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Candidate Name .......................................................................

Chemistry H2 9746
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Revision Exercise 2: Stoichiometry, Chemical Bonding, Redox
1

The equation below shows the preparation of phosphorus in an electric furnace.

2Ca3(PO4)2 + 6SiO2 + 10C 6CaSiO3 + 10CO + P4

(a)

Calculate the mass of phosphorus, in grams, formed when 1 tonne of Ca3(PO4)3 is used.

(b)

Explain why this process can be hazardous to human health.

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In the 19th and 20th centuries, scientists established the atomic theory and showed that
three sub-atomic particles, electron, neutron and proton, exist. The masses and charges of
these three particles were subsequently determined.
When separate beams of electrons, neutrons or protons are passed through an electric
field in the apparatus below, they behave differently.

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(a)(i)

Which of these three particles will be deflected the most by the electric field?
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(ii)

In which direction will this particle be deflected?

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(iii)

Explain your answer.

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(b)

Define the term proton number.

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(c)

Why is the proton number of an atom of an element usually different from the nucleon
number of an atom of the element?
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(d)

Protons and neutrons have been used in nuclear reactions which result in the formation of
artificial elements. In such processes, protons or neutrons are accelerated to high speeds
and then fired like bullets at the nucleus of an atom of an element.
In some cases, when neutrons are fired at atoms of an element, the neutrons become part
of the nucleus of those atoms.
What effect does the presence of an extra neutron have on the chemical properties of the
new atoms formed? Explain your answer.
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The first six ionisation energies of an element X are given below.

(a)

Define the term first ionisation energy.

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(b)

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Write an equation, with state symbols, for the second ionisation energy of element X.
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(c)

Use the data given above to deduce in which Group of the Periodic Table element is
placed. Explain your answer.
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(d)

The first ionisation energies (I.E.) for the elements of Group IV are given below.

Explain the trend shown by these values in terms of the atomic structure of the elements.
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4

Titanium and radioactive iodine are used in a treatment for cancer.

(a)(i)

125

I is radioactive isotope. Another radioactive isotope is

two iodine isotopes differ?

131

I. How do the atoms of these

The two iodine isotopes differ in the number of neutrons. 125I has 72 neutrons while
131
I has 78 neutrons.
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(ii)

During radioactive decay, 131I changes to another element with the proton number of 54.
Identify this element and explain why it is less reactive than iodine.
Xenon. Xenon is a noble gas with fully filled outermost electron shells. Hence, it
does not have to gain, lose or share electrons, making it less reactive than iodine.
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(b)

All the isotopes of iodine have the same chemistry.

The following apparatus was used to investigate the reaction between zinc and iodine.

to balance
100 cm3 of aqueous iodine,
0.1 mol/dm3 at 25oC
thin plate of zinc
mixture stirred by
magnetic stirrer
The equation for the reaction is
Zn (s) + I2 (aq) Zn2+ (aq) + 2I- (aq)
(i)

Describe how you could show that the solution contained iodide ions at the end of the
experiment.
Add an equal volume of acidified lead (II) nitrate into the unknown solution. If iodide
ions are present, a bright yellow precipitate of lead (II) iodide will be formed.
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(ii)

The mass of the zinc plate was measured every minute until the reaction was complete.
From the results of this experiment, two graphs were plotted.

(ii)

Which reagent, iodine or zinc, was in excess? Explain your answer.

Zinc is in excess. The mass of plate does not decrease to zero in graph 1.
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(iii)

Describe how the shape of graph 1 would change if 100 cm3 of 0.05 mol/dm3 iodine had
been used.
The gradient of graph 1 would be less steep.
Mass of plate left would be more / less zinc used up.

(iv)

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On graph 2, sketch the shape if the reaction had been carried out using 100 cm 3 of 0.1
mol/dm3 iodine at 35oC instead of at 25oC.

(v)

Name a reagent that can change iodide ions back into iodine molecules.
Acidified potassium dichromate (VI) / acidified potassium manganate (VII)
[Use OA to oxidise I- to I2 2I- - 2e- I2 ; loss of electrons: oxidation]
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(c)

Titanium compounds have many other uses.

Warships can produce a smokescreen by reacting titanium (IV) chloride with water to form
titanium (IV) oxide and another product.
TiCl4 + 2H2O TiO2 +

4HCl

(i)

Complete the equation by writing the formula of the missing product in the box and
balancing the equation.

(ii)

Titanium (IV) chloride is a liquid at room temperature.

A titanium atom has four outermost shell electrons.
Draw a dot-and-cross diagram to show the bonding in titanium (IV) chloride. You need
only show the outer shell electrons.

(iii)

Show by calculation that titanium (IV) oxide contains a higher percentage of titanium by
mass than titanium (IV) chloride.

Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow.
Minerals
A mineral is a natural solid material with a specific chemical makeup and
structure. Gold, diamond, quartz, talc and calcite are all minerals.
Minerals have identical structures. Two samples of gold always have the same mix
of ingredients in the same proportions, so they always look similar both inside
and outside. For example, diamond and graphite are both minerals made of
carbon. Differences in their structures make diamond the hardest mineral and
graphite one of the softest.
In caves, there are beautiful flowers and pearls made of calcite or gypsum
along the walls. Delicate mineral drapes may even hang from them. All these
structures like stalactites and stalagmites consist of minerals that once made up
the layers of limestone that dissolved to from the cave.

(a)

State the name given to diamond and graphite which are both minerals made of carbon.
Allotropes
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(b)

Explain why graphite is considered one of the softest mineral.

In graphite, each carbon atom is bonded to 3 other carbon atoms by strong covalent
bonds, forming a giant hexagonal molecular structure. The Van der Waals forces of
attraction between the layers of graphite are very weak. Hence, the layers of graphite
can slide over each other easily, causing graphite to be considered one of the
softest mineral.
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(c)

Silicon has the same type of macromolecular structure as diamond.

(i)

Explain why one atom of either element can form four covalent bonds.
Silicon and carbon are from Group IV of the Periodic Table. Since both elements
have 4 valence electrons, they each have to share 4 electrons with another nonmetal to obtain noble gas configurations. Thus, this sharing of the 4 electrons allow
them to form 4 covalent bonds.
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(ii)

Predict two physical properties of silicon.

Silicon has a high melting and boiling point and does not conduct electricity in all
states.
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(d)

The spring water running through the rocks changes anhydrite (CaSO4) into gypsum
(CaSO4.2H2O).
This reaction is exothermic.
Use this information to explain why the temperature of the mine never falls below 17oC
even in cold winters.
Heat is constantly given out when anhydrite reacts with water as the spring water
flows down the rocks.
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Balance the following redox equations.

(a)

H+NO3- + H2S NO + S + H2O

2H+NO3- + 3H2S 2NO + 3S + 4H2O

(b)

K+MnO4- + K+Cl- + (H+)2SO42- Mn2+SO42- + (K+)2SO42- + H2O + Cl2

2K+MnO4- + 10K+Cl- + 8(H+)2SO42- 2Mn2+SO42- + 6(K+)2SO42- + 8H2O + 5Cl2

(c)

(K+)2Cr2O72- + H+Cl- K+Cl- + Cr3+(Cl-)3 + H2O + Cl2

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(K+)2Cr2O72- + 14H+Cl- 2K+Cl- + 2Cr3+(Cl-)3 + 7H2O + 3Cl2
7

H2O2 is reduced rapidly by Sn2+, the products being Sn4+ and water. H2O2 decomposes
slowly at room temperature to yield oxygen and water.

(a)

Write down the chemical equation to show the decomposition of H2O2 at room temperature.
2H2O2 2H2O + O2
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(b)

Calculate the volume of oxygen produced at 20oC and 1.00 atm when 200 g of 10.0 % by
mass H2O2 in water is treated with 100 cm3 of 2.00 mol dm-3 Sn2+ and then the mixture is
allowed to stand until no further reaction occurs.

4.67 m3
(c)

From your calculations in (b), consider the following balanced equations.

H2O2 + Sn4+ Sn2+ + O2 + 2H+
3H2O2 + Sn4+ Sn2+ + 2O2 + 2H2O + 2H+
Does the fact that these two equations are balanced mean that the reaction between H2O2
and Sn4+ can lead to different sets of products on the mole ratio of H2O2 or Sn4+, or is some
explanation possible? If necessary, write another equation to support your answer.
The second equation is a combination of the first equation and 2H2O2 2H2O + O2.
Two reactions should not be written in one equation.

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8

A 6.000 g sample contained Fe3O4, Fe2O3 and inert materials. It was treated with an excess
of aqueous KI in acid, which reduced all the iron to Fe2+. The resulting solution was diluted
to 50.00 cm3 and a 10 cm3 of it was taken. The liberated iodine in the small sample was
titrated with 5.500 cm3 of 1.00 mol dm-3 sodium thiosulphate solution. The iodine from
another 25.00 cm3 sample was extracted, after which the Fe2+ was titrated with 3.20 cm3 of
1.00 mol dm-3 MnO4- in H2SO4 solution.
Calculate the percentages of Fe3O4 and Fe2O3 in the original mixture.
Fe3O4 + 8H+ + 2I- 3Fe2+ + I2 +4H2O
Fe2O3 + 6H+ + 2I- 2Fe2+ + I2 + 3H2O
No of moles of Na2S2O3 = (5.5/1000) x 1.00 = 5.5 x 10-3 mol
I2 + 2S2O32- 2I- + S4O62From the eqn,
1 mol I2 2 mol S2O322.75 x 10-3 mol I2 5.5 x 10-3 mol S2O3210 cm3 2.75 x 10-3 mol I2
50 cm3 13.75 x 10-3 mol I2
MnO4- + 8H+ + 5Fe2+ 5Fe3+ + Mn2+ + 4H2O
No of moles of MnO4- = (3.2/1000) x 1.00 = 3.2 x 10-3 mol
From the eqn,
5 mol Fe2+ 1 mol MnO40.016 mol Fe2+ 3.2 x 10-3 mol MnO425 cm3 0.016 mol Fe2+
50 cm3 0.032 mol Fe2+
Let x = no of moles of Fe3O4
3x + 2y = 0.032
X + y = 13.75 x 10-3

and y = no of moles of Fe2O3

[since Fe2O3 and Fe3O4 each produce 1 mol of I2 per mole]

X = 4.5 x 10-3 mol Fe3O4 = 17.4 %

Y = 9.25 x 10-3 mol Fe2O3 = 24.6%

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Chloropicrin, CCl3NO2, can be made cheaply for use as an insecticide as shown below.
........ CH3NO2 + ....3.... Cl2 ........ CCl3NO2 + ....3.... HCl

(a)

Balance the above equation.

(b)

Using your answer in (a), calculate the mass of nitromethane, CH3NO2, needed to form 300
g of chloropicrin.

111 g
10

Consider the combustion of amyl alcohol, C5H11OH.

(a)

Write down the chemical equation to show the complete combustion of C5H11OH.
2C5H11OH + 15O2 10CO2 + 12H2O
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(b)

Calculate the volume of oxygen needed for the combustion of 1.0 mole of amyl alcohol.

(c)

Calculate the mass of carbon dioxide produced for each gram of amyl alcohol burned.

220 g
(d)

Hence, calculate the mass of carbon dioxide, in tonnes, produced from the combustion of 1
tonne of amyl alcohol.

2.5 tonnes
End of Paper