PHN TCH D LIU TRONG NGHIN CU NH LNG

DATA ANALYSIS FOR QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

Bo co vin Hong Trng

Thng 3 nm 2009

GiI THIU

Hong Trng, PHN TCH D LIU TRONG NGHIN CU NH LNG

NCKH v phn tch d liu

Nghin cu nh lng cn phn tch d liu. Vi khi lng d liu ln, cn chng trnh my tnh thc hin SPSS l mt chng trnh thng k d s dng v mnh m.

Xc nh vn Cu h i nghin cu Mc tiu nghin cu

(gii hn nghin cu)

Thit k nghin cu
L thuyt, M hnh, Bin s, gi thuyt, chn mu, phng php thu thp d liu

cng nghin cu (proposal)

Thu thp & phn tch d liu

Bo co
3

cng nghin cu
Khi nim: cng nghin cu l mt bn hoch nh cc bc tin hnh, cc ni dung cn thc hin trong qu trnh nghin cu. cng l cc nt chnh v phng cch gii quyt vn nghin cu c nu ra. Mc ch ca cng Trnh by cc vn cn nghin cu v tm quan trng ca vic nghin cu Tho lun cc kt qu nghin cu ca nhng ngi khc v cc vn tng t hay c lin quan xut nhu cu d liu gii quyt vn

Hong Trng, PHN TCH D LIU TRONG NGHIN CU NH LNG

 cng nghin cu
1. Tn ti 2. Gii thiu l do chn ti 3. Cu hi nghin cu (research questions) 4. M c tiu nghin cu 5. i tng nghin cu 6. Phm vi v gii hn nghin cu 7. Tng Quan L Thuyt 8. Gi thuyt v m hnh nghin cu 9. Phng php nghin cu 10. Thi gian biu 11. Ngn sch nghin cu 12. ngha thc tin ca nghin cu 13. Ti liu d kin tham kho
5

Thit k nghin cu
Thi t k nghin cu l qu trnh hoch nh d n nghin cu hay ni cch khc l tm tt cc cng vic chnh yu m nh nghin cu s phi thc hin theo mt trnh t nht nh nhm tr li cho cu hi nghin cu v t c mc tiu nghin cu m nh nghin cu t ra phn trnh by vn nghin cu

Hong Trng, PHN TCH D LIU TRONG NGHIN CU NH LNG

Thit k nghin cu
Thit k nghin cu khm ph Thit k nghin cu m t Thit k nghin cu nhn qu

NGHIN CU KHM PH
Mc tiu: nhm xc nh hoc nhn din cc vn ang tn ti trong hot ng ca doanh nghip. c bit hu dng khi nh nghin cu cha c 1 tng r rng v cc vn m h s gp phi trong sut cuc nghin cu. Pht trin cc khi nim r rng hn, xc lp nhng u th, pht trin nhng nh ngha v ci thin cc thit k nghin cu cui cng. Khm ph c th gip tit kim thi gian v tin bc. Nu vn nghin cu khng quan trng nh suy ngh ban u, nghin cu chnh thc hn c th c hy b.

Hong Trng, PHN TCH D LIU TRONG NGHIN CU NH LNG

NGHIN CU KHM PH K thut phn tch nh tnh

Phn tch d liu th cp Kho st kinh nghim Nhm tp trung

NGHIN CU M T
Tp trung vo vic m t cc c im ca vn m khng tm cch ch r cc mi quan h bn trong vn nghin cu. Chng hn, m t qui m, tim nng ca th trng, cc yu t nh hng n s tng trng hay nh tr ca th trng... nghin cu m t c thit k theo quy trnh cht ch v chi tit t bc u tin (xc nh vn nghin cu, thit k nghin cu) n bc hon tt (bo co kt qu nghin cu). Nghin cu m t c th c thc hin ti mt thi im hay thc hin lp li nhiu ln cho cng mt mu.

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Hong Trng, PHN TCH D LIU TRONG NGHIN CU NH LNG

NGHIN CU NHN - QU
Nghin cu nhn qu nhm pht hin cc mi quan h nhn qu trong vn nghin cu, v nh vy y l loi nghin cu nhm mc tiu tm ra gii php gii quyt vn . Quan h i xng (Symmetrical) Quan h tng h (Reciprocal) Quan h bt i xng (Asymmetrical)

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Phn tch d liu

Phn tch d liu l qu trnh chuyn t nhng d liu ri rc ca tng quan st thnh nhng thng tin, nhng tri thc, hiu bit ng tin cy.
Mc o chnh xac cua mo hnh thong ke Hieu biet, tri thc S kien

Thong tin

D lieu

Mc o cai thien cac quyet nh

(Ngun: Hossein Arsham, Manchester Metropolitan University) 12

Hong Trng, PHN TCH D LIU TRONG NGHIN CU NH LNG

Phn loi d liu

D liu nh tnh: thu thp t thang o danh ngha v th bc -> khng tnh c tr trung bnh D liu nh lng: thu thp t thang o khong cch v t l -> tnh c tr trung bnh
D lieu

D lieu nh tnh

D lieu nh lng

thang o danh ngha

thang o th bac

thang o khoang cach

thang o t le

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T chc d liu ma trn d liu

Quan st (observation, case): d liu thu thp c t mt n v mu kho st thc t. Bin (variable): n v cha mt loi d liu ging nhau (v d gii tnh) Ma trn (bng) d liu: tp hp d liu ca nhiu quan st (dng) c sp xp thnh tng loi r rng (ct-bin).
Cc quan st Cc bin Gii tnh 1 2 3 n

Tui 21 32 53 42

Ngh nghip Sinh vin Nhn vin vn phng V hu Ngh khc

N N Nam Nam

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Hong Trng, PHN TCH D LIU TRONG NGHIN CU NH LNG

Nguyn tc m ha & nhp liu

D liu nh tnh: m ha bng cch dng m s gn cho cc biu hin hay tnh cht. D liu nh lng: khng cn m ha ( c ngha) Phn tch BCH/form ri to khun nhp theo nguyn tc mi loi d liu l mt bin. D liu c nhp trc tip vo mn hnh data ca SPSS, t tri qua phi theo tng quan st (dng).
Cc Cc bin quan st Gii tnh 1 2 3 n

Tui

Ngh nghip

2 2 1 1

21 32 53 42

10 3 11 14
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V d v thao tc
Dng BCH phn cui sch Phn tch D liu vi SPSS: Phn tch cc cu hi, cc d liu thu thp c, xc nh s bin cn khi to. Thc hnh to khun cho BCH ny, ch cc cu hi c nhiu tr li v cu hi dng thang o th bc.

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Hong Trng, PHN TCH D LIU TRONG NGHIN CU NH LNG

XY DNG C S D LIU CHO PHN TCH

Preparing Database for Analysis

n v phn tch
Khi kho st ch c cc loi n v sau: n v ly mu n v bo co n v phn tch -> gii hn: ch xem xt trng hp n v bo co l n v phn tch trong chng trnh ny.

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Hong Trng, PHN TCH D LIU TRONG NGHIN CU NH LNG

Nhp liu
Nhp trc tip trong SPSS -> ph bin trong cc NCKH c mu khng qu ln Bng chng trnh Data Entry ca SPSS (nng n, nng sut thp) Nhp bng chng trnh khc (Excel, Fox, ) hay chng trnh vit ring (khng tin li hay mt thi gian vit chng trnh nhp) nu s lng mu khng nhiu. C th nhiu ngi nhp song song, ri ghp file th cng hay bng lnh Data > Merge files

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Lm sch d liu
Bng tn s n Dng lnh sort Dng bng phc Cc lnh select cases (filter)

-> Cn c kinh nghim, kin thc lin quan n i tng, bi cnh, ni dung nghin cu.

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Hong Trng, PHN TCH D LIU TRONG NGHIN CU NH LNG

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TM TT & TRNH BY D LiU

Data Sumarization and Presentation

Bng thng k - Tables

Bng tn s n bin: p dng cho bin nh tnh & nh lng -> nu s lng nhm qu nhiu -> phn t li, m ha li (recode) Bng thng k m t: p dng cho bin nh lng, tnh ton khuynh hng tp trung v phn tn Bng kt hp nhiu bin:
Bng kt hp cho cc bin nh tnh: tnh tn s v %. Bng kt hp cho bin nh tnh v bin nh lng: tnh trung bnh, median, lch chun,

Ghp bin cho dng cu hi c nhiu tr li v c nhiu bin tng ng.

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Hong Trng, PHN TCH D LIU TRONG NGHIN CU NH LNG

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Biu & th - Graphs

Biu n bin: biu phn phi tn s
30

20

10
Std. Dev = 7457.66 Mean = 6354.7

N = 51.00

REVENUES

Biu & th - Graphs

Biu n bin: hnh thanh, hnh trn
Ngun nhn bit
0 20 52 48 43 49 44 40 40 42 35 28 50 44 43 15 28 17 9 9 54 45 20 19 13 18 32 15 58 25 3 2 7 21 15 33 19 6 5 39 42 36 19 40 60 46 25 22 21 5 11 18 80 100

0 0. 00 .0 35 00 5 .0 32 00 0 .0 30 00 5 .0 27 00 0 .0 25 00 5 .0 22 00 0 .0 20 00 5 .0 17 0 00 .0 15 00 5 .0 12 0 00 10 0.0 0 75 .0 00 50 0.0 0 25 0 0.
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ACB Vietcombank Agribank Incombank EAB BIDV Sacombank VIBank Techcombank Military Bank Eximbank Hang hai VP Bank

Quy m cc mn vay
> 500 tr 7% < 10 tr 32%

200 - 500 tr 21% 10 - 200 tr 40%

Ban be Bao viet T ri T tm hieu

Truyen hnh Internet Bangron, apphch

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Hong Trng, PHN TCH D LIU TRONG NGHIN CU NH LNG

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Biu & th - Graphs

th kt hp: hnh thanh, th phn tn
Aided
100

Unaided Tom
ACB Vietcombank Agribank Incombank Dong A BIDV Sacombank VIBank Techcombank Military Bank SCB Eximbank Phng Nam Hng Hi VP Bank Phng ng Habubank
0
15 7 05 04 1 0 17 28 17 8 0 0 18 0 03 4 0 0 5

TP.HCM
42 20 25 52 32 32 21 36 18 14 41 24 31 56 41 68 71 67 91 ACB
6

H N i
26 30 22 18 47 44 38 61 69 54 70 85 83
3000 4000

6 17 11

EAB BIDV

4 7 3 10

17 21 28 35 28 17 12

2000

60 Sacombank

2 11 2 3

53 42

1000

SCB Eximbank i

14

PROFITS

0 0 10000 200 00 30000 40000

3 2 1 0 8 03 29 1 2 12 28

REVENUES

20

07 0

Habubank %
20 40 60 80 100
0

1 11

38

20

40

60

80 100

25

Biu & th - Graphs

Bn nhn thc (khng bao gm trong chng trnh ny):
.6 SACOMBANK EAB Khuyn mi Chm sc KH tt NV nim n Ph DV hp l Nhiu i m GD Thng dng

Qung co ACB

Ni GD lch s SP-DV phong ph LS gi hp dn

TECHCOMBANK

NV giLS i vay hp l BIDV MILITARY

Chuyn nghip 0.0 AGRIBANK Ni ting Qun tr tt Cngh ti n ti n EIB Uy tn VIETCOMBANK INCOMBANK

Dimension 2

Vn ln -.6 -.7 Dimension 1 0.0 .7

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Hong Trng, PHN TCH D LIU TRONG NGHIN CU NH LNG

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PHN TCH N BiN

Univariate analysis

tp trung & phn tn

Dng cho d liu nh lng Khuynh hng tp trung: mc in hnh, mc i din Trung bnh cng Trung v: t b nh hng bi cc gi tr bt thng Mt: c im tp trung r rt phn tn: mc chch lch (hay ng u) gia cc phn t Phng sai: phn tn b phng i -> lch chun Hnh dng ca phn phi: biu thn v l, biu hp -> phn phi lch tri: a s cc n v c mc di trung bnh -> phn phi lch phi: a s cc quan st c mc trn trung bnh

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Hong Trng, PHN TCH D LIU TRONG NGHIN CU NH LNG

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c lng & kim nh trung bnh

c lng im: chnh l trung bnh mu c lng khong: ly trung bnh mu cng tr 1,96 (thng lm trn thnh 2) ln sai s chun (SE) Kim nh trung bnh tng th c bng mt gi tr c th hay khng Dng kim nh t mt mu.

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Chun ha d liu
Chun ha d liu: chuyn d liu gc vi n v o lng c th thnh n v lch chun so snh trong trng hp n v tnh khc nhau. V d so snh bin thin gia nng sut v tin lng u ngi. Bit c v tr tng i ca mt n v so vi cc n v khc.

z=

z=

xx s

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Hong Trng, PHN TCH D LIU TRONG NGHIN CU NH LNG

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PHN TCH HAI BIN Bivariate analysis

Loi bin v loi kim nh

Bin nguyn nhn nh danh/ th bc nh danh/ th bc (2 nhm) nh danh/ th bc (nhiu hn 2 nhm) nh lng nh lng Bin kt qu nh danh/ th bc nh lng nh lng nh lng nh danh/ th bc Cng c thng k Chi bnh phng T test ANOVA Tng quan & hi qui Hi qui logistic, Phn tch bit s

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Hong Trng, PHN TCH D LIU TRONG NGHIN CU NH LNG

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Lin h hai bin nh danh

D liu di dng tn s Dng bng cho khm ph mi lin h Dng kim nh chi bnh phng (kim nh tnh c lp) xem xt mi lin h c ngha thng k hay khng Dng nhng thc o nh h s lin kt lamda, phi o lng mnh mi lin h

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Lin h hai bin th bc

D liu di dng tn s Dng bng cho khm ph mi lin h Dng nhng thc o nh gamma, tau hay lamda o lng mnh mi lin h.

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Hong Trng, PHN TCH D LIU TRONG NGHIN CU NH LNG

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Lin h mt bin nh tnh v mt bin nh lng

Bin nguyn nhn: bin nh danh hay th bc Bin kt qu: bin nh lng -> nu bin nguyn nhn ch c 2 nhm: dng kim nh trung bnh (kim nh t) -> nu bin nguyn nhn c t 3 nhm tr ln: dng phn tch phng sai.

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Lin h hai bin nh lng

o lng mnh bng h s tng quan hay t s tng quan Th hin mi quan h bng phng trnh hi qui

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Hong Trng, PHN TCH D LIU TRONG NGHIN CU NH LNG

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PHN TCH PHNG SAI

Analysis of variance

Phn tch phng sai 1 yu t

Bin nguyn nhn nh tnh c t 3 nhm tr ln Bin kt qu l nh lng. Ton b bin thin ca bin kt qu (SST) c tch thnh 2 phn: Bin thin do yu t nguyn nhn ang xem xt: SSG Bin thin do cc yu t khc gy ra: SSW -> Phng sai ca yu t kt qu do yu t nguyn nhn gy ra (hay gii thch c) MSG = SSG/k-1 -> Phng sai ca yu t kt qu do cc yu t khc gy ra MSW = SSW/n-k T s F = MSG/MSW ln phn nh nh hng ca yu t nguyn nhn ang xem xt l ng k v nh hng n bin kt qu, lm cho tung bnh ca bin kt qu tng nhm ca bin nguyn nhn khng bng nhau.

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Hong Trng, PHN TCH D LIU TRONG NGHIN CU NH LNG

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Phn tch su ANOVA

Khi kt qu kim nh F trong ANOVA cho thy cc trung bnh khng bng nhau, cn thm kim nh chi tit pht hin s khc bit gia cc nhm. -> Kim nh Tukey thng dng trong phn tch su ANOVA

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HI QUI & TNG QUAN Correlation & regression

Hong Trng, PHN TCH D LIU TRONG NGHIN CU NH LNG

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Hi qui & tng quan

Tng quan o lng mnh ca mi lin h Hi qui m t hnh thc ca lin h Biu phn tn (Scatter) thng c dng thm d mi lin h: c hay khng c lin h, lin h tuyn tnh hay phi tuyn tnh.
90

90

80

80

70

70

60

Tui th TB ph n

60

50

Tui thTB ph n
0 10000 20000 30000

50

40 -10000

40 2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

4.5

GDP tnh trn u ngi (USD)

LGGDPP

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Hi qui & tng quan

Tnh h s tng quan n tuyn tnh ca mu quan st Kim nh ngha thng k ca h s tng quan

Tm phng trnh hi qui n quyn tnh ngha ca h s hi qui ( dc ca ng thng) ngha thng k ca m hnh hi qui: Kim nh F: ngha ca c m hnh Kim nh t: ngha ca tng bin c lp trong m hnh H s xc nh m hnh: kh nng bin nguyn nhn gii thch bin thin ca bin c lp Phn tch phn d: kim tra s ph hp ca m hnh

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Hong Trng, PHN TCH D LIU TRONG NGHIN CU NH LNG

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Hi qui & tng quan

Phng trnh hi qui tuyn tnh bi: Thm d mi lin h gia tng bin nguyn nhn v bin kt qu bng biu phn tn. Bin i nu mi lin h khng phi l tuyn tnh. Tm phng trnh hi qui bi: ngha ca cc h s hi qui ngha thng k ca m hnh hi qui: Kim nh F: ngha ca c m hnh Kim nh t: ngha ca tng bin c lp trong m hnh H s xc nh m hnh: kh nng bin nguyn nhn gii thch bin thin ca bin c lp Phn tch phn d: kim tra s ph hp ca m hnh

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Hi qui & tng quan

a cng tuyn: cc bin c lp c tng quan vi nhau, loi bt bin c lp trong cc bin c lp c tng quan cht vi nhau. Hi qui vi bin c lp nh tnh: to bin gi (bin nh phn tng ng)

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Hong Trng, PHN TCH D LIU TRONG NGHIN CU NH LNG

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XY DNG V KIM NH THANG O DNG TRONG NGHIN CU

Scale Development and Testing

o lng v thang o
Trong nghin cu nh lng cn o lng cc khi nim dng trong nghin cu (construct). Vic o lng mt s khi nim c th khng phc tp v phng php v d nh: mc thu nhp, mc chi tiu, thi gian xem truyn hnh, quy m vn, quy m lao ng, nng sut C mt s khi nim phc tp i hi cn c qu trnh chi tit ha khi nim (construct operationalization) v thit k o lng (scale design) k lng. V d nh:
Trung thnh ca khch hng i vi sn phm/dch v/thng hiu (customer loyalty) Cht lng sn phm/dch v theo cm nhn ca khch hng (perceived quality) Hi lng ca nhn vin (employee satisfaction)
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Hong Trng, PHN TCH D LIU TRONG NGHIN CU NH LNG

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M hnh nghin cu & khi nim

Trong nghin cu nh lng cn o lng cc khi nim dng trong nghin cu (construct). Mt m hnh nghin cu n gin bn di c 3 khi nim: Gi tr dch v, cht lng dch v v s hi lng.
Construct Latent variable

Gia tr dch vu
H1 (+)

Chat lng dch vu

H2 (+)

S hai long

M hnh khi nim (l thuyt)

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M hnh nghin cu & khi nim

e1.6 .16 XAHOI e1.5 .33 CAMXUC .39 .57 e1.4 .04 HINHANH .21 e1.3 .47 CHUCNANG .68 .13 e1.2 e1.1

.02
KIENTHUC .55

.30
UOCMUON

.00 Gia tri DV

.61

.67
e1

.66
Hai long

V52
.78 .78 .77

e3.1

.60 V53 .59 V54

e3.3 e3.2

e2

.46
.00 Chat luong DV
.66 .43 .72 .52 VATCHAT DICHVU .77 .59 e3

DAOTAO

e2.1

e2.2

e2.3

Bin o lng: c th l nhn t (bin tng hp t cc bin quan st) hay l bin quan st trc tip
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M hnh o lng

Hong Trng, PHN TCH D LIU TRONG NGHIN CU NH LNG

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Khi nim v o lng

Vic o lng mt s khi nim c th khng phc tp v phng php v d nh: mc thu nhp, mc chi tiu, thi gian xem truyn hnh, quy m vn, quy m lao ng, nng sut lao ng. Mt s khi nim phc tp, tru tng i hi cn c qu trnh chi tit ha khi nim (construct operationalization) v thit k o lng (measurement design) v kim tra k lng. V d nh:
Trung thnh ca khch hng i vi sn phm/dch v/thng hiu (customer loyalty); Cht lng sn phm/dch v theo cm nhn ca khch hng (perceived quality) Hi lng ca nhn vin (employee satisfaction) Cht lng cuc sng, quan nim sng Lng tin; thi ca ngi dn ti ch i vi ngi nhp c
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Khi nim v o lng

V d v chi tit ha khi nim: trung thnh ca khch hng i vi sn phm/dch v/thng hiu (customer loyalty) bao gm nhng kha cnh sau: Tip tc mua Khng ngh n nhng th khc Khng c nh mua th nhng th khc Ni tt v sp/dch v/thng hiu vi ngi khc Gii thiu sp/dch v/thng hiu vi ngi khc

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Hong Trng, PHN TCH D LIU TRONG NGHIN CU NH LNG

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o lng v thang o Likert

Khi nim n gin ch cn thang o n gin (thang o 1 ch bo) Khi nim tru tng cn thang o phc tp (thang o nhiu ch bo - multi-indicator scale) Thang o nhiu ch bo c s dng ph bin nht l Likert 5 mc . Xin vui lng c k nhng pht biu sau. Sau mi cu pht biu, hy khoanh trn tr li th hin ng nht quan im ca bn. Xin bn cho bi t rng bn rt ng , ng , thy bnh thng, khng ng hay rt khng ng vi mi pht biu?

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o lng v thang o Likert

Sau y l nhng pht biu lin quan n vic chn v hc tp ca bn ti trng H Kinh T TPHCM. Xin bn vui lng tr li bng cch khoanh trn mt con s tng dng. Nhng con s ny th hin mc bn ng hay khng ng i vi cc pht biu theo quy c nh sau: Rt khng ng 1 Khng ng 2 Trung lp 3 ng 4 Rt ng 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5
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1. Bng cp ca trng H Kinh T s gip ti kim c thu nhp cao sau khi ra trng. 2. Kin thc t trng H Kinh T s gip ti d dng thng tin trong ngh nghip. 3. Ti tin rng cc doanh nghip rt cn cc sinh vin tt nghip t trng ti ang hc. 4. Bng cp c c t trng H Kinh T l s u t tt ca ti cho tng lai. 5. Bng i hc Kinh T bo m vic lm trong tng lai.

Hong Trng, PHN TCH D LIU TRONG NGHIN CU NH LNG

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Thang o n hng v a hng

Mt khi nim c th ch bao gm mt yu t/thnh phn/kha cnh (component / factor / aspect), v thang o mt khi nim ch bao hm mt thnh phn gi l thang o n hng (unidimesional) Mt khi nim c th bao gm nhiu yu t/thnh phn/kha cnh, v thang o mt khi nim bao hm nhiu thnh phn gi l thang o a hng (mutidemensional)
Thang o Likert p dng cho mt khi nim n c th l mt thang o nhiu ch bo c tnh n hng, ch bao gm mt tp hp mc hi. Thang o Likert p dng cho mt khi nim a yu t c th l mt thang o nhiu ch bo c tnh a hng, bao gm nhiu tp hp mc hi, mi mt tp hp mc hi s phn nh mt yu t ca khi nim.

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Thang o n hng v a hng

BAN G 3.3 Ket qua phan tch nhan to EFA cua kha i niem chat ln g dch vu ao tao
Bien quan sat F1 CL_1 CL_2 CL_3 CL_4 CL_5 CL_6 F2 CL_8 CL_9 CL_10 CL_11 F3 CL_13 CL_14 CL_15 CL_17 CL_19 CL_20 Cac nhan to chnh Trong so % bien thien giai thch c 33.849 0.600 0.620 0.652 0.673 0.583 0.565 7.377 0.639 0.680 0.798 0.698 9.166 0.645 0.718 0.782 0.638 0.567 0.579 0.811 0.746 Cron bach 0.726

Hoat ong ao tao Chng trnh ao tao phu hp tot vi yeu cau cua thc tien . Noi dung mon hoc c oi mi , ap n g tot yeu cau ao tao . Phng phap giang cua GV phu hp vi yeu cau cua tng mon hoc. Gian g vien co kien thc sau ve mon hoc am trac h. Cac h an h gia va cho iem sinh vien con g ban g. To chc thi c, giam th coi thi nghiem tuc . C s va t chat C s vat chat trn g ap ng tot nhu cau ao tao va hoc tap . Phon g may tnh ap n g tot nhu cau thc han h cua sinh vien . C s vat chat th vien tot. Nhan vien th vien phuc vu tot . Dch vu ho tr va phu c vu Dch vu y te ap n g tot sinh vien co nhu cau . T van ap ng tot nhu cau chon la va hoc tap cua sinh vien. Dch vu tai chnh ho tr tot sinh vien co nhu cau . Dch vu an uong giai khat phu hp vi nhu cau sinh vien . Nhan vien giao vu, thanh tra nhiet tnh phuc vu sinh vien . Nha trng va khoa thn g xuyen lan g nghe y kien sinh vien .

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Hong Trng, PHN TCH D LIU TRONG NGHIN CU NH LNG

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Thang o n hng v a hng

BANG 3.4 Ket qua phan tch nhan to cua khai niem s hai long cua sinh vien
Bien quan sat HL_1 HL_2 HL_3 Hoc tai trng H Kinh Te TPHCM hn nhng g toi mong i. Trng H Kinh Te giong nh trng H ly tng ma toi hang mong i. Toi hai long khi hoc tai trng H Kinh Te TPHCM. Gia tr Eigen % bien thien c giai thch Cronbach alpha Trong so 0.880 0.883 0.862 2.296 76.522 0.846

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Cc bc xy dng thang o Likert

1. 2. Nhn din v t tn bin mun o lng: kinh nghim, quan st, v thm d Lp ra mt danh sch cc pht biu hoc cu hi mang tnh biu th. C th ly t l thuyt c lin quan, c sch bo, kin chuyn gia, thc nghim. Xc nh loi tr li: ng khng ng ; ng h -- phn i; hu ch -- v ch; nhiu khng c; ging ti khng ging ti; ph hp khng ph hp; lun lun khng bao gi; ng khng ng S lng mc : 3, 5 hay 7 mc . Kim tra ton b cc mc hi bng cch kho st th 100 200 ngi. Phn tch mc hi trong danh sch tm ra mt tp hp cc mc hi gip o lng c mt kha cnh ca khi nim/bin mun nghin cu trong m hnh.
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3.

4. 5. 6.

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Phn tch cc mc hi
Tm ra v gi li nhng mc hi c ngha gip o lng c mt kha cnh ca khi nim nghin cu t danh sch cc mc hi ban u -> kim tra tnh n hng Tnh im cc tr li Kim tra tng quan gia cc mc hi v tnh ton Cronbach alpha Kim tra tng quan gia tng im ca tng ngi v im ca tng mc hi (ln hn hay bng 0.4) Tiu chun: ln hn 0,7. C th chp nhn ln hn hay bng 0,6

K Yi (1 i =12 ) = K 1 X
2

K : L s bin a vo phn tch. : Phng sai ca bin quan st th i. : Phng sai ca bin tng.
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Phn tch cc mc hi
Trong trng hp thc hin nghin cu lp li, hay s dng thang o c thit k v s dng trong cc nghin cu trc th tnh Cronbach cho tng tp hp bin gip o lng tng thnh phn ca cc khi nim dng trong nghin cu. Nu khi nim ch c 1 thnh phn th ch c 1 , nu khi nim c nhiu thnh phn th s tnh cho tng tp bin o lng tng thnh phn. Trong trng hp ngi nghin cu lm u tin thc hin vic o lng khi nim dng trong nghin cu, cha bit r c bao nhiu thnh phn trong khi nim, lc dng phn tch nhn t phn bit cc thnh phn, v nh vy bit c tng nhm bin o lng tng thnh phn ny, sau tnh Cronbach tng tng nhm bin ny.
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PHN TCH NHN T KHM PH

Exploratory Factor Analysis - EFA

Khi nim v ng dng

Phn tch nhn t l tn chung ca mt nhm cc th tc c s dng ch yu thu nh v tm tt cc d liu. Trong nghin cu, ta c th thu thp c mt s lng bin kh ln v hu ht cc bin ny c lin h vi nhau v s lng ca chng phi c gim bt xung n mt s lng m chng ta c th s dng c.

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Hong Trng, PHN TCH D LIU TRONG NGHIN CU NH LNG

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M hnh phn tch nhn t

cc nhn t chung c th c din t nh nhng kt hp tuyn tnh ca cc bin quan st:

Fi = W1 X 1 + W 2 X 2 + W 3 X 3 +...+Wk X k
Fi : c lng tr so cua nhan to th i W : quyen so hay trong so nhan to (weight or factor score coefficient)
k : so bien

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Cc tham s thng k trong FA

iu kin p dng FA: cc bin c tng quan vi nhau Barlett test of sphericity: kim nh c tng quan hay khng, gi thuyt khng l: khng c tng quan gia cc bin quan st.
v1 v2 v3 v4 v5 V6 v1 1 0 0 0 0 0 v2 1 0 0 0 0 v3 v4 v5 v6

1 0 0 0

1 0 0

1 0

Kaiser-Mayer-Olkin (KMO): t 0,5 -> 1, cc tng quan ln n mc c th p dng FA.

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Hong Trng, PHN TCH D LIU TRONG NGHIN CU NH LNG

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Cc tham s thng k trong FA

Correlation matrix (ma trn tng quan): ma trn cha tt c cc h s tng quan cp gia cc cp bin trong phn tch.
v1 v1 v2 v3 v4 v5 v6 1 0.039 0.321 0 0.314 -0.097 v2 0.039 1 -0.13 0.534 0.352 0.593 v3 0.321 -0.13 1 -0.432 0.474 0.037 v4 0 0.534 -0.432 1 0.077 0.345 v5 0.314 0.352 0.474 0.077 1 0.279 v6 -0.097 0.593 0.037 0.345 0.279 1

Communality (phn chung): lng bin thin ca 1 bin c gii thch chung vi cc bin khc (cng l phn bin thin c gii thch bi cc nhn t chung). Eigenvalue: bin thin ca tp bin quan st c gii thch bi mi nhn t rt ra so vi bin thin cn li ca tp bin quan st sau khi nhn t c rt ra.
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Cc tham s thng k trong FA

Factor scores (cc im s nhn t): cc tr s c c lng cho tng quan st trn tng nhn t c rt ra.
Cc bin gc Factor score Cc nhn t (bin tng hp)

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Hong Trng, PHN TCH D LIU TRONG NGHIN CU NH LNG

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S lng nhn t
Priori determination: t l thuyt, kinh nghim, cc kt qu nghin cu trc. Da vo eigenvalue: eigenvalue th hin phn bin thin c gii thch bi mi nhn t so vi bin thin cn li, nu phn bin thin c gii thch ny ln (eigenvalue ln hn 1), th nhn t rt ra c ngha tm tt thng tin tt.

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Xoay cc nhn t
Thnh thong c mt vi bin c h s ln i vi hn mt nhn t hoc c nhiu nhn t c h s ln trong cng mt bin, vic gii thch s tr nn kh khn
ngua sau rang lam trang rang lam khoe nuu rang lam hoi tho thom tho lam sach cau rang lam rang bong hon F1 0.050 0.891 -0.143 0.726 0.462 0.775 F2 0.618 -0.007 0.872 -0.377 0.726 0.050

Mi bin gc nn c h s ti nhn t ln (0.4 tr ln) i vi ch mt nhn t c rt ra. -> xoay nhn t

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Hong Trng, PHN TCH D LIU TRONG NGHIN CU NH LNG

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Xoay cc nhn t
Xoay vn gi nguyn gc ban u ca cc nhn t
Nhan to cha xoay II -1 Nhan to xoay II V1 V2 -0,5

-1

-0,5

+0,5 V4

+1 V3

Nhan to cha xoay I

+0,5

V5 Nhan to xoay I

+1

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Xoay cc nhn t
Xoay khng gi nguyn gc ban u ca cc nhn t
Nhan to cha xoay II

-1

Nhan to xoay gi nguyen goc ban au II

V1

Nhan to xoay

V2 Khong gi nguyen
goc ban au II

-0,5

-1

-0,5

+0,5
V4 V5

+1
V3

Nhan to cha xoay I

+0,5

Nhan to xoay Khong gi nguyen goc ban au I

Nhan to xoay gi nguyen goc ban au I

+1

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Hong Trng, PHN TCH D LIU TRONG NGHIN CU NH LNG

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Xoay cc nhn t
ngua sau rang lam trang rang lam khoe nuu rang lam hoi tho thom tho lam sach cau rang lam rang bong hon
1.0 V3 V5 V1

cha xoay F1 F2 0.050 0.618 0.891 -0.007 -0.143 0.872 0.726 -0.377 0.462 0.726 0.775 0.050

xoay F1 F2 -0.014 0.620 0.886 0.086 -0.233 0.852 0.761 -0.300 0.384 0.770 0.766 0.130

V6 0.0

V2

V4

F2

-1.0 -1.0 0.0 1.0

F1

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t tn v gii thch cc nhn t

Vic gii thch cc nhn t c thc hin trn c s nhn ra cc bin c h s (factor loading) ln cng mt nhn t. V chng ta c th tm tt cc d liu thu thp c ni rng ngi tiu dng dng nh tm kim hai loi li ch chnh khi mua kem nh rng: li ch thm m/giao tip x hi v li ch sc khe

ngua sau rang lam trang rang lam khoe nuu rang lam hoi tho thom tho lam sach cau rang lam rang bong hon

F1 -0.014 0.886 -0.233 0.761 0.384 0.766

F2 0.620 0.086 0.852 -0.300 0.770 0.130

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Hong Trng, PHN TCH D LIU TRONG NGHIN CU NH LNG

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Tnh tr s nhn t
Fi = W1 X 1 + W 2 X 2 + W 3 X 3 +...+Wk X k
T Factor score coefficient matrix (ma trn trng s nhn t), vit c phng trnh th hin tng nhn t nh l kt hp ca cc bin gc. F1 F2
ngua sau rang lam trang rang lam khoe nuu rang lam hoi tho thom tho lam sach cau rang lam rang bong hon -0.012 0.411 -0.116 0.356 0.171 0.355 0.341 0.039 0.471 -0.172 0.420 0.065

F1 = 0,012 X1 + 0,411X 2 0,116X 3 + 0,356 X 4 + 0,171X 5 + 0,355X 6

F2 = 0,341X1 + 0,039 X 2 + 0,471X 3 0,172 X 4 + 0,420 X 5 + 0,065 X 6

T cc phng trnh th hin nhn t, th cc tr s ca cc bin gc vo phng trnh th s tnh c tr s nhn t cho tng quan st.
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Tnh tr s nhn t

Tr s nhn t chun ha c lu li t ng nh lnh save trong phn tch nhn t

Tr s nhn t cha chun ha (dng lnh compute)

F1 = 0,012 X1 + 0,411X 2 0,116X 3 + 0,356 X 4 + 0,171X 5 + 0,355X 6

F2 = 0,341X1 + 0,039 X 2 + 0,471X 3 0,172 X 4 + 0,420 X 5 + 0,065 X 6

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Tnh tr s nhn t
u im Cch 1 dng lnh save scores ca SPSS tnh cc tr s nhn t di dng trung bnh c trng s v c chun ha Tnh nhanh, nht l khi c qu nhiu bin quan st v nhn t c rt ra Nhc im Khng phn tch nhn t cng lc vi bin nguyn nhn v bin kt qu. Cc tr s di dng chun ha s kh hnh dung vi nhiu ngi. Tnh ton lu, d nhm ln, nht l khi c qu nhiu bin quan st v nhn t c rt ra C th t chnh xc v khng c trng s

Cch 2

Dng lnh compute tnh tr s nhn t di dng trung bnh c trng s khng chun ha

Cc tr s nhn t di dng thang o thng th ng s d cho vic m t Tnh ton nhanh hn, t nhm ln, cc tr s di dng thang o thng thng, d cho vic m t Tnh ton nhanh hn, t nhm ln, cc tr s di dng thang o thng thng, d cho vic m t

Cch 3

Dng lnh compute tnh cc tr s nhn t di dng trung bnh khng c trng s v rt gn cc bin quan st (ch nhng bin quan st c h s ti nhn t ln nhn t no th mi c tham gia tnh ton ra nhn t ) Dng lnh compute tnh cc tr s nhn t di dng tng khng c trng s v rt gn cc bin quan st (ch nhng bin quan st c h s ti nhn t ln nhn t no th mi c tham gia tnh ton ra nhn t )

Cch 4

Nu cc nhn t c s lng bin quan st (item) chnh lch nhau s kh hnh dung cho vic m t 73

S dng kt qu phn tch nhn t

Sau khi rt trch c cc nhn t v lu li thnh cc bin mi, chng ta s s dng cc bin mi ny thay cho tp hp bin gc a vo cc phn tch tip theo nh kim nh trung bnh, ANOVA, tng quan & hi quy ... V d: chng ta c th xem c khc bit gia nam v n hay khng v tm quan trng ca cc li ch khi mua kem nh rng bng mt kim nh t i vi mu c lp. -> c s khc bit c ngha thng k: nam quan tm n li ch giao tip x hi nhiu hn n (kt qu trang sau)

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Hong Trng, PHN TCH D LIU TRONG NGHIN CU NH LNG

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S dng kt qu phn tch nhn t

Group Statistics
gii tnh nam n li ch sc khoe nam n N 17 18 17 18 Mean .3833755 -.3620768 -.2771805 .2617816 Std. Deviation .87044420 1.000554 1.155686 .77043184 Std. Error Mean .21111373 .23583278 .28029505 .18159253 li ch giao tiep XH

Independent Samples Test

Levene's Test for Equality of Variances F li ch giao tiep XH li ch sc khoe Equal variances assumed Equal variances not assumed Equal variances assumed Equal variances not assumed 5.726 .023 .224 Sig. .639 t 2.346 2.355 -1.632 -1.614 df 33 32.790 33 27.663 t-test for Equality of Means Sig. (2-tailed) .025 .025 .112 .118 Mean Difference .7454523 .7454523 -.5389620 -.5389620 Std. Error Difference .31781402 .31652189 .33021613 .33397778

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