(9902)

VI
Philosophy of Science

Modernity and Academic Approaches

. .

1 2556
22 2556

VI

Philosophy of Science

Modernity and Academic Approaches
. .
Jirachoke Virasaya, Ph.D. (Berkeley)
1. (modernity)
1.1
(lifestyle) (history of thoughts)
(Middle Ages)
--(renaissance)
14-17
(traditional society)
1.2
(rationality)
(truth)
2. (modernization)
2.1 (process)
. . () JIRACHOKE (Banphot) VIRASAYA
B.A. HONORS THESIS IN SOCIOLOGY, UNIVERSITY OF
CALIFORNIA (BERKELEY) ; M.A. IN POLITICAL SCIENCE (UC, BERKELEY) ; Ph. D. UC. BERKELEY ;
U.S.A. 1962 PI SIGMA ALPHA, National Political Science Honor
Society, U.S.A., 1962. (2513-14) Founding Member, Ramkhamhaeng
University (Founding Chairman)
(Founding Dean), Faculty of Political Science Ramkhamhaeng University,
Bangkok, 10240 Tel.02-310-8483-9 41, 36 , ., Former
Deputy Director, Regional Institute of Higher Education, (RIHED) Singapore.
: . . (university of Development) ( .)
.., Acting Director ,Doctoral Program in Social Sciences, (10 )
,02-310-8566-7 04/11
9902 22 2556
*: AEC
Revised 20/09/2013 PC

(process)
(industrialization)

modernization
(nation-state) political modernization
2.2 Emile Durkheim

(differentiation)
Max Weber
(rationalization)

Karl Marx
(commodification)
(modernization)
(societal development) social development
societal social

(functionalist) 1950-59 1960-69

(structural-functionalist theories)
(social differentiation)


Power
Public

Talcott Parsons
1950-59 1960-69

(evolutionary stages)
3
(agents)
(agents for change)
(modernizing
elites)
(diffusion)
(Chris Rohmann. A World of Ideas : A Dictionary of Important Theories, Concept, Beliefs,
and Thinkers. New York : Ballantine Books, 1999.)
3.
3.1 (postindustrial society)

postindustrial economy postindustrial society information

revolution

3.2 3
1) From tangible products to ideas


2) From mechanical skills to literacy skills

3) From factories to almost anywhere

Laptop Computers
(virtual office)


unilinear

(John J. Macionis. Sociology. Tenth Edition. Pearson Prentice Hall, 2005. p. 410)
4. (modernization)

4.1
(Capitalism)

(capitalists)

4.2
(efficiency)
(rationalization)
1) rationalization

(bureaucracy)
2) (model)
(ideal type)
) (specialization)
)
) (hierarchy)
)

(dysfunctional)

(bureaucracy)
5. (Sociology of Nature)


(biosphere)
(flora) (fauna)
(planet earth)

( Merchant,1990)
... .. 2526 .
,. )
5.1 (Pre-industrial)
Alvin Toffler 1 3 (1)
(active) (2) (alive) (3)
(nurturing)

(plentiness)

.. 1600 (cosmos)

(God)
(devas,gods)

(mores..)

(spirits)


(Zeus) (Poseidon)

5.2
(Isaac Newton, 1642-1727)
1) (inert) 2)
(passive) 3)
(materialism)

(
(Utilitarianism) Jeremy Bentham )

1)

(Protestantism)
(individual)

2) (reconceptualization)

(passive) (primitive)

3)


(deforestation) (mastery)

5.3

(Katrina) (oil derrick) 20

(sign)

5.4
classic Rachel Carson, 1907-1964 Silent Spring
()

Hitech
(denaturalization)
6. (Visual Sociology)
6.1 (visual vision dimension)
International Visual Sociology Association (IVSA)

(visual material)
(

(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_sociology A http://www.tandf. co.uk/journals/

titles/ 1472586X.asp)
6.2

1)
2)
3)
4)
(oral history)
6.3

6.4

(photo elicitation)
(ethnography)

6.5 Visual Sociology

(images)
(millions) (billions)
(jillions) 4

6.6 post-modernist
Jean Baudrillard
( simulacrum)

Xerox Xerox

(symbols) (signs)
(identity) (original)
(map)

10

6.7
(visual image) icon

(constructed) deconstruct




6.8

6.9
.
7. :
7.1
(autonomy)






300
1)

11

(participation)

1960-69 (Sixties) Seymour M. Lipset
Political Man.
2)
(production) (consumption) (distribution)
(delivery,logistics)

7.2

(Urban Anthropology)

skin-bound organism

(James M. Henslin, ed. Down to Earth Sociology. Thirteenth Edition, New York : Free Press,
2005, p. 11.)
(IQ)
(perception) (personality)
(Social Psychology)

1)
(Parapsychology) 5
6 (the 6th Sense)
Tom Cruise
Scientology

12

2)
(Positivism positive science)
affective

(Enlightenment) 18 (rationalism)

(Newtonian)
Rene Descartes (Cartesian)

20

(public
opinion)

(Auguste Comte, 1794-1859)

20

(poststructuralism)

(Tony Bilton. et al.Introductory Sociology.Third Edition.Palgrave,1996,p.610.)

8. :
8.1 (Education brightens up human life)
(life-long education) KBS
Knowledge-Based Society
8.2 (Journey back in time to the past) (intellectual heritage)

13
1) Egyptian civilization 5000-6000
2) Mesopotamia 6000
3) Chinese 4000-5000
4) Indian 4500
5) Homeric Age . (Epics)
Homer Illiad and Odyssey
6) Greek civilization3 great philosophers (triumvirate Socrates,
Plato, Aristotle) 100 The glory that was
Greece () Athens.
7) Roman civilization The splendour that was Rome. (
)

8.3 ( Oxford University 900 , Cambridge University 800
)
9.
9.1 Sociology is the systematic (or planned and organized) study of human groups and social life in
modern societies. It is concerned with the study of social institutions.




(informal)



9.2 Sociology tries to understand how these various social institutions operate, and how they relate to
one another, for example in the influence the family might have on how well children perform in
the education system.

14
9.3 Sociology is also concerned with describing and explaining the patterns of inequality, deprivation
and conflict which are a feature of nearly all societies.)

1)
2)
3)
(Ken Browne. Introducing Sociology. Oxford : Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2002, p. 2.)
10. (psychology)
10.1 Psychologists seek to understand how the senses
work, how individuals learn habits of behavior, why some individuals are
more intelligent
than others, how a person gives meaning to lifes events
(), how the memory operates, and what motivates
some people to act in particular ways.
10.2 In its attempts to answer these questions, psychology encompasses a broad range of research that
goes well beyond the purview of sociology

, most notably to the biological and physiological bases of
human behavior and the study of animal species for inferences to humans.


(James A. Inciardi and Robert A. Rothman. Sociology:Principles and Applications. New York:
Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1990, p.10.)
11. (Social psychology)
(relevant vocabulary)
1)Socialization , is the life-long process of
learning the culture of any society.

2)The term culture refers to the language, beliefs, values and norms, customs, dress,
diet, roles, knowledge and skills which make up the way of life of any society.

15
3)Roles are the patterns of behaviour which are expected from people in different
positions in society.



4)Role models are the patterns of behaviour which others copy and model
their own behaviour on.

5)Role conflict is the conflict between the successful performance of two

or more roles at the same time, such as worker, mother and student.
2



6) Values are general beliefs about what is right or wrong, and the important
standards which are worth maintaining and achieving in any society or social group.


7)Norms are social rules , which define correct and acceptable
behaviour in a society or social group to which people are expected to conform.

Customs are norms which have existed for a long time.

(Ken Browne. op.cit., pp.4-5.)

12. Social psychology :
12.1 In both sociology and psychology , the specialty discipline
concerned with individual-group relationships and with the products of such relationships
(significant products being such phenomena as personality development , leadership, and certain
aspects of collective behavior)

16
1) 2) 3)
) , with social relationships constituting the major focus of
attention in sociologically-oriented social psychology
, and with the
behavior of individuals constituting the major focus of attention in psychologically-oriented
social psychology.

12.2 Sociology cannot be a well-rounded explanatory science without the inclusion of social
psychology. But it must be a social psychology which takes interaction rather than the individual
as its unit of analysis


(C.Bolton, pp.107-8.)
(Thomas Ford Hoult. Dictionary of Modern Sociology. Totowa, New Jersey: Littlefield, Adams,
1997, p.302.)
13. Economics is concerned with:
1) The production of goods and services: how much the
economy produces; what particular combination of goods and services; how much each firm
produces; what techniques of production they use; how many people they employ.


Production : The transformation of inputs into outputs by firms in order to earn
profit (or meet some other objective).
( )
2) The consumption of goods and services: how much the population as a whole spends (and how
much it saves); what the pattern of consumption is in the economy; how much people buy of
particular items; what particular individuals choose to buy; how peoples consumption is affected
by prices, advertising, fashion and other factors. :
()

17
Consumption: The act of using goods and services to satisfy wants. This will normally
involve purchasing the goods and services.

3) ( ) Factors of production (or resources) : The inputs into the
production of goods and services: labour, land and raw materials, and capital.
1)
2) 3) 4)
a. Labour : All forms of human input, both physical and mental, into current
production.

b. Land (and raw materials) : Inputs into production that are provided by
nature: e.g. unimproved land and mineral deposits in the ground. ( )


c. Capital : All inputs into production that have themselves been produced : e.g. factories,
machines and tools.

d. Scarcity : The excess of human wants over what can actually be produced to
fulfil these wants.

(John Sloman.Economics. New York: Harvester Wheatsheaf Prentice Hall, 1991 , pp.1-3.)
14. Society 2
14.1 Human beings in general considered as a group ,
together with all the social relationships maintained
among the persons and sub-groups making up the total
,
14.2 any one of number of relatively independent, self-perpetuating human groups each of which
2

1) has its own territory

2) is made up of persons of both sexes and all ages

18
3) maintains its own way of life in terms of
a culture that is more-or-less unique; in some works
, denotes social relationships
society in
others, people and their relationships
; along with culture
, one of two basic concepts in sociology and in sociocultural anthropology in
some contexts 1 2 (basic concepts)
, replaced by the term culture when a specific group is
being designated.
A society is a people leading an integrated life by means of the culture
(E. Hiller, p.669.)
14.3 A society is a large, continuing, organized group of people; it is the fundamental large-scale
human group
(R. Thomlinson. Sociological Concepts and Research, p.5)
14.4 Society is Any system of interactive relationships of a plurality of individual actors is a social
system. A society is the type of social system which contains within itself all the essential
prerequisites for its maintenance as a self-subsistent system
(T. Parsons and E. Shils, eds., p.26.)
14.5 Society at a given stage of its evolution is.a combination of interdependent phenomena, and
even more: a structured whole or Gestalt (a term used here in a general, not merely
psychological, sense) (K.Mannheim. American Sociology, p.6. Thomas Ford Hoult.
op.cit., p.306.)
14.6 (Social problem) Any situation which is regarded by a significant number of the
members of a group as a threat to one or more of the groups basic values and which is believed
to be remediable by collective action; as social problems, often appears as the name for the
sociology specialty concerned with the study of problem areas such as crime, war, disease,
poverty, race relations; sometimes used synonymously with social disorganization and with
social pathology. Also see social reform.
The most general, formal, and stable patterns of behavior are called social institutions.
Accordingly, social problems may be conveniently classified in terms of disapproved deviant
behavior in each institution (G. Lundberg, et al., Sociology. 3rd ed., p.649.)

19
One of the routes to a competent analysis of social problems is via analysis of the social
disorganization that accompanies social change (P. Horton and G. Leslie, p.33.)
(Thomas Ford Hoult. op.cit., p.301.)
15. (Community)
15.1

3
1)
.

.
2) (A
sense of belonging or community spirit.)
3)

19

(pre-industrial)
between Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft, treats communities as particular
kinds of society which are predominantly by kinship and a sense of belonging, and selfcontained. . (F.Toennies)



15.2

20
(rural-urban continuum)


(Chicago School) . (William F. Whyte,
1961)
16.
16.1

(participant observation)


16.2 (identity)
(
.100
)

(In this sense, a community is formed when people
have a reasonably clear idea of who has something in common with them and who has not.)

(Communities are, therefore, essentially mental constructs, formed by imagined
boundaries between groups.)



) societal
) sociocultural
(Nicholas Abercrombie, et als. The Penguin Dictionary of Sociology. Fourth Edition, Penguin
Books, 2000, pp.64-65.)

21
17.
17.1 positivism scientific
approach (objective reality)
(out there)
(empirical evidence) (facts)
(sense)

(reliability)
(validity)

17.2 (personal
neutrality) (objectivity)

(bias)

Max Weber
value-free
17.3

Logan Wilson.
American Academics Then and Now. New York : Oxford University Press, 1979.

17.4
(predict)

22
(model)


7
(common sense)

(interpretive)
18. (interpretive methodology)
18.1




(meaningful action)

18.2 Max Weber

Max Weber

3 positivist 3
1)

2)
(out there)

23
3)

18.3 (interpretive approach)

(natural setting)

Max Weber Verstehen


subject
(Berger, Peter L., and Hansfried Kellner. Sociology Reinterpreted : An Essay on Method and
Vocation. Garden City, N.Y. : Anchor Books, 1981. Neuman, W. Laurence. Social Research
Methods : Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches. 3rd ed. Boston : Allyn & Bacon, 1997.)
19. (critical)
19.1 Karl Marx

1)

2)

19.2
Karl Marx

Feagin, Joe R., and Vera Hernan. Liberation Sociology. Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 2001. not
just to research the social world but to change it in the direction of democracy and social
justice.
19.3 critical approach
(research subjects)

24

(empowerment)
Wolf, Diane L., ed. Feminist Dilemma of Fieldwork. Boulder,
Colo.: Westview Press, 1996. Hess, Beth B. Breaking and Entering the Establishment :
Committing Social Change and Confronting the Backlash. Social Problems. Vol. 46, No. 1
(February 1999) : 1-12. Feagin, Joe R., and Vera Hernan. Liberation Sociology. Boulder, Colo.:
Westview, 2001. Perrucci, Robert. Inventing Social Justice : SSSP and the Twenty-First
Century. Social Problem. Vol. 48, No. 2 (May 2001) : 159-67.
(John J. Macionis. Sociology. Tenth edition. Pearson Prentice Hall, 2005.)
20. (It's never too late to create)
Creativity is not the domain of youth; some innovators get there through trial and error. By
David W. Galenson and Joshua Kotin, DAVID W. GALENSON is an economist at the University of
Chicago. JOSHUA KOTIN, a doctoral student in English at the University of Chicago, is editor of
the Chicago Review.
AT 76, CLINT EASTWOOD is making the best films of his career. "Letters from Iwo Jima"
has been nominated for four Academy Awards including best picture and best director. ("Flags of
Our Fathers," which Eastwood also directed last year, received two nominations.) New York Times'
film critic A.O. Scott recently named him "the greatest living American filmmaker." Such accolades
are the latest development in Eastwood's creative ascension. Two years ago, his "Million Dollar
Baby" won best picture and best director, a repeat of his success with "Unforgiven" at age 62 his
first Oscar after making movies for more than 20 years.
Sculptor Louise Bourgeois is 95. Later this year, she will be honored with a retrospective at
London's Tate Modern museum. Last November, her "Spider," a sculpture she made at the age of 87,
sold at auction for more than $4 million, the highest price ever paid for her work and among the
highest ever paid for the work of a living sculptor.
Is such creativity in old age rare? Eastwood and Bourgeois often are considered anomalies. Yet
such career arcs gradual improvements culminating in late achievements account for many of
the most important contributions to the arts. That our society does not generally recognize this fact
suggests that we're missing a key concept about creativity.
We often presume creativity is the domain of youth, that great artists are young geniuses, brash
and brilliant iconoclasts. Arthur Rimbaud, Pablo Picasso, T.S. Eliot, Orson Welles, F. Scott
Fitzgerald and Jasper Johns all revolutionized their artistic disciplines in their teens or 20s. (Picasso,

25
for example, created the first cubist paintings at 25, and Welles made "Citizen Kane" at 25.) These
artists made dramatic, inspired discoveries based on important new ideas, which they often
encapsulated in individual masterpieces. but there's another path to artistic success, one that doesn't
rely on sudden flashes of insight but on the trial-and-error accumulation of knowledge that ultimately
leads to novel manifestations of wisdom and judgment. This is Eastwood's and Bourgeois' path
and it was the path for a host of other artists: Titian and Rembrandt, Monet and Rodin, Frank Lloyd
Wright and Le Corbusier, Mark Twain and Henry James, Robert Frost and Elizabeth Bishop, to name
a few. (Twain wrote "Tom Sawyer" at 41 and bettered it with "Huckleberry Finn" at 50; Wright
completed Fallingwater at 72 and worked on the Guggenheim Museum until his death at 91.)
Paul Czanne is the archetype of this kind of experimental innovator. After failing the entrance
exam for the prestigious cole des Beaux-Arts, he left Paris frustrated by his inability to compete
with the precocious young artists who congregated in the city's cafes. He formulated his artistic goal,
of bringing solidity to Impressionism, only after the age of 30, then spent more than three decades in
seclusion in his home in Aix, painstakingly developing his mature style trying to represent the beauty
of his native Provence. Finally, in his 60s, he created the masterpieces that influenced every
important artist of the next generation.
Frost also matured slowly. He dropped out of Dartmouth and then Harvard, and in his late 20s
moved to a farm in rural New Hampshire. His poetic goal was to capture what he called the "sound of
sense," the words and cadence of his neighbors' speech. He published his most famous poem,
"Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening," at 49.
At 63, Frost reflected that although young people have sudden flashes of insight, "it is later in
the dark of life that you see forms, constellations. And it is the constellations that are philosophy."
these two creative life cycles stem from differences in both goals and methods. Conceptual
innovators aim to express new ideas or particular emotions. Their confidence and certainty allow
them to achieve this quickly, often by radically breaking rules of disciplines they have just entered. In
contrast, experimental innovators try to describe what they see or hear. Their careers are quests for
styles that capture the complexity and richness of the world they live in.
The cost of ignoring Czanne's example is tremendous and not only for the arts. Our society
prefers the simplicity and clarity of conceptual innovation in scholarship and business as well. Yet
the conceptual Bill Gateses of the business world do not make the experimental Warren Buffetts less
important. Recognizing important experimental work can be difficult; these contributions don't
always come all at once. Experimental innovators often begin inauspiciously, so it's also dangerously
easy to parlay judgments about early work into assumptions about entire careersbut perhaps the

26
most important lesson is for experimental innovators themselves: Don't give up. There's time to do
game-changing work after 30. Great innovators bloom in their 30s (Jackson Pollock), 40s (Virginia
Woolf), 50s (Fyodor Dostoevsky), 60s (Czanne), 70s (Eastwood) and 80s (Bourgeois).
Who knows how many potential Czannes we are currently losing? What if Eastwood had
stopped directing at 52, after the critical failure of "Firefox," his 1982 film about a U.S. fighter pilot
who steals a Soviet aircraft equipped with thought-controlled weapons?
Los Angeles Times January 30, 2007
21. - (Structural-Functionalism)
21.1
(approaches, perspce tives)


3
(functionalist) (conflict) (interactionist)
1) (functionalist perspective)
Talcott Parsons Karl Marx
Erving Goffman

. (Auguste Comte, 1798-1857)
. (Herbert Spencer, 1820-1903)
. (Emile Durkhem, 1858-1917)
. (Talcott Parsons, 1902-1979)
2) -
20 ..1940-1949 ..1950-1959
(International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences. New York: Macmillan, 1968, vol.5,
p.22.)
21.2 (someostasis)

(selfmaintained) (self-equilibrating)
(pre-requisites)

27
21.3
1) The American Heritage Dictionary of English Language, 1981 Structure
(a complex entity)
(the interrelations of parts or the principle of
organization in a complex entity)

2) Collins Dictionary of Sociology (edited David Jary and Julia Jary, 2005,
pp.618.)
(any arrangement of elements into a definite pattern)
(class
structure)
Social Structure of a country.


1) (status) 2) (role) 3)
(norms) 4) (institution)
21.4 (social
organization) (ecological structure)

1)

2) (services)

(George A. Theodorson and Achilles G. Theodorson. A Modern Dictionary of Sociology.

New York : Harper and Row, 1979, p.395.)
(sustenance
relations)

28

21.5 (formal structure)

(informal structure)

(flexible)
21.6 - 2532 385.
structure ()


( 2549
)
21.7 3
1)

50
(The whole is not the sum of the
parts) 1+1
2
1+1 2
2

29
1

2)

3)


(transformations)
(inversions)

1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6

(obligations)

(sentence)


4 4
4 2


21.8 (functional explanation)
(pattern)

30
1) 2) 3)

(causal)
(factorial in form)
(systems)

(motivation)
(personality)
21.9
(stratification) 2
Kingsley Davis and Wilbert Moore (1945) the best-known
single piece of work in structural-functional theory 2
(universal) 2
functional necessity
2
(structure)
(system of positions)
prestige motivates



fulfill the requirements
social placement
3

31

(George Ritzer ,Sociological Theory, Seventh Edition, McGraw Hill, 2008, p. 237)
21.10

- 2546

1) Structural-functionalism


(functionalism)
(Talcott Parsons 19021979)
(social anthropology) -
(Radcliff-Brown) (Malinowski)
2) Structural-functional analysis - :

- (structuralfunctionalism)

- (
)

(functionalism)
-
-
(Talcott Parsons 1902-1979) The Social System (1951)
(Marion Levy) The Structure of Society (1952)
3) Structuralism :

32

- (Claude Levi-Strauss 1908)
-
(myth)

-
(binary opposition)
(de
Saussure 1857-1913) (Jacques Lacan 1901-1981)
(Louis Althusser 1918-1990)

4) Functionalism :

19
(August Comte 1798-1857) (Herbert Spencer 1820-1903)
(Emile Durkheim 1858-1917)

20 (Talcott Parsons 1902-1979)
(structural functional theory)

(Bronislaw Malinowski 1884-1942) . - (A. R. RadcliffeBrown 1881-1955) 2

33
(- , 2549)
21.11 Talcott Parsons
1) Talcott Parsons (1902-77) The
Structure of Social Action (1937) Pareto,
Durkheim Weber 3
The problem of social order
Thomas
Hobbes (1588-1679)
2) Parsons action frame of
reference voluntaristic 3
voluntaristic,positivistic theory of social action
3

voluntaristic social action
social order
coercion self interest .
3) 4 functional imperatives
function
4
3 Personality System
Social System Cultural system
(goal-attainment)

(integration)
3 cultural system (latency)
(norms) 4
Adaptation (A), Goal attainment (G), Integration (I) Latency
(L) (pattern) 4 AGIL
4) 4
a) (adaptation)

34
b) (goal attainment)

c) (integration)
3
d) (latency) (pattern maintenance)
(motivation)

Parsons
functional prerequisites







Parsons
(societal functionalism)
4 (subsystems)
(economy)
(allocation)

polity

(fiduciary system)



(societal community)

35


action system
(mediates) (actors)
(integrator)

(patterned)
(ordered) (orientation)

(institutionalized)
(subjective)


(diffusion)




(cultural determinist)
21.12




(functional requirements)



(functional alternatives)

36
Parsons Robert Merton
(manifest function) (latent) 2
(unintended consequences)
(Merton)

(dysfunctional)






(Lewis on A. Coser et al., Introduction to Sociology. 2nd ed., New York : Harcourt Brace
Jovanovich, 1987, p.19.)
21.13

Jeffrey Alexander Paul
Colomy neofunctionalism a self-critical strand of functional theory that
seeks to broaden functionalisms intellectual scope while retaining its theoretical core (198599)
neofunctionalism functionalism
Alexander
bias
(antiempirical)
neofunctionalism (orientations)
neofunctionalism (descriptive model)

pattern
(differentiated) symbiotically connected
(overarching force)
monocausal determinism

37

(action and order)

(rational) (expressive)

(integration)
(deviance)
Parsons

tension

(differentiation)
(conformity)
harmony
(individuation and institutional strains)
Alexander
conceptualization theorizing grand scale
post-modernists grand theory
(J. Alexander C. and Paul Colomy in George Ritzer, ed. Frontiers of Social Theory. Columbia
University Press, 1990, pp. 33-67.) Neofunctionalism : Reconstructing a Theoretical
Tradition.
-
.
22.
1. Joan Ferrante. Sociology : A Global Perspective. 6 th ed. Wadsworth, 2506.
2. Robert J. Brym and John Lie. Sociology. Wadsworth, 2010.
3. George Ritzer and Douglas J. Goodman. Classical Sociological Theory. 4 th ed. Mc Graw Hill,
2505.

38

4. Jonathan H. Turner. The Emergence of Sociological Theory. 6 th ed. Thomson and Wadsworth,
2007.
5. Keith Faulks. Political Sociology. Edinburgh University Press, 1999.
6. Bryan S. Turner, ed. The Cambridge Dictionary of Sociology. Cambridge University Press, 2006.
7. James Fulcher and John Scott. Sociology. Oxford University Press, 2012.
23.
1

Everyone suffers when lunatics run the asylum

Thailand has reached a tipping point. A point of no return, and from here it could just be a race to
the bottom. As a society and as a democracy, we're damaged goods. We're essentially Humpty Dumpty
that can't be put back together again. Why do I say this? Just look around. The lunatics are running the
asylum.
The plight of Thai Airways (THAI), our once-proud national carrier, is a prime example of this. It's
apparent to everybody that THAI is being run into the ground and sucked dry by whichever vampire is in
power; drowning under the endless list of phoney VIPs.
Just look at senior management's response to the recent runway accident. Out of all the things
management could have done to mitigate the fallout from such a horrific accident, guess what they did
first? They tried to quickly conceal the THAI logos visible on the aircraft. That's right, their first instinct
was a "cover-up", as if that was even a plausible option to begin with. I feel dreadfully sorry for the
airline's dedicated and exceptional staff. Having to witness the decline of their institution and the
unwillingness of senior management to address the problem head-on must be excruciatingly painful. It's
time someone said something and sort this out before things get even worse.
Thailand is a leading tourist destination. The tourism industry brings in vast sums of cash - nearly
10% of the country's GDP. The Tourism Authority of Thailand has set a 2013 target of 22.22 million
international tourist arrivals, generating an estimated foreign exchange revenue of 966 billion baht. So I
find it abhorrent that consecutive Thai governments seem hell-bent on killing the goose that lays the
golden egg by failing to protect forests and oceans from large-scale pollution and over-development.
More must also be done for the safety of tourists, especially in the area of scams. Hotel scams, taxi
scams, jet-ski scams and all the other scams we have. We are quickly developing a new reputation as "The
Land of Scams".

39
Even faith and trust in our Buddhist denomination has reached an all-time low. Charlatan monks like
the infamous Nen Kham have made a mockery of the teachings of Lord Buddha by being allowed to
rampage unchecked for years, living a debauched lifestyle even Charlie Sheen would envy.
Other examples of this kind of abusive behaviour are rife and no doubt without a motivated
wholesale review of the funding and internal management of all our temples, other Nen Khams will be
rearing their ugly heads elsewhere in the near future.
To any impartial observer our justice system is riddled with inconsistencies and double standards.
Every time the rich and influential get let off the hook, it demeans our society and insults our intelligence.
Somehow we are powerless to do anything about it.
But what I can do is write about it. Pracha Maleenont, the former deputy minister of the Interior
Ministry, being handed a 12-year jail sentence for malfeasance in the BMA procurement case, is a salutary
victory for the National Anti Corruption Commission (NACC). Therefore, I feel its work must be
supported and lauded by the public. The commission have done us all a service worth its weight in gold by
putting crooks where they belong: behind bars. So it's a great pity that Pracha Maleenont was able to
escape his 12-year stay in the big house by doing what Thai politicians do best - running. No, not running
for office. Running away.
But let me do something I rarely get the chance to do. I'm going to give credit where credit is due
and commend the Democrat Party, in particular Apirak Kosayodhin, for facing up to corruption charges
that were also levelled against him in this case. In the end, justice was served and he has been vindicated
by the Supreme Court's not-guilty verdict.
I will go further and say even Abhisit Vejjajiva also deserves praise for deciding to stick it out by
fighting dubious murder charges that the Department of Special Investigation has thrown at him. Mr
Abhisit is many things, and I'm certainly not a fan of his, but a murderer he is not.
However, on the subject of murderers. Somchai Khunpleum, the influential godfather, who is a
convicted murderer that was caught a year ago after jumping bail, has yet to spend a single day in jail.
Instead he's been left to languish in a VIP wing of a Chonburi hospital, suffering the horrible fate of being
cared for by a flock of trainee nurses and tortured by the indignity of the best medical care money can buy.
What will be the straw that breaks the camel's back? How much more of this can we take? And is it
indeed too late for Thailand to change? Lets hope agencies like the NACC can rise to the occasion and
rescue us from this dereliction of duty on a biblical scale, by many of our leaders that simply dont deserve
to call themselves public servants.
Songkran Grachangnetara is an entrepreneur. He graduated from The London School of Economics and Columbia
University. He can be reached at Twitter: @SongkranTalk

40
(cf. http://www.bangkokpost.com/opinion/opinion/369629/everyone-suffers-when-lunatics-run-theasylum)
2

Shining some light upon the solar power option

Eighteen months ago I had a 1.5-kilowatt solar power system installed on the roof of my apartment. I
haven't paid a power bill since. The system cost 250,000 baht. Today the same company can install a 1.8kilowatt system for 233,000 baht; an almost 20% bigger system for 10% less. That means a lot to pay
back.

A group of workers install solar power panels to a building on Koh Lan island in Chon Buri. Solar power
systems are still largely untapped in sunshine-rich Thailand.
Still, if you look only at the finances, the upfront cost of solar puts the systems in outer space for
most people. My original calculations pointed to a more than 40-year payback. Although that was figured
without any government help to keep the cost down or the price of electricity increasing over the years.
Still, if you only consider the financial returns, as investments go you'd do better to stick your
money in a low interest bank account.
The first year of operation my photovoltaic system averaged 4.7- kilowatt-hours (kWh) a day. That
varied from about 3kWh a day during the rainy season when heavy clouds block the sun much of the day,
to nearly 7kWh a day during the sunny months of November through April.

41
That 4.7kWh a day is enough to power my apartment, which has most of the amenities of modern
living except air-con and television, granted two big ones. Air-conditioners are by far the biggest power
users and that's way I don't have one. Television uses only moderate electricity but consumes too much
time.
Even on cloudy days my system produces enough electricity to feed my refrigerator, keep my fans
spinning, my computer and stereo singing, lights lit and recharge a host of electronic gadgets that we seem
to need in our modern society that somehow we got along just fine without 20 years ago. The system also
powers an iron on occasion, heats water for showers on cool days and a few other appliances I use
occasionally.
Many homes, however, would need a much bigger system to cover all their electricity demand,
unless the occupants made great strides in conservation. Most people won't live without air-con and
television.
With a 1.8KW system, you'd produce a hair more than 5.6kWh a day on average during the year.
(That's calculated on my 1.5KW system averaging 4.7kWh a day plus the additional 0.3KW of the 1.8KW
system producing another 0.94kWh a day.)
That's 2,044kWh a year. If you're paid the government's current promotional 6.9 baht per kWh for
rooftop solar systems you're looking at 14,103.6 baht a year, or a 16.5-year payback for the 233,000 baht
system.
But figure you just install the system without any government help. You'd save about 3.6 baht per
kWh, the current rate you pay. Your system payback jumps to more than 30 years.
I'm in the second category and all the excess electricity I produce feeds the apartment block for free.
So it goes.
But here's the thing: it's not about the money. Producing electricity creates a lot of bad options.
Dams are controversial, coal plants are dirty and nobody wants one in their backyard, natural gas is
running out, oil pollutes and is running out and nuclear is a worry to locals and a concern in neighbouring
countries.
Solar has one problem: cost.
For the environmental payback it's worth the price. And it supports independence and power
security to boot. Really, how stupid is it to burn fossil fuels and heat up the world to keep a home cool?
And investing is solar is not just throwing money away. If I wanted to do that I'd play golf. Solar
does eventually pay for itself. I haven't paid an electric bill since the beginning of 2012.
Here's another consideration. Demand for electricity in Thailand peaked this year on April 9 at
25,955.30 megawatt hours. My system produced 6kWh that day. A drop in the ocean; Thailand would

42
need 43.25 million systems the size of mine to produce all the electricity consumed that hot April day. But,
Thailand's highest demand for power happens to be the same time as peak production from solar cells, in
April when the skies are clear from late morning until late afternoon.
Countries build enough power plants to meet peak electricity demand then many power plants
produce well below capacity in the off hours. That's bad business. Thailand, and every other country for
that matter, could install enough solar capacity to meet that peak season demand and not have to worry
about big electric plants being closed or foreign energy sources shut off.
When considering the cost of solar, you can include the damage to the economy if the electricity
supply fails even briefly.
With solar helping meet that peak demand the remaining power plants can earn more during off
hours because demand will stay more consistent throughout the day and they won't have to be partially
shut down.
You can think of solar as a personal choice for the public good. The more people invest in it, the
faster economies of scale and further research will continue to improve the technology and lower the price.
And the more people invest the more political clout solar will have with the added numbers involved.
Perhaps it's too expensive for households to buy into the solar option, but organisations, schools,
institutes and businesses might find it easier.
But the key is, people need to invest; to buy into being part of the solution. You can wait and make
more money or you can invest and make a difference.
Mick Elmore has been a journalist 30 years, including two years at the Bangkok Post. He is
currently both a lecturer and a masters student at Chulalongkorn University.
(cf. http://www.bangkokpost.com/news/local/369630/shining-some-light-upon-the-solar-power-option)
3

US snooping scandal risks stunting internet's growth

The US is at a key crossroads, trying to regain the trust of its citizens and friendly nations around the
world even while it continues to lie and dissimulate in defence of National Security Agency (NSA)
overreach.
The obsessive eavesdropping of the US security state shows no sign of abating, despite the danger it
poses to US civil liberties, the conduct of diplomacy and even issues of war and peace.
US snooping on the UN in 2003 helped finesse the "slam dunk" diplomatic moment for promoting
an ill-conceived war in Iraq, and may be a factor in Syria policy. US citizens have unwittingly supported

43
this dysfunctional state of affairs with their tax dollars, even as spending on health, education and
infrastructure spending has withered and crumbled.
Billions of dollars are poured into snooping, billions more on excessive secrecy. Edward Snowden's
vast revelations gave the world a free peek into how the world's most awesome, and costly, spy machine
operates.
What's more, billions of honest business dollars are at risk, due to newfound doubts about cloud
computing, and billions more are likely to be lost as the world market turns away from NSA-tainted US
products and insecure communication systems.
What self-respecting government wants to rely on the products of Google, Facebook, Microsoft,
Intel, Yahoo, Apple or any other Silicon Valley behemoth which partners with the NSA, especially when it
comes to sensitive and secure communication?
But the lost investment costs are just the tip of the iceberg. In the sharp glare of electronic snooping
that makes civilian existence naked to an untold number of unknown others, whither trust, old-fashioned
decency, personal privacy? Even Americans, famously dedicated to free expression, will reflexively start
to self-censor and change behaviour, knowing that everything and anything communicated over the phone,
internet, GPS or any chip-enabled device is at risk of being infiltrated and could be used against them.
US diplomacy is also a victim of internet hypocrisy. Hillary Clinton tirelessly travelled the world
singing the praises of Silicon Valley and "internet freedom" even while her State Department took the lead
in bugging the UN and EU offices in the US and abroad.
Barack Obama's government is facing a crisis of trust. President Obama made the straight-faced
claim that the NSA does not listen to US phone calls and has gone as far as to say, "We don't have a
domestic spying programme", echoing the documented untruth told by his national security chief James
Clapper, who said under oath: "We don't wittingly collect information on millions of Americans."
Joseph Nye, a Harvard professor who has worked in government intelligence, has emerged as a
mild-mannered spokesman for the rude security regime that an embattled Mr Obama is desperately trying
to keep under wraps.
Prof Nye, like other Washington insiders, insists the US is different because, well, it's different.
Unlike China and Russia, the US only spies on foreigners; a spurious claim given daily breaking news
revelations of US domestic email interception, backdoor access to recorded phone calls, metadata sifting,
the NSA sharing information with the FBI without a court order, and other assaults upon the US Fourth
Amendment against unlawful search and seizure.
Prof Nye hews close to party line talking points, emphasising that the NSA prevents terror, a canard
that gets repeated like a mantra despite little documentary evidence of its efficacy. Nor does the repeated

44
wolf-cry of terror begin to explain the extensive and intrusive snooping (including trade and economic
issues) on friends, citizens and allies, which Prof Nye rightly questions in his even-keeled apologia which
acknowledges "Americans are not without sin".
Despite this, Prof Nye sees no hypocrisy, just "untidiness", in the way the US lives up to its
democratic principles. He implies that the long reach of the NSA, which puts ears and eyes in the homes of
hundreds of millions of people, is a "modest trade-off" in the name of security.
Finally, Prof Nye engages in a deft sleight of hand, claiming the reason we can have such a debate in
the first place is because the NSA - draconian though it may be as it snoops, steals secrets, suppresses
accountability and stifles debate - has, despite its lack of accountability, somehow prevented harsher
draconian systems from taking root.
Would such a debate be taking place now if Mr Snowden had not blown the whistle on NSA overreach?
Where are the safeguards to prevent the NSA, with its capability to collect any and all personal
information, from becoming a turn-key totalitarian control system? The internet, long hyped by net
evangelists as an unstoppable force for good, has indeed grown bigger and bigger, almost beyond belief,
year after year, but to what end?
The day is approaching when the gluttony for all electronic information under heaven will bring the
NSA to its Tower of Babel moment, whereupon the excessive noise, interference and babbling in its
Panopticon might create just enough fear, loathing and pandemonium as to herald the demise of the world
wide web.
Philip J Cunningham is media researcher covering Asian politics.
(cf. http://www.bangkokpost.com/opinion/opinion/369631/us-snooping-scandal-risks-stunting-internetgrowth)

45
4

Google launches Internet-beaming balloons

In this June 10, 2013 photo released by Google, a Google team releases a balloon in Tekapo, New Zealand.
Wrinkled and skinny at first, the translucent, jellyfish-shaped balloons that Google released this
week from a frozen field in the heart of New Zealands South Island hardened into shiny pumpkins as they
rose into the blue winter skies above Lake Tekapo, passing the first big test of a lofty goal to get the entire
planet online.
It was the culmination of 18 months work on what Google calls Project Loon, in recognition of how
whacky the idea may sound. Developed in the secretive X lab, that came up with a driverless car and websurfing eyeglasses, the flimsy helium-filled inflatables beam the Internet down to earth as they sail past on
the wind.
Still in their experimental stage, the balloons were the first of thousands that Googles leaders
eventually hope to launch 20 km into the stratosphere in order to bridge the gaping digital divide between
the worlds 4.8 billion unwired people and their 2.2 billion plugged-in counterparts.
If successful, the technology might allow countries to leapfrog the expense of laying fibre cable,
dramatically increasing Internet usage in places such as Africa and Southeast Asia.
Its a huge moonshot. A really big goal to go after, said project leader Mike Cassidy. The power
of the Internet is probably one of the most transformative technologies of our time.
The first person to get Google Balloon Internet access this week was Charles Nimmo, a farmer and
entrepreneur in the small town of Leeston. He found the experience a little bemusing after he was one of
50 locals who signed up to be a tester for a project that was so secret no-one would explain to them what
was happening. Technicians came to the volunteers homes and attached to the outside walls bright red
receivers the size of basketballs and resembling giant Google map pins.

46
Nimmo got the Internet for about 15 minutes before the balloon transmitting it sailed on past. His
first stop on the Web was to check out the weather because he wanted to find out if it was an optimal time
for crutching his sheep, a term he explained to the technicians refers to removing the wool around
sheeps rear ends.
Nimmo is among the many rural folk, even in developed countries, that cant get broadband access.
After ditching his dialup four years ago in favour of satellite Internet service, hes found himself stuck
with bills that sometimes exceed $1,000 in a single month.
Its been weird, Nimmo said of the Google Balloon Internet experience. But its been exciting to
be part of something new.
While the concept is new, people have used balloons for communication, transportation and
entertainment for centuries. In recent years, the military and aeronautical researchers have used tethered
balloons to beam Internet signals back to bases on earth.
Googles balloons fly free and out of eyesight, scavenging power from card table-sized solar panels
that dangle below and gather enough charge in four hours to power them for a day as the balloons sail
around the globe on the prevailing winds. Far below, ground stations with Internet capabilities about 100
km apart bounce signals up to the balloons.
The signals would hop forward, from one balloon to the next, along a backbone of up to five
balloons.
Each balloon would provide Internet service for an area twice the size of New York City, about
1,250 square km, and terrain is not a challenge. They could stream Internet into Afghanistans steep and
winding Khyber Pass or Yaounde, the capital of Cameroon, a country where the World Bank estimates
four out of every 100 people are online.
There are plenty of catches, including a requirement that anyone using Google Balloon Internet
would need a receiver plugged into their computer in order to receive the signal. Google is not talking
costs at this point, although theyre striving to make both the balloons and receivers as inexpensive as
possible, dramatically less than laying cables.
The signals travel in the unlicensed spectrum, which means Google doesnt have to go through the
onerous regulatory processes required for Internet providers using wireless communications networks or
satellites. In New Zealand, the company worked with the Civil Aviation Authority on the trial. Google
chose the country in part because of its remoteness. Cassidy said in the next phase of the trial they hope to
get up to 300 balloons forming a ring on the 40th parallel south from New Zealand through Australia,
Chile, Uruguay, Paraguay and Argentina.

47
Christchurch was a symbolic launch site because some residents were cut off from online
information for weeks following a 2011 earthquake that killed 185 people. Google believes balloon access
could help places suffering natural disasters get quickly back online. Tania Gilchrist, a resident who signed
up for the Google trial, feels lucky she lost her power for only about 10 hours on the day of the quake.
After the initial upheaval, the Internet really came into play, she said. It was how people
coordinated relief efforts and let people know how to get in touch with agencies. It was really, really
effective and it wasnt necessarily driven by the authorities.
At Googles mission control in Christchurch this week, a team of jet lagged engineers working at
eight large laptops used wind data from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration to
maneuver the balloons over snowy peaks, identifying the wind layer with the desired speed and direction
and then adjusting balloons altitudes so they floated in that layer.
Its a very fundamentally democratic thing that what links everyone together is the sky and the
winds, said Richard DeVaul, an MITtrained scientist who founded Project Loon and helped develop
Google Glass, hidden cameraequipped eyeglasses with a tiny computer display that responds to voice
commands.
DeVaul initially thought their biggest challenge would be establishing the radio links from earth to
sky, but in the end, one of the most complex parts was hand building strong, light, durable balloons that
could handle temperature and pressure swings in the stratosphere.
Google engineers studied balloon science from NASA, the Defense Department and the Jet
Propulsion Lab to design their own airships made of plastic films similar to grocery bags. Hundreds have
been built so far.
The balloons would be guided to collection points and replaced periodically. In cases when they
failed, a parachute would deploy.
While there had been rumors, until now Google had refused to confirm the project. But there have
been hints- In April, Googles executive chairman tweeted For every person online, there are two who are
not. By the end of the decade, everyone on Earth will be connected, prompting a flurry of speculative
reports.
And international aid groups have been pushing for more connectivity for more than a decade.
In pilot projects, African farmers solved disease outbreaks after searching the Web, while in
Bangladesh online schools bring teachers from Dhaka to children in remote classrooms through large
screens and video conferencing.

48
Many experts said the project has the potential to fastforward developing nations into the digital
age, possibly impacting far more people than the Google X labs first two projects- The glasses and a fleet
of selfdriving cars that have already logged hundreds of thousands of accidentfree miles.
Whole segments of the population would reap enormous benefits, from social inclusion to
educational and economic opportunities, said DePauw University media studies Professor Kevin Howley.
Temple University communications professor Patrick Murphy warned of mixed consequences,
pointing to China and Brazil where Internet service increased democratic principles, prompting social
movements and uprisings, but also a surge in consumerism that has resulted in environmental and health
problems.
The nutritional and medical information, farming techniques, democratic principles those are the
wonderful parts of it, he said. But you also have everyone wanting to drive a car, eat a steak, drink a
Coke.
As the worlds largest advertising network, Google itself stands to expand its own empire by
bringing Internet to the masses- More users means more potential Google searchers, which in turn give the
company more chances to display their lucrative ads.
Richard Bennett, a fellow with the non-profit Information Technology and Innovation Foundation,
was sceptical, noting that cell phones are being used far more in developing countries.
Im really glad that Google is doing this kind of speculative research, he said. But it remains to
be seen how practical any of these things are.
Ken Murdoch, a chief information officer for the non-profit Save the Children, said the service
would be a tremendous key enabler during natural disasters and humanitarian crises, when infrastructure
can be nonexistent or paralyzed.
The potential of a system that can restore connectivity within hours of a crisis hitting is
tremendously exciting, agreed Imogen Wall at the United Nations Office for the Coordination of
Humanitarian Affairs, although she warned that the service must be robust. If the service fails in a crisis,
then lives are lost.
In Christchurch this week, the balloons were invisible in the sky except for an occasional glint, but
people could see them if they happened to be in the remote countryside where they were launched or
through binoculars, if they knew where to look.
Before heading to New Zealand, Google spent a few months secretly launching between two and
five flights a week in Californias central valley, prompting what Googles scientists said were a handful
of unusual reports on local media.

49
We were chasing balloons around from trucks on the ground, said DeVaul, and people were
calling in reports about UFOs.
(cf. http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/technology/internet/google-launches-internetbeamingballoons/article4816811.ece)
5

Asean faces calls for reform

Regional integration will require Asean leaders and Secretariat to display much more
toughness to make sure members dont backtrack on pledges.
There will be no romantic overtures ushering in the Asean Economic Community at the end of
2015, say experts who believe the regions leaders will be far too busy dealing with thorny trade issues to
celebrate.
While economic integration is making progress, trade officials still must tackle sensitive lists of
goods and services prepared by member countries. As well, participation in larger trade pacts could
undermine Asean centrality as the guiding principle of regional integration.
All 10 Asean members are committed to negotiating the Regional Comprehensive Economic
Partnership (RCEP), which also includes China, India, Japan, South Korea, Australia and New Zealand.
However, some members are also exploring the US-backed Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP), which is a far
broader agreement covering trade, services and investment.
Asean will need to show strong leadership to assert its role and also ensure that members do not start
trying to backtrack on their commitments to regional reforms, said a senior official from Malaysia, which
will hold the Asean chair in 2015.
The comments emerged last week at the second ERIA Editors Roundtable Challenges Ahead: AEC
2015 and Beyond, organised by the Economic Research Institute for Asean and East Asia (ERIA) and the
Prime Ministers Office of Brunei.
Those present at the meeting also supported Malaysias view that a stronger Asean Secretariat was
needed to help steer the course.
However, Le Luong Minh, the Asean secretary-general, did not pledge any bold actions, saying he
would do whatever was needed within the provisions of the Asean Charter.
The veteran Vietnamese diplomat conceded that member states could be moving faster to ensure
their national strategies reflected regional goals. As well, he said, he liked to think of the TPP and RCEP as
complementary rather than competing with each other.

50
Rebecca Fatima Sta. Maria, the secretary-general of the Malaysian Ministry of International Trade
and Industry, made a strong case for the concept of Asean centrality. She said the aim was to create an
inclusive, transparent and efficient economic entity with harmonised rules and regulations, effectively
plugged into global supply and value chains.
Work on regional integration began in 1998 with the adoption of the Hanoi Plan of Action,
culminating in the AEC Blueprint adopted in 2007. While 80% of the measures outlined in the Blueprint to
reduce barriers to trade and investment have been implemented, much more remains to be done to achieve
sound AEC governance, said Ms Rebecca.
To begin with, she said, Asean needs an oversight structure for monitoring and assessing the impact
of the AEC Blueprint and a host of other initiatives. The latter include various trade pacts involving Asean
plus one or more other countries, known as Asean+1 or Asean+3, and the RCEP.
Streamlining is the key, said the Malaysian official. We need regulatory coherence, we need to
get these measures up and running a mutual recognition arrangement and dispute settlement
mechanism and we need fewer non-tariff barriers.
In short, Asean needs to be leaner and cleaner, the Asean secretariat needs more human capital and
resources, as well as better collaboration between public- and private-sector institutions, said Ms Rebecca.
Engagement with think-tanks and civil society groups will be important as well.
We should be more realistic and confront problems, not address them just in a nice Asean way.
We need the Asean Secretariat to have power to name and shame and other mechanisms to monitor all the
required and pledged processes, she said.
Lim Jock Hoi, the permanent secretary of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade of Brunei, said
that while 80% of the AEC Blueprint was already in place, the effectiveness of the implementation could
be a questioned, while the public still did not appear convinced of what Asean has achieved.
He cited a recent region-wide survey which showed that 76% of the population was unaware of the
benefits of the AEC, if not critical, while among businesses surveyed, only 30% of SMEs understood or
believed they would benefit from the AEC.
But without the AEC, he asserted, many member countries could not have pushed for the domestic
economic and political reforms they have made so far and would make in the future.
Titik Anas, an economist with the Centre for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS), said some
members sensed that with five individual FTA commitments with China, India, Korea, Japan, and
Australia-New Zealand, the trade regime was already too complicated to administer and there had been no
significant trade improvement.

51
It was therefore difficult for some members to see the merits that a bigger arrangement such as the
RCEP, which would eliminate non-tariff barriers and sensitive lists in all 16 participating countries, would
contribute to regional trade improvement, noted Ms Titik.
Even the AEC requires a political commitment to complete at the very end of the deadline. The
sensitive lists are all there were facing domestic protectionism, a human resources deficit and limited
capacity to negotiate as there are too many negotiations at the same time, said the Jakarta-based
economist.
She said Asean might not have fully fledged RCEP by 2015 as dreamed, especially in the services
sector, unless there were strong commitments by individual members to make harmonised concessions
easier to administer. As well, she said, members should consider merging the various Asean+1 pacts into
the RCEP, and improve Aseans research capacity.
Seven of the 16 RCEP [members] who are in the TPP will get better access, so its quite a strategic
competition. We need to watch to see if the RCEP can be concluded in time with the Community in 2015,
Ms Titik said.
ERIA executive director Hidetoshi Nishimura was optimistic, however, saying that the RCEP was
expected to have a higher-quality development agenda, if Asean can be a driver of the substance of
regional economic integration.
If the AEC succeeds in 2015, the region becomes more attractive as an investment destination from
three dimensions: durable macroeconomy, domestic consumption and the demographic dividend, he
added.
Despite some misgivings about the future, many economists reminded the forum about the positive
long-term contributions Asean had created for the region.
ERIA chief economist Fukunari Kimura said the cost to import in Asean member countries had
declined relative to Singapore, as had the time to export.
Suthad Setboonsarng, a former Thailand Trade Representative, said that customs authorities, usually
the bad guys in the eyes of other agencies and the public, have improved tremendously.
Certainly more has to be done in eliminating non-tariff barriers, said Mr Suthad, a consultant for
Brunei, the Asean chair this year.
Mr Kimura agreed, adding that the gap in restrictiveness between Singapore and others remained
wide. Efficient logistics are key for successful regional integration, he said.
However, there were still many instances of a substantial regulatory gap between actual and best
practices, said the Japanese economist.

52
While reminding the forum of how much progress reforms have made in the region, Mr Suthad also
noted that Asean needed to enforce agreements and compliance to further the prosperity and credibility of
the region.
More is needed to tap and reach out to SMEs to benefit from all the arrangements, he said.
Waseda University Prof Shujiro Urata agreed that a new approach to services trade negotiation was
needed to promote liberalisation and cooperation to remove barriers to doing business.
Currently, the countries that have smaller sensitive lists in the Asean+1 FTAs are Singapore,
followed by Brunei, the Philippines, Thailand and Cambodia, while Indonesia has a longer sensitive list
than other countries, according to Mr Urata.
Australia and New Zealand fare better than China, which has a sensitive list of 5.9% of total tariff
concessions, Japan (9.1%), Korea (9.5%) and India (21.2%), according to his table.
Mr Urata also noted that countries should make sure they have safety nets and social systems in
place to support those that may not benefit as much from FTA arrangements, particularly the farm sector.
Lim Chze Cheen, head of the Asean Connectivity, Asean Secretariat, said Asean governments had
only 30-40% financial capacity to finance infrastructure projects, so a public-private partnership approach
was needed.
(cf. http://www.bangkokpost.com/business/news/369975/asean-faces-calls-for-reform)
6

Services Set to Take Largest Share of GDP in Asia

By Shamim Adam
Dinh Tu quit being a monk three years ago and worked in a yoga studio in Ho Chi Minh City to
cater to a growing Vietnamese middle class who are finding new outlets for their money. These days, hes
selling insurance, too.
People in Vietnam have more to spend now, said the 40-year-old agent for Tokyo-based Dai-ichi
Life Insurance Co. Because Im no longer a monk, I have to worry about financial pressures, too. I can
see that insurance is a good business.
As Tu and millions of other Asians switch from traditional occupations, farms and factories, the
contribution of service industries to the regions emerging economies is poised to exceed 50 percent for the
first time, according to data compiled by Bloomberg from government statistics. The watershed
marks Asias shift from its role as the worlds workshop with countries led by China concentrating on
building domestic economies.

53
From Japans expansion in the 1960s to the Asian tigers of the 1970s and Chinas economic
liberalization in the 1980s, Asias postwar growth has been driven by government strategies that poured
investment into producing engineers and factories that made most of the worlds clothes, toys and
electronics. With Asian wages and currencies rising, the investment-export model is becoming less
attractive, and funds are switching to domestic consumer markets, increasing the need for banking, health
care and retail workers.
This is a natural consequence of Asia becoming wealthier, said Donghyun Park, principal
economist at the Asian Development Bank who has researched the regions transition from manufacturing.
Millions are joining the middle class every year and demanding more services.
Changing Map
Rising demand in a region with almost two thirds of the worlds people is rebalancing the global
economic map. As export-dependent economies led by China shift focus to Asias 525 million middleincome consumers, manufacturers such asGeneral Electric Co. (GE) are choosing to locate factories in
Europe and North America, while service providers including international law firm Linklaters LLP are
sending staff to Asia. By 2030, two-thirds of the worlds middle class will reside in Asia-Pacific, Ernst &
Young estimates.
Services will account for more than 50 percent of developing Asias gross domestic product for the
first time either this year or next, from 48.5 percent of regional output in 2010, Park said. That ratio is
above 60 percent in developing Europe and Latin America and 75 percent for members of the Organization
for Economic Cooperation and Development.
Less Emphasis
One effect will be less emphasis among Asian governments on currency levels, which are key to
export-based economies.
Interest rates will become more important than exchange rates, said Chua Hak Bin, an economist
at Bank of America Corp. in Singapore. When an economy gets richer and the trade component becomes
smaller -- the likes of the U.S., Japan and even Australia -- they dont have a problem letting the currency
slide and yet there is hardly an impact on inflation.
As Asians grow wealthier, they are using their paychecks less for buying products and more for
things like holidays. Average Chinese household spending on goods will drop to about 60 percent in 2013
from 71 percent in 1993 and decline to 52 percent by 2033, according to Yuwa Hedrick-Wong, global
economic adviser for MasterCard Inc., the second-biggest U.S. payments network. The pattern is similar in
eight Asian economies outside Japan, he said.

54
Buy Experiences
People now want to buy experiences, in terms of traveling or dining out or going to a concert, said
Hedrick-Wong, who has written four books on the demographics of Asian consumers. Services in the
coming decade will really take off as the real engine of income and employment generation.
Asia is following the same path the U.S. took in the last century. At the end of World War II, service
work accounted for 10 percent of U.S. non-farm employment, compared with 38 percent for
manufacturing. Now, it represents four out of five jobs and contributes about 68 percent of the economy,
according to government data.
Asian countries are no different, said Joseph Kaboski, professor of economics at the University
of Notre Dame in Indiana, who has researched the effect of high-skilled labor inservice industries. Theyll
export more technology-intensive manufacturing goods. Theyll export more high-skilled services.
The climb up the technology ladder will help developing nations in Asia create higher-skilled and
better-paid non-manufacturing jobs such as lawyers and bankers to supplement traditional roles like foodstall hawkers and cleaners.
Automated Factories
If you have a bigger manufacturing sector, that does not necessarily create as many jobs as in the
past, because of greater use of automation, said Changyong Rhee, the ADBs chief economist. But as an
economy develops, the manufacturing sector can create service-sector jobs.
General Electric opened the first of a series of innovation centers in the Chinese city of Chengdu in
May 2012 to research health care, energy and transportation as part of a $2 billion plan to develop
technology partnerships over three years. Deutsche Post AGs DHL courier and freight unit said in August
it is adding two offices to its existing seven in Indonesia and plans more in 2014 and 2015.
The growing wage disparity between the new, more-skilled employees and lower-paid workers will
help spur demand for services, said the University of Notre Dames Kaboski.
Landscaping, Daycare
When the cost of your time is high, you buy these things on the market: daycare, landscaping,
eating at restaurants rather than cooking, he said.
Average pay in Asia almost doubled between 2000 and 2011, compared with a 5 percent increase in
developed countries and about 23 percent worldwide, according to the International Labour
Organization in Geneva.
Higher salaries lead to increased spending and borrowing, with a growing number of people able to
afford insurance policies or savings plans for the first time or invest in property, said Amit Arora, head
of consumer banking at Standard Chartered Plcs Vietnam unit in Ho Chi Minh City.

55
Six or seven years back, credit cards were a new thing in Vietnam, but today most banks offer
them, Arora said. Unsecured loans to the lower- and middle-income segment are picking up very fast,
and about 50 percent of customers are first-time loan takers.
The contribution of services to GDP was more than 46 percent in 2011 for developing economies in
East and South Asia, according to Bloomberg calculations from World Bank data. Those numbers may
underreport the full contribution of services because of the many small businesses in the informal sector
that have little incentive to respond to surveys, let alone to report their full earnings, the bank said.
Developing Asia excludes Japan, South Korea, Singapore, Hong Kong and Taiwan.
Worlds Factory
The worlds factory is turning into an economy driven by services, Frederic Neumann, co-head of
Asian economic research at HSBC Holdings Plc in Hong Kong said in an Aug. 29 note. Service industries
are contributing to roughly 50 percent of weighted GDP and 45 percent of itslabor force. This is a trend
that will shape Asias future.
For some countries, the growth of services is hindered by structural and policy hurdles. Asialags
behind Latin America and OECD nations in road networks, phones, railways, power and clean water,
according to the latest United Nations data.
There isnt enough infrastructure to support the sector in many parts of developing Asia, such as
unreliable electricity causing blackouts or no Internet, said Aekapol Chongvilaivan, a research fellow at
the Institute of Southeast Asian Studies in Singapore. That will deter foreign direct investment.
Hamper Development
Protectionism in the financial sector is also a serious problem for emerging Asia, he added. That
will hamper all development, not just for the service sector.
Expansion by international law firms in Asia is concentrated in the few places such as
Singapore, Hong Kong and South Korea that have opened markets. Linklaters, Sidley Austin LLP Gibson,
Dunn & Crutcher LLP and Jones Day won licenses to practice local corporate law in Singapore in
February.
The variations among countries mean the shift from manufacturing dependence wont be even.
Nations the World Bank classifies as upper middle-income such as China, Malaysia and Thailand may see
the creation of jobs in insurance, technology and education. Less-developed countries will add employees
at neighborhood stores, supermarkets and fuel stations.
Low-income Asian economies -- those with gross national income per capita of $1,035 or less like
Cambodia and Bangladesh -- may add factory workers as basic manufacturing of clothes, toys or
electronics moves from China and elsewhere in the region.

56
Economic Ladder
As each country moves up the economic ladder, the wealth generated will benefit lifestyle,
consumer-banking and retail businesses. Average per-capita disposable income in the Asia-Pacific region
grew by more than 19 percent in real terms from 2007 to 2012, according to a report in April by
Euromonitor International. In China, the rate was more than 63 percent.
Some yoga instructors in Vietnam are earning as much as four times what they would have made
about five years ago, said Tu, the monk-turned-insurance agent.
People are buying more and more, and the types of things they want are different now, he said.
Its not just shopping at grocery stores.
Retail sales in Asia-Pacific will be worth about $11.8 trillion by 2016, compared with $4.4 trillion
for North America and $3.1 trillion for Western Europe, PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP said in a January
report.
Job Seeker
Chinese people are gradually improving their living standards and that means a huge demand for
high-quality services, not cheap manufactured products, said Shen Zhong, 28, as he scanned help-wanted
ads at the government-run employment exchange in downtown Changsha, the central Chinese city of
seven million people where Mao Zedong went to college.
Most of the jobs offered here are in service industries: restaurants, karaoke clubs, cinemas and
pubs. Im looking for a sales position, selling services that people want, like education, he said.
Chinas education and training industry surged to 955.4 billion yuan ($156 billion) in value last
year, from 610 billion yuan in 2008, according to market-data company Research in China. New Yorktraded shares of Beijing-based TAL Education Group (XRS) have risen more than 25 percent this year,
while New Oriental Education & Technology Group (EDU), Chinas largest educational company, has
climbed 10 percent.
The 192-year-old Heriot-Watt University in Edinburgh last year opened its second international
campus in Malaysias administrative capital of Putrajaya. When completed next year, the buildings around
a man-made lake will accommodate as many as 5,000 staff and students.
Its a huge opportunity to grow and it was better for us to come in as a full-fledged branch
campus, said Robert Craik, provost of the Malaysian school. Its part of the growing trend across Asia.
To contact the reporter on this story: Shamim Adam in Singapore
(cf. http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-09-03/asia-services-set-to-exceed-manufacturing-as-gdpshare.html)

57
7

PTT weighs possibility of Mozambique complex

Map Ta Phut model may be applied
PTT Plc and its subsidiaries are preparing to conduct the feasibility study of an oil and gas complex
in Mozambique.
Tevin Vongvanich, the chief executive of PTT Exploration and Production Plc (PTTEP), said the
Mozambican government is welcoming foreign investors to develop the country's natural resources such as
oil and gas, gems and fishery.
The southeastern African country plans to turn oil and gas resources into a major economic growth
driver. To achieve that, it has to further develop the oil and gas industry.
The Mozambican government is impressed with the success story of the Map Ta Phut oil and gas
complex over the past 30 years and will apply it as a model for its key industry.
A memorandum of understanding between the Thai and Mozambican national oil companies will be
signed shortly, Mr Tevin said.
In a deal worth US$1.9 billion, PTTEP in August 2012 acquired Cove Energy Plc, which has an
8.5% share in Mozambique's Rovuma Offshore Area 1 (Rovuma-1).
The Texas-based Anadarko Petroleum Corporation, the operator of Rovuma-1, plans to develop a
liquefied natural gas (LNG) complex in the area and expects to supply Asian markets including Thailand.
Last month, India's Oil and Natural Gas Corporation acquired a 20% stake of Rovuma-1, 10% each
from Anadarko and Videocon Group, for $5.02 billion.
Rovuma-1 has potential to become one of the world's largest liquefied natural gas-producing hubs
by 2018, and is strategically located to supply gas to India at competitive prices.
"We not only need LNG (liquefied natural gas) from Mozambique, but also are ready to help the
country create a success story of economic development like the Map Ta Phut oil and gas complex," said
Mr Tevin.
Recent discoveries have turned Rovuma-1 into a major draw for global energy producers and
boosted Mozambique's natural gas reserves to around 150 trillion cubic feet.
This could turn Mozambique into the world's third-largest LNG exporter after Qatar and Australia.
PTTEP, meanwhile, plans to announce technical partners and details of the floating LNG project in
Australia' Cash and Maple field in the first half of next year.
The project formerly involved producing and sending gas through a pipeline but a high production
cost has prompted PTTEP to turn it into a floating LNG facility, a water-based LNG operation using latest

58
technologies to produce, liquefy, store and transfer LNG at sea before carriers ship it directly to markets,
eliminating the need for pipelines.
PTTEP also targets to triple oil production from Australia's Montara field next year after starting up
in June this year at 10,000 barrels per day.
The company was awarded by United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change for the
clean development mechanism used at its onshore Soa Thien gas field, which turns methane gas flare into
power.
The Soa Thien field produces 700,000 standard cubic feet of methane per day. PTTEP has codeveloped the power generator at Soa Thien with Ratchaburi Electricity Generating Holding Plc.
Share of PTTEP closed Friday on the Stock Exchange of Thailand at 169.50 baht, down 50 satang,
in heavy trade worth 1.68 billion baht.
(cf. http://www.bangkokpost.com/business/news/369892/ptt-weighs-possibility-of-mozambique-complex)
8

78
24
49.95




2 1,800 3

59

470 86%
79%

(cf. http://www.bangkokbiznews.com/home/detail/business/global/20130919/530831/
)
9

14 21
3050% -

3
4
2.8% 4% 2557
3.4%
2.8% 3.4%

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51

4.6%
4

60

100,000




15,000



.

(cf. http://www.thairath.co.th/column/pol/thai_remark/370708)

61

Academic Ranking of World Universities - 2010

62

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. .()
Professor Jirachoke(Banphot) Virasaya, Ph.D.
1. Education
1. B.A. (Honors thesis in Sociology, University of California, Berkeley) 2)
M.A. in Political Science, Berkeley 3) Ph.D., Berkeley, 1968
(Eelected to PI
SIGMA ALPHA, National Political Science Honor Society) U.S.A., 1962. Experiences
U.S.A.
2.
1. 1

.. UC Berkeley. Ranked no.1 in country-wide competitive exam and awarded scholarship to pursue
B.A., M.A. and Ph.D. at UC Berkeley.
2. , 2512-2514
3. , 2511-2514
4. , 2513-2514 Founding
Committee Member in the establishment of RU. ..
5. (Founding Dean) , RU, 2516-2520

(and at times Interim Dean)

6. ( Founding Chairman, Sociology-Anthropology Dept.) , 2514-2520
7. , 2530-2532 Vice-Rector, - Academic
8. Academic Deputy Director, Regional Institute of Higher Education (RIHED), Singapore, 1977-1980.

9. Director, University Development Commission(UDC), Ministry of University Affairs (MUA)

10.
11.
12.

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13. Hon. Secretary-General, World Fellowship of Buddhist Youth (WFBY).

(), .. .
. (.)
14. Royal Institute
15. ..

16.
17. (Dean Interim)
18. () .
19. -
20. -
20. ()

21.
22. ,, , ,

23. (10 )
, 2547-. Acting Director, Ph.D. Program in Social Sciences.
24.
(.) 25 .. 2513.
25.

3. Academic works
3.1 -, ,
3.2 45
3.3
3.4
4.
4.1
4.2

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5. Contact Address

02-312-8483-9 , exts. 41,36 ; 02-310-8566-67 ; Fax 310-8492, 3108500, 310-8567

66

. . ()
1. 5 PS 103, 500, 601, 701
2. 8 PS 103, 290, 293, 495, 500, 601, 605,
611, 639, 641, SO 477, 483

3. 9
SO 103, 233, 265, 268, 477, PS 103, 500, 503, 611, 639, 671, 798 (04)

4. 11 PS 103, 190, 290, 500, 503, 601, 605, 611,

639, 641, SO 477, 483 (04)

14 SO 477, PS 103, 500, 503, 601, 639

15 PS 639, 672, 679
25 PS 103, 110, SO 103, 477, 483, PS 500, 639, 671, 691, 798
27 PS 103, SO 477, PS 639, 671, 691 30.- (03)
28
PS 103, SO 477, PS 500, 503, 601, 639, 672
10. 29 SO 477, PS 103, 500, 503, 601, 639

11. 34 PS 103, 672
12. 35 SO 477, PS 103, 500, 503, 601, 639
13. 50 PS 103, 130, 500, 503, 601 40.- (03)
14. 53 PS 605, 500, 601, 639, 798
15. 58 PS 103, 500,
601, 639, 671, 672
16. 62 PS 601,
17. 73 SO 477, PS 103, 500, 503, 601, 639
18. 74
19. 75 PS 103, 500, 605, 639, SO 477
20. 79 PS 103,
PA 330, SO 103, 233, 477, 483, PS 500, 503, 601, 605, 611, 639,
21. 98 SO 477, PS 639
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

. 10240 (02) 310-8483-9 30

(POB)

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22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.

100 PS 103, 639,691, SO 477

111 PS 103, 672,679
112 PS 503, 601, 639
113 SO 233, 477, PS 103, 500, 503, 601, 639
114 PS 103, 500, 503, 601, 701
115 PS 103, 483, 500, 503, 601, SO 477
125 PS 103, SO 477, PS 483, 500, 601, 639
131 PS 103, 500, 503, 672, 798, PA 261,
330, 331, 350, 200

140 PS 103, 500, 601 48. 144 PS 103, 500, 601

146 REENGINEERING PS500, 601, 639, 672
148 PS 103, 500, 601, 671, 672
149
PS 103, 120, SO 103 , 477, PS 500, 601,
605, 611, 639, 671, 679, 798
35. 153 PS 103, SO 477, 483, PS 500, 503, 601,
605, 611, 639, 672
36. 171 PS 103,601, 707
37. 172 PS 103, 503, 601
38. 174 PS 103, 500, 601,639, SO477
39. 175 PS 103, 130, 456
40. 177
41. 195 SO 477, PS 103, 500, 601, 639
42. 200 PS 103,495,500
43. 223 PS 403, SO 477, PS 500, 639, 691
44. 225 PS 103, SO 477, PS 500, 601, 605
45. 236
PS 103, PA 200, 210, 310, PS 500, 672
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.

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1. (modernity)
2. (modernization)
3.
4. (modernization)
5. (Sociology of Nature)
6. (Visual Sociology)
7.
8. :
9.
10. (psychology)
11.
12. Social psychology
13. Economics is concerned with
14. Society
15. (Community)
16.
17.
18. (interpretive methodology)
19. (critical)
20. (It's never too late to create)
21. - (Structural-Functionalism)
22.
23.
1 : Everyone suffers when lunatics run the asylum
2 : Shining some light upon the solar power option
3 : US snooping scandal risks stunting internet's growth
4 : Google launches Internet-beaming balloons
5 : Asean faces calls for reform
6 : Services Set to Take Largest Share of GDP in Asia
7 : PTT weighs possibility of Mozambique complex

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