Sustained by European Commission

Echipa romn de proiect :

Profesori Mgureanu Dan Mocanu Zna Badea Camelia Prunianu Livioara Pun Loredana Purice Ionel Hosofschi Caterina Hulic Loredana Cazacu Elena Hoza Mihaela Moga Ion Elevi dei n activitile proiectului s-au implicat un numr foarte mare de elevi, mai jos sunt nominalizai cei a cror contribuie a fost substanial, din diferite clase cu profilele: Ecologie i Protecia mediului, Matematic Informatic, Filologie XII C XG XF Alexa Crina Andone Ctlin Andrei Afilipoaie Alexandru Busuioc Marius Bombea Valentina Asavei Mdlina Caplat Andreea Borun Mihai Alexandru Berbece Bogdan Didilescu Andreea Crjonu Ana Maria Butnaru Emilia Duduman Georgiana Cucerescu Ecaterina Bu Andriana Horduna Ionu Deicu Alin Constantin Capa Mihaela Hurduc Marius Donose Ionu Cimpoi Paul Ioni Oana Dulan Ionela Alexandra Ciuciu Ana Maria Ila Oana Dumitracu Georgiana Flcianu Costel Marcu Paula Giantc Mihaela Gabur Andreea Polcovnicu Vlad Ignat Andreea Mdlina Guler Gheorghe Pecher Rzvan Iordache Georgiana Ostan Daniela Sandu Cosmin Leonte Bianca Marinela Panainte Andrei Tenciu Cosmina Mocanu Mdlina Pintilie Rzvan Veluca Roxana Moule Alina Rou Mihi Vieriu Raluca Ochian Ctlina Sandu Iulian Sabadac Mihaela Oltianu Maria Magda Taferc Dumitru Manolache Georgiana Rilean Ina Iosub Andreea Spuz Nicoleta Cldare tefan IX G Pucau Ovidiu Ttaru Iuliana Nechita Cornel Toma Dorina Moga Ionu ran Alexandra Moraru Andreea igl Drago Dumitru

NOT: Coninutul documentului este responsabilitatea exclusiv a Grupului colar Industrial Ion Mincu, Vaslui, i nu reprezint opinia Comisiei Europene sau a Ageniei Naionale pentru Programe Comunitare n Domeniul Educaiei i Formrii Profesionale. Comisia European i Agenia Naional pentru Programe Comunitare n Domeniul Educaiei i Formrii Profesionale nu poart nici o responsabilitate privind informaia coninut n acest document.

NOTE. The content of this document is the exclusive responsibility of Ion Mincu Highschool Vaslui, and does not represent the opinion of European Commission or National Agency for Communitary Programmes in Educational and Professional Forming Area. The European Commission, the National Agency for Communitary Programmes in Educational and Professional Forming Area do not have any responsibility regarding the information contained in this document.

Endangered Species Specii pe cale de dispariie Endangered Causes Cauzele pericolulului de dispariie European See Sturgeon Sturionul european de mare Mediterranean Monk Seal Threatened Animals in Foca mediteranean clugr France Animale ameninate Slender Billed Curlew n Frana Culicul Mare cu cioc subire European Mink Nurca European Meadow Viper Vipera de lunc Saker Falcon oimul jefuitor Danube Salmon Somonul de Dunre Dalmatian Pelican Pelicanul dalmaian Apollo Butterfly Threatened Animals in Fluturele Apollo Romania Animale ameninate Ferruginous Duck n Romnia Raa feruginoas Roe Deer Cprioara Hermanns Tortoise estoasa lui Hermann The Grouse Cocoul de munte

3 12 24 26 28 31 35 39 43 45 48 50 52 55 58

The Black Goat Capra neagr Threatened Animals in Spanish Imperial Eagle Spain Animale ameninate n Vulturul Imperial Spaniol Great Bustard Spania Marea Dropie Iberian Lynx Linxul iberic Lesser Flamingo Micul flamingo Blue Whale Balena albastr Hierro Giant Lizard oprla gigantic Hierro Common Skate Calcanul obinuit Sociable Lapwing Nagul sociabil Bechsteins Bat Liliacul lui Bechstein Freshwater White Clawed Crayfish Threatened Animals in UK Animale ameninate n Racul mpltoat de ap dulce Marea Britanie Cerambyx Longicorn Gndacul cu corn lung Houbara Bustard Dropia Houbara Natterjack Toad Broasca rioas Natterjack Red Deer Cprioara roie

60 63 66 68 71 75 78 81 83 85 87 90 92 95 98

Francis Bacon

Over 19.000 species of plants and 500 species of animals on earth are classified as endangered. Another few thousand species have to become endangered every year before the biologists can identify them. The main causes of the endangerment of the plants and animals are: habitats devastation, commercial exploring (plants gathering, irrational hunting and poaching), destructions made by acclimatized species and pollution. Of all these main causes, the habitat devastation represents the biggest threat for these species. Lungful of the geological era, different species of plants and animals have slowly evolved and disappeared because of the radical climate change and the impossibilities of adapting the competition for survival. Still, since the 1600s, the rate of extinction grew progressively, with the growth of the human resources. Many scientists think that since the dinosaur extinction, 65 millions years ago, today we find ourselves in the middle of the biggest critical period, of irreversible destruction of uncountable species of plants and animals. Preserving the actual ecosystems, forests, coral reef or swamps, depends in great amount of their biodiversity. The extinction of one of the species which form a tropic chain could lead to a decline of that specified ecosystem. The irreversible drop of the biodiversity has a serious impact for the human living. Healthy ecosystems assure food, clean air, water and fertile grounds for agriculture. Also, 40% of the population and wasting natural

Peste 19.000 de specii de plante i 5.000 de specii de animale de pe Glob sunt clasificate ca fiind pe cale de dispariie. Alte cteva mii de specii ajung n pragul dispariiei n fiecare an nainte ca biologii s le poat identifica. Principalele cauze ale dispariiei speciilor de plante i animale sunt: distrugerea habitatelor, exploatarea comercial (colectarea de plante, vnatul iraional i braconajul), distrugerile produse de ctre speciile aclimatizate i poluarea. Dintre aceste cauze, distrugerea habitatelor reprezint cea mai mare ameninare pentru aceste specii. De-a lungul erelor geologice, diferitele specii de plante i animale au evoluat ncet i au disprut din cauza schimbrilor climatice radicale i a imposibilitii de a se adapta competiiei pentru supravieuire. Totui, din anii 1600, rata de dispariie a crescut progresiv, odat cu creterea populaiei umane i consumarea resurselor naturale. Muli oameni de tiin consider c de la dispariia dinozaurilor, n urm cu 65 de milioane de ani, astzi, ne aflm n mijlocul celei mai mari perioade critice, de distrugere ireversibil a numeroase specii de plante i animale. Meninerea ecosistemelor actuale, precum pdurile, recifurile de corali sau mlatinile, depinde n mare msura de biodiversitatea lor. Dispariia uneia dintre speciile care alctuiesc un astfel de lan trofic poate duce la declinul ecosistemului respectiv.
Scderea ireversibil a biodiversitii are un impact serios asupra nivelului de trai al oamenilor. Ecosistemele sntoase asigur hrana, aer curat,

modern drugs come from plants and animals.

apa i soluri fertile pentru agricultur. De asemenea, 40% din medicamentele moderne provin de la plante i animale.

Example: Exemple: Lista de specii de plante si animale The plant and animal species list renowned as endangered is much too long for each and recunoscute ca fiind pe cale de dispariie este every species being remembered. Concluding destul de mare. Exemple mai concludente sunt: examples are: Messenger pigeon once Porumbelul pasager had the absolute supremacy deinea cndva supremaia in their number as species absolut ca numr de between birds and mammals. exemplare ntre psri i In 1813, there were 1 billion mamifere. n anul 1813, spigeons in the American au numrat peste 1 miliard state of Kentucky; over a de porumbei n statul century, in the same state, american Kentucky; peste the last pigeon of this un secol, n acelai stat, a species died. ncetat din via ultimul exemplar din aceast specie. Californian condor, Condorul californian, considered as the biggest considerat ca cea mai mare endangered bird, has entered pasre pe cale de dispariie, a the specialists attention intrat n atenia specialitilor which took the last birds care au luat ultimele from their natural exemplare din mediul lor environment and put them in natural i le-au trecut n special reservations, where rezervaii speciale, unde se they tried to save them. ncearc nmulirea lor. The bald eagle, with white head and full of feathers, despite of its name, was declared the symbol bird for U.S.A in 1782. Its existence was in great difficulty because of the great and excessive pollution, but after some energetic values took by the specialists, its number grew amazingly. Many parrots are threatened by deforestation from their tropical Vulturul pleuv, cu capul alb i acoperit de pene, n ciuda numelui su, a fost declarat n anul 1782 ca pasre simbol a S.U.A. Existena sa a fost pus n mare dificultate din cauza polurii excesive, dar n urma msurilor energice luate de specialiti, numrul lui s-a redresat simitor. the Muli papagali sunt grav ameninai de and distrugerea nemiloas a pdurilor din

subtropical habitats, and by the great ask for birds cage. Among the endangered species is the Spixs parrot, from the north-east of Brazil, from which it is believed that just one male is living in the wild. Kakapo from New Zeeland is another threatened parrot, pushed near extinction by the predators like hemline, cats, and rats brought in their habitat of European colonies.

habitatele lor tropicale i subtropicale, i de cererea mare de psri de colivie. Printre speciile ameninate este ara lui Spix, din nord-estul Braziliei, din care se crede c doar un singur mascul mai triete in slbticie. Kakapo din Noua Zeelanda este alt papagal ameninat, mpins aproape la dispariie de prdtori ca hermeline, pisici, obolani introdui n habitatul lor de colonitii europeni.

From those 4600 known mammal species, it is considered that more than 1000 species are strongly affected, many endangered, such as: The huge panda bear from China has become the worlds symbol of endangered species and we are making efforts to preserve it.

Spixs Parrots

Dintre

cele

4600

specii

Kakapo

de

mamifere

cunoscute, se consider c peste 1000 de specii sunt puternic afectate, multe fiind pe cale de dispariie, printre care:

Ursul Panda uria din China a devenit simbolul mondial al animalelor pe cale de dispariie i se fac eforturi pentru prezervarea lui. Irbisul (leopardul zpezilor), avnd habitatul n Himalaya i n zonele nvecinate, i are existena pus n pericol din cauza vnrii excesive pentru blana sa valoroas.

The irbis (Snow Leopard), living in Himalaya and in neighbour areas; its existence is endangered because of the excessive hunting for its valuable fur.

 The Tibetan Yak, once in great number, has been amazingly reduced in number because of its excessive hunting.

Yakul tibetan, cndva n numr foarte mare, a fost redus simitor ca numr de exemplare datorit vnrii lui extensive. Fiind vnate fr mil pentru pielea lor deosebit, speciile de crocodil american i crocodil de Nil i vd astzi existena periclitat.

Being hunted without mercy for their amazing skin, the species of American crocodiles and Nile crocodiles are endangered.

Elephants are also threatened with endangerment because of the ivory merchant which is very expensive. In 1979 in Africa, 1.3 mil elephants were still in the wild, but because of the poaching, this number dropped to 600.000 in 1989. The Indian elephant is in a much harder situation. Because of their habitats reduction, there are only 35000 to 54000, in the wildlife, mostly of them in India. Another 16000 are kept as domestic animals in different countries in Asia.

American Crocodile

Elefanii sunt la rndul lor ameninai cu dispariia datorit comercianilor de filde care pun mare pre pe acest produs. n 1979 n Africa mai triau n slbticie 1,3 milioane de elefani dar din cauza braconajului acest numr a sczut la 600.000 n 1989. Elefantul indian - ca specie - este ntr-o situaie mult mai grea. Din cauza reducerii habitatului, n slbticie mai triesc 35000-54000 de exemplare, majoritatea lor n India. Alte 16000 de exemplare sunt inute ca animale domestice n diferite ri din Asia.

Nile Crocodile

 The rhino was also threatened for a long time by hunters, which led to a drastic drop of their number of its species. The white rhino, the Sumatran rhino, and the Borneo one, the Java rhino and the African one, are found only in few hundreds.

African Elephant

Elephant Ivory

Rinocerul s-a aflat i el mult timp n inta vntorilor, ceea ce a dus la o scdere drastic a numrului de exemplare ale speciilor lui. Rinocerul alb, rinocerul de Sumatera i de Borneo, rinocerul de Java i cel african se gsesc acum numai n cteva sute de exemplare.

Indian Elephant

The seals are also threatened because of hunters, which were interested only for their skin and fur. The curly seals population got from few hundred to 10 000 in the Arctic Canadian region. The monk seal, which lives in warm waters, is the rarest of them all, in some regions, already disappeared. The primates are also on the long list of threatened species, because of the reducing of the surfaces with tropical forests. The most endangered species is the orang-utan. The number of mountain gorillas dropped also to 350 samples in the wild.

White Rhino

Sumatran Rhino

Borneo Rhino

Monk Seals

Focile sunt de asemenea ameninate datorit vntorilor, care erau interesai doar de pielea i blana animalelor. Populaia de foci inelate a ajuns de la cteva sute de mii la doar 10000 de exemplare n regiunea arcticcanadian. Foca clugr, care triete n ape calde, este cea mai rar dintre foci, n unele regiuni ea fiind deja disprut. Primatele se afl i ele pe lunga list a animalelor ameninate cu dispariia, fapt datorat reducerii suprafeelor ocupate cu pduri tropicale. Specia cea mai periclitat este urangutanul. Numrul gorilelor de munte a sczut i el la doar

Java Rhino

African Rhino

Orang Utan

350 de indivizi slbticie.

rmai n

Other endangered animals are the sea otter and the huge ones, the Komodo lizard, the killer whales, and the hunch ones, Siberian tiger, some species of hyenas, the jaguar, and some species of reptiles and amphibians, like the huge tortoise of Galapagos, the golden frog, the tuatara or the iguana.

Alte animale pe cale de extincie sunt vidrele marine i cele uriae, oprla de Komodo, balenele ucigae i cele cu cocoa, tigrul siberian, unele specii de hiene, jaguarul i unele specii de reptile i amfibieni, cum ar fi broasca estoas uria de Galapagos, broasca aurie, tuatara sau iguana.

Komodo Lizard

Galapagos Tortoise

Sea Otters

Siberian Tiger

Golden Frog

Tuatara

The situation turned completely dramatically. Specialists consider that there are numerous species of plant and animals daily disappearing from Earth, many of them being even unidentified. To stop this intolerable state of facts many normative decrees have been elaborated in order to prevent the environment and ecosystems degradation, which implicitly means saving many plants and animals species from disappearing, the decrees are:

Situaia a devenit de-a dreptul dramatic. Specialitii consider c astzi dispar zilnic de pe suprafaa Pmntului numeroase specii de plante i animale, multe dintre acestea chiar nainte de a fi cunoscute de om. Pentru a se curma aceast stare intolerabil de fapte au fost elaborate o multitudine de acte normative care s conduc la mpiedicarea degradrii mediului, a ecosistemelor i implicit s salveze de la pieire numeroase specii de plante i animale, printre care:

In 1973, 125 nations signed The International

n anul 1973, 125 de naiuni au semnat

Convention regarding Endangered Flora and Fauna Protection (CITES); Under United Nations aegis, many natural reservations have been made; There have been many Organizations (Green Peace) and political parties constituted to militate against polluting the environment and saving worlds plants and animals from extinction; There is a much more pressure on banning wild parrots import, and anyone who wants to buy a parrot should assure himself that it was not brought up in captivity. Because of mass concernment regarding elephants doom in 1989, international constraints were introduced for the ivory trade. Due to this measure, the number of African elephants living in the wildlife was of 600000 in 1995. In October 1948 was founded the International Union for the Protection of Nature (or IUPN), the worlds largest and most important conservation network that are the mission to influence, encourage and assist societies throughout the world to conserve the integrity and diversity of nature and to ensure that any use of natural resources is equitable and ecologically sustainable. It is a multicultural, multilingual organization with 1100 staff located in 40 countries. Its headquarters are in Gland, Switzerland.

IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, created in 1963, is the most complet inventory regarding the rules of plantes and animals evolution from all over the world. The kinds of species clasification from red list are: 1.EXTINCT (EX)

Convenia Internaional privind Protecia Faunei i Florei aflate pe cale de dispari ie (CITES); Sub egida Naiunilor Unite, au fost constituite numeroase rezervaii naturale; Au fost constituite organizaii (Greenpeace) i partide politice (partidele ecologiste) care militeaz mpotriva polurii mediului nconjurtor i pentru salvarea faunei i florei, practic a planetei noastre, de la pieire. Exist o tot mai mare presiune de a impune o interdicie total asupra importului de papagali slbatici, i oricine vrea s cumpere un papagal ar trebui s se asigure c a fost crescut n captivitate. Din cauza ngrijorrii mondiale privind soarta elefanilor n 1989 s-au introdus restricii internaionale privind comerul cu fildeul. Ca urmare a acestei msuri, numrul elefanilor africani care triau n slbticie a fost de 600000 n 1995. n 1948 a fost nfiinat Uniunea Internaional pentru protecia naturii (IUPN), cea mai mare i important reea pentru conservare care are misiunea de a influena, ncuraja i asista societile din lume s conserve integritatea i diversitatea naturii i s se asigure c orice utilizare a resurselor naturale este echitabil i susinut ecologic. Este o organizaie multicultural i multilingvistic cu un personal de 1100 indivizi localizai n 40 de ri. Sediul este n Gland, Elveia. Lista Roie a speciilor ameninate a fost creat de IUCN n 1963 este cel mai complet inventar cu privire la statutul de evoluie a plantelor i animalelor din ntreaga lume. Categoriile de clasificare a speciilor de pe lista roie sunt: 1.EXTINCT (EX)

A taxon is EX Extinct when there is no reasonable doubt that the last individual has died. These observations are made only after minute researches in species natural habitat, in different moment (of days, years or seasons) and in different periods of time. 2. EXTINCT IN THE WILD (EW) A taxon is EW Extinct in the Wild when it is known only to survive in cultivation, in captivity.

Wolly Mammoth

O specie este EX - Extinct cnd nu exist nici o ndoial c ultimul individ reprezentant a disprut. Aceste observaii sunt fcute publice numai dup cercetri amnunite n habitatul natural al speciei, n momente diferite (ale zilelor, anilor sau anotimpurilor) i n diferite perioade de timp.

2. EXTINCT N SLBTICIE (EW) O specie este EW - Extinct in the Wild cnd poate fi ntlnit doar n rezervaii sau n captivitate.
Orang Utan

3. CRITICALLY ENDANGERED (CR) A taxon is CR Critically Endangered when it is considered to be facing an extremely high risk of extinction in the wild. Less than 250 persons that have remained in the species. 4. ENDANGERED (EN) A taxon is EN Endangered when it is considered to be facing a very high risk of extinction in the wild. Less than 2500 persons have remained in species.

Siberian Tiger

3. N PERICOL CRITIC (CR) O specie este CR Critically Endangered cnd probele dovedesc c animalul se confrunt cu un nivel extrem de ridicat de risc de dispariie din mediul natural. Mai puin de 250 de indivizi rmai n specie.

5. VULNERABLE (VU) A taxon is VU Vulnerabil when it is considered to be facing a high risk of extinction in the wild.

O specie este EN Endangered cnd probele dovedesc c animalul se confrunt cu un nivel foarte ridicat de risc de disparitie din mediul natural. Mai puin de 2,500 de indivizi rmai n Clouded Leopard specie. 5. VULNERABIL (VU) O specie este VU Vulnerable cnd probele dovedesc c animalul se confrunt cu un nivel ridicat de risc de dispariie din mediul natural.
Hippopotamus

4. N PERICOL

6. NEAR THREATENED (NT) A taxon is NT Near Threatened when it does not qualify for Critically Endangered, Endangered or Vulnerable now, but is close to qualifying for, or is likely to qualify for, a threatened category in the near future without ongoing conservation measures. 7. LEAST CONCERN (LC) A taxon is LC Least Concern when the number of persons that form the species population even was evaluated.

6. APROAPE AMENINAT (NT) O specie este NT Near Threatened cnd a devenit dependent de eforturi de conservare pentru a Shark nu disprea. 7. CEA MAI MIC GRIJ (LC) O specie este LC - Least Concern cnd statutul numrului de indivizi care formeaz populaia speciei nu a fost nc evaluat.

Wooly Monkey

8. DATA DEFICIENT (DD) A taxon is DD Data Deficient when there is inadequate information to make a direct, or indirect, assessment of its risk of extinction based on its distribution and/or population status.

8. DATE INSUFICIENTE (DD) O specie este DD - Data Deficient cnd nu exist informaii suficiente pentru a fi inclus ntr-o categorie.

Flying Fox of the Philippines

9. NOT EVALUATED (NE) 9. NEEVALUAT (NE) A taxon is NE - Not Evaluated when it is O specie este NE - Not Evaluated cnd has not yet been evaluated against the eforturile depuse n vederea stabilirii criteria. numrului de indivizi i a mediului nu au furnizat date exacte. Causes of species extinction are different:
Cauzele dispariiei speciilor sunt diverse:

HABITAT LOSS AND DEGRADATION

Habitats ruined by the human activities are the main cause of some plants species and animals extinction. As living species evolve, they are adapting to some specified habitats, which assure them optimum living conditions

PIERDEREA I DEGRADAREA HABITATULUI

Distrugerea habitatelor de ctre activitile umane este cauza primar a dispariiei unor specii de plante i animale. Pe msur ce vieuitoarele evolueaz, ele se adapteaz unor habitate specifice, care le

which they desperately need. Polluting, swamp draining, deforestation, urbanizing and road constructions (the Trans Amazon, and the Trans Siberian) lead to destruction or fragmentation of these life environments. Thus, the species are losing the contact with the other populations, and so reducing genetic diversity and adapting hardly to the changing climate conditions. In some cases, the fragmented habitat becomes a very tight area to support a big population.

asigur condiiile optime de via de care au nevoie. Poluarea, drenarea mlatinilor, defriarea pdurilor, urbanizarea i construcia de drumuri (Transamazonianul, Transsiberianul) duc la distrugerea sau fragmentarea acestor medii de via. Astfel, speciile pierd contactul cu celelalte populaii, reducndu-se astfel diversitatea genetic i adaptndu-se mai greu la condiiile climatice schimbtoare. n unele cazuri, habitatul fragmentat devine o zon prea restrns pentru a suporta o populaie mare.

Habitat destruction: a downward spiral for Pygmy Hippos As West African forests are cleared, Pygmy hippos (Hexaprotodon liberiensis) lose their habitat and hunting pressure for bush meat increases with the easier access. Pygmy Hippos are shy forest animals that live only in a 5,000 km area of West Africa and reports from the field suggest that the quality and extent of this habitat continues to erode rapidly. At last count in 1994, fewer than 3,000 individuals remained, but given the declining quality and fragmentation of their habitat and subsequent hunting pressure their numbers today are surely lower. The Pygmy Hippo is now listed as Endangered.

Distrugerea habitatului: o spiral n jos pentru hipopotamul pygmy Cum pdurile din vestul Africii au disprut, hipopotamul Pygmy (Hexaprotodon liberiensis) i-a pierdut habitatul iar accesul la vntoarea lui a fost mult mai uor. Hipopotamul pygmy este un animal de pdure sperios care triete doar pe o suprafa de 5000km2 n vestul Africii i rapoartele venite din teritoriu sugereaz c habitatele continu s se erodeze rapid n calitate i n extindere. La ultima numrtoare din 1994, erau rmai mai puin de 3000 indivizi, dar datorit degradrii calitii i fragmentrii mediului precum i datorit vntorii excesive numrul astzi este mult mai mic. Hipopotamul pygmy este acum pe list ca EN.

Disappearing dragonflies Sri Lankas remarkable jewels clearly in trouble Of the 116 dragonfly (Odonate) species found in Sri Lanka, 53 are found nowhere else (endemics) and no less than 20 endemics (40%) are threatened with extinction. The islands remarkable dragonfly fauna is clearly in trouble. The rapid destruction and fragmentation of Sri Lankas rainforests and the removal of forest corridors along rivers and streams has brought many dragonfly species near or to the brink of extinction. 15 jungle-dwelling species of the genus Drepanosticta are confined to tiny pockets of their original habitat and five of them have not been seen for over 60 years. They are classified as Critically Endangered. Effective conservation measures in declared protected areas and the establishment of a network of new small protected areas and corridors are needed to guarantee the dragonflies future.

Dispariia dragonului zburtor remarcabilele bijuterii din Sri Lanka n pericol Din cele 116 specii de Dragon Zburtor (Odonate) care se gseau n Sri Lanka, 53 nu mai exist i nu mai puin de 20 de exemplare sunt ameninate de extincie. Remarcabila faun de dragoni zburtori din insul este acum n pericol. Rapida distrugere i fragmentare a pdurilor din Sri Lanka, precum i mutarea coridoarelor de pdure de-a lungul rurilor au adus multe specii de dragon zburtor aproape sau la limita extinciei. Locuinele din jungl a 15 specii din genul Drepanosticta devin din ce n ce mai mici i 5 dintre ele nu au mai fost vzute de peste 60 de ani. Sunt clasificate ca fiind CE. Pentru a garanta viitorul dragonilor zburtori este nevoie de msuri efective de conservare n spaiile declarate protejate i stabilirea unor reele pe arii mici protejate i coridoare.

Giant Sengis flagships for African forest Sengis Uria steaguri pe vapoare pentru biodiversity conservation conservarea biodiversitii pdurii africane The Giant Sengis or elephant-shrews genus Sengis Uria sau oarecele de cmp elefant Rhynchocyon) are the size of a small cat, but (genul Rhynchocyon) este de mrimea unei pisici

look like a colorful and bizarre cross between a miniature antelope and ant-eater. The Endangered golden-rumpled sengi (R. chrysopygus) is restricted to the fragmented coastal forests north of Mombasa, Kenya. It is a habitat specialist, living in forests with a thick layer of leaf litter that supports a plentiful supply of invertebrate prey. Its forests are rapidly being destroyed and fragmented as the need for agricultural and urban land increases with the expanding human population.

mici, dar arat ca o combinaie bizar de culoare ntre o antilop n miniatur i un furnicar. Auriul sengi (R. chrysopygus), aflat n pericol de dispariie, s-a restrns n fragmente de pduri de coast la nord de Mombasa, Kenya. Este un expert al habitatului, trind n pdurile cu un strat subire de frunze moarte care reprezint o surs bogat de vicime nevertebrate. Aceste pduri sunt rapid distruse i fragmentate datorit nevoilor agricole precum i datorit extinderii suprafeei populaiei. urbane determinat de creterea

International conservation organizations, as well as government agencies, are working to protect and conserve dwindling forest habitats, and the citizenbased Friends of the Arabuko-Sokoke Forest has adopted the golden-rumped Sengi as their flagship mascot for forest conservation.

Organizaiile internaionale conservare, ageniile precum de i

guvernamentale

lucreaz la conservarea i protejarea habitatelor din pduri, iar asociaia Prietenii Pdurii Arabuko-Sokoke l-au adaptat pe Auriul Sengi ca mascot pe steag pentru conservarea pdurii.

Isolated mountain lizards The very restricted ranges of several Spanish mountain lizards makes them very susceptible to habitat degradation and loss, particularly due to the development of alpine tourism, all-terrain vehicle use and overgrazing by cattle.
The Critically Endangered Aran Rock lizard Iberolacerta

oprle de munte izolate Cteva specii de oprle montane din Spania sunt influenate de degradarea i pierderea habitatului, datorit dezvoltrii turismului alpin, folosirii punilor. oprla (Iberolacerta clasificat CE, Aran Rock aranica), este mainilor de teren i extinderea

aranica is confined to a mere 26

km in the Central Pyrenees and the closely to related a
2

restrns pe o suprafa de 26 km2 n centrul Pirineilor iar I. Martinezricaito pe un singur vrf din apropierea vii din centrul Spaniei. Chiar i uoare schimbri pot avea un impact

I.
single

martinezricai
in central Spain.

mountain top and nearby valley Even small scale changes could have a major

impact on these populations, and as with all major asupra acestor populaii i, ca i celelalte montane species, they may be threatened by specii montane, pot fi ameninate de viitoarele future climate change. schimbri de clim.

UNSUSTAINABLE USE, OVERHARVESTING AND OVER-HUNTING

In the last 400 years, animals world commercial exploitation for food and other products has sentient grown. Many whale species have reached the limit of extinction after they were simply killed for whales oil and meat. Another unconvincing example is the black African rhino, killed on large scale for his horn, which is precious as drug and aphrodisiac. Also, large types of cactuses and orchids are threatened with extinction because of their irrational getting together.

FOLOSIREA IRAIONAL, RECOLTAREA I VNTOAREA N EXCES

n ultimii 400 de ani, exploatarea comercial mondial a animalelor pentru hran i alte produse a crescut simitor. Multe specii de balene au ajuns n pragul dispariiei dup ce au fost pur i simplu mcelrite pentru ulei i carne. Un alt exemplu concludent este rinocerul negru african, ucis pe scar larg pentru cornul su, care este preuit ca medicament i afrodisiac. De asemenea, familii ntregi de cactui i orhidee sunt ameninate cu dispariia din cauza culegerii lor iraionale.

Rhino Corn

Exploatarea peste msur este o mammals (33% of threatened species), birds (50% ameninare major pentru mamifere (33% of threatened species) and amphibians (29% of dintre speciile ameninate), psri (50% din threatened species), and is the most serious speciile ameninate) i amfibieni (29 % din speciile ameninate) i este cea mai serioas threat affecting marine species. ameninare care afecteaz speciile marine. Deep trouble for deepwater sharks Rechinii de ap adnc n mare necaz
Over-exploitation is a major threat to Gulper sharks are a group of 16 mainly bottomdwelling deepwater fish, and many are important in international target and commercial fisheries for their meat and large squalene rich livers, a substance used for manufacturing cosmetics and health supplements. Deepwater sharks are particularly vulnerable to fishing pressure, due to

Rechinii Dulper sunt un grup de 16 peti n special de adncime i sunt importani n pescuitul comercial internaional pentru carne i pentru ficatul lor mare bogat n squalene, o substan folosit n realizarea produselor cosmetice i a unor medicamente. Rechinii de ap adnc sunt afectai de tensiunea pescuitului, prin productivitatea lor natural

their naturally low productivity, even compared to sczut, chiar comparativ cu ali rechini. Cum other sharks. As fisheries extend into ever deeper pescuitul s-a extins chiar i n ape adnci, water to increase or sustain catch levels, these creterea sau meninerea nivelului de captur, species are at increasing risk and many populations conduce la creterea riscului i la declinul are in serious decline. The gulper shark

multor populaii.

Centrophorus

granulosus

(Vulnerable) has declined by 8095% in its main range within the Northeast dogfish Atlantic and the Australian endemic Harrisons (Centrophorus (Critically has undergone
Dead gulper sharks (Centrophorus granulosus) on the deck of a fishing boat.

harrissoni)
Endangered) decades.

declines of over 99% in two

Rechinul gulper Centrophorus granulosus (Vulnerable) a disprut n proporie de 80 - 95% n nord-estul Atlanticului i endemicul australian Petele cine a lui Harrison (Centrophorus Harrisoni) (Critically Endangered) a disprut n proporie de peste 99 % n dou decenii.

Further research and a precautionary approach to management are urgently needed to prevent largely unmonitored, unmanaged and ever expanding deepwater fisheries from driving bathyl (bottom-dwelling) sharks to extinction. Hippos declining in over half of their 29 range-states Just 12 years ago the Common hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius) was widespread and secure, but substantial changes in parts of its range have moved it into the Vulnerable category. Hippos are primarily threatened by illegal and unregulated hunting for meat and ivory (found in the canine teeth) particularly in areas of civil unrest. In the Democratic Republic of Congo, the political conditions arising from more than eight years of fighting have decimated the local hippo population: only 5% remain. To add to the list of threats, the 1989 elephant ivory ban led to a sharp increase

Cercetri suplimentare i o administrare mai precaut sunt necesare pentru a preveni pescuitul nemonitorizat n ape adnci pentru a nu conduce rechinii din aceste ape la extincie.

Declinul hipopotamilor n peste jumtate din cele 29 de categorii Cu numai 12 ani n urm Hipopotamul Comun (Hippopotamus amphibius) a fost larg rspndit i n siguran, dar modificri substaniale n clasa sa l-au mutat n categoria Vulnerable. Hipopotamul este n primul rnd ameninat de vntoarea ilegal i haotic pentru carne i filde (gsit n dinii canini) n special n regiunile cu tulburri civile. n Republica Democrat Congo condiiile politice din ultimii opt ani de lupte au decimat populaia local de hipopotami: au rmas doar 5%. Pentru a-l prinde pe lista ameninrilor, n 1989 fildeul de elefant a condus interzis la o cretere

in illegally traded hippo ivory and water diversion for agriculture and development around wetland areas is impinging on habitat. As pressure on freshwater resources in Africa grows, hippos are increasingly coming into conflict with human populations and the future of their habitat appears murky at best.

ascuit a traficului de filde de hipopotam iar devierea apei pentru agricultur i dezvoltarea din jurul terenurilor mltinoase i-au influenat habitatul. Cum presiunea creat de rezervele de ap potabil din Africa crete, hipopotamul se afl din ce n ce mai mult cu populaia uman i viitorul habitatului lor este sinistru. Pygmy sloth este ndeprtat de pescarii locali Limitat doar pe o insul mic de pe coasta Panama, pygmy sloth (Bradypus pygmaeus) este cel mai periclitat animal dintre cele fr dini doar cteva sute de indivizi se tie c supravieuiesc. n afar de mrimea lor compact, pygmy sloths sunt excepionali n alegerea habitatului lor: sunt specializai s supravieuiasc n pdurile de mangrove, un trm nemilos i srat la marginea mrii. Dar aceast adaptare i pune n cmpul vizual al pescarilor care i vneaz fr s in cont de legile slbticiei. Cu mai puin de cinci kilometri ptrai pentru supravieuitorii care i ocup, pygmy sloths sunt acum caracterizai ca Critically Endangered i viitorul lor este subire. Giganticul croncnitor galben La nceputul secolului XX pescarii puteau localiza uor croncnitorii gigantici galbeni (Bahaba taipingensis) pe coasta Chinei ascultnd sunetele ascuite fcute de muchii petelui mpotriva bicii lor de not.

Pygmy sloth being picked off by local fishers Confined to a single tiny island off the coast of Panama, the pygmy sloth (Bradypus pygmaeus) is the most endangered of all the edentates barely a few hundred individuals are known to survive. Apart from their compact size, pygmy sloths are exceptional in their choice of habitat: they are specialized to survive in mangrove forest, a harsh and saline realm at the edge of the open sea. But this adaptation puts them in the sights of local fishermen, who hunt the sloths without regard for wildlife law. With fewer than five square kilometres of habitat for the survivors to occupy, the pygmy sloth is now listed as Critically Endangered and its future is tenuous at best. Giant Yellow Croaker In the early 20th century fishers could easily locate giant yellow croakers (Bahaba taipingensis) off the coast of China by listening for loud drumming noises made by the fish pounding muscles against their swim bladder.

Their large size and highly esteemed swim Mrimea lor mare i considerabila bic bladder made this coastal-dwelling fish a pentru not au fcut din acest pete, localnic

popular catch, but unregulated fishing caused the population to plummet after the 1950s, at which point swim-bladder prices shot sky-high giving fishers even further incentives to continue their efforts even at very low fish densities. The species was listed as Endangered in the 2006 Red List due to overfishing, facilitated by an unfortunate combination of the species large size, noisy habits, and high commercial value. It is now under protective legislation in China.

al coastei, o captur obinuit, dar pescuitul nereglementat a cauzat populaiei stare sufleteasc apstoare dup anii 1950, moment n care preurile pentru bica pentru not au crescut considerabil dndu-le pescarilor stimulente suplimentare s continue eforturile chiar dac densitatea de pete era foarte mic. Specia a fost clasificat ca Endangered pe Lista Roie din 2006 datorit pescuitului n exces, facilitat de o nefericit combinaie a mrimii mari a speciei, habitatul zgomotos i ridicata valoare comercial. Acum este protejat de lege n China. Interdicia caviarului de sturgeon Mai mult de 27 de specii de sturgeoni sunt ameninai cu extincia. Pescuitul n exces i braconajul pentru caviar i carne, pierderea habitatului i degradarea lui, datorit polurii, sunt principalele cauze. Caviarul, oule nefertilizate de sturgeon, are un pre foarte ridicat iar caviarul slbatic se poate vinde cu mai mult de 500 de dolari pe piaa neagr.

Sturgeon caviar ban Most of the 27 sturgeon species are threatened with extinction. Overfishing and poaching for caviar and meat, and habitat loss and degradation, due to pollution and damming rivers are the main causes. Caviar, the unfertilized sturgeon eggs, are a highly prized delicacy and wild caviar can sell for over $500 per kilo on the black market.

Atlantic sturgeon, one of the few unthreatened sturgeon species.

Caviar stocks in the Black and Caspian seas have collapsed, causing the United States, the world's biggest consumer to ban Beluga sturgeon (Huso huso) caviar from the Caspian Sea. However, poaching will remain a serious threat until all major importers can ensure imports are from legal sources, such as licensed catches and caviar from sturgeon farms.

Stocurile de caviar din Marea Neagr i din Marea Caspic au o prbuire cauzat de Statele Unite, cel mai mare consumator din lume de interzisul caviar de sturgeon Beluga din Marea Caspic. Totui, braconajul va rmne o serioas ameninare pn cnd toi marii importatori vor asigura importurile din surse legale, cum ar fi capturile legale i caviarul din cresctoriile de sturion.

In early 2006, in response to the worsening situation, the U.N. Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) blocked caviarproducing countries from exporting their products until they can prove their sturgeon stocks are sustainable - all sturgeon species were listed in CITES in 1997 and export quotas were set in response. INVASIVE SPECIES Acclimatized species brought to a new ecosystem have caused, many times, the native species decline. In 1959, British colonists introduced the Nile bass in Victoria Lake in East Africa. This pride fish has drastically reduced the native fish species and caused the extinction of not lees then 200 endemic species, which feed with alleges. So, aquatic vegetation from Victoria Lake has extremely grown and the natural balance was disturbed, and irreversible till today.

La nceputul anului 2006, ca rspuns la situaia nrutit, CITES a blocat exportul rilor productoare de caviar pn cnd pot dovedi c stocurile lor de sturgeon sunt susinute toate speciile de caviar au fost nregistrate de CITES n 1997 i cota de export stabilit n concordan.

SPECII INVADATOARE

Speciile aclimatizate introduse unui nou ecosistem au cauzat, de multe ori, declinul speciilor native. n 1959, colonitii britanici au introdus bibanul de Nil n lacul Victoria n Africa de Est. Acest pe te de prad a redus drastic populaiile native de peti i a cauzat dispariia a nu mai puin de 200 de specii endemice, care se hrneau cu alge. Astfel, vegetaia acvatic din lacul Victoria a crescut extrem de mult i echilibrul natural a fost dereglat, ireversibil pn n ziua de astzi.

Reptilele Seychelles se menin Forest degradation caused by introduced alien plants, such as cinnamon, is a threat to some of the Seychelles more stunning forest reptiles. The Endangered tiger chameleon (Calumma tigris) is an island endemic confined to three

Nile Bass in Victoria Lake

Invasive aquatic plants in Victoria Lake

Seychelles reptiles holding on Degradarea pdurii cauzat de introducerea plantelor strine, cum este cinnamon, este o ameninare pentru cteva dintre Seychelle, printre cele mai uluitoare reptile de pdure. Cameleonul tigru (Calumma tigris), clasificat Endangered este un

islands and is thought to endemic de insul izolat pe trei number only 2,000 insule ce nregistreaz doar un individuals. numr de 2000 de indivizi. The enigmatic giant bronze gecko Enigmaticul gigant geko de bronz (Ailuronyx trachygaster) is estimated to be (Ailuronyx trachygaster) se estimeaz c s-a limited to 3,400 animals and classified as limitat la 3400 de animale i este clasificat Vulnerable. Vulnerable. Invasive introduced plants Invazia plantelor introduse reduce structural and species reduce diversitatea structural i de diversity in the primary forest, specii, micoreaz abundena de decreasing the abundance of the insecte victime ale oprlelor. Pentru lizards insect prey. To counter a contracara aceasta, controlul this, alien plant control on Praslin plantelor strine de pe insula Praslin island and habitat restoration i programul de restaurare a programmes on Silhouette are habitatului de pe Silhouette sunt being undertaken to help both ntreprinse pentru a salva ambele species. specii.

Making way for ducklings in New Zealand On remote, windswept Campbell Island, off the southern coast of New Zealand, several rare bird populations have made a come-back, thanks to the success of the largest island species eradication project which cleared the 11,300 hectare island of the worlds densest population of Norway rats. In 2001, the New Zealand Department of Conservation successfully coordinated the eradication of these unwelcome predators, unintentionally introduced by shipping vessels. The rats were having a devasting effect on the islands bird population, which includes the Campbell Island teal (Anas nesiotis), the rarest duck in the world.

Crend condiii pentru rute n Noua Zeeland

Izolat, mturat de vnt, insula Campbell, pe coasta de sud a Noii Zeelande, este locul revenirii, mulumit succesului unui proiect de eradicare a celei mai rspndite specii insulare, prin care 11300 de hectare de insul au fost curate de cea mai dens populaie de obolani norvegieni din lume. n 2001, Departamentul Noii Zeelande de Conservare a coordonat cu succes eradicarea acestor nedorii prdtori, introdui neintenionat de navele de pescuit. obolanii au avut un efect devastator asupra populaiilor de psri de pe insul, printre care i asupra liiei insulei Campbell (Anas nesiotis), cea mai rar ra din lume.

The Campbell Island teal (classified as Critically Endangered) is endemic to the island, which is the cornerstone of New Zealands subantarctic World Heritage Site, a place internationally recognized by UNESCO as having outstanding natural ecosystem and species, including 40 seabirds, 5 of which breed nowhere else.

Liia Campbell

insulei ca

(clasificat

Critically Endangered) este endemic pe insul, care este baza subantarctic a Noii Zeelande Site, mondial avnd un de World loc Heritage recunoscut ca remarcabile

UNESCO

ecosisteme naturale i specii, incluznd 40 de psri de mare, 5 dintre ele nemaicrescnd n alt parte.

Now that the island is rat free, birds have been returned from a captive breeding site and the Campbell Island teal should spread to occupy their entire former range on the island. Further benefits of the rat eradication project is demonstrated by the recent return of 30 individuals of the Campbell Island snipe (Coenocorypha aucklandica. nov. sp), also endemic to the region. The snipe once lived on Campbell Island, but had recently been restricted to neighboring Jacquemart Island.

Acum insula a scpat de obolani, psrile s-au ntors dintr-un loc de cretere n captivitate i liia insulei Campbell ar putea s se rspndeasc ocupnd ntreaga insul. Beneficii suplimentare ale proiectului de eradicare a obolanilor constau n ntoarcerea recent a 30 de indivizi de becae ale insulei Campbell (Coenocorypha aucklandica. nov.

sp), de asemenea endemice ale regiunii. Beca ele

au trit cndva pe insula Campbell, dar de curnd s-au refugiat pe insula nvecinat Jackuemart.

CLIMATE CHANGE AND POLLUTION

Another major cause which brought and brings to a drastic fall down of the fauna and flora is polluting the environment. Different toxic chemicals have spread longer and longer in the food circuit from the ecosystems. Polluting water and high temperature of the waters had made numerous species of endemic fish species disappear. Acid rains destroyed, till the late 20th century, 118 millions m of wooden material in Europe. Chemical draining have also affected the ocean flora for a long time.

SCHIMBAREA CLIMEI I POLUAREA

O alt cauz major care a dus i duce la diminuarea drastic a faunei i florei este poluarea mediului. Diferite chimicale toxice s-au rspndit tot mai mult n circuitul hranei n cadrul ecosistemelor. Poluarea apei i temperaturile ridicate ale apei au fcut s dispar numeroase specii de peti endemici. Ploile acide au distrus, pn la sfritul sec. XX, 118 milioane m3 de material lemnos n Europa. De asemenea, deversrile chimice au afectat pentru mult timp i fundul oceanic.

Polar bears feel the heat Polar bears (Ursus maritimus) may disappear from most of their range within 100 years because global climate change is melting their Arctic habitat. Polar bears rely almost entirely on marine sea ice for their survival, so large-scale changes to this habitat would devastate the population. Unfortunately, declines of roughly 1050% of annual Arctic sea ice are predicted by 2100. The annual time frames when ice is present and the quality of the ice are also expected to decline.

Damage to forest by acid rains

Urii polari simt cldura

Urii disprea polari (Ursus maritimus) ar putea n urmtorii 100 de ani deoarece

Dead Fish in polluting water

schimbrile globale ale climei topesc habitatul lor din Arctica. Ei se bazeaz aproape n ntregime pe gheaa marin pentru a supravieui, astfel nct schimbrile la scar mare ale acestui habitat ar putea devasta populaia. Din pcate, se prezice ca pn n 2100 s aib loc un declin al gheii maritime din regiunea Arctic de aproximativ 10 50% anual. De asemenea perioada anual cnd gheaa este prezent precum i calitatea gheii se ateapt s aib declin.

Polar bears are highly specialized for life in the Arctic marine environment. Due to their low reproductive rates, long generation time and the current greater speed of global warming, it seems unlikely that they will be able to adapt to the current warming trend in the Arctic.

Urii specializai ratei mici

polari pentru de

sunt viaa n

mediul polar arctic. Datorit reproducere, duratei lungi a unei generaii i vitezei mari a nclzirii globale actuale, pare puin probabil ca ei s fie capabili s se adapteze la tendina actual de nclzire de la pol.

There is little doubt that polar bears will have a reduced range area and habitat quality in the future, but the direct relation between these conditions and the abundance of polar bears is unknown. Estimates for the rate of population reduction range from 30% to 50% over 45 years. Other threats including over-harvest due

Exist un dubiu mic c urii polari vor avea o suprafa restrns i un mediu de calitate n viitor, dar relaia direct ntre aceste condiii i abundena urilor polari este necunoscut. Estimrile asupra ratei reducerii populaiei indic de la 30% la 50% n 45 de ani. Alte ameninri includ recoltarea

to increased quotas or no quotas in Canada and Greenland and poaching in Russia as well as toxic contaminants, shipping, and oil and gas exploration and development.

excesiv corespunztor cu creterea cotei n Canada i Groenlanda i braconajul n Rusia, ca i contaminrile cu substane toxice, pescuitul i explorarea uleiului i gazului i dezvoltarea.

Scientific name Kingdom Phytum Class Order Family Genus Status IUCN Size Weight

Acipenser Sturio Animalia Chordata Actinoterygii Angipenseriformes Acipenseridae Acipenser Critically Endangered Max length: 3.5m Up to 315 kg

Description
One of the largest European fish to breed in

Descriere Unul dintre cei mai mari peti europeni care

rivers, the European sea sturgeon has been fished triete n ruri, sturionul european de mare a fost to the brink of extinction principally as a source of pescuit pn la limita extinciei fiind principala caviar. This sturgeon has an olive-black upper body surs de caviar. Acest surion are culoarea negruand a white belly. The elongated body tapers to a oliv pe spate i alb pe burt. Corpul alungit se narrow pointed tip at the snout and lacks scales, subiaz pn la nas i este lipsit de solzi, fcnd apart from the five rows of whitish bony platelets, excepie de cele cinci nottoare care sunt or scoutes that run the length of the fish. These distribuite de-a lungul corpului. Aceti peti nu au fish have no teeth, but sensitive barbells (fleshy dini dar barbele senzitive (proeminene crnoase projections near the mouth of some fish) are situate lng gur la unii peti) sunt poziionate n positioned on the lower jaw and are used to locate partea de jos a flcilor i sunt folosite pentru a prey, which is then sucked into the mouth. localiza prada care este apoi introdus n gur.

Habitat
Sturgeons are found near to the bottom of the

Habitat Sturionii se gsesc pe fundul apei, deasupra

water column, over a soft sandy or muddy nisipului moale sau a stratului noroios. Adulii se substrate. Adults are found in the lower sections gsesc n adncurile rurilor mari sau n mri, dei of large rivers and in the open sea, whilst spawning icrele le depun n amontele apelor mici cu fundul occurs upriver in shallow pools with a gravel base. pietros. Biologie Sturgeonii sunt n general solitari, petrecnd

Biology
Sturgeons are generally solitary, spending a

number of years at sea before returning to the un numr de ani n mare nainte de a se ntoarce n river where they were born, in order to breed in ruri unde s-au nscut, pentru a crete n mediul their turn. Entering the river in spring, mature lor. Intrnd n ruri primvara, indivizii maturi individuals migrate upriver to the shallow spawning migreaz n amonte pentru a-i depune icrele. grounds. Females can produce between 200,000 Femelele pot produce ntre 200000 i 6 milioane de and 6 million eggs, which are sticky so that they ou, care sunt lipicioase astfel nct s se poat can attach to the gravel substrate. Mature prinde de stratul pietros. Indivizii maturi nu individuals do not eat throughout the spawning mnnc n timpul migraiei de depunere a icrelor. migration. As the juveniles grow they begin to n timp ce juvenilii cresc, ncep s migreze n aval migrate downstream, and adult fish spend about 7 i petii aduli i petrec aproape 7 8 ani n mare - 8 years at sea before reaching sexual maturity. pn i capt maturitatea sexual. Sturionii se Sturgeon feed opportunistically on bottom dwelling hrnesc cu vieuitoare care triesc n adncuri, creatures, feeling for prey amongst the mud with simind prada din ml cu barbelele senzitive de pe the sensitive barbels on their chin. Their food brbie. consists mainly of invertebrates and small fish. Hrana lor const n principal din nevertebrate i din peti mici. Ameninri Aceti peti cu via lung i dezvoltare lent exploitation; the European sea sunt foarte vulnerabili la exploatare; sturionii

Threats
These long-lived and slow-growing fish are very vulnerable to

sturgeon has been extensively fished for its highly europeni de mare sunt pescuii excesiv pentru prized flesh and for the eggs, which are sold as carnea scump i pentru ou care sunt vndute ca caviar. The development of river systems, in i caviar. Dezvoltarea sistemelor hidroenergetice, particular the construction of hydroelectric dams, n special construcia de hidrocentrale, distrug destroys the breeding habitat of this species and habitatul natural al acestei specii i adulii nu mai adults are no longer able to return to their natal sunt capabili s se ntoarc n rurile n care s-au rivers to breed. Today only a single reproductive nscut pentru a crete. Astzi doar o singur population remains and the species is consequently populaie reproductiv a mai rmas i n consecin extremely vulnerable to extinction. specia este extrem de vulnerabil la extincie.

Conservation
The European sea sturgeon is protected from the Convention on International Trade

Conservare Sturionul European de mare este protejat de

international trade by its listing on Appendix I of comerul internaional prin cuprinderea lui n Anexa in I a Conveniei de Comer Internaional a speciilor Endangered Species (CITES). A captive breeding aflate n pericol (CITES). S-a iniiat un program pe programme for the species is being undertaken termen lung de cretere a acestei specii n with the long-term goal of reintroducing this captivitate pentru a reintroduce acest dinozaur al 'dinosaur of the sea' to some of its former range. mrii n mediul su specific.

Scientific name Kingdom Phytum Class Order Family Genus Status IUCN Size Weight

Monachus monachus Animalia Chordata Mammalia Carnivore Phocidae Monachus Critically Endangered Length of male: 240 cm Length of female: 238 cm Weight of male: 315 kg Weight of female: 300 kg

Description
The Mediterranean monk seal is one of the

Descriere Foca mediteranean clugr este una dintre

most endangered mammals in the world. The cele mai n pericol mamifer al lumii. Descrierea description of this species by Aristotle was the fcut acestei specii de Aristotel este prima first known written description of a pinniped (a descriere scris cunoscut de pinipede (grup care group that includes seals, sea lions and walrus), and include foci, lei de mare i morse) i capul focii the head of a monk seal appeared on one of the clugr a aprut pentru prima dat pe o moned, n

first ever coins, around 500 BC. Adults have a jurul anului 500 .e.n. Adulii au blana maro sau gri brown or grey coat, which becomes paler on the i devine mai deschis cnd se scufund i deseori undersurface and often features a white patch on au pete albe pe burt. Masculii n vrst sunt mai the belly. Old males are darker in color and often nchii la culoare i deseori devin negri dar become black, but retain the ventral white patch. pstreaz pete albe pe partea dorsal. Noii-nscui Newborn infants are black and woolly with a white sunt negri i lnoi cu pete albe sau galbene pe or yellow patch on the belly, the shape of which burt, model care de multe ori este utilizat n can sometimes be used to determine the sex of an stabilirea sexului indivizilor. individual.

Habitat Usually sandy found in coastal have

Habitat De obicei se gsete n apele de coast. Multe dintre plajele tradiionale au fost amenajate pentru turism i acum specia tinde s se retrag n singurtate, n peteri izolate.

waters. Many of the traditional haul-out beaches been developed for tourism, and the species now tends to haul-out and pup in secluded, remote caves.

Biology
Active in the day, the Mediterranean monk seal squid and octopus). Individuals reach

Biologie Activ ziua, foca mediteraneean clugr se fi calamar i caracati). Indivizii ating

feeds on a variety of fish and cephalopods (such as hrnete cu o varietate de peti i cefalopode (cum sexual ar maturity at 5-6 years of age, and mating occurs maturitatea sexual la vrsta de 5 6 ani i se between September and November, when females mperecheaz ntre septembrie i noiembrie cnd haul-out in caves to give birth to a single pup that femelele se retrag n peteri s dea natere unui weighs between 16-18 kg. While the suckling time singur pui cu o greutate de 16 18 kg. Perioada may be up to four months, the female will remain alptrii poate dura patru luni iar femela rmne cu with her pup for up to three years. The social puiul pn la trei ani. Nu se cunoate c ar tri n organization of this monk seal is not known, but grupuri dar acestea tind s se formeze n peterile groups tend to form in breeding caves. n care se adpostesc. Ameninri Focile mediteraneene clugr sunt foarte

Threats
Mediterranean monk seals are highly sensitive to disturbance and humans have extensively used

sensibile iar oamenii folosesc de secole habitatul

both the sea and beaches of their habitat for lor, att marea ct i plajele, cauznd colapsul centuries, causing the population to collapse. The populaiei. Principalele ameninri vis-a-vis de main threats facing this species are deliberate aceast specie sunt uciderea de ctre pescarii care killing by fishermen who perceive the species as a percep specia ca un adversar n pescuit, montarea competitor for fish, entanglement in fishing gear, de reele de srm ghimpat n locurile de pescuit, disturbance and habitat loss through development distrugerea i pierderea habitatului prin and tourism, disease, and the effects of toxic algal dezvoltarea turismului, bolile i efectul florilor blooms. In 1997, two thirds of the seals in the toxice acvatice. n 1997, dou treimi din focile largest population, located at Cap Blanc, celei mai rspndite populaii, localizate la Cap Mauritania, were lost due to the accumulation of Blanc, Mauritania, au disprut datorit toxinelor toxins in fish following an algal bloom. These shy acumulate n peti care au consumat alge. Aceste creatures have taken to hauling out in caves to give creaturi timide s-au retras n peteri pentru a da birth, rather than on developed beaches, and the natere, mai mult dect pe plajele dezvoltate iar collapse of such caves is a further threat to the prbuirea ctorva astfel de peteri este o survival of the species. ameninare suplimentar a supravieuirii speciei. Conservare Grupul de specialiti n foci din Comisia De

Conservation
The IUCN Species Survival Commission Seal

Specialist Group has devised an Action Plan for the Supravieuire a Speciilor de la IUCN a ntreprins conservation of the species, the aims of which un Plan de Aciune pentru conservarea speciei ale include the involvement of local fishermen, crui obiective includ implicarea pescarilor locali, research into the status of the species and the cercetri ale situaiei speciei i programe de development of a captive breeding programme. A dezvoltare a lor n captivitate. n Grecia s-a Greek National Programme for the Protection of nfiinat un Program Naional de Protecie a the Monk Seal has been established, aiming to focilor clugr, urmrind s previn mortalitatea prevent human-induced mortalities of the species provocat de om i s creeze i s menin o specie and to restore and maintain a viable self- rezistent. Muli experi cred c mutarea puilor supporting population. Some experts believe that unei populaii, ntr-un program de captivitate ar the removal of pups from a population, to supply a putea afecta sever creterea n populaia slbatic captive programme, could severely affect breeding i ar vtma puii. Este clar c sunt urgent necesare within the wild population, and injure the pups aciuni pentru a salva de la extincie aceast specie concerned. It is clear that determined action is nsingurat i posomort. urgently required if this reclusive, beleaguered species is to escape total extinction.

Scientific name Kingdom Phytum Class Order Family Genus Status IUCN Size

Numenius tenuirostris Animalia Chordata Aves Charadriiformes Scolopacidae Numenius Critically Endangered Length 36 41 cm

Description
The slender-billed curlew is one of the rarest

Descriere Culicul mare cu ciocul subire este una dintre

and least understood bird species that occurs in cele mai rare i mai puin nelese specii de psri Europe. This medium-sized wader is a mottled care triesc n Europa. De mrime medie, are o brown-grey color with white underparts that are culoare pestri maro-gri cu dedesubtul alb cu marked with black spots on the flanks. The sexes aripile marcate cu pete negre. Aparent cele dou are similar in appearance, although the female is sexe sunt asemntoare dar femelele sunt n generally larger in size. The long, slender beak is general mai mari. Ciocul lung, subire este uor slightly decurved and tapers to a narrower tip than curbat i este mai ngust la vrf dect al culiculului that of the curlew (Numenius arquata), and the mare (Numenius arquata) iar picioarele lungi sunt long legs are a bluish-grey colour. The common de culoare gri-albstrui. Numele popular deriv de name is derived from the soft 'cour-lee' call given la cour lee denumire dat n zbor. in flight.

Habitat
During its migratory passage through Europe the slender-billed curlew grasslands, fishponds, uses a

Habitat n timpul migrrii prin Europa, culicul mare cu

variety of cioc ascuit folosete o varietate de habitate brackish eletee i lagune slcii. Determinat de vederea

different habitats including salt marsh, steppe diferite incluznd mlatini srate, puni de step, saltpans and lagoons. Due to the paucity of sightings, the slab, locul de cretere lng Tara, Siberia este breeding site near to Tara, Siberia is assumed to ales s reprezinte habitatul tipic de cuibrit i represent typical nesting habitat and consists of const n mlatin de taiga la limita de nord a zonei taiga marsh at the northern limit of the steppe- de pdure de step. forest zone.

Biology
Very little is known about the natural ecology

Biologie Foarte puin este cunoscut natura ecologic i

and behavior of the slender-billed curlew due to comportamentul culiculului mare cu cioc ascuit the elusive nature of this species. In 1914, a single ceea ce explic natura evaziv a acestei specii. n nest was found which contained 4 eggs, and a 1914, s-au gsit un cuib izolat care coninea 4 ou colonial nest site containing 14 nests has also been i o colonie cu 14 cuiburi. Aceste psri se hrnesc reported. These birds feed by walking slowly and mergnd ncet i din cnd n cnd ciugulesc occasionally pecking at the surface until a food suprafaa pn localizeaz mncare. Se hrnesc cu item is located. They have been reported to feed viermi de pmnt, insecte i molute. on earthworms, insects and molluscs.

Threats
The decline in the population of slender-billed

Ameninri Declinul populaiei de culic mare cu cioc ascuit

curlews may have been due to the extensive se datoreaz vnatului excesiv de ctre paznici de hunting of waders for food in the early 20th nchisori, pentru mncare, la nceputul secolului XX. Century. Curlews were a prime target due to their Culicul mare a fost n primul rnd vnat datorit large size, and slender-billed curlews are often dimensiunii mari, iar cel cu cioc ascuit este tamer than other species making them easy deseori mai blnd dect alte specii, ceea ce-l face targets. The threat of hunting is reduced today o int mai uoar. Ameninarea vntorii este mult but the loss and degradation of wetlands in the mai redus astzi dar pierderea i degradarea Mediterranean and North Africa may be a mlatinilor din Mediterana i nordul Africii poate fi potentially serious threat. Population estimates o ameninare serioas. Estimrile populaiei bazate based on migratory birds put the number of pe psrile migratoare indic un numr ntre 50 i slender-billed curlew precariously low, at between 270 de indivizi. 50 and 270 individuals.

Conservation
The slender-billed curlew is protected in the

Conservare Culicul mare cu cioc ascuit este protejat n

majority of range states through which it passes majoritatea statelor pe care le traverseaz n and is listed on Appendix I of the Convention on timpul migraiei i apare n Anexa I a Conveniei International Trade in Endangered Species asupra Comerului Internaional a Speciilor aflate (CITES). It is also listed on Appendix I of the n pericol (CITES). De asemenea apare n Anexa I a Convention on Migratory Species (CMS), under Conveniei Speciilor Migratoare (CMS) prin care un

which a Slender-billed Curlew Working Group Grup care s-a ocupat de culicul mare cu cioc ascuit (SbCWG) has been established. The group works to l-a stabilizat. Grupul lucreaz pentru a permite allow the cooperation of scientists and government cooperarea oamenilor de tiin i a guvernelor for the conservation of this species, and BirdLife pentru conservarea acestei specii i BirdLife International produced an Action Plan for the International a realizat n 1996 un plan de aciune conservation of this species in 1996. If the pentru conservarea speciei. Dac culiculul mare cu slender-billed curlew is to be saved from cioc ascuit ar fi salvat de la extincie, este totui extinction however, it is vital that the breeding vital s fie descoperite locurile n care acetia sites are discovered so that any threats can be triesc i astfel alte ameninri ar putea fi minimised and this enigmatic species can be better minimalizate i am putea nelege mai bine aceast understood. enigmatic specie.

Scientific name Kingdom Phytum Class Order Family Genus Status IUCN Size Weight Description The European mink is one of Europe's most endangered mammals. It is a medium Descriere

Mustela lutreola
Animalia Chordata Mammalia Carnivora Mustelidae Mustela Endangered Head-body length: 28 43 cm Total length: 35 58 cm Female: Up to 600 grams Male: Up to 1000 grams

Nurca european este unul din mamiferele din

sized Europa aflate n pericolul cel mai mare de

mustelid with a long slender arched body, short dispariie. Este o mustelid de mrime medie cu un legs and a short bushy tail. The fur is normally corp arcuit i lunguie, cu picioare scurte i cu blackish brown with a distinctive small band of coada stufoas scurt. Blana este n mod normal white fur around the upper and lower lips and maro negricios cu o distinctiv band ngust de occasionally on the throat. This marking and its blan alb n jurul buzelor i uneori pe gt. Aceste smaller size usually distinguishes it from the pete i mrimea mai mic o distinge n mod obinuit American mink

M.

vision,

but

occasionally de nurca american M. Vision, dar din cnd n cnd

individuals may look so similar that only the indivizii pot arta la fel nct doar analizele

skeleton or genetic analysis can guarantee correct scheletului

sau

genelor

pot

garanta

corecta

identification. Its dense pelage is short, even in identificare. Prul des este scurt, chiar i iarna, the winter, as it does have a thick water-repellent aa nct trebuie s aib un strat de lichid urt undercoat which insulates the mink when swimming. mirositor care s izoleze nurca n timp ce noat.

The European mink has other adaptations for a

Nurca european mai are i alte forme de

semi aquatic life; its feet are partly webbed and adaptare pentru o via semiacvatic. Picioarele therefore useful for hunting underwater, swimming sunt parial prevzute cu o membran folosit la and diving. However, its eyesight is not well vntoarea sub ap, not i scufundare. Totui, adapted to seeing underwater and so it relies vederea nu este bine adaptat la privitul sub ap i heavily upon its sense of smell when foraging for de aceea se bizuie mai mult pe miros cnd caut terrestrial prey. Males and females look very similar, but the prada pe uscat. Masculii i femelele arat asemntor, dar

males are up to 80% larger. The reason for this masculii sunt cu pn la 80 % mai mari. Motivul difference is that males compete for mates and acestei diferene este c masculii rivalizeaz territories and so benefit from being larger, while pentru femele i teritorii i au un avantaj n a fi the females have to protect and feed the mai mari, n timp ce femelele trebuie s protejeze offspring as well as themselves. If the females i s hrneasc descendenii ca i pe ele. Dac were larger they would have to consume even more femelele ar fi fost mai mari ar fi consumat mai food for themselves, which would result in mult mncare ceea ce ar fi avut ca rezultat sunt asemntori n nfiare cu adulii. Habitat Nurca este un animal semiacvatic i locuiete pe malurile extrem de umbrite ale lacurilor, rurilor, fluviilor i mlatinilor. Ele rareori sunt gsite la mai mult de 100 de metri deprtare de apa potabil. spending less time with the young. Mink offspring petrecerea unui timp mai puin cu puii. Puii de nurc are similar in appearance to adults. Habitat Mink are semi-aquatic animals and inhabit densely shaded banks of lakeshores, rivers, streams and marshlands. They are rarely found more than 100 meters away from fresh water.

One way to find Mink is to look for muskrat

O cale de a gsi nurca este de a cuta

huts and burrows. If they are abandoned mink will adposturile sau vizuinile. Dac sunt abandonate, simply move in, but they may also take over nurca pur i simplu le ocup sau le poate lua chiar occupied huts, killing and eating inhabitants. Mink dac sunt ocupate, ucignd i mncnd locuitorii. will also make dens in natural cavities in stream Nurca de asemenea va ocupa caviti naturale pe banks, under trees and in drift piles, lining them rmul oceanului, sub copaci i n mormanele de with grass, leaves, fur or feathers. aluviuni, cptuindu-le cu iarb, frunze, blan sau pene.

Biology Mink are mainly nocturnal, emerging from their

Biologie Nurca este mai ales nocturn, prsindu-i

dens to feed at night on a diet of small animals locurile s se hrneasc noaptea cu o diet de including water vole, birds, frogs, mollusks, crabs, animale mici, incluznd oareci de cmp, psri, fish and insects. This range of prey, hunted in broate, moluti, crabi, peti i insecte. Acest tip water, on land, in swamps and burrows is de prad, vnnd n ap, pe pmnt, n mlatini i n considerably greater than the range of more vizuini este considerat superior celui al celor mai specialized mustelids like otters and weasels. This multe mustelide cum ar fi vidrele i nevstuicile. carries both costs and benefits, as a specialized Aceasta aduce att pierderi ct i beneficii, dup hunter will be better adapted than a generalist at cum un vntor specializat este mai bine adaptat exploiting a certain prey, but a generalist, like the dect unul generalist n exploatarea unei anumite mink, has the advantage of being able to hunt przi, dar un generalist ca nurca, are avantajul de a different prey should one type become scarce. This mammal is a wanderer, occupying large home ranges (up to 15 km of river) and using rarely the same den. The female usually stays close to the fi capabil s vneze prad diferit n condiiile rririi unui tip. Acest mamifer este hoinar, ocupnd distane mari (pn la 15 km de ru) i rareori utiliznd aceeai locuin. Femela de obicei st n locuin, n afar de scurte ieiri n cutare de

den, unless a shortage of food drives it to find hran sau s gseasc o alt locaie. Au o via another location. They lead solitary lifestyles, solitar, cu excepia perioadei de mperechere, din except during the breeding season, from February februarie pn n martie, cnd caut perechea to March, when they seek out mates using a folosind un repertoriu de sunete de la uier turi i repertoire of sounds from hisses and screams to ipete la chemri nfundate. Masculii mai nti chuckling calls. Males first seek out the females caut femelele ale cror teritorii se suprapun cu whose territories overlap their own, before ale lor, nainte de a cuta pe cele mai ndeprtate. searching further afield. Mating is often preceded mperecherea este deseori precedat de o lupt by very aggressive encounters between the two foarte agresiv ntre cele dou sexe. Perioada de sexes. The females' gestation period is between 5 gestaie a femelelor este ntre 5 10 sptmni, 10 weeks, the birth being in the spring when naterea fiind primvara, cnd este abunden de there is an abundance of food and shelter. The mncare i adposturi. Femela d natere la 2 7 female will give birth to 2 7 young per litter and pui i i las singuri n locuin, alptndu-i 5 6 raises them alone in a den, suckling them for 5 6 sptmni. Nurca se nate oarb i neajutorat, weeks. Minks are born blind and helpless, and so depinznd de grija printeasc pn la aproximativ depend on parental care until they are weaned at 10 sptmni, prsind locuina dup 12 18 about 10 weeks, leaving the den after 12 18 sptmni. Ele ajung la maturitate dup un an i weeks. They reach maturity after one year, and triesc n jur de 6 ani n slbticie i pn la 12 ani live for about 6 years in the wild and up to 12 years n captivitate. in captivity.

Threats Populations suffered from of a the European of mink have

Ameninri Populaiile de nurc au suferit o serie de ecologice prile i i comerciale. unde apei este Pierderea dezvoltarea au crescut

series

ecological

and ameninri din

commercial threats. Habitat loss is a serious habitatului este o serioas ameninare pentru threat to the mink in parts of Europe, where nurca Europei, poluarea lor hydroelectric developments and water pollution hidroelectric decades. Another major reason for its decline is important al

have increased significantly over the past few semnificativ n ultimele decenii. Un alt motiv declinului capturarea commercial trapping for fur, even though it is less comercial pentru blan, chiar dac este mai puin valuable than the fur of the American mink M. valoroas dect blana de nurc american M. Vision.

vision. In addition, the introduction of this larger n plus, introducerea acestei specii mai mare n
species in 1926 has created severe competition 1962 a creat o competiie sever cu nurca with the European mink for food and habitats, and european pentru mncare i habitate i a redus has significantly reduced this native species' semnificativ populaia acestei specii native. n population. In France yet another threat comes Frana nc o ameninare vine de la otrvirea i from unintentional poisoning and trapping as a prinderea n capcan neintenionat ca rezultat al result of efforts to control coypu (Myocastor eforturilor de a controla populaiile coypu

coypus) populations in the area. Pest control (Myocastor coypus) din regiune. Prinderea n
trapping and accidental mortality through vehicle capcana duntorilor i mortalitatea accidental collisions also affects populations in western areas provocat de vehicule de asemenea afecteaz of its range. Conservation The range of threats, both commercial and populaiile din regiunea de vest a acestui ordin. Conservare Tipurile de ameninri, att comerciale ct i

ecological, facing this species, has significantly ecologice, ale acestei specii au redus semnificativ reduced the mink's population across Europe. In populaia de nurc din Europa. n 1994 IUCN a 1994 the IUCN upgraded the status of this modificat statusul acestei specii din Vulnerable n species from Vulnerable to Endangered. In the Endangered. La nceputul anului 1990 a fost early 1990s an international conservation program aprobat un Program Internaional de Conservare de was set up by several partners across Europe civa parteneri din Europa (Ministerul Mediului, (Ministry of the Environment, French Mammal Societatea Francez a mamiferelor, GREGE, ONC, Society, GREGE, ONC, University of Barcelona and Universitatea was to find priorities for a conservation plan by prioritile din unui Barcelona plan de i Guvernul din prin Government of Catalonia). The program's objective Catalonia). Obiectivul programului era s gseasc conservare characterizing the bio-ecology of the species, caracterizarea bioecologic a speciei, analizarea analyzing causes for its decline and assessing the cauzelor declinului ei i evaluarea variabilitii genetic variability of western populations. A rescue genetice a populaiilor din vest. Un proiect de project has also been set up on an island in the salvare a fost de asemenea iniiat pe o insul din Baltic, where the American species has been Marea Baltic, unde populaia speciei americane a excluded, in an attempt to increase the European fost exclus, dorind s creasc numrul de nurci Mink's numbers in captivity. In France a national europene n captivitate. n Frana un plan de action plan for the conservation of the European aciune naional pentru conservarea nurcii mink was initiated by the Ministry of Environment europene a fost iniiat de Ministerul Mediului (the first plan ran from 1999 to 2003) and has (primul plan s-a derulat din 1999 pn n 2003) i a been coordinated by the SFEPM (French Mammal fost coordonat de SFEPM (Societatea Francez a Society). Mamiferelor).

Scientific name Kingdom Phytum Class Order Family Genus Status IUCN Size Description The meadow viper is a small venomous snake Descriere

Vipera ursinii Animalia Chordata Reptilia Squamata Viperidae Vipera Endangered Length: 35 50 cm

Vipera de lunc este un arpe mic veninos cu un

with a beautiful and intricate zigzag pattern model n zigzag minunat i complicat marcnd marking the length of its back. The basic body lungimea spatelui. Culoarea de baz a corpului este colour is a light grey to brown along the sides, gri deschis pn la maro pe prile laterale, de usually with a paler band down the centre of the obicei cu o band mai palid n partea de jos a back, within which a dark zigzag with black edging centrului spatelui, prin care apare zigzag-ul nchis appears. Occasionally, strongly yellowcoloured scales can occur around these markings. A dark V' shaped mark appears on the top of the head and there is a dark stripe behind the eye. cu negru pe margini. Din cnd n cnd, o crust colorat puternic n galben se poate ivi n jurul acestor margini. Un semn particular sub form de V nchis la culoare apare n vrful capului i o dung nchis n partea de jos a ochilor. The underside of the body ranges from black to dark grey or even reddish, often with greywhite speckles. Females grow larger than males, and the poisonous fangs of this species are relatively short. Partea de dedesubt a

corpului e colorat de la negru la gri nchis sau uneori roiatic, deseori brbaii cu i pete dinii alb gri. ai Femelele cresc mai mari dect veninoi acestei specii sunt relativ scuri.

Range The meadow viper (Vipera ursinii) is found only in Italy and France (V.

Rspndire Vipera de lunc (Vipera ursinii) se gsete

u. ursinii), Bosnia- numai n Italia i Frana (V. u. ursinii), Bosnia

Herzegovina, Macedonia, Montenegro and northern Heregovina, Muntenegru i nordul Albaniei, (V. u. Albania (V. u. macrops), central Greece (V. u. macrops), centrul Greciei, (V. u. graeca), Ungaria

graeca), Hungary (V. u. rakosiensis) (possibly (V. u. rakosiensis) (posibil la extincie n Romnia i
extinct in Romania and Austria), Romania and Austria), Romnia i posibil n Bulgaria (V. u. possibly Bulgaria (V. u. moldavica). Habitat Found in meadows, farmlands, mountain

moldavica).
Habitat Se gsete n lunci, ferme, puni de munte, pn la 8000 de picioare.

pastures, rocky hillsides, and open, grassy fields, dealuri stncoase, cmpuri deschise i cu iarb, up to 8000 feet.

Biology The meadow viper feeds upon a variety of animal species, most commonly

Biologie Vipera de lunc se hrnete cu o varietate de

orthopterans specii de animale, majoritatea optopterelor (cosai,

(grasshoppers, crickets, etc.), followed by rodents, lcuste, greieri etc), urmate de roztoare, oprle, lizards, birds, spiders and beetles. However, pianjeni i gndaci. Totui, exist variaii n diet significant seasonal variations in the diet exist, funcie de anotimp, predominnd nevertebratele with invertebrates predominating only between numai ntre iulie i septembrie n timp ce July and September, and vertebrates playing a vertebratele joac un rol important n alte

more important role at other times of the year. perioade ale anului. O singur neptur veninoas One poisonous bite is usually enough to kill the este suficient pentru a ucide victima. prey. mperecherea se produce din aprilie pn n mai i

Mating occurs from April to May and females give femelele produc ntre patru i opt (cteodat pn birth to four to eight (sometimes up to 12 or 15) la 12 sau 15) descendeni din august pn n

live young from August to September. Clutch size septembrie. Mrimea oulelor par s fie corelate appears to be positively correlated with female pozitiv cu mrimea corpului femelei. body size . Threats The precise threats facing the meadow viper across its range are unknown, but Ameninri Ameninri precise ntmpinate de vipera de

habitat lunc nu se cunosc, dar distrugerea habitatului

destruction is likely to have played an important joac un rol important n declinul speciei. Studii role in the species decline. Recent studies have recente au fost fcute asupra subspeciei ungureti been made of the Hungarian meadow viper (V. U. de viper de lunc (V. U. Rakosiensis), care au o

Rakosiensis) subspecies, which has an estimated estimare a populaiei rmase de sub 500 de indivizi
remaining population of as low as 500 individuals i este n pericol iminent de extincie. Declinul and is in imminent danger of extinction. The subspeciei a fost atribuit n special creterii decline of this subspecies has been largely suprafeei terenurilor agricole, care au redus i attributed to the growth in agricultural land, which fragmentat major habitatul viperei de lunc. Chiar has greatly reduced and fragmented the meadow i micile obstacole de hotar ale fermelor gndesc vipers habitat. Even small barriers of farmland are s reduc micarea i extinderea cu alte populaii. thought to reduce movement and outbreeding with Se cunoate de asemenea c subspecia a suferit other populations. The subspecies is also thought datorit colectrii n exces din slbticie, att to have suffered from over-collection from the pentru comerul cu animale de cas ct i pentru wild, both for the pet trade and scientific scopuri tiinifice. Populaiile mici, izolate nu sunt purposes. Small, isolated populations are not only doar mai vulnerabile la extincie prin evenimente more vulnerable to extinction through stochastic nedorite cum sunt epidemiile de boli sau furtunile events such as disease epidemics, or storms, but dar ele de asemenea sufer datorit pierderii they are also more likely to suffer from loss of diversitii genetice prin nemperechere, cretere genetic diversity through inbreeding, massively masiv a riscului de extincie. Pierderea variaiei increasing the risk of extinction. Loss of genetic genetice poate determina un procent mare de variation can result in a high percentage of malformaii, care au atins recordul la aceast stillbirths or deformities, which have been subspecie, iar diversitatea genetic mic este recorded for this subspecies, and low genetic considerat prima ameninare a subspeciei. diversity is currently considered the prime threat to the subspecies. Conservation Meadow vipers appear in a number of Conservare Vipera de lunc apare ntr-un numr de arii

protected areas, including the Danube Delta protejate, incluznd Rezervaia de biosfer din Biosphere Reserve in Romania (V. u. moldavica) and Romnia (V. u. moldavica) i Parcul Naional Montan Bjelasica Mountain National Park (V. u. macrops) in Bjelasica (V. u. macrops) din estul Muntenegrului. eastern Montenegro. Attempts are being made to ncercrile s-au fcut pentru a conserva populaia preserve the very small Hungarian population ungar printr-un program pe patru ani fondat de through a four year programme funded by the Ministerul Mediului i Afacerilor Apei i fondurile

Ministry of Environment and Water Affairs and UE Via Natur, care s-au concentrat pe patru the EU LIFE-Nature fund, which focuses on four sarcini majore: i reconstruirea relatarea habitatului, campanie major tasks: habitat reconstruction, monitoring monitorizarea studiilor,

and related studies, a publicity campaign and the publicitar i nfiinarea Centrului de Conservare establishment of the Viper Conservation and i Cretere a Viperei. Acest centru a nceput s Breeding Centre. This Centre started operating in 2004 with 10 adult snakes collected opereze n 2004 cu 10 erpi aduli colectai din from populaii diferite i pn n august 2005, 4 femele

different populations and, as of August 2005, 4 au produs 69 de descendeni, 25 n primul an i 44 females had produced a total of 69 offspring, 25 n al doilea. Aceste vipere se dorete s fie the first year and 44 the second. These vipers will eliberate ntr-un anumit habitat n viitor. S-ar hopefully be released into selected habitat in the putea ca eliberarea acestor vipere n slbticie s future. Should the release of these snakes into fie un succes, creterea n captivitate ar putea fi o the wild prove successful, captive breeding could soluie viabil pentru conservarea efectiv a altor be a viable option for the effective conservation subspecii, n special V. u. Moldavica care este n of the other subspecies, especially the Critically pericol critic de dispariie (CE). Faptul c vipera de Endangered V. u. moldavica. The fact that the lunc ungureasc crete bine n captivitate este Hungarian meadow viper appears to breed well in ncurajator i furnizeaz noi sperane pentru captivity is therefore extremely encouraging and supravieuirea n viitor a viperei de lunc. provides new hope for the meadow viper's future survival.

Scientific name Kingdom Phytum Class Order Family Genus Status IUCN Size

Falco cherrug Animalia Chordata Aves Falconiformes Falconidae Falco Endangered Male length: 45 cm Female length: 55 cm Male wingspan: 100 110 cm

Female wingspan: 120 130 cm Weight Male: 730 990 g Female: 970 1,300 g Descriere

Description

A great favorite with falconers, the saker falcon Preferat de vntorii de oimi, oimul jefuitor is a large, powerful bird of prey with an este o pasre mare i puternic de prad cu o exceptionally broad wingspan for its size. Like excepional de extins anvergur pentru mrimea other falcons, this bird is equipped with sharp, sa. Ca i ali oimi, aceast pasre este dotat cu curved talons for grasping prey, while the strong, gheare ascuite i curbate pentru a apuca prada, hooked beak is used to tear its victim's flesh. n timp ce ciocul puternic, acvilin este folosit Great variation in color and pattern exist, ranging pentru a sfia trupul victimei. Exist mari variaii from a fairly uniform chocolate brown color to a de culoare i model, de la un maro ciocolatiu destul pale sandy color with brown bars or streaks, to de uniform pn la glbui deschis cu dungi sau almost pure white individuals, which are striaii maro, pn la indivizii de culoare alb pur, Femelele masculii. sunt considerabil mai mari dect particularly prized by Arab falconers. Females are care sunt n particular apreciai de oimarii arabi. markedly larger than males.

Range

Rspndire

The saker falcon is a wide-ranging species with a oimul jefuitor este o specie larg rspndit, cu o breeding However, distribution after the across breeding the Palaearctic distribuie de cretere de-alungul regiunii region from Eastern Europe to western China. palearctice din estul Europei pn n vestul Chinei. season, many Din cnd n cnd, dup perioada de mperechere, populations migrate for the winter to more multe populaii migreaz pentru a-i petrece iarna southerly Asian countries such as India, as well as mai n sudul Asiei, n ri cum este India, sau n to the Mediterranean, Middle East, and parts of Africa. zona central-estic mediteranean sau n Africa. Habitat jefuitor prefer terenurile deschise such as desert edge, semi-desert, pentru vntoare, cum este marginea deertului, Cuibritul se realizeaz de obicei n cuiburi vechi abandonate de alte psri pe arboret sau pe stnci, cuiburile fiind situate pn la 5200 m

Habitat
hunting,

The saker falcon prefers open terrain for oimul

steppes and arid montane areas. Nesting usually semi-deertul, stepele sau zonele montane aride. occurs in old abandoned nests of other birds on copses or cliffs, with nests having been recorded

up to 5,200 m above sea level.

deasupra nivelului mrii.

Biology

Biologie

As the breeding season commences in spring, Cum perioada de mperechere ncepe primvara, males begin to perform spectacular aerial displays masculii ncep s prezinte spectacole aeriene ca as a form of courtship ritual to attract females, form a ritualului de peit pentru a atrage calling loudly as they soar over their territories. Saker falcons are generally two to three years old femelele, chemnd att de puternic nct acoper teritoriile lor. oimii jefuitori au n general doi sau

before they begin to breed, after which one trei ani cnd ncep s se reproduc, dup brood of two to six eggs will be produced annually mperechere producndu-se dou pn la ase ou by the female. Chicks are able to fly after 45 to anual de ctre femel. Puii sunt capabili s zboare 50 days, but remain dependant on their parents dup 45 sau 50 zile, dar rmn dependeni de for food for at least another 30 to 45 days, prini pentru hran nc de la 30 pn la 45 de during which time they stay within the nesting zile, perioad n care ei stau n cuib. territory.

The saker falcon can be both highly agile and extremely fast as it hunts ground, mph. close to the of capable

oimul jefuitor poate fi foarte agil i extrem de rapid, aproape nct de vneaz pmnt,

capabil s plonjeze asupra przii cu o vitez de 200m/h.

diving for prey at 200

Prey consists largely of mid-sized mammals such Prada const din mamifere mari i mijlocii, cum as ground squirrels, rats, stoats and hares. At sunt veveriele de pmnt, obolanii, hermelinele

other times, and particularly near water, ground- i iepurii. Alteori, n particular lng ap, psri dwelling and aerial birds such as pheasants, quail, care cresc pe pmnt i aeriene, cum sunt fazani, ducks, herons and even other raptors (owls, prepelie, rae, btlani i chiar ali rpitori kestrels) form a significant proportion of the (bufnie, frequently attacks prey larger than itself. vinderei) formeaz o proporie diet. The saker falcon is a ferocious hunter and semnificativ din diet. oimul jefuitor este un vntor feroce i frecvent atac prad mai mare dect el. Ameninri

Threats

The saker falcon has undergone a rapid decline in oimul jefuitor a suferit un rapid declin n ultimii recent years, particularly in the Middle East and ani, n special n Orientul Mijlociu i Asia, datorit Asia due to over-capture for the falconry trade, capturrii excesive pentru comer i acum are o and now faces the very real threat of extinction. ameninare real de extincie. Capturile pentru Of those captured for the falconry trade, the comerul cu oimi sunt formate n mare majoritate vast majority are thought to be juvenile females, din femele juvenile, crend o vrst mbtrnit i creating a major age and gender bias in the wild un dezechilibru al sexelor n populaia slbatic population that dramatically reduces its breeding care reduce dramatic potenialul de reproducere. potential. Females are preferred by falconers due Femelele sunt protejate datorit mrimii lor mari to their larger size and juveniles because they are iar juvenilii deoarece sunt mai uor de dresat easier to train than adults. In Europe, the saker dect adulii. n Europa, oimul jefuitor este falcon is mainly threatened by the loss and ameninat n principal de pierderea i degradarea degradation of steppes and dry grassland habitat stepelor i uscarea pajitilor datorit secetei, due to agricultural expansion and declines in datorit availability of key prey species and suitable existenei expansiunii speciilor agriculturii victime i i declinului sheep pastoralism, which has in turn reduced the punilor pentru oi, care are ca revers reducerea corespunztor hunting ground. Across the bird's range, declines vntoarea pe pmnt. n zonele de rspndire a are also the result of human persecution and psrii, declinul este de asemenea rezultat al accidental poisoning through pesticides, which prigonirii umane i otrvirilor accidentale prin contaminate the falcon's prey. In some parts of pesticide, care contamineaz prada oimului. n locuri ciuma roztoarelor necesit its range, rodent plagues result in the extensive cteva

use of poisons to control them, causing the utilizarea excesiv a otrvurilor pentru a o indiscriminate deaths of many raptors that feed controla, cauznd moartea multor rpitori care se on them. hrnesc cu ele. Conservare

Conservation

The saker falcon is protected across much of its oimul jefuitor este protejat n multe zone de range, particularly in Eastern Europe, where rspndire, n special n Europa de est unde controls of illegal trade were implemented in controale ale comerului ilegal au fost various countries in the 1990s. There have been implementate din 1990. S-au fcut eforturi

concerted conservation efforts in Europe and concentrate de conservare n Europa i intensele intensive patrolling and management has even patrulri i administaia au produs o constant produced a steadily rising population in Hungary. cretere a populaiei n Ungaria. Specia se afl n The species is listed on Appendix II of the Anexa II a Conveniei n Comerul Internaional al

Convention on International Trade in Endangered Seciilor n Pericol (CITES) i n 2002 CITES a Species (CITES), and in 2002 CITES imposed a impus o interdicie comercial n Emiratele Arabe trade ban on the United Arab Emirates. However, Unite. Totui, trebuie fcut mai mult pentru a more needs to be done to monitor illegal trade, which evidently continues, and to monitoriza comerul ilegal, care continu n mod enforce evident i s se impun reglementri mpotriva lui.

regulations against it. Certain countries, including Cteva ri, incluznd Emiratele Arabe Unite, au the United Arab Emirates, have reduced the redus cererea de psri slbative prin creterea demand for wild-caught birds by captive breeding n captivitate a S-au oimului stabilit jefuitor un pentru de farmed' saker falcons to trade to falconers comercializare. numr

instead. A number of research programmes have programe de cercetare pentru a nva mai mult also been established to learn more about the despre distribuia, populaia i ecologia acestei distribution, population, and ecology of this specii, n completare cu ameninrile la care este species, in addition to the threats facing it, which supus, care ar trebui s ajute informnd care should help to inform appropriate conservation sunt eforturile potrivite de conservare i s efforts and management strategies in the future. administreze strategii n viitor.

Scientific name Kingdom Phytum Class Order Family Genus Status IUCN Size Weight

Hucho hucho Animalia Chordata Actinopterygii Salmoniformes Salmonidae Hucho Endangered Length: up to 150 cm up to 53 kg

Description
salmon is now amongst the most endangered fish species in Europe. This sizeable freshwater fish

Descriere

One of the world's biggest salmonids, the Danube Unul dintre cele mai mari salmonide din lume, somonul de Dunre este acum printre cele mai ameninate de dispariie specii de peti din

has an elongate, almost cylindrical body, a large Europa. Acest pete de ap dulce de mrime head and mouth, and strong conical teeth. The considerabil are un corp alungit, aproape cilindric, back is a grey-brown to red-brown color and cap i gur mari i dini conici puternici. Spatele patterned with numerous dark spots, the sides are culoarea maro-gri pn la maro-rou i modele are reddish-grey with a copper-colored gloss, and cu pete ntunecate, partea lateral este gri roiatic cu luciu armiu i pntecul este alb-

the belly is silvery-white.

argintiu.

Range

Rspndire

As implied by its common name, this fish is native Aa cum sugereaz numele popular, acest pete to the rivers of the Danube basin in Europe. este nativ n rurile din bazinul Dunrii n Europa. However, in recent years it has also been Totui, n ultimii ani a fost introdus de asemenea introduced into other European river basins when n bazinele altor ruri europene cnd numrul lor their numbers declined due to ecological changes in the Danube. Habitat s-a redus datorit schimbrilor ecologice din Dunre. Habitat

A freshwater species found in deeper regions of Specie de ap dulce, se gsete n zonele de strong to moderate flowing waters, which are adncime a apelor cu curgere puternic pn la cold, clear and oxygen-rich, with deep scours as moderat, reci, limpezi i bogat oxigenate, cu hiding places. spturi adnci ca ascunztori. Biologie

Biology

The Danube salmon is a territorial species, but Somonul de Dunre este o specie teritorial, dar not solitary, with large individuals occupying and nu solitar, cu indivizi mari ocupnd i aprnd defending territories such as a large pool, which teritorii cum ar fi un mare lac de acumulare, care may be inhabited by several other individuals. poate fi locuit de civa ali indivizi. Aceti peti These fish undertake short migrations upstream ntreprind migraii scurte contra curentului pentru for spawning between April and May. Here, a depune icrele ntre aprilie i mai. Aici, femelele females make a pit in the gravel, in which the male fac o groap n pietri, n care masculul fertilizes the eggs. One female mate with one fertilizeaz oule. O femel se mperecheaz cu male, which warns off other males that approach. un mascul, care ndeprteaz ali masculi care se The length of incubation depends on water apropie. Perioada incubrii depinde de temperature, but larvae generally hatch 16 to 24 temperatura apei, dar puii ies dup 16 pn la 24 days after the eggs are activated' by appropriate zile dup ce oule sunt activate la o temperatur water temperatures. Individuals then proceed to potrivit a apei. Indivizii apoi ncep s creasc grow very rapidly, reaching sexual maturity by foarte repede, atingnd maturitatea sexual la o between four and six years of age. Juveniles feed vrst cuprins ntre patru i ase ani. Juvenilii se primarily on invertebrates such as insect larvae, hrnesc la nceput cu nevertebrate cum ar fi whilst adults prey mostly on fish, but also on larvele de insecte, n timp ce adulii mnnc n

amphibians, waterfowl.

reptiles,

small

mammals

and special pete, dar i amfibieni, reptile, mamifere mici i psri de ap. Ameninri Odat larg rspndit, somonul de Dunre este

Threats
Once widespread, the Danube salmon is now

amongst the most endangered fish species in acum aproape specia n cel mai mare pericol de Europe. Numbers have been massively depleted dispariie din Europa. Numrul a sczut masiv due to overexploitation, industrial and agricultural datorit exploatrii excesive, polurii industriale pollution, deforestation (causing increased water i temperatures), water redirection and agricole, defririi (cauzeaz creterea badly temperaturii apei), devierea cursurilor de ap i

designed or non-existent fish ladders in dams and inexistena bridelor de pete n baraje sau n reservoirs. Barriers and dams are major obstacles lacurile de acumulare. Barierele i barajele sunt for spawning fish and prevent genetic exchange obstacole majore n depunerea de icre i produc between sub-populations. In addition, the fish's modificri genetice ntre subpopulaii. n plus popularity with anglers as a sports fish has popularitatea pescuitului cu undia ca sport, a probably also contributed to the species' decline. contribuit probabil de asemenea la declinul speciei. As a result of these combined threats, the Ca rezultat al acestor ameninri combinate, Danube salmon is now common in only around 33% somonul de Dunre este acum ntlnit n doar of its former range, rare in 28 % and has aproximativ 33% din locurile lui de rspndire, rar disappeared completely from 39 %. n 28 % i a disprut complet n 39%.

Conservation
establishment previously of reserves, by the restocking species,

Conservare

Conservation efforts to date have involved the Eforturile de conservare de pn acum au implicat of constituirea de rezerve, remprosptarea populations and introductions into rivers not populaiilor i introducerea n ruri care nu erau inhabited legal locuite de specie, restricii legale pentru perioada restrictions on fishing times and quotas, and even pescuitului i a cotei de pescuit i nc a unei a total ban on fishing the Danube salmon in most interdicii de pescuit a somonului de Dunre n European countries. Unfortunately, none of the majoritatea rilor europene. Din pcate, nici una measures have had long-term success, partly due din aceste msuri nu a avut succes pe termen lung, to the continuing pollution of rivers. It has parial datorit continurii polurii rurilor. therefore been advocated that total protection Aadar, el a fost sprijinit de totala protecie care

should be given to the Danube salmon's habitat, s-a putut da habitatului de somon de Dunre i cu with particular focus on the halting of pollution, accent particular pe stoparea polurii i s-au and that more ecologically sound fishery implementat mai multe protocoale de administrare a pescuitului ecologic. management protocols be implemented.

Scientific name Kingdom Phytum Class Order Family Genus Status IUCN Size

Pelecanus crispus Animalia Chordata Aves Pelecaniformes Pelecanidae Pelecanus Vulnerable Length : 160 180 cm

Description

Descriere

Stunning, silvery-white plumage adorns this large Uluitor, n sezonul de mperechere acest mare pelican during the breeding season, contrasting pelican este mpodobit cu penajul alb-argintiu, with the rubbery orange-red pouch beneath the contrastnd cu gua semnnd cu cauciucul, roie bill, as well as to the yellow to purple bare skin portocalie, aflat sub cioc, ca i cu pielea fr around the eyes. A thick crest of silver feathers pene, galben din jurul ochilor. O creast subire on the nape adds to the luxurious look of this de pene argintii de pe ceaf adaug un aspect de impressive bird. The undersides of the wings are lux acestei impresionante psri. Sub aripi este gri pale grey, darkening towards the ends. As the deschis, nnegrindu-se spre exterior. n cursul breeding season progresses, the pouch fades to perioadei de mperechere, gua se decoloreaz yellow, and during the winter the plumage loses its spre galben i n perioada iernii penajul i pierde silvery sheen, appearing whitish or grey. The strlucirea argintie devenind alburiu sau gri. Dalmatian pelican has a range of vocalizations Sunetele including barks, hisses and grunts. emise de Pelicanul Dalmatian sunt diverse incluznd ltrturi, ssituri i mormieli.

Range

Rspndire

The Dalmatian pelican has two main populations. Pelicanul Dalmaian are dou populaii principale. The first breeds in Eastern Europe and winters in Prima triete n estul Europei i migreaz iarna n the eastern Mediterranean region, whilst the regiunea de est a Mediteranei, n timp ce a doua second breeds in Russia and central Asia and triete n Rusia i centrul Asiei i migreaz iarna winters in Iran, Iraq and the Indian subcontinent. n Iran, Irak i India. Habitat Triete n albiile cu trestie sau pe insulele

Habitat
Breeds amongst the reed beds or in the open on Dalmatian pelican is also found at

islands in river deltas and coastal lagoons. The deschise din deltele fluviilor i pe lagunele de inland, coast. Pelicanul Dalmaian se mai gsete n centrul mlatinilor de ap dulce. freshwater wetlands.

Biology
pelican fishes in the morning and late afternoon. It may feed alone, or in cooperative groups, gobies, shrimps, worms, beetles, prawns, catfish

Biologie

Foraging close to roosting grounds, the Dalmatian Hrnindu-se n apropierea locurilor de cuibrit, Pelicanul Dalmaian pescuiete dimineaa i trziu dup-amiaza. Se poate hrni singur sau n grupuri, crevei, viermi, gndaci, pete pisic i ali peti

sweeping the bill underwater for eels, mullet, introducnd rapid ciocul dup ipari, chefal, and other small fish. Whilst swimming, this pelican mici. n timp ce nnoat acest pelican i scufund plunges its head beneath the surface to check for capul sub ap pentru a cuta prada. Faimos pentru prey. Famous for the large pouch on the throat penajul mare de pe gt sub mai puin de jumtate under the lower half of the bill, the pelican does din pouch for later consumption. cioc, nu mnnc ntotdeauna ceea ce not always eat as it fishes, instead filling the pescuiete, n schimb i umple gua pentru a consuma mai trziu.

Breeding begins in March and April in the mperecherea ncepe n martie i aprilie n partea

western

part

of

the

range,

but

varies vestic

a zonei

de

rspndire,

dar

variaz

geographically. Nest sites are found in areas with geografic. Cuiburile se gsesc n zonele cu pete i plentiful fish and vegetation, and nests are vegetaie din belug i sunt construite din trestie, constructed from reeds, grass, and sticks, iarb i bee, fixate cu blegar. Clocete ntre fastened together with droppings. Between two dou i patru ou timp de 31 de zile. Tinerii and four eggs are laid and incubated for 31 days. pelicani se adun n stoluri dup ase sptmni The young pelicans gather in pods' after six i sunt n stare s zboare la vrsta de 75 85 de weeks, and fledge at 75 to 85 days of age. They are sexually mature at three to four years. zile. Sunt maturi sexual la trei sau patru ani.

Threats

Ameninri din trecut se datoreaz drenrii

Declines in the past have been due to wetland Declinul

drainage, shooting, and persecution by fishermen mlatinilor, mpucrii i persecutrii de ctre who believe that the Dalmatian pelican competes pescari, care cred c Pelicanul Dalmaian i with them for food. Fishermen continue to concureaz pentru pete. Pescarii continu s threaten this bird only in a few areas, as does amenine aceast pasre numai n cteva zone, ca disturbance from tourists. Currently, habitat i pollution are serious threats, which deranjarea de ctre turiti. De curnd, degradation from wetland alteration and water degradarea habitatului prin alterarea mlatinilor i are poluarea apei sunt ameninri serioase, care se compounded by over-exploitation of fish stocks compun cu exploatarea n exces a stocurilor de by the fishing industry and hunting by Mongolian pete prin industria pescuitului i vntorii de livestock herders. The bill of the pelican is ctre pstorii mongoli. Gua pelicanului este traditionally used by the Mongolian nomads as a utilizat n mod tradiional de nomazii mongoli ca pouch. traist. Conservare

Conservation
controlling some of the more important threats in

Conservation efforts have been successful in Eforturile de conservare au avut succes n controlarea ctorva dintre cele mai importante Europe. Actions include marking and removing ameninri din Europa. Aciunile includ marcarea i power lines, providing breeding platforms in mutarea liniilor de nalt tensiune, avnd n vedere Turkey and Bulgaria and rafts in Greece, as well platformele de cretere din Turcia i Bulgaria i as guarding key sites. A European action plan was plutele din Grecia, ca i locurile cheie de paz. Un produced in 1996. Continued action is necessary, plan european de aciune s-a realizat n 1996. including the sustainable management of wetlands, Aciuni continue sunt necesare, incluznd o

complete legal protection of Dalmatian pelicans administrare susinut a mlatinilor, protecie and a halt to the traditional Mongolian use for the legal complet a Pelicanilor Dalmaieni i oprirea pelican bill. tradiiei mongoleze de folosire a guei de pelican.

Scientific name Kingdom Phytum Class Order Family Genus Status IUCN Size

Parnassius apollo Animalia Arthropoda Insecta Lepidoptera Papilionidae Parnassius Vulnerable Wingspan: 7 - 8.4 cm

Description

Descriere

The Apollo is a beautiful white butterfly, with Apollo este un fluture alb, frumos, cu semne de highly variable markings. In general, the wings are mare varietate. n general, aripile sunt shiny, with slightly transparent edges; there are a strlucitoare, cu marginile uor transparente; number of large black spots on the forewings and exist un numr de pete mari, negre n partea din large red to orange spots on the hind wings. The fa a aripilor i pete mari roii portocalii pe caterpillars are velvety black with orange-red spatele lor. Larvele sunt negru catifelat cu pete spots along the sides. These butterflies are rou portocaliu pe margini. Aceti fluturi mountain-dwellers and it is thought that the locuiesc la munte i se tie c aceast specie a species became widespread during glaciations devenit larg-rspndit n perioadele glaciare. periods. Following the ice age, as temperatures Dup era glaciar, cnd temperatura a crescut, increased, populations became isolated in populaiile s-au izolat n zonele montane; ulterior mountainous areas; they subsequently evolved into au evoluat n rase i subspecii diferite care distinct races and subspecies that vary greatly in variaz mult n numrul i intensitatea semnelor

the number and intensity of their markings.

distinctive.

Range Found throughout Europe and into central Asia. Habitat

Rspndire Se gsete peste tot n Europa i n Asia central. Habitat

Inhabits mountain meadows and pastures, up to Se gsete n poienile i pajitile muntoase, pn la 2,000 meters above sea level. 2000 de metri deasupra nivelului mrii.

Biology Adults are seen on the wing in mid-summer, caterpillars develop from the eggs that females lay and they feed on stonecrop (Sedum spp.) and (Sempervivum spp.). When the caterpillar is fully-grown it will pupate on the ground, forming a loose cocoon from which the adult butterfly emerges following metamorphosis.

Biologie Adulii sunt recunoscui dup aripi n mijlocul verii, larvele se dezvolt din ou pe care femelele le depun i se hrnesc cu plante de stnc (Sedum spp.) i urechelnie (Sempervivum spp.). Cnd larva este devine dezvoltat pup pe complet pmnt,

pierzndu-i coconul din care fluturele adult iese la iveal urmnd metamorfozele.

Threats

Ameninri

The population of the Apollo butterfly has been Populaia de fluture Apollo a avut declin n zonele

declining

throughout of over

its

range such air

due as

to

a de rspndire datorit unei combinaii de factori

combination destruction,

factors

habitat cum ar fi distrugerea habitatului, colectarea pollution, excesiv, poluarea aerului, parazitarea i prdarea

collection,

caterpillar parasites, predation and competition larvelor i competiia cu alte specii care se with other species that feed on the caterpillar hrnesc cu aceleai plante ca i larvele. food plants. Conservation Conservare

The subspecies of the Apollo butterfly found in Subspecii de fluture Apollo gsite n Parcul the Pieniny National Park in Poland declined to just 20 individuals in Naional Pieniny din Polonia au suferit declin pn the early 1990s. A la 20 de indivizi, la nceputul anului 1990. Un

conservation programme has sprung up in an program de conservare a aprut n eforturile de a effort to save this race of Apollo butterflies salva aceast specie de fluture Apollo prin through captive breeding programme and the programe protection of remaining habitat. de cretere n captivitate i de Apollo protecie a habitatelor rmase. Fluturii Apollo se

butterflies are listed on Appendix II on the gsesc pe lista Anexei II a Conveniei Comerului Convention on International Trade in Endangered Internaional cu Specii n Pericol (CITES), care a Species (CITES), which restricts trade in this restricionat vulnerable species. vulnerabil. comerul cu aceast specie

Scientific name Kingdom Phytum Class Order Family Genus Status IUCN

Aythya nyroca Animalia Chordata Aves Anseriformes Anatidae Aythya Near Threatened

Description Males of this diving duck species are a deep the tail and a white belly. The edges of the wings

Descriere Masculii acestei specii de ra scufundtoare sunt coad i pntecul alb. Marginile aripilor sunt albe

russet brown with a white triangular patch under maro-roiatic nchis cu pete triunghiulare albe sub are white, with this coloring visible only in flight. cu acest colorit vizibil numai n zbor. Femelele i Females and juveniles are similarly patterned, but juvenilii sunt asemntori la nfiare, dar tind s tend to be a duller brown, with no hint of red. The fie de un maro mai mat, fr tente de rou. Ciocul beak is short, giving the peaked head a este scurt, dnd capului scurt o form aparent ntunecate ale capului. particularly triangular appearance. The white eyes triunghiular. Ochii albi ies n relief dintre penele stand out from the dark feathers on the head.

Range

Rspndire

Four main populations of the ferruginous duck are Sunt recunoscute patru populaii principale de recognized, which breed in southwestern Asia, ra feruginoas, care triesc n sud vestul Asiei, central Europe, eastern Europe, and north Africa. centrul Europei i nordul Africii. The wintering range overlaps with the breeding and west Africa and Southeast Asia. inuturile n care migreaz iarna se suprapun cu cele n care Mijlociu, nord-estul i vestul Africii i sud-estul Asiei. Habitat This species both breeds and winters on shallow lakes, marshes and pools with ample vegetation. Habitat Aceast specie triete ct i ierneaz n lacuri puin adnci, mlatini i lacuri de acumulare cu mult vegetaie.

range, extending into the Middle East, north-east este rspndit, extinzndu-se doar n Orientul

Biology

Biologie

The ferruginous duck breeds during April and May. The female builds a nest from reeds, grass and leaves and lines it with down from her breast. Well concealed in thick vegetation, she lays between 8 and 10 eggs which she incubates for 25 27 days. Ferruginous ducks share a seasonal pair bond, but the male habitually deserts the female during incubation. The chicks are tended by the female alone until they fledge at 50 to 60 days. They reach sexual maturity at one year.
Ferruginous ducks are found singly or in small groups. They are active at night, foraging for seeds, aquatic plants, aquatic invertebrates, small fish, and amphibians. They feed by diving, dipping the head under water, up-ending, and dabbling.

Raa feruginoas se reproduce n aprilie i mai. cuiburi Femela din construiete

trestie, iarb i frunze i le aranjeaz cu pieptul.

Bine ascunse n strat subire de vegetaie, ea scoate ntre 8 i 10 ou pe care le clocete timp de 25 27 zile. Raele feruginoase realizeaz un cuplu sezonier, dar masculul rspltete femela n timpul incubaiei. Puii sunt pzii de femela singur pn zboar, la 50 60 de zile. Ating maturitatea sexual la un an. Raele feruginoase se gsesc singuratice sau n grupuri mici. Sunt active noaptea, Se cutnd semine, plante capul acvatice, sub ap, nevertebrate acvatice, peti mici i nevertebrate. hrnesc scufundndu-i ridicndu-se i scufundndu-se iar.

Threats

Ameninri

Although protected by law, the ferruginous duck Dei protejat de lege, raa feruginoas este nc is still excessively hunted due to misidentification vnat excesiv datorit necunoaterii sau ignorrii or ignorance of the law. It is also at risk from agriculture. Conservation legii. Este de asemenea n situaie de risc datorit drenate pentru agricultur. Conservare habitat loss as wetland habitats are drained for pierderii habitatului deoarece mlatinile au fost

A European Action Plan was published in 2000 and Un Plan European de Aciune a fost fcut public n an International Single Species Action Plan is 2000 i un Plan Internaional de Aciune pentru o being developed under the African-Eurasian singur specie a fost dezvoltat prin Acordul Africano Euroasiatic pentru Psrile de Ap Migratory Waterbird Agreement. Bulgaria plans

to restore the habitat of two key breeding sites Migratoare. Bulgaria plnuiete s restabileasc

on the Danube, and has received funding for this dou locuri cheie de cretere pe Dunre i a primit purpose. fonduri pentru acest scop.

Scientific name Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Status IUCN Size Weight

Capreolus capreolus Animalia Chordata Mammalia Artiodactyla Cervidae Capreolus Least Concern Shoulder height: 60 to 75 cm 10 to 25 kg

Description

Descriere elegant cprioar este maro

This small, elegant deer is reddish brown in Aceast mic i

color during summer but becomes grey, pale roiatic vara dar devine gri, maro deschis sau chiar brown or even black in winter. The tail is very neagr iarna. Coada este foarte mic i are o pat small and there is a large white rump patch, mare alb care devine mai puin vizibil sau chiar which becomes less obvious or even absent absent n timpul iernii. Masculii sunt mai mari dect during winter. Males are larger than females femelele i au coarne scurte, de obicei cu trei and have short antlers, usually with three ramificaii. Coarnele cad din octombrie pn n points. The antlers are shed from October to ianuarie i perechea nou ncepe s creasc imediat cu January, and the new pair, which begins to un puf rou catifelat, care furnizeaz snge coarnelor grow immediately, is covered in 'velvet', n cretere. Tnar cprioar (numit pui) are blana furred skin that supplies blood to the growing cu picele primele ase sptmni de via. antlers. Young roe deer (called 'kids') have spotted coats for the first 6 weeks of life.

Habitat

Habitat

Typically occur in open, deciduous, mixed or Se ntlnesc n pduri deschise de foioase, mixte coniferous woodlands. They also inhabit moorland, sau de conifere. De asemenea triesc pe terenuri and suburbs with large gardens. mltinoase i suburbii cu grdini mari.

Biology

Biologie

Roe deer can be active throughout the 24-hour Cprioara poate fi activ pe durata ntregii zile period, but the main peaks of activity occur at dar cele mai multe activiti le face n zorii zilei i dawn and dusk. They are either solitary or occur la lsarea serii. Triesc att solitar ct i n in small mixed groups, and in winter large groups grupuri mici mixte iar iarna pot forma grupuri mari may form to feed together. They have a broad care se hrnesc mpreun. Au o diet bogat, care diet, which varies depending on the time of year, variaz n funcie de perioada anului, i include and includes the leaves of deciduous shrubs and frunze de tufe de foioase sau de copaci, cereale, trees, cereals, weeds, acorns, fungi, conifers and buruieni, ghinde, ciuperci, conifere i ferigi. ferns.

The breeding season or 'rut' occurs from mid- Sezonul de mperechere are loc din mijlocul lui July to mid-August. During this time, males iulie pn la mijlocul lui august. n acest timp,

(bucks) become highly aggressive and defend masculii (cpriorii) devin foarte agresivi i i their territories vigorously. Fights between males apr teritoriul energic. Btile ntre masculi sunt often ensue, two males lock antlers and push and frecvente, doi masculi i blocheaz coarnele, se twist; these fights can cause serious injuries and mping i se rsucesc; aceste lupte pot cauza even death. The winning buck may then mate with serioase vtmri i chiar moartea. Masculul a female; courtship involves the buck chasing the ctigtor se mperecheaz cu o femel; curtatul female (doe) for some time until she is ready to nseamn ca masculul s alerge femela (cprioara) mate. Although mating occurs in August, the pentru ctva timp nainte de a fi gata s se fertilized egg does not start to develop until the mperecheze. mperecherea are loc n august, oul end of December or early January; the roe deer fertilizat nu se dezvolt pn la sfritul lui is the only hoofed animal to have this 'delayed decembrie sau nceputul lui ianuarie; cprioara implantation', which is thought to be an este singurul animal cu copite care are aceast adaptation to prevent births occurring during the implantare amnat, care este gndit a fi o harsh winter. Between 1 and 3 kids are produced adaptare care s previn naterile n timpul asprei in May and June, but twins are very common. The ierni. n mai i iunie se nasc ntre 1 i 3 pui, dar young are left alone during the day for the first 6 gemenii sunt cel mai des ntlnii. Tinerii sunt weeks of life; their spotted coats help to lsai singuri n timpul zilei de la nceputul a ase camouflage them, although mortality from sptmni de via; blana lor cu picele i ajut s nc este mare. Dup aceast perioad, ei stau predation can still be high. After this time they se camufleze, dar totui mortalitatea prin prdare stay by their mother's side. Both sexes disperse, but females tend to stay closer to their mother's dup mama lor. Ambele sexe se mprtie dar range than males. Sexual maturity is typically femele tind s stea mai aproape de mamele lor reached at around 14 months of age. dect masculii. Maturitatea sexual este atins n mod obinuit n jurul vrstei de 14 luni.

Threats As roe deer cause damage to

Ameninri forestry, Cum cprioara cauzeaz daune pdurii,

horticulture and agriculture, they are managed as horticulturii i agriculturii, sunt percepute ca a pest. They are also exploited as a game species, duntoare. Ele sunt de asemenea exploatate ca o and for meat; they are responsible for the specie greatest income for venison in Furthermore, road deaths are common. Europa. de joac n plus, i pentru carne; accidentele ele sunt sunt Europe. responsabile pentru cea mai scump carne din rutiere frecvente. Conservation Conservare

There is no conservation action targeted at Nu exist aciuni de conservare a acestei specii this widespread and common species. larg rspndite i comune.

Scientific name Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Status IUCN Size Weight

Testudo Hermanni Animalia Chordata Sauropsida Testudines Testudinidae Testudo Endangered Length: 28 cm 3 4 kg

Description Reptiles are part of those species with external skeleton and cold blood and include present crocodiles, alligators, gavials, lizards, snakes, tortoise, together with other extinct groups like dinosaurs. Range

Descriere Reptilele sunt partea acelor specii care au carapace i snge rece i includ n prezent crocodili, aligatori, gaviali, oprle, erpi, estoase alturi de alte specii extincte ca dinozaurii.

Rspndire There are 2 species of ground tortoise Exist dou specii de estoase de uscat care

living in Romania: the tortoise from Banat and the triesc n Romnia: estoasa din Banat i estoasa one from Dobrogea. Besides these ground din Dobrogea. Pe lng estoasele de uscat se tortoises we also find water tortoise. 2 sub- gsesc i estoasele de ap. Dou subspecii de species of Hermanns tortoise live in Europe: the estoase Hermann triesc n Europa: una n vest i west and the east ones. They can be hardly cealalt n est. Ele pot fi cu greu recunoscute prin recognized by some imperceptible details. cteva detalii imperceptibile. estoasele Hermann Hermanns tortoise also lives in France, Spain, triesc de asemenea n Frana, Spania, Italia, Italy, Slovenia, Greece, Albania, Bulgaria, Turkey, Slovenia, Grecia, Albania, Bulgaria, Turcia, Croaia, Croatia, Serbian, Montenegro and Romania. Habitat Serbia, Muntenegru i Romnia. Habitat

Tortoise

breeds

on

complex

estoasele cresc pe puni complexe nconjurate sau fnee, de pe suprafee mici, cu plante mari pduri. Tufiurile de pducel, frasinii i liliacul sunt o necesitate pentru c asigur plantele necesare pentru a construi cuibul, ofer umbr n zilele clduroase i ascunztori mpotriva potenialilor inamici.

grasslands or hay fields, of small surface, with big plants surrounded by forests. Hawthorn bushes, ash trees and lilac are a must as they assure the plants needed to build the nest, get shade in hot days and hide from potential enemies.

Biology It is estimated that tortoises live more than 60 years, but few of them get to this age in kind. Till the age of 20, on the plates that form the shell, we can easily notice rings which indicate the approximate age of the tortoise. Naturally, a ring corresponds to one year of life.

Biologie Se estimeaz c estoasele triesc mai mult de 60 de ani, dar doar cteva dintre ele ajung la aceast vrst. Pn la vrsta de 20 de ani, pe platforma uurin care inele formeaz care indic carapacea se pot observa cu vrsta aproximativ a unei estoase. n mod natural, un inel corespunde unui an de via.

Tortoises bred at home, which do not hibernate, estoasele crescute n cas, care nu hiberneaz, form more rings in a year. The rings become formeaz mai multe inele pe an. Inelele devin unreadable after the age of 20. Even though, ilizibile dup vrsta de 20 de ani. Chiar dac tortoises live in groups, they have a solitary life. estoasele triesc n grupuri, ele au o via solitar. Hermanns tortoise is species which presents a estoasele Hermann sunt o specie care prezint o

sleep-hibernation period from end of October till perioad de hibernare de la sfritul lui octombrie March, while it stays buried in the ground at 15 pn n martie, timp n care stau ngropate n cm or more depth. In March tortoise finish their pmnt, la 15 cm sau mai mult. n martie estoasa hibernation period and begin to mate. Females lay termin September. hibernarea i ncepe mperecherea. eggs in May-June, and the young ones hatch in Femelele depun oule n mai iunie i primul pui iese n septembrie.

Tortoises are species which breed and lay in estoasele sunt o specie care triete i depune special conditions met only in the south west of ou n condiii speciale, ntlnite doar n sud

the Romania. Threats

vestul Romniei. Ameninri

Tortoises are very vulnerable species to diseases, estoasele sunt o specie foarte vulnerabil la boli, especially to those which affect the shell. n special la cele care afecteaz carapacea.

Tortoises become sexual mature when they are at estoasele devin sexual mature cnd au cel puin least 12 years old and only if they have the proper age, their number is extremely small. 12 ani i numai dac au mrimea potrivit. vrst, numrul lor este extrem de mic. size. And because not many tortoises get to this Deoarece nu multe estoase ajung la aceast

Tortoises are animals that can not adjust their estoasele sunt animale care nu-i pot regla temperature. Therefore they can live only at
0

temperatura. Aadar pot tri numai la temperaturi

temperatures over 10 C, where winters are mild, de peste 100C, unde iernile sunt blnde, fr without severe freezing. This condition reduces ngheuri severe. Aceste condiii au redus numrul the number of tortoises that live in Romania. de estoase care triesc n Romnia.

In contrast with man, tortoises do not have a n comparaie cu omul, estoasele nu au o genetic sex determination, and thats given by the determinare genetic a sexului, aceasta fiind dat eggs incubation temperature. Thus, eggs can be de temperatura de incubare a oulelor. Astfel incubated at medium temperature between 260 C oule pot fi incubate la o temperatur medie ntre and 310 C. When the temperature is low, therell 260C i 310C. Cnd temperatura este mai mic, vor be only males and when the temperature is high, fi numai masculi iar cnd temperatura este mai therell be females. Because of temperature mare, vor fi doar femele. Datorit variaiilor de variations between night and day, it is a 1-3 male- temperatur dintre noapte i zi, exist un raport female report in the wildlife. de 1 la 3 ntre masculi i femele, n slbticie.

After laying eggs and blacking out the nest, the Dup depunerea oulelor i camuflarea cuibului, tortoise lives the eggs and then young estoasele prsesc oule i puii sunt aprai mai defenseless. The majority of nests are ravaged puin. Majoritatea cuiburilor sunt devastate de by animals (foxes, hedgehogs, badgers, martens, animale (vulpi, arici, bursuci, jderi, erpi, gaie, snakes, magpies, rats and dogs) and the young are obolani i cini) i tinerii sunt foarte vulnerabili very vulnerable when they get out of their nest. Biocides and fertilizers use atunci cnd i prsesc cuiburile.

(herbicides, Biocidele i folosirea fertilizatorilor (ierbicide,

fungicides, rats poison) have a disastrous effect fungicide, otrava de oareci) au avut un efect on tortoises. A recent study made by Environment dezastruos asupra estoaselor. Un studiu recent Research and Impact Studies Centre found a big ntocmit de Centrul de Cercetri ale Mediului i number of toxic substances in tortoises eggs. Studierea Impactului a descoperit un numr mare Adult tortoises that eat these kinds of de substane toxice n oule de estoase. substances die by poisoning themselves. Roads development and heavy traffic lead to estoasele adulte care mnnc acest tip de substane mor prin otrvire.

tortoises mortality growth. Slow animals like Dezvoltarea oselelor i intensificarea traficului

tortoises are caught on roads and killed under car fac wheels.

ca

mortalitatea estoaselor

creasc.

Animale lente ca estoasele sunt prinse pe osele i omorte sub roile mainilor.

Conservation In Rmania, according to 462/2001 Law it is forbidden: to catch baby or adult tortoises in wildlife; to collect eggs; to destroy or aggress tortoises; to destroy tortoises nests; to sell or buy tortoises (or eggs)

Conservare n Romnia, n acord cu legea 462/2001, este interzis: capturarea estoaselor din natur; colectarea oulelor; distrugerea i agresarea estoaselor; distrugerea cuiburilor; vinderea sau cumprarea estoaselor (sau oulelor).

Scientific name Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Status IUCN Size Weight

Tetrao urogallus L. Animalia Chordata Aves Galliformes Tetraonidae Tetrao Least Concern Length: 74 100 cm Male: 3.5 5 kg Female: 1.8 2.5 kg

Description

Descriere

The grouse often has a dark plumage, and Cocoul de munte are culoarea general nchis i it seems black from a distance. Around the eyes pare negru privit de la distan. De jur mprejurul it has a scarlet skin. The beak, which becomes ochilor are pielea de culoare rou aprins. Ciocul stronger with the age, is in the same time, more care devine din ce n ce mai puternic odat cu crooked and similar to plunder birds. The undone vrsta, este, n acelai timp tot mai ncovoiat i tail has a fan shape and it is compound by 16-18 asemntor cu al psrilor de prad. Coada big duplex feathers. The female is rusty colored, brindled with black spots. desfcut are forma de evantai i este compus din 16-18 pene mari, dublate pe dedesubt. Femela

este de culoare ruginie, mpestriat cu pete negre. Range It is a sedentary species, breeding across Rspndire Este o specie sedentar, care crete de-a lungul

northern parts of Europe and western and central prii de nord a Europei i n centru i vestul Asiei, Asia in mature conifer forests with diverse n pdurile btrne de conifere cu o compoziie species composition and a relatively open canopy divers de specii i o structur a canopiei relativ structure. Habitat deschis. Habitat

The grouse prefers the pure resinous Cocoul de munte prefer pdurile de rinoase forests and the bottom edge of alpine gap, but it pure i limita de jos a golului alpin, dar este can be found at the top edge of mixed forests, ntlnit i la limita superioar a pdurilor de allover the mountains. The invertebrate fauna amestec din tot lanul muntos. Fauna nevertebrat from this backwoods, especially in peat areas, din aceste pduri, mai ales n zonele cu turbrii, complete the vegetal food of the grouse, offering completeaz hrana vegetal a cocoului de munte, the full conditions for species life, in the virgin oferind, zones. n zonele neumblate de om, toate condiiile de existen necesare speciei.

Biology

Biologie

The emissive sounds of the grouse can be heard in Sunetele emise de cocoul de munte pot fi auzite pairing season. The song is structured in 3 n perioada mperecherii. Cntecul este structurat staves: hashed, grinded and chirping. The most pe 3 "strofe": tocat, tocilat i ciripit. Simurile advanced senses are sight and hearing. The age cele mai dezvoltate sunt vzul i auzul. Categoria category of the grouse is estimated only by the de vrst a cocoului de munte viu se apreciaz tails fan disjunction, by the tails length doar dup modul de deschidere a evantaiului cozii, dup lungimea cozii proporional cu corpul i dup modul n care "cnt". Threats Ameninri numeroi dumani naturali, din rndul proportional with the body and by the singing.

The grouse has numerous natural enemies, Are

among the mammals and plunder birds, from mamiferelor i al psrilor rpitoare, de la jder marten to wolf, and from small eagle to rocks pn la rs i lup, iar de la acvilele mici pn la cele eagle. Neither the owl is inoffensive for chickens. de stnc. Nici buha nu este inofensiv pentru pui. But it is most affected by the human presence Cel mai mult ns este afectat de prezena omului (land clearing, grazing etc.). (defriri, punat, etc).

The grouse trophies are highly valuable, Trofeele de coco de munte sunt deosebit de being the whole naturalized bird, the bust, or the valoroase - i se compun fie din pasrea ntreag

painters feather.

naturalizat, sau bustul acesteia, fie din "pana pictorului".

Conservation

Conservare

The hunt must be done with high prudence, Vntoarea trebuie fcut cu mare pruden, because the grouse effectives seem to be in light deoarece efectivele de cocoi de munte par s fi regress in near past, and this is especially intrat n uor regres, n ultima perioad de timp, i because of the high value of the trophies, a fact asta n mod special datorit valorii ridicate (n that generated a iniquitously exploitation of the bani) a trofeelor, fapt ce a generat o exploatare species, especially within Romsilva forest funds. nejudicioas a speciei, mai ales pe fondurile Romsilva.

Scientific name Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Status IUCN Size Weight

Rupicapra rupicapra Animalia Chordata Mammalia Artyodactilia Bovidae Caprinae Least Concern Height : 76 cm Male: 30 50 kg Female: 25 40 kg

Description

Descriere

The black goat is an herbivorous mammal that Capra neagr este un mamifer ierbivor care n ciuda even is named black, which induce the idea of denumirii de neagr, care induce ideea acestei culori, this color, is grey yellow in color during n timpul verii are culoarea glbuie cenuie, iar n summer but becomes dark brown in winter, timpul iernii, brun - nchis, mai apropiat de negru nearly black only for male goat. Body, dewlap doar la api. Parial corpul, brbia i interiorul and ears inner are white, and the median line urechilor sunt albe, iar linia median a spatelui, of the back, the legs and a band that starts picioarele i o band care pornete de la urechi, peste from the ears, over the eyes, until the nose ochi, pn la nas, sunt mai nchise la culoare, n are dark in color, comparative with the general comparaie cu fondul general.

background. Typical of black goat is its mane with long dark hair which grows from the nape and continues to the backbone down to the tail. Both sexes have tenacious horns, different from each other when taking an attentive look in thickness and in the angle made by the top of the horns and the sheath body. Caracteristic este coama cu pr mai lung i nchis care pleac de la ceaf i se continu pe ira spinrii, pn la coad. Ambele sexe prezint coarne persistente, care se deosebesc ntre ele, la o privire mai atent, dup grosime i unghiul care l face vrful fa de corpul tecii. Range Rspndire

Being spread on islands, on the highest peaks of Rspndit insular, pe culmile cele mai nalte ale the Alpine Carpathian Caucasian mountain lanului Alpino Carpato Caucazian, triete n ranges, the black goat lives in groups of 6 to 30 cete de 6 30 capete, pe vrfurile cele mai nalte samples, on the highest and most dangerous peaks i prpstioase ale Carpailor Meridionali, ntre of the Meridional Carpathians between 1500 and 1500 i 2000 m (Retezat, Parng, Fgra, 2000m (Retezat, Parng, Fgra, Bucegi). Habitat The black goat the leave in Bucegi). Habitat Capra neagr triete n stncriile omului limitei pdurilor. Biology Biologie situate inaccesibile deasupra a superioare

inaccessible for human rocky, situated above superior limit of forest.

The longevity is estimated at 18-23 years, Longevitatea se apreciaz la 18-23 ani, dei n even if after investigating the shot samples there urma cercetrilor pe exemplarele mpucate nu swerent found black goats older than 14-15 years. au stabilit vrste mai mari de 14-15 ani.

The most frequent sound uttered by black goats Cel mai frecvent sunet scos de caprele negre este is a strident whistling for the preventing the un "uierat" relativ strident, de alarmare a neighbours. Both, the he-goat and the old goat, semenilor. Att apul ct i capra btrn, n utter distinct sounds when running whose tonality timpul alergatului, scot sunete inconfundabile, a can be situated between snoring and snarling. The Black Goat has a developed smell and a good cror tonalitate poate fi plasat ntre sforit i mrit.

hearing. The black goat sees very well at long Capra neagr are un miros foarte dezvoltat i un

distances, especially the moving objects but it auz foarte bun. Capra neagr vede foarte bine la cant perceive a well camouflaged hunter at a distan foarte mare, mai ales obiectele n small distance. Hunters, beginners in their job, micare, dar nu sesizeaz la distan mic, usually pay attention to the eyesight but they vntorul bine camuflat. De obicei vntorii neglect they fact that on a favorable wind, the nceptori acord mare importan vzului, dar black goat feels humans by their smell at a longer neglijeaz faptul c pe vnt favorabil, capra distance than the one suitable for hunters to neagr simte omul dup miros de la distane mai shoot with a gun (300-400 meters). It is considered an attached animal of the mari dect poate trage acesta cu arma (300 - 400 metri).

breeding sites and extremely little pretentious at Este considerat un animal ataat fa de locul de food. Eats dry herbaceous, stems, leaf-bearing trai i extrem de puin pretenios la hran. buds, and even branches of a fir tree. For this Consum erbacee uscate, lujeri, muguri de foioase, reason it is unnecessary complementary food for licheni i chiar ramuri de cetin. Din acest motiv black goat even this easily accept human nu este necesar hrnirea complementar a caprei dei aceasta accept uor hrana administrated food. The salt is seeking. The black negre,

goat leaves in groups of 3 - 20 individuals or even administrat de om. Sarea n schimb este deosebit more. Only little before to give birth, the goat de cutat. Capra neagr triete n ciopoare de become isolated, as than to return after 2 3-20 indivizi i chiar mai muli. Numai cu puin months, at the group. The goat group leading is naintea ftrii caprele se izoleaz, ca apoi s assured by a goat with kid, old and with much revin, dup maxim 2 luni, la ciopor. experience. The goats foal usually 1 kid, rarely two. The sexual maturity is reached after two years of life. Conducerea cioporului de capre este ntotdeauna asigurat de ctre o capr cu ied, btrn i cu mult experien. Caprele fat de regul 1 ied, mai rar doi. Maturitatea sexual se atinge n al doilea an de via. Threats Ameninri

The poachers, the shepherds dogs, the lynx, the Braconierii, cinii ciobneti, rsul, lupul n zonele wolf in the lowest areas and the mountain eagle mai joase, acvila de stnc sunt principalii dumani are the main enemies that can affect numbers of care pot afecta efectivele de capr neagr. black goats. The epizooties transmitted by pets Epizootiile transmise de animalele domestice that climb to graze, prove to be very grave urcate la punat se dovedesc a fi uneori foarte sometimes. Conservation Hunting the Black Goat is forbidden by law. grave. Conservare Vntoarea caprei negre este interzis prin lege.

Scientific name Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Status IUCN Size

Aquila adalberti Animalia Chordata Aves Falconiformes Accipitridae Aquila Vulnerable Length: 75 84 cm Descriere

Description

This large eagle has a pale cream head and neck, Acest mare vultur are capul i gtul crem deschis but dark brown feathers elsewhere. There is a iar n rest pene de culoare maro nchis. Exist o distinctive white area on the shoulders and a pale zon distinct alb pe umeri i o alta gri deschis n grey area on the upper tail, and the species can be partea de sus a cozii, iar aceast specie poate fi recognized by its particularly flat gliding flight. It recunoscut dup zborul particular uor planat. gives a repeated barking owk' when calling. Cnd scoate sunete, repet hmitul uc. Juvenilii Juveniles are red-brown fading to pale brown with sunt maro rocat suprapus peste maro deschis cu dark flight feathers and white fringes. pene nchise i margini albe.

Range

Rspndire

The Spanish imperial eagle breeds in central and Vulturul Imperial spaniol triete n partea southwest Spain, with populations found in the central i sud-vestic a Spaniei, avnd populaii n Sierras of Guadarrama and Gredos, the plains of Sierras de Guadarrama i Gredos, n cmpia Tajo i the Tajo and Titar rivers, Monters de Toledo, the rul Tietar, dealurile centrale Extremadura, valea

central hills of Extremadura, the Alcudia valley, Alcudia, mlatinile Sorena, Morena i Guadalquivir.

Sorena Morena and the Guadalquivir marshes. It nainte tria n Portugalia, Algeria i Maroc dar previously bred in Portugal, Algeria and Morocco, acum acolo se gsete ca hoinar. De asemenea se but is now only found there as a vagrant. It is also gsete ca hoinar n Frana i Gibraltar. found in France and Gibraltar as a vagrant.

Habitat
Inhabits cork oak forests, plains and hills in

Habitat Locuiete n pdurile de stejar, cmpiile i dealurile

central Spain, flood plains and dunes in the din centrul Spaniei, n cmpiile i dunele inundate Guadalquivir marshes and on high mountain slopes din mlatinile Guadalquivir i pe pantele munilor in the Sistema Central, where irrigated farmland is nali din Sistemul Central, unde fermele irigate absent. sunt absente.

Biology

Biologie

Adult Spanish imperial eagles occupy territories in Adultul de vultur imperial spaniol ocup teritorii n pairs all year-round. They defend these territories perechi tot anul. Ei i apr teritoriile de from intrusion by other raptors, allowing only intruziunea altor rpitori, permind doar immature members of their own species to enter. membrilor imaturi ai speciei lor s intre. Cuiburile Nests are built in tall oak trees, in small stands of sunt construite n copaci nali de stejar, pe trees far from human disturbance. During the suporturi mici din copaci, departe de tulburrile breeding season, both the male and female of the umane. n timpul sezonului de mperechere, att monogamous pair will participate in the incubation femela ct i masculul din perechea monogam vor of the eggs and the care of the chicks. Prey is torn participa la incubarea oulelor i la ngrijirea puilor. into manageable pieces for the chicks until they Prada este mprit n bucele pentru pui pn are ready to hunt for themselves. Parent eagles cnd ei sunt capabili s-i vneze singuri. Vulturii will even shelter the chicks from heavy rain. prini i vor adposti puii de ploaia puternic.

Feeding almost exclusively on rabbits, the Spanish Hrnindu-se aproape exclusiv cu iepuri, densitatea imperial eagle's population density, range and populaiei de vultur imperial spaniol, rspndirea i reproductive performance are influenced by the performanele reproductive sunt influenate de abundance and distribution of prey in the area. abundena i distribuia przii din zona n care This eagle species is also known to eat graylag triete. geese in southern Spain in the winter. Aceast specie de vultur este de asemenea cunoscut c mnnc Spaniei iarna. gte n sudul

Threats

Ameninri

In the 1960s, with just 30 pairs remaining, n 1960, cu doar 30 de perechi r mase, eforturile conservation efforts succeeded in increasing the de conservare au constat n creterea populaiei de

population of the Spanish imperial eagle by a vultur

imperial

spaniol

ntr-o

cantitate

considerable amount. However, since 1994, the considerabil. Totui, n 1994, populaia a avut un population has been allowed to decline again to just nou declin la doar 160 de perechi. Sunt cteva 160 pairs. There are several causes of this decline: cauze ale acestui declin: fragmentarea habitatului habitat fragmentation due to deforestation for datorit defririi pentru crearea de pmnt agricultural land and timber has disturbed pentru agricultur i pentru material lemnos care distrus locurile prin de cretere, pentru otrvirea a reduce vntoare breeding grounds, intentional poisoning on hunting au

reserves to reduce natural predators of game intenionat

species, lead shot poisoning as a result of ingestion prdtorii naturali ai speciilor de divertisment, of game killed with bullets, and electrocution on otrvirea ca rezultat al ingerrii de gloane, power cables. Approximately 80% of eagles killed electrocutarea la cablurile de nalt tensiune. on power lines are female, causing a greater impact Aproximativ 80% din vulturii ucii pe liniile de on this monogamous species than if equal numbers nalt tensiune sunt femele, cauznd un impact mai of males and females were killed. The Spanish imperial eagle relies mainly on rabbits mare asupra acestei specii monogame apoi, dac un numr egal de femele i masculi au fost ucii.

as prey, and following drops in rabbit abundance Vulturul imperial spaniol se bazeaz n principal pe due to shooting and disease, food supplies have iepuri ca prad, i urmnd o scdere a abundenei been limited causing reduced breeding success. iepurilor datorit vnrii i bolilor, rezervele de hran au devenit limitate cauznd reducerea succesului creterii.

Conservation

Conservare

The Spanish imperial eagle is legally protected in Vulturul imperial spaniol este protejat prin lege n Spain, and 62% of the breeding population occurs Spania i 62% din populaie se gsete n 20 de arii in 20 protected areas. A European action plan was protejate. Un Plan European de Aciune a fost published in 1996, and national and regional publicat n 1996 i guverne naionale i regionale au governments have worked to implement a lucrat pentru a implementa un plan coordonat de coordinated conservation plan. A reintroduction conservare. Un plan de reintroducere a pus n plan has seen 13 young released successfully. The libertate cu succes 13 vulturi tineri. Planul de action the plan proposes the discouragement protection of Aciune i propune mpiedicarea otrvirilor intentional poisoning, as well as annual surveying of intenionate, ca i un plan de supravieuire anual a breeding population, and populaiilor rezultate din mperechere, protejarea management of all breeding sites, increasing the i administrarea tuturor locurilor de mperechere, rabbit population and modifying dangerous power creterea populaiei de iepuri i modificarea liniilor lines. The modification of just 19% of power poles de nalt tensiune periculoase. Modificarea a numai in the range of the eagle could reduce total 19% din linii din zona de rspndire a vulturilor ar mortality by 52%. putea reduce mortalitatea total la 52%.

Scientific name Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Status IUCN Size

Otis tarda Animalia Chordata Aves Gruiformes Otididos Otis Vulnerable Length: 75 105 cm

Description

Descriere

A tall bird, the great bustard has a grey head and O pasre nalt, marea dropie are capul i gtul gri, neck, and a brown back barred with black. The spatele maro barat cu negru. Dedesubt este alb cu under parts are white with a reddish-brown breast o band pe piept maro roiatic care se nroete band that gets redder with age in males. The great odat cu vrsta la masculi. Marea dropie are o bustard has an upright stance when walking, and poziie vertical a corpului cnd merge i zboar cu flies with regular and powerful wing beats. bti regulate i puternice a aripilor.

Great Bustard Male

Female Great Bustard

Range

Rspndire

Found scattered across Europe and Asia, the great Gsit mprtiat de-a lungul Europei i Asiei marea bustard breeds in Morocco, Portugal, Spain, dropie triete n Maroc, Portugalia, Spania, Austria, Germany, Slovakia, Hungary, Bulgaria, Germania, Slovacia, Ungaria, Bulgaria, Romnia, Romania, Moldova, Turkey, Iran, Russia, Ukraine, Moldova, Turcia, Iran, Rusia, Ucraina, Kazakhtan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgystan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Mongolia i

Mongolia and China.

China.

Habitat Inhabits steppe, grassland and open, non-intensive agricultural land. Areas with little or no human disturbance are required for breeding.

Habitat Locuiete n stepe, puni i terenuri deschise, fr agricultur intensiv. Ariile puin populate cu oameni sau deloc sunt solicitate pentru cretere.

Biology

Biologie

Male great bustards become sexually mature at Masculul marii dropii devine matur sexual la cinci five to six years of age, and females at three to sau ase ani i femelele la trei sau patru ani. four years of age. Males compete in what is known Masculii rivalizeaz n ceea ce este cunoscut ca as a lekking system, gathering together as small sistem lekking, strngnd mpreun orict de mici display grounds (known as a 'lek') from where they buci de pmnt (cunoscute ca lek) de unde ei attempt to impress passing females. The leks are ateapt s impresioneze femelele n treact. located near the nests of the females, which are Leksurile sunt localizate lng cuiburile femelelor, shallow pits on dry, soft slopes. After the female care sunt n gropi puin adnci pe uscat, pe pante has chosen a male and mated with him, she lays two line. Dup ce femela a ales un mascul i s-a to four eggs and incubates them for 21 28 days. mperecheat cu el, ea face dou pn la patru ou The male does not contribute to caring for the pe care le incubeaz 21 28 de zile. Masculii nu chicks. The hatchlings can stand after two days contribuie la ngrijirea puilor. Puii pot sta dup and will forage alone after 10 days. After 30 35 dou zile i pot umbla singuri dup 10 zile. Dup 30 days, the fledglings will be able to fly. The great 35 de zile vor fi capabili s zboare. Marea dropie bustard is a migratory bird, and gathers in large este o pasre migratoare i se strng n numr numbers at a pre-migratory site in order to move mare ntr-un loc de pre-migrare n scopul de a se collectively to winter grounds. Both winter and muta cu toii n locurile pentru iarn. Locurile unde summer grounds differ between populations. i petrec vara i iarna difer ntre populaii.

Female great bustards in alfalfa

Great bustard eggss in nest

Great bustard chick

Threats
Increasing human disturbance and

Ameninri land Creterea tulbur rilor provocate de oameni i

privatization is expected to lead to habitat loss privatizarea pmntului se ateapt s conduc la caused by the ploughing of grasslands, intensive pierderea habitatului cauzat de aratul punilor, grazing, deforestation, increased development of punatul intensiv, defriarea pdurilor, creterea irrigation schemes, and the construction of roads, dezvoltrii sistemelor de irigare, construcia de power lines, fencing and ditches. Mechanization, osele, chemical fertilizers and pesticides, linii de focul nalt i tensiune, prdarea gardurile sunt i fire and anurile. Mecanizarea, fertilizatorii chimici i serioase

predation are serious threats for chicks and pesticidele, mortality in Ukraine and China.

juveniles, and hunting of adults contributes to high ameninri pentru pui i juvenili, iar vntoarea adulilor contribuie la mortalitatea ridicat n Ucraina i China.

Conservation

Conservare dropie este protejat prin lege n

The great bustard is legally protected in most Marea

countries in its range, and both a European Action majoritatea rilor n care este rspndit i au Plan and an East Asian Action Plan have been fost formulate att un Plan European de Aciune formulated. These propose research into the ct i unul Est Asiatic. Acestea propun cercetri factors causing population decline, protection of ale factorilor care cauzeaz declinul populaiei, current breeding sites and winter grounds, as well protejarea actualelor locuri pentru nmulire i a as improvements to habitat in East Asia. celor pentru petrecerea iernii ca i mbuntirea Introducing low-intensity farming, preventing habitatului n estul Asiei. Introducerea agriculturii vntoarea ilegal i ciocnirea cu liniile de nalt tensiune sunt de asemenea aciuni de nalt prioritate.

steppe fires, illegal hunting and collisions with puin intensive, prevenirea incendiilor din step, power lines are also high priority actions.

Scientific name Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus

Lynx pardinus Animalia Chordata Mammalia Carnivora Felidae Lynx

Status IUCN Size Weight

Critically Endangered Head-body length: 85 - 110 cm Males: 12.9 Females: 9.4 kg kg

Description

Descriere

The Iberian lynx is the world's most threatened Linxul iberic este cea mai ameninat din lume species of cat. specie de pisic. Cu toate c este cea mai mic ca mrime, el se aseamn cu linxul euroasiatic (Lynx lynx), posednd aceeai coad caracteristic, smocuri pe urechi i falc, o blan cu picele, corp musculos i picioare lungi.

Although smaller in size, it resembles the Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx), possessing the same characteristically bobbed tail, tufts on the ears and jaw, a spotted coat, muscular body and long legs.

Range

Rspndire

Historically widespread throughout the Iberian A fost rspndit n istorie n Peninsula Iberic i n peninsular and the south of France. Today, small sudul Franei. Astzi, mici i doar cteva populaii and severely fragmented populations are found fragmentate se gsesc doar n arii diminuate de only in diminishing areas of suitable habitat in habitat corespunztor n pri din centrul i sud central and southwestern parts of Spain, and in vestul Spaniei i n munii Algarve din Portugalia. the Algarve mountains of Portugal.

Habitat

Habitat

Found in Mediterranean woodland and marquis Se gsete n pdurile mediteraneene i n habitat habitat (a scrub like habitat of open forests and marchiz (tufri ca habitat de pduri i crnguri thickets), where there is a mixture of dense scrub deschise), unde este un amestec de tufri i and open pasture. pajite deschis.

Biology

Biologie iberic este o creatur nocturn, cu

Iberian lynx are nocturnal creatures, with peak Linxul

activity occurring at twilight when individuals leave activitate de vrf n amurg sau n zori cnd indivizii shelter in order to forage. Both sexes are solitary prsesc adpostul cu scopul de a se hrni. Ambele and territorial, with male territories overlapping sexe sunt solitare i teritoriale, cu teritoriile those of several females. Females reach sexual masculului cuprinznd mai multe femele. Femelele maturity at 1 year of age but will only breed once ating maturitatea sexual la 1 an dar se vor they are in possession of their own territory. The mperechea doar dac sunt n posesia propriului mating season peaks at the beginning of the year in teritoriu. Sezonul de mperechere este la nceputul January and February and births occur 2 months anului n ianuarie sau februarie i naterea dou later. The female cares for her litter of 1 to 2 luni mai trziu. Femela ngrijete puii care pot fi 1 kittens within a lair that may be located under a sau 2 ntr-o vizuin care poate fi localizat sub un thicket or in a hollow tree. Weaning occurs at tufi sau ntr-un copac gunos. nrcatul se around 8 months but juveniles tend to stay in their produce la 8 luni dar juvenilii tind s stea n natal territory until they are around 20 months teritoriul lor natal pn au n jur de 20 de luni. old. European rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) make Iepurele european (Oryctolagus cuniculus) este up the mainstay of the diet of the Iberian lynx, principala component a dietei linxului iberic, spre unlike the larger Eurasian lynx that feeds mainly deosebire de linxul euroasiatic care se hrnete n on ungulates such as roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) principal cu copitate cum ar fi cprioara (Capreolus and chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra). If rabbit capreolus) i capra neagr (Rupicapra rupicapra). numbers are low however, small deer may be eaten Dac numrul iepurilor este mic, atunci mici on occasion. cprioare pot fi mncate ocazional.

Threats

Ameninri

Numbers of Iberian lynx have been decimated by Numrul de linci iberici a fost decimat de habitat loss; scrublands have been converted to pierderea habitatului; regiunile pduroase au fost agriculture and plantations of pines and eucalypts, convertite agriculturii i plantaii de pini i and human development such as dams, highways and eucalipi, iar dezvoltarea uman ca barajele, violat railways have all encroached on native habitat. autostrzile i cile ferate, toate au

Populations of the lynx's main food source, the habitatul nativ. Populaiile sursei principale de rabbit, suffered a drastic decline after the hran a linxului, iepurele, a suferit un drastic declin introduction of the myxamatosis virus in the dup introducerea virusului myxatosis n 1950. 1950s. This disease is not such a threat today but Aceast boal nu este singura ameninare astzi,

a new disease (known as viral haemorrhagic cnd o nou boal (cunoscut ca pneumonia viral pneumonia) is once again threatening rabbit hemorhagic) este nc o ameninare a numrului de numbers. Despite protection measures and heavy iepuri. n ciuda msurilor de protecie i a fines, illegal hunting continues and the accidental amenzilor mari, vntoarea ilegal continu i killing of lynx in rabbit traps or with poisoned fox uciderea accidental a linxului n capcanele pentru bait is one of the major causes of mortality at iepuri sau cu momeal otrvitoare pentru vulpi sunt present. una dintre cauzele majore ale mortalitii n prezent.

Conservation

Conservare The Iberian lynx is fully protected in both Spain Linxul iberic este complet protejat att n Spania and Portugal and areas of its remaining habitat in ct i n Portugalia i ariile n care mai are habitat Spain are being permanently protected. There are sunt permanent protejate n Spania. Exist de also initiatives in place to increase rabbit numbers asemenea iniiative de a crete numrul iepurilor n in these areas. Tagging programmes and research aceste regiuni. Programe de vrf i cercetri au has increased the knowledge of one of Europe's crescut cunotinele despre unul dintre cei mai top predators and a captive breeding programme is mari prdtori din Europa i un program de being carried out in order to augment wild cretere n captivitate se realizeaz pentru a mri populations. Today however, there are estimated populaia slbatic. Astzi totui au fost estimai a to be fewer than 600 individuals left in the wild, fi mai puin de 600 de indivizi n slbticie i timpul and time may be running out to save the world's poate va permite salvarea uneia dintre cele mai n most endangered felid. pericol de dispariie felin.

Scientific name Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Status IUCN Size Weight

Phoenicopterus minor Animalia Chordata Aves Ciconiiformes Phoenicopteridae Phoenicopterus Near Threatened Average adult male length: 90 cm Average adult female length: 80 cm Male: 1.5 2.2 kg Female: 1.2 2.0 kg Hatchling: 73 98 g

Description

Descriere

Instantly recognizable in flocks of hundreds to Recunoscut instantaneu n stoluri de sute pn la tens of thousands, the lesser flamingo has a long zeci de mii, micul flamingo are un gt lung i neck and long legs, a bent bill and a large body. picioare lungi, un cioc curbat i un corp mare. Mai Shorter and darker pink than the greater flamingo, mic i cu culoarea roz mai nchis dect marele lesser flamingos also differ in the coloration of flamingo, micul flamingo difer de asemenea prin the beak. Lesser flamingos have a deep red bill, coloraia ciocului. Micul flamingo are ciocul rou tipped with black, whereas the bill of greater nchis, mrginit cu negru, n timp ce ciocul marelui flamingos is light pink, tipped with black. The flamingo este roz deschis, mrginit cu negru. Micul lesser flamingo has faint pink feathers with black flamingo are penele primaries and secondaries, and deep crimson legs. roz estompat cu negru primarele i secundarele i picioarele lungi rou

The eyes are yellow to orange and are surrounded aprins. Ochii sunt galbeni pn la portocaliu i sunt by a maroon ring. Males are slightly taller than nconjurate de inele castanii. Masculii sunt uor mai females, and juveniles have brown feathers and a nali dect femelele, iar juvenilii au penele maro i dark grey beak. ciocul gri nchis

nomadic is

bird, found

the

lesser

pasre se

migratoare, gsete pe

micul tot

flamingo Pakistan, Oman

throughout Iran, two

flamingo

Africa, as well as Spain, India, Afghanistan, Over and Yemen.

cuprinsul Africii, dar i n Spania, India, Pakistan, Afganistan, Iran, Oman i Yemen. Peste dou treimi din populaie se gsete n lacurile alcaline din estul Africii.

thirds of the population is found in the alkaline lakes of east Africa. Habitat Habitat

The lesser flamingo breeds in flooded salt pans in Micul flamingo se gsete n depresiunile inundate southern Africa and highly alkaline lakes in eastern cu ap srat din sudul Africii i n lacurile puternic Africa. Breeding sites are extremely limited, with alcaline din estul Africii. Locurile de cretere sunt all individuals residing in eastern Africa breeding extrem de limitate, cu reedina tuturor indivizilor at one site (Lake Natron in Tanzania), and the din estul Africii ntr-un singur loc (lacul Natron din birds of southern Africa breeding at only two sites Tanzania) iar a celor din sudul Africii n doar dou (Sua Pan in Botswana and Etosha Pan in Namibia). locuri (Sua Pan n Botswana i Etasha Pan n Non-breeding birds may also be found on coastal Namibia). Psrile care nu se mperecheaz pot fi

mudflats, salt works and sewage treatment works gsite de asemenea pe limbile de pmnt noroios pe where salinities are high. care marea le acoper n timpul fluxului, canalizri tratate unde salinitatea este mare.

Biology The lesser flamingo feeds in the

Biologie pose Micul flamingo se hrnete ntr-o poziie

characteristic of flamingos, with the long neck caracteristic psrilor flamingo, cu gtul lung bent over and the bill upside down in the water. nclinat deasupra i cu partea de sus a ciocului scufundat n ap. The tongue is pumped in and out to suck in the salty, alkaline water and mud. Filters in the bill catch microscopic algae floating in the water. Perhaps fortunately, of smell. flamingos have a Limba este introdus i scoas

pentru a sorbi din apa srat i alcalin i din noroi. Filtreaz n opritoarele ciocului algele microscopice care plutesc n ap. Probabil din fericire, flamingo are un sim slab al gustului i nu are simul mirosului.

poor sense of taste and no sense

Courtship in this species is visually spectacular, and Peitul la aceast specie este un spectacol vizual, can take place throughout the year, both on and ce poate avea loc tot anul, att n locurile de away from the breeding grounds. Groups of birds, cretere ct i n alte locuri. Grupuri de psri, de numbering from a few to several hundred, gather la cteva la cteva sute, se adun pentru a nainta to march back and forth, all going in the same napoi i nainte, toate n aceeai direcie. Ele stau direction. They stand tall with their necks drepte cu gturile ntinse vertical i dau din aripi stretched upwards and flap their wings out to pentru a scnteia culoarea penelor lor. n timpul flash the colors of their feathers. During the sezonului de mperechere, dup acest spectacol breeding season, following this impressive display, impresionant, flamingo se grupeaz cte doi i flamingos pair up and build a mud nest up to 30 cm construiesc un cuib din nmol la 30 cm nlime high to protect it from flooding and to keep it cool. pentru a-l proteja de inundaie i pentru a-l pstra cald.

A single chalk colored egg is laid and then incubated by both parents in 24 hour shifts for about 28 days.

Face un singur ou de culoarea calcarului care este incubat de ambii prini n schimburi de 24 de ore, timp de 28 de zile.

After hatching, the grey chick eats its own shell Dup ce ies din goace, puii gri mnnc propriile and is then fed a liquid soup by its parents for the coji iar apoi un lichid fcut de prini pentru next few months. Amongst thousands of flamingo urmtoarele cteva luni. Printre miile de perechi de

pairs in the huge nesting colony, each chick must flamingo dintr-o colonie, fiecare pui trebuie s learn to recognize the murr-err, murr-err' call of nvee s recunoasc sunetele murr-err, murr its parents. It is at risk from predation by err scoase de prinii lui. Se af n pericolul de a marabou storks, lappet-faced vultures, white- fi prdat de berzele marabu, vulturii cu faa plat,

headed vultures and Egyptian vultures, but even vulturii cu capul alb i vulturii egipteni, dar chiar i during adulthood, predation by lions, leopards, n timp ce sunt ascuni este posibil s fie prdai cheetahs and jackals is common, which drives the de lei, leoparzi, gheparzi, care sunt atrai de aggregative behavior of this bird. At six days old, comportamentul general al acestei psri. La vrsta the chick will join a crche of thousands of other de ase zile, puiul se va altura altor mii de pui,

chicks, where it will learn to run at one week, grow unde va nva s mearg la o sptmn, i vor feathers at four weeks, and learn to fly at 12 crete penele la patru sptmni i va nva s weeks. Before, during, or after the breeding zboare la 12 sptmni. nainte, n timpul sau dup season the adults undergo a temporary moult and perioada de mperechere, adulii sufer o nprlire

become flightless for around three weeks, but this temporar i zboar mai puin pentru trei will not occur whilst the chicks require food since sptmni, dar asta nu se ntmpl n perioada n adults may fly many kilometers to find food. care puii au nevoie de mncare i adulii trebuie s zboare muli kilometri pentru a o gsi.

Juvenile

lesser

flamingo

Adult and juvenile lesser flamingos

Lesser flamingo flock with pale colored juveniles in the foreground

stretching its wings

Flamingo movements take place mostly at night. Micarea psrii flamingo are loc n special The birds fly in large, V-shaped formations noaptea. Psrile zboar n formaii de forma between water-bodies when food stocks have literei V cnd rezervele de hran sunt epuizate. become depleted. Flocks may also fly between Micarea poate fi de asemenea oprit de zgomotul lakes during the day, even when food is abundant. cascadelor. Ei zboar n jur de 60 de kilometri pe Movement may also be triggered by or i pot cltori pn la 1540 km, dei vor zbura thunderstorms. They fly at around 60 kilometers

per hour, and can travel up to 1540 km, although att de departe pn la urmtorul lac. will normally fly as far as the next lake. Threats Ameninri

This species is highly specialized, making it Aceast specie, prin specializrile pe care le are, particularly vulnerable to threats. Land claim, devine vulnerabil la anumite ameninri. Terenul n water pollution from pesticides and heavy metals, proprietate, poluarea apei cu pesticide i metale and disturbance is thought to have reduced greoaie, tulburarea se consider c reduc numrul. numbers. Conservation Conservare

The lesser flamingo has yet to breed in captivity, Micul flamingo, cu un numr att de mare de but with such high numbers of individuals, the main indivizi, principala preocupare a conservaionitilor concern of conservationists is to conserve its este s conserve habitatul su specific. n prezent, highly specialized habitat. Currently, the three cele trei locuri de cretere din estul i sudul lesser flamingo breeding sites in eastern Africa Africii nu au o protecie specific. Trei locuri and southern Africa have no specific protection. principale de cretere din estul Africii sunt parial The three main feeding sites in east Africa are sau n ntregime coninute n parcuri naionale sau partially or wholly contained within National Parks rezervaii. or reserves.

Scientific name Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Status IUCN Size Weight

Balaenoptera musculus Animalia Chordate Mammalia Cetacea Balaenopteridae Balaenoptera Endangered Length: 24 - 27 m 100 - 120 tonnes

Description

Descriere

The blue whale is the largest animal to have ever Balena albastr este cel mai mare animal care a

lived, almost as big as a Boeing 737, and even trit vreodat, la fel de mare ca un Boeing 737 i larger than the biggest dinosaurs. The skin is chiar mai mare dect cel mai mare dinozaur. Pielea grayish blue in color with a mottled effect visible este albastr gri cu vizibile efecte pestrie n in some lights that can allow individuals to be cteva poziii care fac ca indivizii s poat fi identified. The underside, especially of whales identificai. Dedesubtul, n special la balenele care living in polar waters, often has a yellowish tinge triesc n apele polare, deseori are o nuan glbuie caused by microscopic algae (diatoms), and cauzat de algele microscopice (biatomice) i ntre between 55 and 88 throat grooves run from under 55 i 88 de caneluri pe gt care pornesc de sub the chin to the navel. The blow (or spout) of this brbie pn la buric. Jetul de ap pe care l arunc species is the biggest amongst all whales; the aceast specie este cel mai mare pe care l arunc slender upright column of air can rise to nine toate balenele; o coloan subire de aer poate meters. ajunge la nou metri.

Blue whale surfacing

Aerial view of blue whales spouting

Aerial view of blue whale

Range

Rspndire

Found in the Atlantic, Pacific, Arctic and Indian Se gsete n oceanele Atlantic, Pacific, Arctic i Oceans, with a range that extends from the Indian, cu o rspndire care se extinde de la periphery of drift-ice in polar seas to the tropics. periferia banchizelor de ghea din mrile polare Three main populations persist: one in the southern pn la tropice. Trei populaii principale exist: una hemisphere, one in the North Pacific and one in the n emisfera sudic, una n Pacificul de Nord i una North Atlantic. It is thought that less than 5,000 n nordul Atlanticului. Se crede c au mai rmas mai individuals remain. Habitat puin de 5000 de indivizi. Habitat

Inhabits the open ocean; found particularly along Locuiete n largul oceanelor; se poate gsi, pe the continental shelf edge and near polar ice. Biology coastele continentale i lng gheaa polar. Biologie

Blue whales usually occur alone or in groups numbering between 2 and 3 individuals, but occasionally large groups of up to 60 individuals may form in areas of high food abundance.

Balenele

albastre

triesc

de

obicei singure sau n grupuri de 2 sau 3 indivizi, dar uneori se formeaz i grupuri mari, de pn la 60 de indivizi, n zonele cu mncare din abunden. Se hrnesc n special cu crevei cum ar fi krilul, pe care l filtreaz printre dinii de balen.

They feed mainly on shrimp-like krill, which are Balenele cnd se hrnesc coboar la mai puin de filtered through the baleen plates. Whales tend to 100 m adncime i fac scufundri cu durata ntre 5 feed at less than 100m deep, and make dives i 20 minute. Majoritatea balenelor albastre i lasting between 5 and 20 minutes. Most blue petrec vara hrnindu-se n ape reci, la latitudini whales are thought to spend the summer feeding in nalte, migrnd n ape calde iarna unde femelele the colder waters of high latitudes, migrating to nasc; unele pot rezista n acelai loc tot anul. Nu se warm waters in the winter where females give hrnesc n timpul mperecherii. Cele mai importante birth; although some may be resident in the same dou populaii (cea din nord i cea din sud) rmn area year round. No feeding occurs on the separate ca i cum anotimpurile s-ar inversa n cele breeding grounds. The two main populations (north dou emisfere. Un singur pui este produs dup o and south) remain separated as the seasons are perioad de gestaie de 10 11 luni. Perioada dintre reversed in the two hemispheres. A single calf is dou nateri este de doi sau trei ani i probabil s-a produced after a gestation period of 10 to 11 micorat n ultimul timp ca urmare a scderii months. The inter-birth period is probably two to densitii populaiei. La natere, un pui msoar three years, although this may have decreased aproape 7 m n lungime i poate consuma pn la 50 recently in response to the low population galoane de lapte pe zi n primul an de via, densities. At birth, a calf measures about 7 m in ctignd n greutate 90 kg pe zi. Comunicarea length and may consume up to 50 gallons of milk a dintre ele se realizeaz printr-o varietate de day in its first year of life, leading to a weight gain sunete de joas frecven i clicheturi. of 90 kg a day. Communication seems to occur via a variety of low frequency sounds and clicks.

Threats

Ameninri

As blue whales are so large, fast for their size and Cum balenele albastre sunt att de mari, rapide difficult to find, they were not targeted by the pentru dimensiunile lor i greu de gsit, nu au fost whaling industry until technological advances o int a industriei vntorii de balene pn cnd between 1860 and 1920 made capture possible. By tehnologiile avansate dintre 1860 i 1920 au fcut the 1960s such large numbers had been killed that posibil capturarea lor. Din 1960 un numr mare au the species was thought to be on the very brink of fost omorte, astfel nct specia a devenit n mare extinction. This whale is still threatened by pericol markets in Japan. Conservation de extincie. Aceast balen este pollution, and blue whale meat still turns up on ameninat i de poluare iar n Japonia se caut carnea de balen. Conservare Vntoarea de balen albastr a fost interzis din 1966; cu toate acestea ele au fost vnate ilegal de ctre sovietici. Comerul internaional este interzis, specia gsindu-se pe lista Anexei I a Convenei Comerului Internaional cu Specii n Pericol (CITES). Populaiile din emisfera sudic sunt acum n cretere gradual dar specia rmne nc ntr-o poziie precar.

Hunting of the blue whale has been banned since 1966; however they have been hunted since by illegal soviet whaling. International trade is forbidden as the species is listed on Appendix I of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES). Populations in the Southern Hemisphere are now gradually increasing, but the species still remains in a precarious position.

Scientific name Kingdom

Gallotia simonyi Animalia

Phylum Class Order Family Genus Status IUCN Size

Chordata Reptilia Squamata Lacertidae Gallotia Critically Endangered Length: 58 cm

Description

Descriere

The Hierro giant lizard is a stocky reptile with a oprla gigantic Hierro este o reptil ndesat cu broad head and pronounced jowls (flesh under the un cap mare i cu pronunat gu (carne sub falca lower jaw). It is dark grey to brown in color, with de jos). Are culoarea gri nchis pn la maro, cu two rows of pale orange patches running along its dou linii de pete portocalii pe prile laterale. sides. The belly is mostly brown with orange to red Pntecul este mai ales maro colorat cu portocaliu coloration towards the centre. Female sub-adults pn la rou aproape de centru. Femela nainte de have grey backs with four rows of blackish patches maturitate are spatele gri cu patru rnduri de pete and two rows of orange-green marks on the side. negre i dou rnduri de semne verde portocaliu Older individuals are mainly black with some grey. pe pri. Indivizii mai btrni sunt n principal negri Males are larger. cu ceva gri. Masculii sunt mai mari.

Range

Rspndire

The Hierro giant lizard is restricted to the Canary oprla gigantic Hierro este restrns n Insulele Islands, Spain. Habitat Canare, Spania. Habitat

This is a terrestrial lizard, living on a small, young Este o oprl de uscat, trind pe o insul mic, volcanic island in rocky habitats. tnr, vulcanic ntr-un habitat stncos.

Biology

Biologie

The Hierro giant lizard is an omnivorous lacertid oprla gigantic Hierro este o lacertid omnivor which feeds voraciously on two main plant species, care se hrnete cu lcomie cu dou specii

Kleinia neriifolia and Lavandula abrotanoides as well principale de plante, Kleinia neriifolia i Lavandula
as insects. Courtship begins in May and involves abrotanoides, dar i cu insecte. Peitul ncepe n males bobbing their heads with their throats mai i implic masculii care i salt capul cu gtul inflated. Clutches of between 5 and 13 eggs are umflat. Clocesc ntre 5 i 13 ou care sunt fcute laid from June until the end of August. The eggs din iunie pn la sfritul lui august. Oule sunt hatch after 61 days of incubation at 28 29 C. scoase dup 61 de zile de incubare la temperatura de 28 290C.

Threats

Ameninri

Feral rats and cats pose the most serious threat obolanii i pisicile slbatice reprezint cele mai to this lizard. Poisons used for pest control seem serioase to be inadvertently affecting the lizard population. ameninri pentru aceast oprl. Otrvurile folosite pentru controlul duntorilor par s afecteze fr chibzuial populaia de oprle. Conservation Conservare

Plans for conservation of this species are not Planuri pentru conservarea acestei specii nu sunt extensive. The United Nations and the Canary extinse. Naiunile Unite i Guvernul Autonom al Islands Autonomous Government funded a program Insulelor Canare au fondat un program pentru for the captive breeding and re-introduction of creterea n captivitate i reintroducerea oprlei the Hierro giant lizard to its original natural gigantic Hierro n habitatul original natural. Acest

habitat. This management plan began in late 1997 plan a nceput la sfritul lui 1997 i s-a desfurat and ran until early 2000. Juveniles are more pn la nceputul anului 2000. Juvenilii sunt mai suitable for re-introduction as the sprint escape nimerii prolonged captivity. pentru reintroducere deoarece performance of the adult lizard is diminished by performana de evadare rapid a oprlei adult este diminuat de prelungita captivitate.

Scientific name Kingdom Phytum Class Order Family Genus Status IUCN Size

Dipturus batis Animalia Chordata Chondrichthyes Rajiformes Rajidae Dipturus Critically Endangered Male length: up to 205 cm Female length: up to 285 cm

Description
The common skate is the largest European ray.

Descriere Calcanul obinuit este cel mai mare calcan

The undersurface is dark grey with black spots or european. Dedesubt este gri nchis cu pete negre stripes and the upper surface is more of a sau dungi iar deasupra este mai mult maro verzui, greenish brown color, often with lighter mottling. deseori cu pistrui deschii. Botul este ascuit iar The snout is pointed and the flattened body has a corpul turtit are o form rombic cu coluri rhombic shape with sharp corners, and slightly ascuite, cu muchii uor concave n exterior spre concave outer edges to the wings. There is a row aripi. Are 12 18 spini de-a lungul cozii. of 12 - 18 thorns along the tail.

Habitat
Occurs over firm ground in coastal shelf

Habitat Se gsete deasupra solului solid din apele de

waters, from depths down to 200 meters and pe coastele stncoase, la o adncime mai mare de occasionally as deep as 600 meters. 200 de metri i din cnd n cnd ajunge la adncimea de 600 de metri. Biologie Calcanul obinuit este deseori vzut cltorind

Biology
The common skate is often seen travelling in

same sex/age groups, near to the sea floor. Mating n grupuri de acelai sex i aceeai vrst, aproape occurs mainly in the spring and during copulation de fundul mrii. mperecherea se produce n there is a distinct embrace between males and special primvara i exist o mperechere distinct females. The female then lays long oblong egg ntre masculi i femele. Femela apoi ntinde capsule capsules, which are anchored into the muddy or prelungi de ou, care sunt ancorate n substratul sandy substrate by their stiff pointed horns. An noroios sau nisipos, de nasul lor solid i ascuit. Un individual will lay around 40 eggs a year. Males only singur individ poate depune n jur de 40 de ou pe reach sexual maturity once they have reached a an. Masculii ating maturitatea sexual doar dac au length of 125 cm, which corresponds to around 10 o lungime de 125 cm, ceea ce corespunde la o years of age. The common skate is thought to live vrst de aproximativ 10 ani. Calcanul obinuit se for as long as 50 years, and it takes around 14 consider c triete cel mult 50 de ani iar unei years for the population to double in size. Common skates feed on a variety of bottom dwelling organisms but preferentially consume fish. Unlike most other skates, these fish are active by both day and night. populaii i trebuie n jur de 14 ani ca s-i dubleze mrimea. Calcanul obinuit se hrnete cu o varietate de organisme de pe fundul apei, dar prefer s consume pete. Ca i majoritatea altor calcani, acest pete este activ att ziua ct i noaptea. Ameninri Calcanul obinuit are via lung i se

Threats
Common skates are long-lived and slow to

mature, factors that make them particularly maturizeaz ncet, factori care i-au creat o vulnerable to both direct and accidental targeting vulnerabilitate particular intindu-l att direct by the fishing industry. During the mid 20th ct i accidental de industria pescuitului. La Century, skates and rays made up a considerable mijlocul secolului XX, calcanul a suferit o cantitate amount of commercial fishing in the United considerabil seen a drastic decline in European waters following declin of its name. Although no longer targeted in the fost these fish are still threatened by fisheries by sunt catch. de pescuit datorit comercial presiunii n Marea Kingdom. The population of common skates has Britanie. Populaia de calcan obinuit a suferit un drastic pescuitului ariilor, capcana this intensive fishing pressure, making a mockery intensiv, ridiculizndu-i numele. Cu toate c nu a mult timp intit nc ameninai n majoritatea de pescuitul majority of areas, as the population is too low, deoarece populaia este prea puin, aceti peti pescuitului.

Conservation
A UK Biodiversity Action Plan (UK BAP)

Conservare Specie din Planul de Aciune asupra

Species, the common skate is the subject of an Biodiversitii al Marii Britanii (UK BAP), calcanul Action Plan that aims to stabilize key populations obinuit este subiect al Planului de Aciune care a by the year 2004 and allow skates to migrate to urmrit s stabilizeze populaiile cheie pn n areas where they are scarce, by minimizing the 2004 i s determine calcanul s migreze n ariile n fishing pressure on the species. Further research care sunt rari, minimiznd presiunea pescuitului on the distribution of the species and the asupra speciei. Cercetri suplimentare asupra monitoring of life-cycles, growth and so on will also distribuiei speciei i monitorizri ale ciclului vieii need to be undertaken in order to successfully ei au sporit i nc mai sunt necesare pentru a manage the recovery of this fish. administra cu succes recuperarea acestui pete.

Scientific name Kingdom Phytum Class Order Family Genus Status IUCN Size

Vanellus gregarius Animalia Chordata Aves Charadriiformes Charadriidae Vanellus Critically Endangered Length: 27 30 cm

Description
This conspicuously marked plover has yellow

Descriere Acest nag are fundul galben o dung neagr

cheeks beneath a black stripe running from the pleac de la ciocul negru pn la ochi. Are o dung black beak through the eye. It has a white stripe alb deasupra acesteia i o basc neagr pe above this and a black cap on the crown. The wings, cretet. Aripile, pieptul i coada sunt maro deschis

chest and tail are pale brown, with a dark brown, cu maro nchis, rou i alb dedesubt. Juvenilii sunt red and white underside. Juveniles are pale brown maro deschis cu pntecul cu dungi negre. Cntecul with a streaked black belly. The call is a harsh este un strident creci creci i un clnnit rapid. kretsch kretsch' and a rapid chattering. Habitat Inhabits grassland steppes with salty areas, near water. Winters on dry plains, sandy spots and short grasslands, in close source. proximity to a water Habitat Locuiete n stepe

mltinoase cu arii srate, lng ap. Iernile le petrece pe cmpii secetoase, cu locuri nisipoase i pajiti, n apropierea unei surse de ap. Biologie nmulirea are loc n stepele din partea

Biology
Breeding in the west-central Asian steppes sociable plover nests semi-colonially in

between the end of March and early July, the central-vestic a Asiei, ntre sfritul lui martie i open nceputul lui iulie, cuiburi de nag sociabil gsindun toat ara. Cuiburile sunt de obicei country. The nests are usually unlined depressions se

in the earth, unless conditions are damp, when necptuite n gurile din pmnt, dac nu este nests of grass and weeds are constructed. Four umezeal, cnd construiete cuiburi de iarb i eggs are laid, and are incubated for 25 days. The buruieni. Face 4 ou care sunt incubate 25 de zile. male and female lapwings care for the hatchlings Masculul i femela de nag ngrijesc puii pn cnd until they fledge 35 40 days later. pot zbura, 35 40 de zile mai trziu.

The sociable lapwing forages in large groups on the Nagul sociabil foreaz n grupuri mari n pmnt, ground, walking slowly and picking up insects, se plimb ncet i ciugulesc insecte, n particular particularly beetles and their larvae, grasshoppers gndaci i larvele lor, lcuste i larve de fluturi. and moth larvae .

Threats
The cause of the recent decline in sociable

Ameninri Cauza declinului recent al numrului de nag este lor necunoscut, s-a dar se crede c schimbat dup reducerea

lapwing numbers is unknown, but it has been sociabil suggested that their habitat may have been habitatul

changed after a reduction in grazing by large nutreului verde datorat pstoritului masiv al herds of native ungulates and domestic cattle. This copitatelor native i al celor domestice. Aceast species increasingly breeds near villages, where specie crete mai mult lng localiti, unde conversion of the land to farmland is imminent, and conversia pmntului n ferme este iminent, i where additional threats, such as predation by unde ameninri suplimentare, ca prdarea de ctre domestic animals, are more likely. A further animale domestice este mai probabil. O ngrijorare concern is the substantial increase in numbers of a suplimentar este creterea substanial n numr predator of the sociable lapwing, the rook, Corvus a prdtorilor de nag sociabil, corbul, Corvus

frugilegus. Finally, both the breeding and wintering frugilegus. n sfrit, locurile att pentru nmulire
grounds of this species have become drier, which ct i de iernat ale acestei specii au devenit may be disrupting prey organism availability. secetoase, ceea ce ar putea fi distrugtor pentru existena organismului.

Conservation
The sociable lapwing is legally protected in Armenia, Kazakhstan, Russia,

Conservare Nagul sociabil este protejat prin lege n

Turkmenistan, Armenia, Kazakstan, Rusia, Turkmenistan, Ucraina prin Kazakstan ameninrilor ar putea ajuta la

Ukraine and Uzbekistan. Plans to survey the bird's i Uzbekistan. Planuri de supravieuire n timpul movements in Kazakhstan should help to identify migraiei key threats. Protecting grassland steppe habitats, identificarea cheie. Protejarea

regulating livestock numbers and managing colonies punilor de step, reglarea numrului de rizomi i during the nesting period are all key aims in plans conducerea coloniilor n perioada clocitului, sunt to conserve this species. toate obiective cheie n planurile de conservare ale acestei specii.

Scientific name Kingdom Phytum Class Order Family Genus Status IUCN Size Weight

Myotis bechsteinii Animalia Chordata Mammalia Chiroptera Vespertilionidae Myotis Vulnerable Body length: 45-55 mm Wingspan: 250-300 mm 7-14 g

Description

Descriere

This rare tree-dwelling bat has long, broad ears with a long lancet shaped tragus (a soft cartilaginous projection in front of the ear).

Acest rar liliac ce locuiete n copac, are urechi lungi i largi cu o lantet lung (o proeminen cartilaginoas urechii). fin n faa

Adults have quite long fur, which is pale to

Adulii au blana destul de lung, splcit pn

reddish brown on the dorsal surface and light grey la maro roiatic pe suprafaa dorsal i gri deschis on the ventral surface. Juveniles are light ashy- pe suprafaa abdominal. Juvenilii sunt gri-cenuiu grey. The wings are short, relatively broad and deschis. Aripile sunt scurte, relativ largi i colorate light brown to grey in color. Partial albinism may n maro deschis pn la gri. Poate aprea albinism occur, in which the wing tips are white. When parial, n care vrfurile aripilor sunt albe. Cnd se threatened, hollow humming or chirping calls are simte ameninat, produce ciripituri seci i energice; produced; in flight this species does not make n zbor, aceast specie nu produce zgomote audible calls. Bechstein's bat produces 2 types of perceptibile. Liliacul lui Bechstein produce dou echolocation calls when flying; short FM signals tipuri de zgomote pentru orientare n spaiu cnd between 80-38 kHz and flat, longer FM signals at zboar: semnale de lungimi de und mici ntre 80 60-32 kHz. 38 kHz i semnale de lungimi de und mari ntre 60 32 kHz.

Habitat
Mainly found in old growth broadleaved

Habitat Gsit n principal n pduri btrne, liliacul lui

woodland, Bechstein's bat tends to roost in trees, Bechstein tinde s locuiasc n copaci, cutii i bat boxes and rock crevices throughout the year, crpturi n piatr n timpul anului i pot hiberna and they may hibernate underground. sub pmnt.

Biology
This bat emerges after nightfall and sets off

Biologie Acest liliac iese la iveal dup cderea nopii i

in pursuit of prey; favorite items include moths, pleac n cutare de prad; alimentele favorite mosquitoes, and beetles. When hunting it flies low includ fluturi de noapte, nari i gndaci. Cnd and picks prey from the ground or from twigs. The vneaz zboar ncet i culege prada de pe pmnt mating season occurs between autumn and spring, sau din copaci. Sezonul mperecherii are loc ntre nursery roosts are occupied from the end of April/ toamn i primvar, culcuul pentru natere este May, and births occur towards the end of June. ocupat de la sfritul lui mai/aprilie iar naterea se One young is produced which is able to fly by mid- produce aproape de sfritul lui iunie. Nate un pui August. care este capabil s zboare la mijlocul lui august. Ameninri Aceast specie este rar n Marea Britanie,

Threats
This species is rare in the UK with only one roosts known at present. The population

maternity roost and fewer than 20 hibernation fiind cunoscute doar un adpost pentru natere i is mai puin de 20 de adposturi de hibernare. estimated to be in the region of 1500. The threats Populaia n regiune se estimeaz c este de 1500. currently facing this species are not understood Ameninrile suferite de aceast specie nu sunt but it is vulnerable to loss and fragmentation of cunoscute dar exist pericolul s piard sau s fie open old-growth broadleaved woodlands and fragmentate pdurile btrne n care triete i s se distrug locurile pentru natere. Conservare Aceast specie a se afl n Programul din de disturbance or loss of roost sites.

Conservation
This species is listed under English Nature's scheme that provides and monitors bat boxes for

Species Recovery Programme, which includes a Recuperare

Speciilor

Naturale

Marea

Britanie, care include o schem care urmrete i

this species in Dorset and Wiltshire where there is monitorizeaz locuinele de lilieci din aceast a lack of roosting sites. Some hibernation sites specie n Dorset i Wiltshire unde este o lips a have been protected against disturbance. culcuurilor pentru natere. Cteva locuri de Bechstein's bat is a priority species under the UK hibernare au fost protejate mpotriva distrugerii. Biodiversity Action Plan. The Action Plan for this Liliacul lui Bechstein este o specie prioritar n species aims to maintain the known range and Planul de Aciune asupra Biodiversitii n Marea population level, and improve the age structure of Britanie. Planul de Aciune pentru aceast specie woodlands to maximize roosting and foraging are ca obiective s menin nivelul populaiei la chances. rangul cunoscut, s mbunteasc structura de vrst a pdurilor pentru a maximiza ansele de adpostire i hrnire.

Scientific name Kingdom Phytum Class Order Family Genus Status IUCN Size Description The only freshwater crayfish native to the UK, Descriere

Austropotamobius pallipes Animalia Arthropoda Crustacea Decapoda Astacidae Austropotamobius Vulnerable Length: up to 12 cm (usually less than 10 cm)

Singurul rac mpltoat de ap dulce nativ Marii

this species is olive-green to brown in color and can Britanii, aceast specie are culoarea gri-oliv pn la reach up to 12 cm in length. The common name maro i poate atinge 12 cm n lungime. Numele refers to the fact that the undersides of the popular se refer la faptul c partea inferioar a claws are off-white to pinkish in color. Females cletilor are culoarea rozie. Femelele tind s aib tend to have wider abdomens than males, and males abdomenul mai mare dect masculii, iar masculii au have larger claws. In males, the first two cletii mai mari. n masculi primii doi apendici sunt appendages are specialized; they are used to place specializai: ei sunt folosii pentru a plasa sperma a sperm mass (spermatophore) underneath the masculilor (spermatofore) sub femele n timpul female during mating. Habitat Tends to prefer clear, well-oxygenated, mperecherii. Habitat nclin s prefere apa limpede, bine oxigenat, ruri, izvoare bogate i lacuri de acumulare.

alkaline water and occurs in small streams, lakes, alcalin i sunt ntlnii n cascade mici, lacuri, rivers, water-filled quarries and reservoirs.

Biology This crayfish tends to be nocturnal, emerging at night to feed on a broad diet consisting of detritus, animal matter and plants. indulges soft moult. Mating takes place in autumn; the eggs develop It also in occasionally cannibalism, following their

Biologie Acest rac mpltoat nclin s fie nocturn, ivindu-se noaptea pentru a se hrni cu o diet bogat constnd din grohoti, substan animal i plante. De asemenea din cnd n cnd se ded la canibalism, n particular cu indivizi cu cuticul moale.

particularly on individuals with cuticles

mperecherea se produce toamna; oule se

whilst attached to the mother's abdomen, and the dezvolt ct timp stau n abdomenul mamei i female overwinters with the eggs still attached to femela i petrece iarna cu oule nc ataate de her. After the eggs hatch, the juveniles remain ea. Dup ce oule sunt clocite, juvenilii rmn attached to the mother before becoming ataai de mam nainte de a deveni independeni, independent at the beginning of summer. During la nceputul verii. n timpul primului an de via, the first year of life, juveniles may moult more juvenilii pot nprli de mai mult de apte ori. Dup than 7 times. After they reach maturity, however, ce devin maturi, tind s nprleasc anual. there tends to be an annual moult.

Freshwater white-clawed crayfish with eggs

Freshwater white-clawed crayfish with young

Freshwater white-clawed crayfish partially buried

Threats Perhaps the most devastating factor affecting

Ameninri Probabil cel mai devastator factor care

freshwater white-clawed crayfish at present is afecteaz racul mpltoat de ap dulce cu cleti crayfish plague, a virulent fungal disease carried albi este ciuma racului, o boal periculoas purtat by the aggressive introduced species, the de specia introdus agresiv, racul remarcabil American signal crayfish (Pacifastacus lenisculus). american (Pacifastacus lenisculus). Sporii acestei Spores of this disease can be spread in the water, boli pot fi mprtiai n ap de instalaia hidro sau on wet equipment and on fish. Competition with de peti. Competiia cu specia de rac introdus introduced crayfish species has also affected our poate de asemenea afecta racul nativ; racul native crayfish; signal crayfish were first remarcabil a fost introdus prima dat n Marea introduced to the UK in the 1970s and are now Britanie n 1970 i este acum naturalizat i naturalized and breeding. Two other introduced nmulit. Alte dou specii introduse au devenit

species have become established; the narrow- atestate; racul cu clete ngust (sau turcesc) clawed (or Turkish) crayfish (Astacus (Astacus leptodactylus) i racul nobil. Poluarea i

leptodactylus) and the noble crayfish (Astacus activitile pe ruri i drenarea rurilor sunt de astacus). Pollution and river works are also likely to asemenea capabile s afecteze specia.
have affected the species. Conservation The freshwater white-clawed crayfish has been Conservare Racul cu clete alb a fost stabilit ca prioritate

targeted as a priority for conservation under the pentru conservare n cadrul Planului de Aciune UK Biodiversity Action Plan (UK BAP). The Species asupra Biodiversitii din Marea Britanie (UK BAP). Action Plan aims to maintain the current Planul de Aciune asupra Speciilor are ca obiective distribution of the species through a combination s menin distribuia actual a speciei printr-o of restricting the spread of non-native crayfish combinaie de restricionare a rspndirii racilor and crayfish plague, as well as providing suitable nenativi i a ciumii racilor, ca i ngrijirea habitat features. The Environment Agency has corespunztoare a habitatului. Agenia de Mediu a carried out research into potential methods of realizat cercetri la metodele posibile de control a controlling the signal crayfish, and is currently racilor remarcabili i investigaii frecvente de investigating the use of pheromones to lure this utilizare a feromonilor s ispiteasc aceste specii introduced species into traps. It is an offence introduse n capcane. Este considerat infraciune under Schedule 9 of the Wildlife and Countryside n Programul 9 a Aciunii Vieii Slbatice i Act to release the three introduced species of Populaiei Rurale s eliberezi cele trei specii, crayfish into the wild. introduse, de rac n slbticie.

Scientific name Kingdom Phytum Class Order Family Genus Status IUCN Size

Cerambyx cerdo Animalia Arthropoda Insecta Coleoptera Cerambycidae Cerambyx Vulnerable Length: 42 mm

Description

Descriere

This

large

and

beautiful ca

Acest mare i frumos gndac are un corp subire i alungit i toi membri din familia longhorn, are antene lungi. La masculi, aceste antene sunt mai lungi dect corpul, dar la femele ele sunt la fel de lungi ca aripile (elitr). Picioarele i corpul sunt negre.

beetle has an elongated, thin body and, like all members of the longhorn family, has long antennae. In males, these -like antennae are longer than the body, but in females they are only as long as the hard wing cases (elytra). The legs and body are black.

Range The cerambyx longicorn is found throughout longer found in the UK. Habitat A saprotrophic species, this longhorn beetle occasionally chestnut trees.

Rspndire Gndacul cu corn lung se gsete n Europa i timp n Marea Britanie. Habitat O specie saprotrofic, acest gndac corn lung stejar i cteodat n castani.

Europe and northern Africa. However, it is no nordul Africii. n orice caz, nu se va mai gsi mult

lives in deadwood of living veteran oak trees, and triete n lemnul mort din pdurile mbtrnite de

Biology

Biologie

The

life

cycle

of

the

cerambyx

Ciclul de via al gndacului cu corn lung dureaz trei ani. Oule sunt lsate n pdure i scot pui dup 10 zile. Sunt cinci stagii de larv ntr-o perioad de 28 de luni, urmate de un stagiu de pup care dureaz 32 de zile. Adultul imatur iese la iveal dar rmne inactiv

longicorn takes three years. The eggs are laid in deadwood and hatch after 10 days. There are five larval stages over a period of 28 months, followed by the pupal stage which lasts 32 days. The immature adult emerges but remains

inactive in the wood for seven months before n lemn apte luni nainte de a prsi copacul n leaving the tree in March to mate within just 13 martie pentru a se mperechea n numai 13 zile de days of life as a sexually mature adult. via ca matur adult sexual.

Males are more numerous than females, making up Masculii sunt mult mai numeroi dect femelele, around 60% of the population. Females can lay up reprezentnd n jur de 60% din populaie. Femelele to 300 eggs. pot face pn la 300 de ou.

This beetle possesses specialized structures for Acest gndac posed structuri specializate pentru producing sound: a hard edge is rubbed against a a produce sunet: o lam grea este frecat de un row of toughened ridges on the abdomen, making a chirping noise. rnd de cute solide de pe abdomen, fcnd un rit.

Threats Despite this species existing in many National

Ameninri Dei aceast specie exist n multe parcuri

parks, suitable habitats may still be lost, as dead naionale, habitatele corespunztoare sunt nc and dying wood is often removed due to health and pierdute, deoarece pdurile moarte sau pe moarte safety measures to prevent accidents. This is to sunt dead or dying matter. deseori ndeprtate prin msuri the detriment of many species that exist only on corespunztoare de sntate i siguran pentru a preveni accidentele. Aceasta este n detrimentul multor specii care triesc n substan moart sau pe moarte. Conservation The removal of deadwood has been recognized damaging process that occurs even Conservare ndeprtarea lemnului mort a fost recunoscut

recently as an important and unnecessary habitat recent ca un important i inutil proces de within distrugere a habitatului care se produce chiar i n

protected areas. Since this kind of habitat loss is ariile protejate. De cnd acest tip de habitat not economically beneficial, it should not be hard pierdut nu este benefic din punct de vedere to prevent. WWF issued a report in October 2004 economic, ar trebui s nu fie dificil de prevenit. to encourage landowners and managers to leave WWF a realizat un raport n 2004 pentru a veteran trees and deadwood in place, as they ncuraja fermierii i administratorii s lase copacii provide a habitat for many species of insect, mbtrnii i lemnul mort pe loc, astfel vor furniza fungus and lichen, as well as playing a role in forest habitat pentru multe specii de insecte, ciuperci i productivity and environmental stabilization, such licheni, ca i rolul jucat n productivitatea pdurii i as carbon storage. stabilizarea mediului, prin acumularea carbonului.

Scientific name Kingdom Phytum Class Order Family Genus Status IUCN Size

Chlamydotis undulata Animalia Chordata Aves Gruiformes Otididae Chlamydotis Vulnerable Length : 62cm

Description A striking bird resembling a turkey in shape, the

Descriere O pasre izbitor de asemntoare cu un curcan,

houbara bustard is at its most magnificent during dropia hubara atinge apogeul n perioada de the courtship display. It has a long neck and tail, mperechere. Are gtul i coada lungi, aripi nguste narrow wings, and long black and white feathers i pene lungi albe i negre atrnnd pe gt. Capul drooping over the neck. The head is small with a este mic cu o creast scurt cu alb i negru i ochi short, black and white crest and large eyes. Males mari. Masculii sunt uor mai mari i au zbrlituri are slightly larger and have ornate bristles on the ornamentale pe cap i gt. Corpul este maro cu head and neck. The body is brown with wavy, black onduleuri, negre pe spate i albe dedesubt. barring on the back and white on the underside. Juvenilii sunt asemntori cu femelele adulte. Juveniles resemble adult females.

Houbara bustard portrait

Large-Houbara-bustardcamouflaged-against-background

Habitat Adapted to arid conditions with little

Habitat Adaptat la condiii aride cu puin vegetaie, pitroase de semi-deert. Biologie O pasre mare solitar, dropia hubara se

vegetation, the houbara bustard is found in sandy dropia hubara se gsete n regiunile nisipoase i and stony semi-desert regions. Biology A largely solitary bird, the houbara bustard

feeds alone or in small groups on beetles, ants and hrnete singur sau n grupuri mici cu gndaci, plants. In the breeding season, males and females furnici i plante. n sezonul de mperechere, meet only to choose a mate and to breed. Courtship masculii i femelele se ntlnesc numai s aleag takes place between December and March and perechea i s se mperecheze. Peirea dureaz involves a sophisticated display. The male ruffles ntre decembrie i martie i implic o parad the feathers of his crest, neck and head and raises sofisticat. Masculul i zburlete penele de pe the wings. He walks steadily and calmly in a large creast, gt i cap i i ridic penele. Se plimb circle or straight line, with the tail raised and ferm i calm n cercuri mari sau n linie dreapt, cu fanned out, occasionally lowering the wings. coada ridicat i desfcut, cteodat cu aripile Abruptly, the male then begins to leap back and lsate jos. Brusc, masculul ncepe apoi s opie forth as he attempts to attract the attention of napoi i nainte dorind s atrag atenia femelei. the female. Once the female has made her choice Odat ce femela a fcut alegerea i se cupleaz cu and mated with a male, neither bird will mate again un mascul, nici o pasre nu se va mai mperechea n that season. acel sezon.

Male houbara bustard in courtship dance

Male houbara bustard, showing display plumage

Female houbara bustard in display

Female houbara bustard calling during display

The female leaves the male after mating and

Femela prsete masculul dup mperechere i

both sexes remain solitary for the remainder of ambele sexe rmn solitare pentru perioada care a the breeding season. Between February and April mai rmas din sezonul de mperechere. ntre the female lays two or three eggs in a small scrape. februarie i aprilie, femela pune dou sau trei ou After hatching, the chicks follow the female for ntr-o mic zgrietur. Dup ce scoate puii, acetia protection as she feeds, as they are vulnerable to urmeaz femela pentru protecie, dup cum i predators, including eagles, falcons, foxes, wolves, hrnete, ei fiind vulnerabili la prdtori, incluznd monitor lizards, snakes and kestrels. vulturi, oimi, vulpi, lupi, oprle, erpi i vntureli.

Houbara bustard on nest incubating eggs

Houbara bustard chick

Threats The traditional practice of hunting for houbara

Ameninri Practica tradiional de vntoare a dropiei

bustards by Middle Eastern falconers has reduced hubara de ctre oimarii din Orientul Mijlociu, a populations significantly, mainly on the wintering redus populaia semnificativ. Aceast vntoare n grounds. This over-hunting has been compounded exces se combin cu pierderea i degradarea by habitat loss and degradation. The subspecies C. habitatului. Subspecia C. u. Fuertaventurae a fost

u. fuertaventurae has been particularly affected n

mod

particular

afectat

de

degradarea

by habitat degradation as a result of tourist habitatului ca rezultat al activitilor turistice i activities and associated development, as well as by dezvoltarea asociat, cum ar fi exerciiile militare, military exercises, over-grazing, sand-extraction, punatul and road-development. Further threats include dezvoltarea introduced mammals. Conservation n exces, extragerea nisipului i infrastructurii. Ameninri

collisions with power lines, and nest-predation by suplimentare includ ciocnirile cu liniile de nalt tensiune i prdarea cuiburilor de ctre mamifere. Conservare

C. u. fuertaventurae has benefited from

C. u. fuertaventurae a beneficiat de protecie

mpotriva braconajului i de o

improved protection from poaching and improved mbuntit

habitat management within protected areas. C. u. administrare a habitatului mbuntit n ariile

macqueenii has been the subject of several studies protejate. C. u. macqueenii a fost subiectul ctorva
into its status, ecology and migration routes. It has studii n rspndirea, ecologia sa i a rutelor de also been involved in captive breeding programmes migrare. A fost de asemenea implicat n programe for restocking areas where it is heavily hunted. No de cretere n captivitate pentru reaprovizionarea conservation measures are known to have been put ariilor unde este vnat mult. Nici o msur de into action for C. u. undulata. A whole species conservare nu se cunoate s se fi aplicat pentru C.

action plan has yet to be produced although there u. undulata. Un ntreg plan de aciune urmeaz s is a European action plan for C. u. fuertaventurae. se realizeze, dei exist un plan de aciune Managed hunting preserves are crucial to the european pentru C. u. fuertaventurae. Aprarea recovery of the houbara bustard. de braconieri este crucial pentru a recupera dropia hubara.

Scientific name Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Status IUCN Size

Bufo calamita Animalia Chordata Amphibia Anura Bufonidae Bufo Endangered Body length at metamorphosis: 7-10 mm Adult body length: 50 - 70 mm

Description The chief distinguishing feature of the

Descriere Principala trstur care-l difereniaz este

natterjack is the yellow stripe down its back. dunga galben din partea de jos a spatelui. Shorter hind legs also tell the natterjack toad Picioarele din spate mai scurte, fac ca broasca apart from the common toad and it has a tendency rioas jack trncnitorul s aparin broatelor to run instead of hopping or walking, which is why rioase comune i are tendina de a alerga n loc s it is sometimes called the running toad. opie sau s mearg, ceea ce face ca uneori s i s spun broasca rioas alergtoare.

Range Natterjack toads are found across much of

Rspndire Broatele rioase natterjack se gsesc n

western Europe. Britain marks the western edge of vestul Europei. Marea Britanie marcheaz limita its range but they have never been widespread. In rspndirii lor dar ele nu au fost niciodat larg the UK the largest concentration of populations is rspndite. n Marea Britanie cea mai mare in the north-west coast of England with other concentrare de populaie este pe coasta de nordcolonies found in East Anglia, Dorset, Hampshire, vest a Angliei, cu alte colonii aflate n estul Angliei, Surrey and Staffordshire, the Solway coast and Dorset, Ireland where it is the only native toad. Hampshire, Surrey i Staffordshire, North Wales. Natterjacks also occur in south-west coasta Solway i nordul rii Galilor. Broatele natterjack se gsesc i n sud-vestul Irlandei unde exist numai broasca rioas nativ. Habitat This species is confined to places characterized by light, sandy soils and warm, shallow ponds, often near the coast. Sand dune systems, salt marshes and lowland heath land are its main habitat types. Habitat Aceast restrns specie numai n este locuri

caracterizate prin lumin, soluri nisipoase i cldur, iazuri puin adnci, deseori aproape de coast. Dunele de nisip, mlatinile srate i cmpiile depresionare cu iarb sunt principalele tipuri de habitate.

Biology Natterjack toads emerge from hibernation

Biologie Broasca natterjack iese din hibernare mai

later than frogs and common toads. Depending on trziu dect celelalte broate i broate rioase the weather this can be as early as March and as obinuite. Depinznd de vreme, aceasta poate fi cel late as June. The males make their surprisingly mai devreme n martie i cel mai trziu n iunie. loud croaking call in the afternoon and evening and Masculii fac surprinz toarele lor orcituri often after rain. Shortly after emerging they rsuntoare dup amiaza i seara i uneori dup begin their breeding cycle. Mating takes place in ploaie. Imediat ce ies la iveal, ncep ciclul lor de sun-warmed ponds and then males and females mperechere. Reproducerea are loc n iazuri nclzite de soare iar apoi masculii i femelele

leave the water separately. Spawning occurs in shallow water, each female producing from 1500 to 7500 eggs. These hatch in about a week and the tadpoles take a further 3 - 8 weeks to metamorphose into toad lets.

prsesc apa separat. Icrele sunt depuse n ap puin adnc, fiecare femel producnd de la 1500 pn la 7500 de ou. Clocitul dureaz n jur de o sptmn i mormolocilor le ia 3 8 sptmni s se metamorfozeze n broasc.
Natterjack toad spawn

Young Natterjack Toad

Juvenile natterjack toad in burrow

Juvenile natterjack toad

Adults retreat into burrows during warm

Adulii se retrag n adposturi n perioada

weather and emerge at night to feed on moths, vremii calde i ies noaptea s se hrneasc cu molii, woodlice and other insects. Along their coastal cinii babei i alte insecte. De-a lungul rspndirii range, they have been known to follow the strand- lor pe coast, se tie c urmeaz linia rmului line to find food such as sand hoppers and other pentru a gsi hran ca lcuste de nisip i alte marine invertebrates. Hibernation takes place in burrows, usually nevertebrate marine. Hibernarea are loc n adposturi, de obicei

excavated by the toad, but they are known to use excavate de broasc, dar se tie c folosesc the burrows of other animals such as rabbits, vizuinile altor animale cum ar fi iepurii, roz toarele rodents and even sand martins. Threats Natterjack toads have never been common in i chiar lstunii de nisip. Ameninri Broatele rioase natterjack nu au fost

the UK and loss of their heathland and sand dune niciodat obinuite n Marea Britanie i pierderea habitats and the drying up of suitable ponds has habitatelor lor din cmpiile cu iarb i dune de nisip contributed to their decline. The toad is now range. Conservation The natterjack toad is the subject of a Conservare Broasca rioas natterjack este subiect al au contribuit la declinul lor. Broasca rioas este severely threatened across much of its European acum ameninat n toat rspndirea ei din Europa.

Biodiversity Species Action Plan and most of their Planului de Aciune a Biodiversitii Speciilor i UK sites are now protected, some as nature majoritatea locurilor lor din Marea Britanie sunt

reserves. Recovery

Through

English work

Nature's has

Species acum

protejate.

cadrul

Programului

de

Programme,

focused

on Recuperare a Speciilor Naturale Engleze, lucrul s-a

maintaining suitable ponds and, where possible, focalizat pe meninerea iazurilor la un nivel constructing new ones. New ponds must share the corespunztor i unde este posibil realizarea unora characteristics of naturally occurring ones. They noi. Noile iazuri trebuie s aib caracteristicele must be shallow in order to warm up swiftly during unuia natural. Ele trebuie s fie puin adnci pentru the day and have gently sloping sides to enable the a se nclzi repede n timpul zilei i s aib locuri adults and toadlets to climb out. Re-introduction nclinate uor pentru a permite adulilor i puilor s programmes have also begun in order to conserve ias afar. Programele de reintroducere au nceput this unusual amphibian. Natterjack toads are fully de asemenea cu scopul de a conserva acest protected by law in the UK and it is illegal to neobinuit amfibian. Broasca rioas natterjack capture, kill, disturb of injure the animals or to este complet protejat prin lege n Marea Britanie destroy or damage their breeding sites or resting i este ilegal capturarea, uciderea, deranjarea places. prin rnire a animalelor sau distrugerea sau stricarea locurilor n care cresc sau a altor locuri.

Scientific name Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Status Size

Cervus elaphus Animalia Chordata Mammalia Artiodactyla Cervidae Cervus Protected in the UK by the Deer Act 1991 Height at shoulder: up to 1.2 m

Description Red deer are the largest native land animal to than hinds (females), and have

Descriere Cprioara roie este cel mai mare animal de

occur in the UK. Stags (males) are larger in size uscat nativ n Marea Britanie. Cerbii (masculii) sunt magnificent mai mari ca mrime dect ciutele (femelele) i au branched antlers that can reach up to 1m in width. magnificele coarne ramificate care pot atinge pn The coat is reddish-brown in color in summer but la 1 m n lungime. Blana este maro-rocat vara dar becomes brown or grey in winter, and there is a devine maro sau gri iarna i are o pat colorat n cream colored rump patch. crem la fund.

Range Red deer are patchily distributed in the UK; they are widespread and locally common

Rspndire Cprioara roie are o distribuie rzlea n

in Marea Britanie; ele sunt larg rspndite i local

northern Scotland. Populations in Scotland and the obinuite n nordul Scoiei. Populaiile din Scoia i north-west of England represent native stock, nord-vestul Angliei reprezint nativi n timp ce n whereas in south-west Scotland and most of sud-vestul Scoiei i n cea mai mare parte a England they are likely to be escapees from deer Angliei ele sunt dup toate probabilitile scpate parks. In many areas, populations of this species din parcuri de cprioare. n multe zone, populaiile are thought to be on the increase, but numbers in acestei specii sunt n cretere dar n ara Galilor Wales are low. Habitat This species occupies a range of habitats including grassland, woodland and upland moors. numrul este mic. Habitat Aceast specie ocup un ir de habitate incluznd puni, pduri i terenuri necultivate la nlime.

Biology Stags and hinds tend to stay in separate

Biologie Ciutele i cerbii tind s stea n grupuri

groups for most of the year; stags group into separate cea mai mare parte a anului; grupul unrelated 'bachelor herds', and hinds live in groups cerbilor fr legtur este turma celibatarilor iar consisting of a dominant female and her daughters. ciutele triesc n grupuri formate dintr-o femel They are active throughout the 24-hour period, dominant i fiicele ei. Sunt activi ntreaga zi dar but tend to be more so in the evening and at night, nclin s fie mai activi seara i noaptea, posibil possibly due to human activity. The diet consists of datorit activitii umane. Dieta const din arbuti shrub and tree browse, grasses, sedges and i lstare de copac, iarb, rogoz i papur, ca i din

rushes, as well as heather. Mating occurs between late September and

buruieni. mperecherea are loc ntre septembrie trziu

November, during this time, known as 'the rut', i noiembrie, n acest timp, cunoscut ca perioada mature stags invest much time and effort into rutului, cerbii maturi investesc mult timp i efort competing with other males for access to females pentru a avea acces la femele n zonele tradiionale at traditional rutting areas. Roaring contests and de mperechere. Concursuri de mugete i plimbri parallel walking allow males to 'size each other up' paralele ale masculilor pentru a se da mare unul n without violence; evenly matched stags may then faa celuilalt fr violen; cerbii egali pot apoi s escalate the contest and lock antlers, push each prelungeasc competiia i s-i ncleteze other and try to throw their opponent off-balance coarnele, mpingndu-se unul n altul i ncercnd by twisting, sometimes leading to serious injuries s-i arunce adversarul dezechilibrndu-l prin and even death. After the rutting period, males rsucire, cteodat terminndu-se cu serioase and females go their separate ways. rniri sau chiar moarte. Dup perioada de mperechere, masculii i femelele se separ. Births, usually of a single young, occur from late May and peak towards the beginning of June. Male offspring disperse when they reach one or two years of age, but female calves usually stay with their mother. Nasc de obicei un singur pui ntre mai, trziu, i cel mai trziu nceputul lui iunie. Puii masculi se mprtie cnd mplinesc un an sau doi iar puii femele de obicei rmn cu mama lor.

Threats A major threat to native red deer is thought

Ameninri O ameninare major a cprioarei roii este rezultat prin mperecherea cu

to be hybridization resulting from crossbreeding hibridizarea

with the introduced sika deer, Cervus nippon. The cprioara introdus sika Cervus nippon. Cprioara red deer is culled to restrict the damage it causes roie este selectat s limiteze dauna care to forestry, agriculture (e.g. browsing and can the natural afecteaz pdurea, agricultura i mediul natural the (de exemplu pscutul poate preveni regenerarea pentru carne sunt de asemenea obinuite. Conservare Nu exist aciuni care s inteasc aceast environment prevent

regeneration of woodland). Trophy hunting and pdurii). Trofeele de vntoare i vntoarea hunting for meat (venison) are also common. Conservation There is no conservation action targeted at

this widespread and common species, although specie comun i larg rspndit dei populaiile populations are carefully managed to maintain sunt administrate cu grij pentru a le menine health and keep a balance with the environment. sntatea i a pstra echilibrul cu natura.