2-3

1. would/should have done()+if

2. may/might have done()+if
3. could have done()+if

2 3

As a final point both the reading and lecture mention that Neanderthals had
developed muscles in their stomach To argue against the readings assertion that these
muscles helped Neanderthals to speak, the lecturer argues that these muscles could
have been used for other purposes. Instead, she states that perhaps the muscles helped
them to travel farther or climb mountains easier.

these muscles
had been used for,

The next point brought up is that deforestation by the Dutch destroyed the dodos
natural habitats. However, the professor first claims that deforestation did not cover
the entire island nor did it kill many other bird species. He next declares that dodos
did not nest in trees, so their disappearance should not have bothered the dodo.
Finally, in contrast to the readings argument that a disease brought by the Dutch
may have killed the dodos, the professor says the dodo population may already have
been decliningbefore the Dutch arrived.

The reading says that Marco Polos name was never recorded by any
contemporary Chinese; however, the professor counters by arguing that he might have
used a different name or was not considered very important by the Chinese and was
therefore omitted from their book.