lp 1 u si quang cn o vo my o OTDR.
u kia ca si quang thng h.
Bc 3.
Bt cng tc ngun ca my o. Phn x u si
Quan st mn hnh hin th:


150


Hnh 6.10. o chiu di tuyn cp
Khong cch n mt con tr s c hin th trn mn hnh. Bng vic di chuyn
con tr n bt k im no trn cc du vt, bn c th c khong cch n im t
OTDR. n v o thng c th c la chn hin th khong cch theo mt, feet,
hoc dm. Hy nh rng bn ang o chiu di ca si (c gi l khong cch quang
hc), khng phi l chiu di v cng khng phi khong cch mt t dc theo chy cp.
C th c 2% n 6% di si quang di hn chiu di v t si c chng trong cp
cho php un cong ca cp. Cng nn nh rng thng cun dy cp ch ni v i
khi cc im khc dc theo tuyn ng cp. Hnh 6.11 minh ha lm th no chiu di
si, m l nhng g cc bin php OTDR, di hn khong cch mt t hoc khong cch
v.


151

Khong cch o i vi mt s kin trong si quang, chng hn nh mi hn c
kh, mi ni hp nht, hoc cui si, ph thuc vo ni con tr c t. c c cc
php o khong cch chnh xc nht, bn phi lun lun t con tr v im cui cng
ca tn x ngay trc khi mt s kin.
Cc biu sau y ch ra ni bn t mt con tr o chnh xc khong cch n
mt s kin trong si. Cho mt s kin phn x (nh mi ni c kh), t con tr trc
mt phn x con tr khng xp chng ln trn cc im tng t ngt.

Hnh 6.12. V tr xy ra s kin phn x

Hnh 6.13. V tr xy ra s kin khng phn x

Hnh 6.11 o khong cch si quang


152

Khi hai con tr c s dng, OTDR s hin th khong cch mi con tr t OTDR
cng nh khong cch gia hai con tr. Tnh nng ny c s dng c lp cc phn
ca mt si.

Hnh 6.14. Mn hnh hin th khi o suy hao trn mt khong cch
Bc 4:
Da vo chnh lch ca cng sut tn x ngc u v cui si tnh suy
hao ton b si quang theo cng thc:
+ Nu trc tung chia theo mW th :

+ Cc my o hin nay thng chia trc tung theo dBm v tnh sn h s 1/2 trn
thang chia nn vic tnh suy hao ca si quang n gin hn:
A(dB) = P
1
(dBm) - P
2
(dBm)
Tnh suy hao trung bnh:
Trong : L (km) l chiu di thc t ca si quang.
nh gi cht lng:
) (
) (
lg 5
) (
) (
lg 10 .
2
1
) (
2
1
2
1
mW P
mW P
mW P
mW P
dB A = =
) (
) (
) / (
km L
dB A
km dB =


153

Sau khi xc nh c gi tr suy hao trung bnh ca si quang (o), cn c vo ch
tiu k thut ca tng loi si quang nh gi cht lng si. Si quang c tr s suy
hao trung bnh o cng nh cng tt.
Vic tnh ton kt qu o, my o c th thc hin t ng. Ngi s dng ch cn
iu chnh, my o s cho gi tr suy hao ton tuyn, chiu di tuyn, suy hao trung bnh
v phn b suy hao ton trnh. Ngoi ra, my o cng c kh nng in ra giy th phn
b suy hao trn tuyn.
My o OTDR p dng nguyn l nh gi c tnh truyn dn ca si quang thng
qua vic phn tch cc xung phn x thu c khi pht cc xung nh sng vo 1 u si
quang, do vy, my o c chnh xc cao , ch cn o 1 u si v khng cn phi ct
si.
b) o suy hao mi hn v khp ni.
* Thit b:
My o OTDR (OTDR: Optical Time Domain Reflectometer)
* Dng c :
- Dng c ct cp quang
- Dng c tut v si quang
- Dng c ct ng m.
- Dng c ct si quang
- Dao, ko, nhp, thc , bao tay ...
* Vt liu
- Khp ni tho lp c.
- Cn , giy lau (giy xp), gi lau (vi bng) ...
- Dung dch ra cht du m trong cp.
* Quy trnh o
Bc 1:


154

Chun b cc u si quang gm cc vic: Bc v cp, lm sch li cp, ct
phn ph, ct gia cng, ct ng m, lm sch si quang, xc nh th t si, ct si
ging nh bc chun b lp t mng sng cp.
Bc 2:
Gi s cn o suy hao ca mt mi hn (hoc mt khp ni) no , my o OTDR
c u vo 1 u si quang , u kia thng h.
Bc 3:
Bt cng tc ngun ca my o
Quan st mn hnh hin th:
*Suy hao on
Suy hao on trong mt phn si quang c o bng cch t hai con tr vo u
v cui ca on cn o ny v c gi tr khc nhau gia hai v tr o.
*Suy hao mi ni
Mi ni c xc nh l mt s thay i t ngt trong mc tn x. Cng c
th c mt s phn x Fresnel nu n l mt mi ni c kh. Mt suy hao mi ni xy ra
ti mt im trong si. Mt im un cong hoc im thng cng c th hin th nh l
mt im suy hao. Phng php o 2-im ging ht vi cch o suy hao on, ngoi tr
hai con tr c t cng gn nhau cng tt, vi con tr tri t ti cc im c o, v
con tr bn phi cng gn cng tt

Hnh 6.13. o suy hao mi ni
Bc 4:
Xc nh suy hao ca mi hn (hoc khp ni):
A(dB) = P
A
(dBm) - P
B
(dBm)


155

Trong , P
A
(dBm) v P
B
(dBm) l suy hao ca si quang trc v sau mi hn
(hoc khp ni).
nh gi cht lng mi hn(hoc khp ni)
Gi tr suy hao tnh c A(dB) cho bit cht lng ca mt mi hn (hoc khp
ni) trn tuyn cp quang. Gi tr A(dB) cng nh th cht lng ca mi hn (hoc khp
ni) cng tt v ngc li.
kt qu o c chnh xc nn o theo 2 chiu ri tnh suy hao trung bnh. C
th dng mt my o OTDR mt u v s dng thm cc mi hn ph o suy hao
cc mi hn (hoc khp ni) theo 2 chiu m khng phi di chuyn my o.
Suy hao ca mi hn (hoc khp ni) c xc nh bi chnh lch cng sut
tn x ngc ngay trc v sau im ni.Khi truyn qua mi hn nng chy, nh sng
hu nh khng c phn x nn ng biu din trn my o ch thay i dc, cn khi
truyn qua khp ni, nh sng thng b phn x nn s thy xung phn x trn mn hnh.
Cc khp ni nu dng cht lng phi hp chit sut vi si quang s khng thy du
hiu phn x.
Trong qu trnh lp t, suy hao ca cc mi hn c o cn thn ngay sau khi hn
ni. Nhng mi hn c suy hao vt qu gi tr cho php u phi ct b ri hn li.
c) o xc nh s c.
S c 1: Si quang b t
* Cch o 1: o t 1 u si quang
* Thit b:
My o OTDR (OTDR: Optical Time Domain Reflectometer)
* Dng c :
- Dng c ct cp quang.
- Dng c tut v si quang.
- Dng c ct ng m.
- Dng c ct si quang.
- Dao, ko, nhp, thc , bao tay ...
* Vt liu


156

- Khp ni tho lp c.
- Cn , giy lau (giy xp), gi lau (vi bng) ...
- Dung dch ra cht du m trong cp.
* Quy trnh o
Bc 1:
Chun b cc u si quang gm cc vic: Bc v cp, lm sch li cp, ct
phn ph, ct gia cng, ct ng m, lm sch si quang, xc nh th t si, ct si
ging nh bc chun b lp t mng sng cp.
Bc 2:
Ni u si quang cn o vo my o OTDR bng khp ni.



Bc 3:
Bt cng tc ngun ca my o.
Quan st mn hnh hin th c dng th nh sau:










Xc nh im s c:
MY O
OTDR
L
t


IM T
Phn x u si
Mi hn
Phn x cui si
l(km)
P(dBm)
0
L
t




157

- Khong cch t ni t my o n im t si quang (L
t
) c xc nh chnh
l khong cch c hin th trn mn hnh tnh t sn sau ca xung nh sng u si
n sn trc ca xung nh sng phn x ti im t.
- Cn lu rng si quang di hn chiu di ca tuyn v si c xon trong li
cp v cp c chng nht nh (i vi cp treo), cp c th un ln di rnh o
hoc trong cng. Ngoi ra, mi mi ni ca cp u c mt on si quang, cp quang
d phng trong khay hn, b cp, h ni, trm nhp i...
Thng thng si quang di hn cp khong t 1 3 % v cp di hn tuyn t
1 2 % .
* Cch o 2: o t 2 u si quang.
* Thit b:
My o OTDR (OTDR: Optical Time Domain Reflectometer).
* Dng c :
- Dng c ct cp quang.
- Dng c tut v si quang.
- Dng c ct ng m.
- Dng c ct si quang.
- Dao, ko, nhp, thc , bao tay ...
* Vt liu
- Khp ni tho lp c.
- Cn , giy lau (giy xp), gi lau (vi bng) ...
- Dung dch ra cht du m trong cp.
* Quy trnh o
Bc 1:
Chun b cc u si quang gm cc vic: Bc v cp, lm sch li cp, ct phn
ph, ct gia cng, ct ng m, lm sch si quang, xc nh th t si, ct si ging
nh bc chun b lp t mng sng cp.
Bc 2:


158

Ni my o OTDR vo si quang 1 u ca tuyn cp (v d u A). Xem hnh
v sau:






Bt cng tc ngun ca my o.
Quan st kt qu hin th trn mn hnh: (o t u A):









Bc 3:
Chuyn my o OTDR sang u kia ca tuyn cp (v d u B) v u vo si
quang cn o.
Bt cng tc ngun ca my o. Phn x u si
Quan st kt qu hin th trn mn hnh: (o t u B)



U A U B
D
n+1
D
n
D
Mi ni n im t Mi ni n+1

Phn x u si
Mi ni n
Phn x ch t

P(dBm)
l(km) D
A


159











Xc nh im s c:
a im t cp c tnh nh sau:
+ Khong cch t mi ni th n ti im t cp l:

+ Khong cch t mi ni th n + 1 ti im t cp l:

Trong :
D
n
l khong cch thc t t mi ni n n im t cp.
D
n+1
l khong cch thc t t mi ni n +1 n im t cp.
D l khong cch thc t gia 2 mi ni n v n +1 trn tuyn.
D
A
l khong cch o trn my t mi ni n n im t cp
D
B
l khong cch o trn my t mi ni n +1n im t cp
Trng hp ny kt qu o c chnh xc cng cn lu rng thng thng
si quang di hn cp khong t 1 3 % v cp di hn tuyn t 1 2 % do si c
xon trong li cp v cp c chng nht nh (i vi cp treo), cp c th un ln
D
D D
D
D
B A
A
n
.
+
=
D
D D
D
D
B A
B
n
.
1
+
=
+
Phn x u si
Mi ni n+1
Phn x ch t

P(dBm)
l(km) D
B


160

di rnh o hoc trong cng. Ngoi ra, mi mi ni ca cp u c mt on si
quang, cp quang d png trong khay hn, b cp, h ni, trm nhp i...
S c 2: Si quang b hn nhm
* Thit b:
My o OTDR (OTDR: Optical Time Domain Reflectometer)
* Dng c :
- Dng c ct cp quang.
- Dng c tut v si quang.
- Dng c ct ng m.
- Dng c ct si quang.
- Dao, ko, nhp, thc , bao tay ...
* Vt liu
- Khp ni tho lp c.
- Cn , giy lau (giy xp), gi lau (vi bng) ...
- Dung dch ra cht du m trong cp.
*Quy trnh o
Bc 1:
Chun b cc u si quang gm cc vic: Bc v cp, lm sch li cp, ct
phn ph, ct gia cng, ct ng m, lm sch si quang, xc nh th t si, ct si
ging nh bc chun b lp t mng sng cp.
Bc 2:
- Dng my o OTDR u vo mt u si cn o (v d si 1 u A), cn u kia
(u B) ca si ngm vo cht lng c chit sut ging chit sut ca li si quang.




Cp A Cp B
cht lng c chit sut
n
1
My
o

OTDR


161


- Bt cng tc ngun ca my o v quan st kt qu hin th trn mn hnh:








Cui si quang khng c phn x, si hn ng.








Cui si quang c phn x, si hn nhm.


Bc 3:
- Cn c vo s ch th ca my o OTDR xc nh :
+ Nu my o ch th khng c phn x cui si (u B) th si quang ang kim
tra khng b hn ni nhm.

l(km)
Phn x u si
Mi hn
Khng c phn x cui si
P(dBm)

l(km)
Phn x u si
Mi hn
C phn x cui si
P(dBm)


162

+ Nu my o ch th c phn x cui si (u B) th si quang ang kim tra
hn ni nhm.
- Tip tc kim tra nhng si quang cn li trong cp. Ghi chp li nhng si b hn
nhm hn ni li.
Xc nh im s c:
- Phng php ny cng khng th xc nh c v tr hn nhm ca si quang
khi trn tuyn cp c nhiu mi hn. V vy, thc hin xong mi ni no th phi o kim
tra ngay mi ni .
- Khi xc nh c cc si quang b hn nhm phi b i hn li.




163

TI LIU THAM KHO
[1] TS Bi Thanh Giang, KS Nguyn B Hng, o kim nh gi cht lng mng
ngoi vi, NXB Bu in, 2007
[2] Phan Nam Bnh, K thut o kim mng vin thng s, NXB Bu in, 2004
[3]. TS Cao Phn, ThS Cao Hng Sn, Thng tin quang PDH & SDH, ti liu lu
hnh ni b, hc vin cng ngh BCVT, 2003
[4]. Tiu chun ngnh vin thng (TCN-68), Vin khoa hc cng ngh, 2006
[5]. Christopher M. Miller and David J. McQuate, Jitter Analysis of High-Speed Digital Systems,
1995
[6]. OTDR 30-A, Optical Time-Domain Reflectometer, 2005
[7]. GN Nettest, Understanding OTDRs, 2000
[8]. Newport, 1930/2930 series optical power metter, 2002