Fundamentals of Engineering Thermodynamics 7th Edition Solutions Manual

CHAPTER ONE GETTING STARTED: INTRODUCTORY CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONSPROBLEM Lt mass enters when . ‘iwrake valve is open mass exits when exaust Valve is open nat, sugtaces Jiston exerts force on gas surroundings ING COMPYESSLON, gas exerts force on during expansion hot surfaces interact Wits SUVTOURALS iin watt aatat foe shaft torque x froneotts towe NT exnaass FO NONSMArssion gas OutPROBLEM 1.2. Motor as system: . electric warrant flows torque transmitted through i + speed of rotation of armature can change + temperature of eolbe ceetae con warm surface of waotor interacts with surroundings Enlarged system: Be Se pees eae Oe aoce 1+ chemical changes oaur 1 within the bat ' » Speed of rotation of armature com change + tem we of motor ' and Tbalery com 1 Ohange |. ynass 15 vaised within | system warm surfaces interact with surroundings comment: The shaft jorge on! ond caveont Low inlerackions become internal 4o the enlaraPROGLEM 1.3 A control volume encloses the solar collector, + Cool water enters thecolector at ©, and lot water exits at@. + solar radiation impinges on the Front of the collecto + Warm surfaces of the collector iwteroct with the suxyoundi * gome of a nee vodkation Sore is See Heh ue, eit A control volume encloses the scar collector, Awetanle, and the inter connected piping + Cold wade enters tre tank : gad hot wales ate + Warm sates ef the collector, | i amd intecconnecteet } stovage ahewd ierct sith the surround- j foul shar ‘odiatvon the ar x fe eee es oa “sort e uae: Some is ‘alssorbed, Tia tem ‘mage tre water Hs Keme JPROBLEM 1-4 A control volume enctoses the valve and turbine. + Steam enters at@ and evits at ©. = A torque is transmaited through the Awtating Shaft + Warm surfaces of the turbine interact with the surroundings, Within the control volume , Ham Flows across th Valve andihteash di ter bine blades, When Fre generator is ineludad wi the contvol volume, © Steam enters at @ and excte otf @. + Warm surfaces of the turbine and ta generator interact with Ha Surrounds . + elect current flouw fran tha generator Role that Hon tramtmtiad torque does net crosc the boundary of the anlerged control Volumae _ PROBLEM 1.5~ ie ® A conte! volume enclocas tha engine driven pomp: aaseS ' Water entert at © and exits at © + Awe for Combustion of tha on-board fuel eniersy and Combuttion gases exit. Uoarun surfaces of PBomys interact With tas surroundings @: —>3 Gitlin the pump, © piston ic kept ut mohion within a cylinder owin ro combuckion of tht on-lwoard fuel. THe piston mehion v3 harnessed te pump the Aiqurd. The amount of fuel within the system olecreases with time, When the bose and nogale oe metodad, a bugh-spemt war jet exits te auteaded Combo! Volume ab the nogyle ext,PROBLEM Lb system boundary + tuo phases are present (liguid and gas), + not ie substance because composition is different in each phase. system boundary + three phases are present (solid, liquid avd gas) ° ubtance be ite oi ois caleas Meats saps and liquid prases. The system is a pure substance, Although the ligdid ic vaporized the system remaius fixed in chemical Composition ond is chemically homogeneous. system boundary PROBLEM 1.8 the system is a pure sulostance, Although yi the phases chong? , the system remains of Fixed ' chemical composition and is chemically homogeneous. The system is nat o pure sul stance duwing the process Since the Com- dish ot Position of the Qas phase changes water 25 Water evaporates into the &ir. Once all of the water evaporates, the gas phase comes to equilibrium pnd thé compositron becomes OMOGeN2OLS. A+ this point, phase an be treated os 0. dure He Bes SsPROBLEM L.lo* Ub ; song=(lotsuoe4) | ts m= (0b Fy = 9) Clolb}(si0 eo Ib ters 2463 by <—_ Fy ro (ooo N kN ( kqu/s* ine UN ne BM _/25 kN 3 9.3 m/s =2SS( kg <—_™ Foray 2S kN PROBLEM 1.12, | kgm / 52 iN = 7.5 m/s* 4 Cb) Ynassis Unchanged. ™ Foca a5n m=10kg () gmat = SH »(257 UN Vieg-wals = BIN Farav Fyre 145.8 Fyar® 9 = (0 Ig) 81m] PROBLEM 1.13 we) 32.2 Ib-fH/s? 10 1 bE = 304 Hs% Sto (b) mass is unchanged. gi : . 74 | lbt = mg = (10 1b) (32.2 4) oe = lolbfe a 2 ara Fgeay 296 bt I-6PROBLEM 114 In general) Frys mQ- Se m 7 &) Since ea unas fs the CAme OM Mars aS On as i = Fara gens 1st Hl Paes * (75 aon Accordingly Gasset * (ae) (Fn = (Bests 23 by <<——— (Seo) sues 6.28 log The dentihy Pr? wm [vr Rewtging 64.0%) with data on Wart mz (823 uf. 322 tb-fls*| | 20.61 |b (2.8644, 1 WE ‘Then : zobt lb 2 0. 1b et Migs Og + PROBLEM 1.15" * Eght> is used on beth parts: n= wm /M, Where Ms from Tables A-1. (2) MaMa, = (0 kmrol Ares m= (28.97 leg (enol) (10 keel) = 299.7 kg HOt ma((G.02 leg /lemal) (10 Kmnal) = L@O.R eG Cat m= (GSSH leg fkmel)(W0kemal) =G3S.4 bg Sat m= (64.06 leq/rmal) (10 Krol) = 40.06 eg (ky W=m™7M, mao lb ey we (20 Wb) Z(3V. AU Ub (thrmal) = O-SOL Ub mol Her ne (2 bb)/ (2,000 th/Iberol) = .42l tbmol Nat n= (20bbS/(2@,01 lb (bbl = 0.114 (berol Ct nz (ro WY /(r2.0t /[hmol)= LOGS (bool 1-7PROBLEM 1.16% T Foor = K(ax) and pring? Frou = "9 K(x) = mg pode, AX+2em and | ke AX = C50 kg)(9.81 mis?) IN | Yn = Si —— For easiest @emy kg-m/s2 prophet = 6.13 N/omg Constant PROBLEM 1.17 te mets Tv aia HI 7 © The spring is known to delect 0-12 in for every LIE of applied force. Thus, We begin by determin ing the weight of the object Favor 7 9 = (US VWe\(214 H/s?) = (463 lof Lib 32.2 fF We[s? The deflection is O¥= (0.1 Ra/lb¢) (HB Ibe) = LAL om g¢—_____**PROBLEM 1.18 K (Ax), where For a linear spring , ta a Dx WB the spring extension. Sunea Flpring = a Fray = mg y we have K(Ax)= mg. Since mand Kare independent of ocation, Fy the Locat accelerahon of gravity % Proporkonnrd tthe deflect. Thus wars: mar: CAdmars 5 loin o-1e Yoo. 174 $4) Bees Gm = Sei Ome Con) oa = in gas8t @— moons quscon , (A¥)maen 5 Gx) moon = Ges) YEW orth Geth — (Ax)eath > (Sy 0.2911) = 0.044 in PROBLEM 1.19 The average Deceleration occuvs from 5 mish to vest iv ols. occeleratiow magnitude is lal = 4. Smi/h- oO S280 Ht|| Ih Plug BE * ors )| Twi || 36003, = 73.33 H/s* oninas 73.33 HIs* finn lal. = 5. s ) = 2.28 a! dlecelerati I leg (Bz Hisz) ~ 7:28 g's« Gin g's) Thus, the magnitude. of the average toree applied is : = a 1 Ibe | Flog ™ [4[ aug = Go tb)(13.33 #)| tae ENaees = 1139 Ibe VFlavgPROBLEM 1.20" " melkg = 5 ms* (up) Faray 9 = 9.81 m/s? Fapp> Fara 2 Fapp = Mat mg = m (at+g) = (akg)(s+2.81) 24 | !N Sh gem /s2 = AVON S Fope PROBLEM 1.21 * Fapp? 15 \bf fm 235 lb G=32.2 Hse Fape” Grav as Feet Fame Papp 9 mm ™ = moa. = Fae _g ~ 2 . (= lbf |2 Ib. $s? | _ 32.2 Hs 35 Ib 1 bf = 18.4 £4/s* (downward) <——_& From Table A-\E : H1 = 18.02 Ib/Ibmol Foray = Ge VMNG » =(0.5 lbmel )(18.02 FV G0.5 #)] — = 8.534 Ibf. % gras F; 230.5 ts? . 5)( 18.02) ar 4 = A, (0-5)(802) | Sue” Vi “foamsy = bettt Ib/H% Save PROGLEM 1.23 Fapace = ™ 4 fee" Sone) ne Fa Hy earth, Sean J Gerace Jearte = Fence AN earl * Fagace (Seas) « (42 n)(28!) ‘ = bm|s? space weight Ispuce 5 Senn? 45152 =68.61 N<___ earth I-loPROBLEM 1.24 Fr Ss ie qe La-81~ (23 x6%/e)2]m/s* , ohn sy where 2 Wa m, z S + ~~. ==> FOS SS Smee weight & DJzmg, the percent changer weisht om landing Le aemege: | 22br0 = | 100) cof _ | Case) -28 tim[o) — (33 x10/52) Wot m)] Je 33 <= (ios) - G-a~ 2x0 )oF)] oF = 0.34¢Z%——__. PROBLEM 1.25 \\r= 30H : 3 }! Saag 624 Wit = 32.1 Hls* The mass of watey ig m = 6 atshere)V i te volume of +he spherical taw Ve dmv? = (§) cm) (30 FH)? = 1.131 x10 $4? and the mass is m= ¢V (024 He yet aixco8) = 1.06 klo® bg The weight is + mg alrooustnsas 8) set Maral Fray © 10 =(1-06x«0'Ib) 2.14 +) ae = 7,04 x10% IbF. Fgroy ulPROBLEM 1.26 The scale Accords the weight, ar mg » where. macs m te given by i ms Spdv = f pacz Vol ° e 2 =a (7800 -3¢0(2/L) Jdz For aimpliciby introdues @ raw varvable: 2= Z/L,so I Azz Ld2 and the expustion for mace reads fieensn we AL Le. seol2)'] 42 ° 4 ge 9. 78m /s™ . = AL [78002 - se) J, PF F800 -360(z/L) Kym, where Z is in mt, <@S)L[ 7008) = 7 (os m)"(2m) | 7680 £9 J= BIO KF = wt Finally & , Foray = 0g = Ge ierg) (478%) | 29, 4% N-«— PROGLEM 1.21 3 3) 043 d= 10 ma? = ECO} ve 2 — = 5236 vss Hb ce b 36 9 = 31.0 4/s* me Vv . 523.6 43 aa * Isa a7 ~ 3468 |b For 7 3 =B408 1e)(31.04} = 33.34 Ibt 32.2 Ib-HIs? | Mof | ee I-12PROBLEM 1.28% eve, v Vo deen Ss (sng oF Bes | 6% Coa, intl er co is eds using leaking when speafe volume & Ut mz (SKS m= 30K9 me Vir (a) Using VE Vim wd ° 2 ingeal speeedre volume: re FORE = (AR —— IS *3 after an additone RIS ig 3 enters ue 20 2 ote FoKg (We) Beginning with BOK of COn Ut the pass thet has leaked (Arant ]= [seea] - ( mace ig eatin, ] eypinder the amount of Volome. wi the cyuinder ov = Borg] - [227°] Tn wetting this, We assume thet the pea fre volume docs not Vory with Aecaion ustthin Hos cyetmnder? the gas leats Slowly , co prctpecrfie volume within tHe eghader varves only ewith hime. Simca hs speeege vrtume UW varies Few 0-67 wile whe Bok, & wt Cynder T ths speatred upper Arnut Speedjed: FO m¥leg | tHe plot co 96. 67 08 09 10 ary meg I-13PROBLEM 1.24 @) At a temperature of 240% , the Specified pressuve oF 1.25HPa falls between the tabe values of 1.0 amd 5 MPa. To determine the specific volume corresponding to 1.25MPa, we think of the slope of a Straight line joming” the adjaceut’ table states, as follows: Ww =0.2275 mM/keg 22. vy; p25 vy 8 60 p*42 5) 3 weg A4 V=01N83 mY/keg p, MPa Lo 12s us similar triangles : =0.1N83 _0.2275-0.1483 s . | slope| = we I & veces (25 )(0. 2275-01985) = 0.1879 weg g(a) W Aba. pressure of 1S MPa atthe given specific volume of 0.1555 mle falls behween the tuble values ‘of 240 aud '260%. To determine the temperature corresponding to the gwen specific yolume , We thile of Hhe slope of a Shraaqit lve jorning He adjoceut able skates, as follows: 280. (0,1627,280) — 0-240" lope = T=24O | . 280° 3 ° ope SSS -(4BD 1627-1483 % > 72 240+ [/S855- 483] to’ 240 Tent 1403) tO (.1483,240) = 260°C. co Ad SIG TU; leg ©) Inthis case, the specitiéd pressure falls between the tuble values of 1.0 and 1.5 MPa and the specified temperature falls between the table values oF 200 ancl 240°C . Thus, double rnterpolation is reguived. «Ab 220%, the specttie Volume ed- each pressure is Siisply the average over the infervod: a py te svg 12060 4.2275 at 1.0 MPa 220% 3 4 = —— > ——— = 0.21675 w7/kg 2 at [5 MPa, 220% a 2 LEAST INBP Ag yoy weg + Thus, with He same approach as in Ca) (MOY _ 0.21675 - 0.1804 0.1 > VU = 01404 +See) 21G 7S 0,144) = 0/5567 mg. we q *_Ts-ToPROBLEM }.30 (a) At a temperature of 120°C , tha speecfied re. of 54 lbf/in? falls between the table values af 50 and 60 lef/in? To determine the speefic volume corresponding to S4 loflin®, Wwe thank of tus Slope of a straight tine, jBining the adjacent tabte states, as follows: veto vy ae | b= -dI-- HA vison! AY ee nee find 50 re ee) > Py ef lin? Similar treangles: [stope] = YoS8ML . O-S.8H wy ve woe & no- 6.9ti)= 6.602 6o-st Go-S0 a te) At & piesture of 60 lbflin?, the given Sprefic volume. of Sate falls between the table values of (20 and 40°F. To deleemine, the femperature cavresponding te the given spectfre, Votoms , we think of the slope of a clvarsht tine joining the adjacent Table states, a2 follows : 140 (612,140) 140-120 $483 2 te reor [' \~) Gn 5.8% Sarak 4 el, stil () Tn this case the specified prassuve falls behueen the table Valuer of 0 and bo Ibf/int Gnd the speecfied temperature fale, behueen ue tele values of 0 ad 20°F, Thus, douile mbepelakon required: At OF , the specific volome at each prrcture (6 simply the average ova the interval ak SOME 110 ve THOFG ER = 6.993 H/o at Goll oF, ve SAUFELST= S735 HUD te aa c Then, site tee shine appaoach oo (A) - S.74S , CMF3S-SFIT = 26.49% 699, ESE. AR a vn sore = Coir Bile —q—_) IlsPROBLEM 1.3(* m:5kg From the pressure - Specific volume relation \ pu 3s const, 6 :? v, “Coe)"toa mi/kg) prtbar ,v, 70,2 mi/kg = 05810 m¥kg P2*0.25 bar V,2U,mM 22905 m&__ p-bar PROBLEM 1.32 From the ah, - Volume elation (2) v, =e (22S aoe) nel; ip Yeen ae 21.25 Vz 22.615? Ve, 3; Vir 290082 V2.2 3.168 f° 60 p-lb tine 40 20PROBLEM 1.33" ReAS bf/iu* Re Vash? Pa = 100 IbF/ mt Vp, = LS HF The pressure-volume velation is linear clurtng the process. Thus : AF, Pree Gaal (v-M) Or, using given data tee, (00-15) tbflin® Pro tt Ces) a (v-25) #3 = 237.5-8SV When V= 2. $43 prans-es(al)= 4 Ibfn®g ____p On p-V coordinates 2 g | = 80 = 60 pr PEAS = 85 V & 40 ° f+. Ls to at v GR)PROBLEM 1.34 (A) The process is described by pPVic constant. The constant can be evaluated using data at state | pV= constant zp = CtbaryiL) = 1 bark Se, for every state during the prowss, we hme the relation pV= lbare L When p> 3kar, we ibark 2 0.33b +. 3 bar Wien p> alo ye io = 0.28L 7 Plotting the relation on passsure volume coordinates We Are : bar. L ps {bere vw +o. ob tan 4 2 2 _—_____——_ > Linear preseure volume Cour) a telatvonchi of part(b) PV constant Raton t 2 pari (a) L ° 02s 6S O75 hO vel) wy For comparison, the Unear parcture-volome ‘elahonthip is Shown onthe plot above. The volume corresponding to ps Shar con be obtained simply using the slope of tHe shraaght Aine between | and?: 5 = Ger. Gel Vz OSL a Isepel= rau 7 Go This value also con be read from tha plot. 1-18PROBLEM 1.35~ Thermodynamic cycle! Iai pV constant E+ Ae bear, Visi, Vu 0.2m! | ay pe conctant, VirVg expansion), Vg2l0m! 8-1 VR conctant Rr prowss 2) pVis constant. The constant can be evaluated using data at Stated: p Va constant 2AM 3 = Cbar)Cim’) 2 | barn Accordenglys on & pressure ~Volume plot process I-2 ‘5 deseribed a Hoar mi? Pe ra Ta perbuilar, when Var o-2m? > p= Shar. The thermodynamnte cyete takes the forme © Rye Sbar 3 p= constant 5 Wi 02m ye Sher Wel mo? + “Vs constant P (oor > PV= constant OL O08 O04 OF 06 OF 08 OF LO Vv (wi) 1-14PRostem 1.36" Pay = O13 Pa $3 = (l0%0 ~101.33) Lm _|ro%wlm | 107 10%) Vege (73.59 glem3) 697-81 mIs?)| \ ePa Ve a Th = 002m =2cm L () Foage. = PH Paty =04.0 = 101,335 2.67 L& fs a PROBLEM 1.37 Rivne * £94 2 = (49.94 fs Yana H)(F2a)| tee _||_1H* | ' }32.2 Ih-As?)| 144 iu™| Pavac *H-2in. Heo = ORY IE LE Patna = 145 Woe go 32a Hs? Rrabs * Bln~ Fyvne 4 5 3 So = 44.94 Tol ee = 5 ~ OY = M379 EE. Paabs PROBLEM 1.38% A) Pats * Bm Vacuum Tank — |p) 9g kPa Prac * Retm™ Fats 248-4O=Se eRe Pvt Babe OM bar =40 b PaPROOLEM 1.34 2 Lot face ie [APopgel = 4 9 L | 9 32.0 ft/s Ga0.01004 Hb Stan? 5y, 5 02-344 Ib/ HS Boge | =(62.344 BY22.0 Ayia Pam! | * 32,2 Ib- fl s | = 0.3444 IbE ine, PPrage Colecreases) PROBLEM 1.40 L=20cm =0.2m Tanke 8 Faagee” Sug IL =(3.59 4, yas) Foamy e, | 10? aw len on lies Tm l= kgomlst 326,664 N/m? = 0.2666 bar wd : fem Foage 214 ba Mercury (¢ = 13.59 g/m?) Foss * eurr* Goge,e = Ol +.2666 = L266 bar ¢ __. Fags, = fec,at Frege, = 12766 + 1H = 2,616L bar ¢ PROBLEM 1.41 Bim Sig Lng 3 (3.89 4 ,)(7.81 m/s \GQS)m SES i | bar i0%4| Ae Ved || Ueg-mnl sll 10% Nm Sug 213.59 Glem3 21 bar 924.8) m/s? Foes = Gane Prac = | bar- 0.2 bur = 0.8 bare __ Fabs d-2tPROGLEM 1.42" 2 Pagege® 280.0 1bslie = ue . ; Pale Mo WE Lie = (Bagoge Bin) ~ Prabe R22 = (290.0+14.6) -20 Compressor = Tb Jophin®, _Afabs Peal gi=(eno0erte)/20 = 14.73 <— EXEL faus* Rabs~ Prabs P abs 220 Ibf/in? PROBLEM 1.43 9= 4981 m/s Faring = KX) where i= 10,000 N/m Fir tha piston: mz 10 Kg As 7.8K/03 wt For the ate: AV= 3.axotm? Tachatly X20 ond Hn is no spring force aching on the pitton. Also, field behoren 44 psn ad The eyhader toatl can be igrared Accordingly, the force exerted by the air Uitlin ths cylindin on the “bottom of piston is egal to the weight of TAL piston plus the force exerted by the atmerphere onthe top of the piston: feek { Theo: 4 FAs RimA+ m9 = Patt AD A B= tears (Womgya-tiels|] IN 1) ter ' Zexssme _| fier | in| As li2e bar |= <-——____-, Finally) the force exerted bog the air within the cylinder Hoe bottom the piston 1s equal fo the weight 4 th plus the force exerted by the atmmerphere on the “top sf the pitton plus the fore exerted by the spring on pha top ofthe pistow 1-22PRooLem 1.43 (Cont'd) Bry ] Sim tr] Theo: st BA> PamA + mg + Fpring he Be Pmt mo, Finny For the springy Fipeng= eX, where. x fe foond using tha increase sh volume, sn af the aw: = AV 3.9 Ke = 005 me € ROR § 78 Kase Gatlecting results (igmoN/m) (0-05 ma) | Ibar \] Pre farm + 62 + 1 ayes me) | oem 3 Nite bar + O64! bar = FOF bar <——_—_—_______ PROBLEM 1.44 Pat? 0-28 ber , 924.8 W/s* TT] 6 The totel force on the bottom of He pool is the sum of He welt of the water amd the down ward force of atmospheric pressuve on the surface of the water ; Flot = Fray + Facto ro) To get the weight of He woter, first find the mass, as follows m= g V = (998.2 *2,)[ CyLrooresers £(r0cresycsey] m? =(478.2)(12500) = 125x107 kg Thus Fomy = ™g = 2 (2sxt0 bg)(4.61 Mss) Fs | wel 226x107 LN E, 2 . . Tew atom > Tat Msubace® 0:28 bar) (100%x50) m Pa 7 senichls Fro > 226x105 44.9 x(0% = 6.126 X10 EN. The depth at tre coutey of the pool is h=2.5m, Thus P * Pam? 29h Pr Pott S Lf 100 kPa Uff Lek = 628 bor\| 27K | + Gas.2 43 \la.8 B\asm) a Le fdas 1-23 or 5PROOLEM 1.45, + Fr L/x = Sin@ L L \ eo X= Sine oo XFL inclined manometer gives greater resolution PROGLEM 1.4O 7 426 Ft Ap=egd -(e2.2 tbe Ly faery {e22 wk22B\e NV 52.2 1e-Alea|| 4 in| Storm gna win * 22.89 Ibf/int = 32.2 H1s* - 1-24PROBLEM 1-47 Consider the variation of pressure owing to the effect of gravity. For an element im a motenless gas of Wqurd, the forus acting are the foraef parscure on the Upper and lower surfaces and the warght of the systems jr saz Zho: O= pesaa)A +mg — plZA where =pv “ a Fe aaz] = (aaz) F Rearrangin uy A (pletaz) — p(z\]=-(A4F) + plese2)- ple) _g —ae OF Tn the Aimit on AZO. Ther gives se .- 0S o) % : : () Atmosphere. If Ws C/p swhere cs ra.nas(rtlg (eral -72495 ig beter Sg. OR) yt here des -9P > ae tle = dnp: 3 + ink az 7° ae) When 220, P2B (lam), giving P= Rexp(-92/e). Tasecting Entun Valuty gies puiaim when 2 em ( Some fae om | = Repl? 1352) This celakonshep {8 shown witha accompanying plot Pah ep ai) 1-25PROBLEM 1.47 (Cont'd) (atm) z(km) (ey Ocean. Letting 26-2) denote dept, G4. (#) reads ap. 9 a Than) astuming ve constant p> Q)e+k wan 226, ps A(labe) ) giving PF (Z)t+h. Treerting neu velite gives Put abe eter 2G at kaw no [‘Sherneeaar oso) pe 10d 2 e Ths relatimelep if leon uc foe accompanying plot 200 160 | / 120 (atm) 20 40PROBLEM 1.48 For the gas iv the tank, the p-v-T relation is pt [€5.18x10°3) T/(0- 0.002668)]- €8.91 X154,/y* paw iteratwely for wat p= loobar, 7=255k we get V = 0.00884 m7/kq a and mm stoco kg Vemvu= 8.84 mig v eg following plots can be constructed for T=250, 500, 1le00K : 1000 © T=250K & 400 200 0 0 002 004 006 008 01 v(m?) PROGLEM 1.49 2 For the water vapor in the tank, the p-u-T relation is tank p= [(asasWT/(v--0.2708)]~ 63.30/0~ water where v is in H°/Ib, Tis in °R, and p is in Ibfliu> vapor Solving iterahvely for v at p=1500 lofhis, T=U/40°R wegee ar 20.686 H%/lb vi82.3 42 Thus, with the gwen value for V m2V/U = 82.3/0.686 = (20 lb, m The Following plots can be constructed for T=/200, 1400, 1600°R | 5000 4000 3000 p(lbtfina) 2000 1000 ° 02 04 06 08 1 12 14 16 18 2 v¢ten) '-27PROBLEM 1.50 (a) [G 4 cL (b) Ie Lelem Derivation of Fy. 115+ ZF(t)=0 Faas A ~ RatmAq 891A =O HO: Paage * Sgt =(6.24 FoN(32.2 Hy hee) be [32.2 Ib- #41 s4 LHe 144 in® = 0.0361 Wepline gage Hg: §= 15-59 Pio > Phage = 13.59 (0.0301) = 0.491 Wf, page 5 20: Phege * $9 = (200 £2 \(a.81 "Yor m| UN |} _t bar ms re Tkg-mm]5* || 10 5Nfont = 9.81 x10" barsg age Hg: Sug 13-79 Suro D Mage > 13.59 (4.81x(0-4) = 0.01333 bars, ___ Pease 1-28PROBLEM 1,51* Using Eg. 122 T(F) = 1.6 T°) + 32 (ay Tee) 21 TWP) 2(.8)(21) +32 = 64.8 TPR) = TOF) + 459-67 = 529.47 (b) Tee) = =4O T () =(-8)(-4o )# 32 = -UO TPR) YO + 459.67 = 419.67 ©) Tec)= S00 TF) = (1.8)(s00)+32 = ABA TCR) = %3Q 4459.67 = 1 3ALGT cel) Teey= © TF) = 0.8)C O 4327 32 TPR) = 32% 4 459.67 = YU.GT ce) Tec) = 100 TCOF) = C1.8)(100) + 32 = 212 TCR) = 21244549.67 =6T1.67 (4) Te) = -273.15 T (CF) = U8) (-273.15) #32 =-459.67 TOR) = -4SU6T + 459.6770Prostem 1.52* Using 6g. 1-22 c) = TOF) — 32 The) = Tg) - BR = ue) - EFS co) Ter): ©8 a0) 8-19.98 = 20 7B T(K)= QO #273182 BABS wy TE) = ~4O Tee) = AO -1n98 = “40 : Tle) = -4O4 27HIS = IBIS «) Ter)= Soo ec) = 902 17-782 260 Te) =aeo+ 273-1S+ $33.15 TU) = Py 1978 = - 1778 Tle) = IR 7B42FBIS2 VSS-3F ce) Ter) = 22 Tc) = 33 -17.78 = (OO Te) = 100 +27ET= B7BISPROBLEM 1.53 7, (%)- T,C2e) = [TC ) 4298-45] - [7,(0c)+ 29215] = T2(K)- TC) Tal *F)- TF) 2 [ Ta °F) + 45967] - [T.COF) +4 SAET] * TCR) - THR) PROBLEM 1.54 The expression for Cesistance is R= Re exp] OCF - 4d] 3 where Ro = 2.2.2 ond T= 310K 28 Since Re O.8i.n at T= 422K > “B15 (2.2) exp Up (ais - #01] al \ Solving for a Ga > we) os Thus ° 250 300-380-400 450~—~—«500 R= 2.2 exp [2208.4 (+- sta)] 1) PROGLEM 1.55* Serer From the data at T=32°E eh) Rm 51.39 = Re [1 + 4(32-3a)] > Ro 5137-2 At T=\W°F, R=51.72. Thus 7 Test 1 32 51.39 2 bd Tet? 198 S72 S172. = 5134 L1+ oe(\o-32) ] > % =3USS eeyt Finally, R= S134 ( + BASS 10s (T-32)] R= Ro [14+A(T-Te)] ‘ R=SI 326 + 2.012% x10 T Let T= 32°F T 24.97 (R ~ 51.326) Tr TLR=SI4T) = U6? F <———— PROGLEM 1.50 Using €G.1.22, TIF) =1.8 TCee) +32. For TPF) = Thc) = t a a THLeT +32 Solving pe-40 Fo T INK ree) 2 Tee) 4218S = -40 4273.15 = 255.15g FH) Tne: TCR) = TPF) A 959.07 = -404459.67 = 419-674 __ TR) 1-31PROBLEM 1.57 (*s) From the data, the relation can be expressedas = (30 50 (or T(es) = (2202182) Tle) F150 (100, 300) 215 T(c) +/50 o 25) = © F¢%¢) = ZL piers Soe Using this relatisn (%) T+100°S > - 335.33 Cg ___ 1%) ° 100 T=400% —> 166.67 Cq—__ 7%) From &4.1.14 Tes) = 1S [TKk)-273.1S] +150 Thus, the ratia of the size of the °S to the kelvin is 15 S/gg— PROBLEM 1.58 Since the temperature variatron is Ivneay Te mx +b Wire ma the slope and b is the value when v2, Slope: m= pote cor), -8 F/in, Tin Whin vee, T= 68°F Accor dings the tem perature varcadion thrush the wall 2 -( *Ffin.) x + 68°F Checking He Hmpere hare at the piper X= Bin. SH (8°F in, )(3in.) + 68°F > 44°r There ts no danger of freezing. 1-32CHAPTER TWO ENERGY AND THE FIRST LAW OF : THERMODYNAMICSPROBLEM 2.1 KNOWN: An automobile of Known mass accelerates from a given veloaity te another. EUJD: —Delermune ths incbat Kinehne energy and the Change tn lemene energy, ScHamatic €GIvEN DATA: was i200 9 Nie 50 em/he Vy = (00 m/e ASSUMPTIONS: (1) The automobile is 44 closed TySteun. (2) The velocities nd Echehe energies are felative +o the foad. Avaursis The initrd Kineht enevgug Cassomptrn 2) is Ke, = dem | tcPen/nm || eT || IN = 4 (asong) (2) [eave] |S | = US FH KT =-—__ The cheng ww June bre energy “~ ke-kes be LY) = ans) [eo] SEP] el 234% 1SPROBLEM 2.2" KNOWN: Anoloject of knoun mass is located at a specified elevation felohve tole Surface of He earth us FIND: Determine gravitational potential energy of the object. SCHEMATIC 4 GIVEN DATA: Rm = 400 kg ASSUMPTIONS: (1) The object or 929-18 m/s* is a close&cystem (2) The ac celeration of gravity is constomt. 7225m. ANALYSIS: The gravitational potewhio onéray’ “is PE =MQe - LN AkN ke = (Hook (4.783 25 —) Beall ioooN 4 ar | = 418 kT PE — PROBLEM 2.3 * KNOWN: An object of known weit undergoes a specified change iu its Linctteenergy whale ils polential energy inereases* 4 Find: Determine the firal velocity . SCHEMATIC # GIVEN DATA: Assumption: The abject is @ closed system. ANALYsIs: The change in linebic energy is“ Fyray= (00 Ibe= mg 2 art = (00 by) abt, | _ © Ke smi, Nw y | Gane) |= (Oolb Thus solving for VE and inserting values and a incl conversion factor 2 4ke — + 9=3224/s* we 2 C Ar m 5 : 2 Ibe 2(-500 $+- lb |= ATs’ | : (40 Hs)* Cioe Wb) Lit = 3595 Als Na 1. The analysis makes no use of the luformation related to potential energy. 2-2PROBLEM 2.4* KNOWN: Abeick of known yolume and density expenences a given dectease in grouitahbnal potential energy. Var SH3SK We EIND: Determine the change in elevation. SCHEMATIC € GIVEN ‘DATA: ii $=120 bee the 9 32.0 1s* ASSLMPTIONS : (1) The beickis a closed = System. (2) the acceleration of gravity Zz Ape =-so0 lly is constant. (3) Thedensity of the body is Uniform throughout. ANALYSIS: nee 5 V= SH\GsinN(oind |r| = 0.03038 4 pra Based on assumption (3) Yn =eV = (i201! 44 )(0.03038 E44) = 3,651b The change in potewtial energy and the elevation are related by Ape = mg hz Thus, solving for AE _ Are (-500 $4-1be) 32.2 Ib. Fr/s* Az mg” (305) 32.0 #18) 1 ibe we © s-138 He bz The negative sign denotes a decrease in elevation . 2-3PROBLEM 2.5" stool? i An aut mobile of Known weight travels from sea level to « Essa: Determine tht change wii potenhot energy, Scnmance & 6ven DATA: —T sight: 2600 Ue a 7 . co 7 i ASSUMPTIONS: I, As shown in the gchemehc thy autumobite is the cloved Syskm. 2. The acceleration auth, if constant. 9 AMALYSIG: The chge In potntiat energy APE = mq (21-2) The quantity mg B Aecognaged so the veliete wersht. Thus, inserting Rnoum ~ values APE = Gtoo lef )( 2000 ft) = S20 FE If 478 PROBLEM 2.6% kwown: An object of known vnass decelerates from a given initial L velocity fo a known final velocity: Eiwp: Detevmie the change in kinetic energy of the object. ScHemanc 2 Given) DATA: fm] Ws looms i] 1000 keg | R= 20 mis — | ASSUMPTION: The object is a closed system. AwAdysis: The change in kivetic energy is Ake=dm(v-4*] Inserting known values aud convertitg units a 2 JIN kT Ake = 4 (100013) [ 20° 100% ] Teq-ente3| | 0° Nem 0 yoo kT gg 1. The negate sign denotes a decrease iu kinetic energy as expected.PROBLEM 2.7 KNOWN: Awairplane of known mass flies with a given veloci a a qiven altitude, ten measured relative to the surface of the ear wn EIND: Caloulate @) the kitetic and potential ies of the airplane, awd ()) the Final velocity for a given change in kinetic energy. SCHEMATIC ¢ GIVEN DATA: wn 5000 ka ASSUMPTIONS:(D The airplane js a Weisomis closed system. (z) The acceleration of ) = 4:18 mist Qravity IS constaut. GY Tn part Cb), ola here is no change in elevation. 2 =10,000m, SKE= 10,000 kT a . TOTTI ET ITIT TF ANALYSIS 1(0) The kinetic energy is 2 IN uke kez amy 4 3 Ueg-m|s?]| 107 Nom = 56,520 kT __K&) The gravitational potowkial energy is IN Ukg-mls? ter PE= rngz =(S000 ka) (A718 "M1s*)(10, 000 mm) 102 Nem = 484,000 kT. (b) The change in kinetic energy is related to the initialanc Final velo~ cities by Ake = dm(¥2V57) Thus, solving for Va*and converting units 2 ZAKE pe Ve St 2.( 10,000 kT) | amit ae * “ooo ka) iN Ves | ose = 26,500 Ws? or © N= 162.8 mis Ve. 1 ln part (b), the velocity tncreases,as expected. 25PROBLEM 2.8 KNowa: An object of known mass moves with a given velocity. Eup; Determine @ the final velocity for a given change in kinetic energy » and(b) the change iu elevation for a given change in 8 potential energy. : PS, mello Maric £ GIVEN DérA: GC) Fe too ats Assume@TIOnS: (1) The object is a closed 9=32.0 Hs? System.(2) The acceleration of gravity z (a) AKE 2-100 FH tbe is constant. (by Ape = 100-7 bE ANAWSIS: Ca) The change in kinetic energy is related to the initial and final yelocities by Aces dm[vivi"] Thus, solving for the Final velocity Vz 2 KE Ves | Iusering values and converting units accordingly . Ve (2) C100 f+-IbF) 132.2 Ib-Hls* x Ci Wey | 1 tbe © = 54,67 Hs {b) The change in potential energy is related to the change in elevation by APE = mg 42 Thus, the change in elevation is Az = I (loo Ht. tbe) (i Ib) 32.0 #452) 100.6 +Vi7 re | + 100? A 32.2 Ib-FHs* 1 lobe Az @ 1. The velocity decreases, as expected. 2. The elevation Increases ,as expected.PROBLEM 2.9* KNOWN: Am object of knoun mass accelerates from a given initial Velocity to 0. given final velocity due 0 the action of a. resultant force. EIND: Determine the work done by the resultant force. SCHEMATIC GIVEN DATA: = , m= akg ) Ny #200 vas ro Vj =S00 mis 2 W) The object is a closed system. (2) The resultant force is the only imteraction between te ob ject air its surroundings. + By assumphon(2) , the work of the resultant force must equal the change wt eee “Taus, using &% 2.6 * O work = 4m(v7- VkT 107 N-m 2 * (aka) (Soo*-200°) | _IN Tkq:m/s2| = 210 ET. work I. The increase in kinelic energy of the object is the result of energy transferred +o it by re work of the resultaut force, 2-1PROBLEM 2.10 KNOWN: An object of known mass under achange of kineticenergy due to the action of a resultaut force . Me final velocity awd the work: done boy the force are given. EIND: Determine the initial velocity. Faa30" m= 300 Ib 5 ) Vi = 200 Hs CHEMATIC # GIVEN DATA: F work, done. bi {sender odes * tothe Ware ASSUMPTIONS: (1) The object is a closed system. (2) There is no change in elevation, (3) The resultaut force is the only interaction between the object adits surroundilrgs. ANALYSIS + By assumphion (3), the work of the resul taut force must equal ‘the change. in bavetic energy 7Thus, Uusting Fg. 2.6 - work = 4m (Vz*-v;*) Solving for Vis nserhing values,and converting units z e wre SX eg? = ZOO BH) | 778 H-1b§] [32.2 te-HHs*} 2 7 Goolb) | ¢ Ba I vibe | 788 st = 23,300 7/52 or oO NU = 18Z.@ fHY{sg 1. The therease iw velocity reflects the increase in kivvetic energy of the object as a result of energy transferred te it by the work, oF the vesultaut force.PROBLEM 2.1! KNOWN: Data are provided for a dick-shiped flywheel, ELND! (a) Obtain appropriate expussions for tha moment of Mnertta and He binehe energy . Ce) Ging given date, determane the Eineht enersy and mass for a steel flywheel Ce) Using results from part (a) , de termune the Aadive and marr of an alumcnumr flywheel, ScHtmaric 2 GIVEN DATA “ ae Steet fly wheel c= 3000 RPM R: 0.38— ws o.otswm Alomiaum flguheel: = 300 RPM WE 0.015 me AsSumpTiems: The flywheel G the Closed system. 2. Moton is Felahve fou Flywheel support Strveture, AwaLysis: (4) Evaluating the moment of inertia, +f grav For the disk , dv =C2rrrdr)w. Thus, since ¢ is constaut R Ts gam)w fr3dr 2 euwrtr z The kinetic energy is ke = J (CAgv*jav and V2 rw, so eS 4 2 Ke = J, Cag r*eo*) (en rdnw + kewramw feta = 4 (em Syuo* x= - KE 2 drt 9 <«————- ; (6) From TobheA-IQ , tha density, of steels p= focong/mt Thus, Pew woe pe glen) = (g060 2B) @eoatmn) % m (0-3)'] = aL 4K ZT wr , where ;, rt (4 KE= Using Hee cesude of, part la) > en as npwit = 3 (oe £a)(o-o1se)(o 78") 2-4PROBLEM 2.11 (Contd) ce) sey yj 2%eadj| mans \*{ IN wee grate secnnsa) (mes, Heese) lime| = 32.57K00% Nome ke | Zh wywyend ke ore ths Same for the alonimum figwheel at fine steel Hauhee! GEM = CRE) sr Gres (Aten Se Taus Ter (mpw = ew Be > (prt )au= (p4)sr Ravs (Set) "* Ror WH Par From TebeA-l4, Par> 2700 Glin Baus (9282) *Co-3em) - Om R, aa Than, drs bones of He aluminum fly whut we ms pV= eo lwrr y = (270% )[oresm)(x) (28) = $3.01 KG <—PROBLEM 2,12 KNOWA: An dbject of known mass moves along a straight Line with aw Known velocity. EiNa: Determine the rotational speed of a Hywheel whose vorationah Kinetic energy is equal im magnitude to the object's linear Linetic enegy. ScuemaTic 4 GEN DATA: pe, KE obj * KE py + 1 m=10 Ib \ | joven = = object I 2150 bbe 4* ASSUMPTION : (A) The object and the Hywheel are both closed systems. ANALYSIS: The kinehic energy of the object is Key, = 2 mv* a) ‘ a oF 1 We = Gol) (100°) & | 53 pee For the Huywheel (see the soluten to rroblem 2.11) keg = $e oe w - /ZKEmw . [21553 Heibt) | 52.2 tb He - = (150 Ib. HD 1 bt = 25.824 In terms of RPM w =@s.82 $) [ssl | ees 21553 Hlbf = 246.6 Yev, t al |i min ZH6.b vev/min @ ailPROBLEM 2.13 Known: Two objects fall freely under the infuence of gravity from restand the some initial elevation. EIND: Show that the magnitudes of the velocities are equal at tro moment just before they stike the earth. I Zz agaumen dus -(\ An object in free fal is a.closed system .@.) The acceleration gronity is constant. (3) There is no affect of air vesistamce . (4) The only force actiing is that dur te gravity. ANALWSIS For an object falling freely under the infuence of gravity 2 2U Opelies dm (VZEVG7) + mg (22-21) =O For Vi=0 and 2,20 < amv" = gz, Thus Vis {zon Since the Final velocity doesn’t depend on mass, loth Oyets will have identical velocities at the moment just before strike the earth. 7PROGLEM 2.14 KNOWN: Av object of known mass is projected upward from the surface of the earth with a known initial velocity, The only force acting on the object is the force of gravity. En: Plot the velocity of the object versus elevation and determine. the elevation when its velocity reaches zero. Veo ScHEM: GIVEN DATA’. 2 9 = 31.5 fHs® assumerions: () The object is aclosed system. (2) The acceleration of gravity is Constaut 3) The only force aching on the object is the force of gravity. a ANALYSIS: Stince the only force acting ow the brody is the force of gravity, Fa 740 applies. Thus; the velocity and elevation are related to He init’ dition ° ZA + ge = LW s vg Thus, solving for V7 Expression for ve e{vy7-2g2 inteems of 2 When Vz=0, 2,15 WL 200 Hs * 29 215 Hs) Plotting the above velot ionship ww = 634.92 Fe Zu 200 +. 160 120 v2 (tis) 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700, z(n)PROOLEM 2.15 KNOWN: A block of known mass moves along an inclined surface. the Onange in elevation amd te chonge in kinetic eneray of the block are. Wein. The block is acted upon’ by a force para A fo the tnchine and Be force oF gravity. EIND: Determine the magnitude and ctrection of applied force. ¢ a 9242 m\s? Go AKE.=-507 =-SON-m mg ASSUMCTIONS:() The block is a closed system. @) The occeleratipy of opavity is constant. (3) The force R is conshawt. C+) There is no frictional ore between the block and the inchihe. ANALYSIS: Beginning with Eq, a.6 . fEds > AKE From the Free body Biagram , the dot product F-ds can be expressed as E-ds = (R- mg sin 30°)ds So Se-mgsin 3e°\ds = AKE 3 1. Noting that masin 30°ds= ma az, the integral becomes Ras = AKE + masz Evaluating Os Thus (~ 50 Nem) + (10 kg \(4.81 m)s*13m)|'NA keg-mn/s? | Re Comy = HON2 Ne R The positive value denotes that the direction is the Same as indicated on aloove Fiqure.PROGLEM 2.16% KNOWN: Beginning from rest, and object of known lides dos am inclived plane. The Jenginof the ramp is given sees OO Einp; Determine the velocity of the object at the bottom of the ramp. SCHEMATIC € GIVEN Data: cHEemaTic # Gi 2 -SN m= 200 kg 9 =9.81 m/s? Vvzo t Om zZ— ASSUMPTIONS: (1) The mass is 4 closed system. (2) There is no friction between the mass and the romp, and air resistance is negligible. @) The acceleration of gravity is constant. AuALIaS: By assumptions), the only force is the force of gravity, Thus, Bea applies © by 2*) + 119 Z,-%) <0 Solving for Va. Wie {2g (2-2) aching on the system From trigonometric relationships Z,-Z, = (lm) Stn Yo? [24.81 mlz) (10m) Sin YO” 1.23 m/s Thus Va s " 1, Even though the object travels along an inclined path, the vertical distance appears in this expression.PROBLEM 2.1% kMowy: A box sides doumn a aamp. Themass of the box and (ts velowh a te top of Te Aamp ors Kamin. The Aamp geomery Ie alto Speafied. ELUD* Co Ta tra cbaaner of fection , delernuns the velocity of th hex cE te bane AR Mae and He Changes ut inate and podentiod sacra tee box. Co) Determane tre Changes a! einetre and pon Na saryy a te boy whtn frichm WF acting and ths vetoa ee the bate yt Aap Ui Kemeum, Comper worth tats Anouta ef part (a) sermmauc & cite DATA: ma 250 AssumeTions: 1. The lox is the cloted System. 2. Tn part la), freeton neg lignble. 3.The acceleration of gravity 32.0 ft/s Avacrsis! (4) & Savy Tr the obsence of any resultant force acting on the system including frichm, 64.2.4 reduces to bn (VE Vi") + mg (Ze 20) +O 3 4 Ves \ W¥2g (2-20) 2 (@st)+2 (22-8) (54) = 18 Ftls <«__* Kinehe and potenhat energy Changer Ware Mangus bee ana opporile WX Sign. Thus \ lef APE mg (Ze-24) = @5t6)( 12-0 yc sin |e al = 1D4L Helo +_—_ APE ) AS shou oy Gy(H), the the same and AKE = + (24.26t-lbf . axe Ue) Whether tare a frichon or not ) the petenhat energy clunge ui Hut case we thecame a2 dedevmined ux part (4. 124.2 fag. TE Ver dts, Hee chang od kine he Cmaryay oo Swaler in wag ntede 3 noe = bm [NST = 4 (25m) | Cute Get] | sere nie] -24g HM Refereing again to Eq. 2.4, the decrease wi potnhne ener ws thes cote Can be accounted for wi derma of the wicreate uk kinetic enorgey ofthe boy ond work te overcome frichmn, 2-16PROBLEM 2.18 KNOWN: Asystem of known mass and a given initialvelocity experiences a constant deceleration due to the action of a resultant force and comes to rest. EID: Determine the length of tine the force is applied and the work . SCHEMATIC £ GIVEN DATA: Fe mS pa x = —m|s® ToT ETT TTT ASSVMETIONS: (1) The system 1s closed.(2) The horizontal deceleration is constant. ANALYSIS: To find the time, use the fact that the acceleration is constant, as follows av = a2 Fe > AV = On dt Vi tz J, av = J, a fd mys - begin with pV" constant. Taking He fog p+ nw fogV = Loge e or Bog p = Gn) Logv + Log c thus, (-v) covvesponds to {ue £ a plot of log p vs. logv. Usit Oo Spreadsheet program te obtain the plot afd the (ebb Spuctes bes. tik carves 27 26 25 From the wrve fit . 24 En) =-0.96881 3 > Ory 20.90881, * Thus 0061 0-90} te pve constant 1.8 0.4 06 08 1 1.2 tog(v) a-a2aPROBLEM 2.23 (Contd) (b) Using Hre yesults of parklal and the procedure of Example 2.1, the work is Vv; * Ne - pV W: Srey By 4 Yay Wflin)(3.0 in?) - (u2)(13.0) | 1B . (l= 0.40887) 12 wt | 478 $F tbe| = - 0.2163 Bag Ww @ (©) Agrophical evaluation of the work tnvolves « plot of the tabulated doe aud & smooth curve drawn through the data points : 450 400 FE 350 2300 50 2200 2150 100 50 Vina) Fock elemental rectangle tn the glot contributes the following to Ha avea under Yhe curve: tbe cud) [ 1A I]t Btu] oY (to BEY (0.5 iw eas eritg| © 2256 *10 ou the number of vetangles is approximately 401.1 , thus We (Wol.t)(5.356xt10" 4) = 0.2148 Blu g__W G) The results obtained tw parls Cb) aud Ce) are in good agreement, Eack should be considered.a plausibleestimate for Hie reasons presented on page 10 im the discussion of actual expamsion amd compression processes. |. The software IT could be used fo oblain the least sguaves curve fit by programm ing the equations for curve Fittihg. [His easier fo use & spreadsheet program in this thstance, tnoweved. 2. The only measured olcha are tre tabulated data paints shown as filled civles . The smooth cuyve does not necessarily ropreseut He achual pressuire of the piston fate -for the Conesponding velume. 2-23PROBLEM 2.24 KNOWN? Meatured prescure-volume data for an expantion of gases Within the cylinder of an internat comburhion eng ineareg iver. EIND: (a) Deternune me for a fit of Th date by pis constant. Co) Use the result ob part (a) fe evalvats the Werk done ud to expansrm: 6) Evaluate Hee wort dene Using Grapla' cat or mowercent in tegration of Hy dais . G) Compare and diccuss parts (c), (d), Scnumauc ven DATA: Data Point (bar) V (em) 1 15 300 [3 2 2 361 3 9 459 4 6 ou 5 4 903 6 2 1608 ASSUMPTIONS! 1. As Shown mo Hu schematic, the gases Usitlin dha pis fin ~ey lin dor form TAt dowd system, 2. The pressure values provided Approximate the pressure at tha piston face. ANAMSIS (A) ne approach to find n is to besin with pV» constaut. Taking the 10g of both sides of this equation log p + 1 log V = bog @ log p = ©) logv + loge ‘we Thus, (-n) corresponds to the Slope of a plot of log p vs. logy. Usi O + spreadsheet program “fp obtain dhe plot and the lease} gians ee i# curve: or 1.2 1 7 From the curve fit as Gn) 271.1996 3 or ay ne iigae “ 04 Thus 1d 02 py = constaut 24 26 28 3 3.2 3.4 log(V) 2-24PROBLEM 2.24 ( Cont'd) ) Usting the vesulis of partla) and the proceduve of Example 2.1, the work is We fipav = B¥e=BM, 5 G= ny _ Cz bar\(1b08 cm?) - (15) (300) 1oF we Lm | 1kT ~ Ci-1.1996) Year Ito%emsl lion = 0.643 kT. w ® OA graphical evaluation of Hie worle invelves a plot of the tabulated data and a smooth eurve drawn through the data points: (bar) ° 500 1000 1500 wa V(em*) Each elemental vectangle iu He plot contributes Hie following 40 the area under he curve: . a ue 4 bav\(50 cm?) Ie wl tm? Tt aoa) Tour |i0* cm3|] TOF Ww The number of vectungles is approximately 324, thus W ® (324)(0.002.) = 0.648 [cJ, Ww (A) the results oblnined in pards (Cb) amd Ce) ave tn Qood aaveement. Fac Should be considered o plausible echinate for He veasons'presented on page 40 in the discussion of achaad expansion awd compression procesies. 1. The sofware IT could be used fooblain the least squares curve fit by oqramming He equations for curve fitting. It is eatier fo use a Spread sheet program [u this iustmce, however. 2. the only measured lata are the Jabulated datn porns, shown as filled circles. The smooth curve does. not necessarily represeut the actuel pressure at the piston face. for the corresponding volume, 0.002 LT 2-a5?ROBLEM 7.25" KNOWN: A aan ernouey of ou unde rgocs constant: pressure process ina piston cylinder assembly beginn > & spectbied specifi Voluvbe. The ore is known. Py Pace Specific inp: Determine the fiiral volume. AssumPTions: (1) The gas is a closed system. Vv (2) Pressure is constant duving Hd process, ANALYSIS: Using &G.2.17 Ve = = plve-V, w- J pav = pl ) = p(V,- my) Solving for Vz and inserting values Vv, = Ztmy, 1S ) a . (ove | ae rec + (2Skg VC 0.2 m/ky) = 0.02 m?, Ve 2-26PROBLEM 2. 20" KNowns :Oxyqemiin a piston-ayltnder assembly undergoes a process for which. pv (3 = constaut. The work is known. END: Determite the firal volume aud pressure. 2 SCHEMATIC € GIVEN DATA’ ; P Pa, in Vezse? | Orvgen PV cons © ! Vv 254% :() The Onis a closed system.(2) The process is Polytrapic. » To determine Vz, ond integrate - Va u a =f pav = const\Av = const, Y2 “Mi wer 5, (Ars) NS TRS Now, const. = RV,"> With this expression ,and Solving for v3 <3 G3W 8 ve * Ry substitute the pV velation inte Gy. 2.17 syr3 “ C3) (74S Bru) 778 #-lbe] 1 47 x3 Go loti (2 5 449)'3 1 Bha |fYY ia +G5H = 041776 DV, = 18.35 1H V2 Now, we can use the p-V relation to get p, 13 = 9(¥ "3 Re r(%) =(30 WE (25, = YUBS bet Ps 1, The shaded avea on the p-V diagram represents the work for the polytropic process.PROGLEM 2.27 * KNOWN: A gas undergoes a. compression process. Pressure anc volume are given at Te initialand “Fite sates! Pressure and volume are. reldted linearly during the process. FIND: Determine the work. SCHEMATIC 3 GIVEN DATA’ fiz! bar, Y=0.3 m3 T f= Bbar ,V=0.( m Faye | OL 04 OR V.- m3 +1) The ges is a closed system. (2) The compression is a quasi- equilibrium process. with a linear relation between Pressure aud volume, ANALYSIS: Based on the given data, te p-V relation can be expressed On p=4-loVv tohere p is in bars and V is in m3 The work. is determined using 2.7 a w=fpdv LS JP Inserting the p-V relation and integrating Va2Ool:m3 Hex | ov, = 1oF N/mm? w a tov] tbar [103m /, 20.3 Vz2 Of = Lyv-(2)v7] = [4 (0.4 - 0.3) -§ (0.1 0.3*)] 100] | 100| © =4OkT WwW. 1. The fegative sign for work clenotes energy trausfer tothe Sys: mn. 2-48PROBLEM 2.28 * EMOUN: Carbon dioxide expands from a Known inihet State fo a Known fimat pasture. Tha pasture volume relat'on ic specified, Emd: — For te gas, deternune the work. Scusmanc & @wEN DATA: ge QO1bs lin’ Viz 00s fz 20 Weflint ASSUMPTIONS: I. Tha gas is a closed system: 2. The movin Q rvndary if the only Work wede. 8 The expansion is poly troprc. ABALTSIE: ting Ey-217 and the procedure disused uh parte) of Example 2-1 ‘ a 70-3 ~03 7 avs ( Suivi = Oe = Ww r 2 y aay A Tee constant C Can be evaluated ad ether end ctater C= RV Law ainy *) aw) W = 4 Coay CMG = AMP Eos) To complete Has ealtulahion, the Anak volume % aaguired. That Ws Ne awiepvtes wae (2) we (8) Cost) = 199 fe Tnsechay values, the Work to we Genet) 144 ink/ por] CL8AFt)— (Bo>] 1441( 0.05) Gea) @® = 6 Billo lef Pe) Converting to Bh 7 eh We (oil gle) | etic = lo Bre <__Weeke) 1 Ta tugs care, the work is dhe area under the Kine from stete | noeet sy to ste Z on the — p-Vdtagram, Also, note that dhe werk is positive, denoting energy transfer frory te gas, 2-24PROBLEM 2.24 KNOWN: A gasexpands from a known imitial state to a lenown frral ements pressure. The pressure - volume relation for the Process is Specified. END: Sketch the process on a p-V diagram and determine the work. F =-508 kPa V, = O.1mF P22 100 kPa ASSUMPTIONS: (1) The gas is a closed system. (2) The expansion Is poly tropic, ANALYSIS: The pressure-volume velaticn for the process is const: pVs const. > Pps Thus, the p-V diagram ist y 1 Oo «t 2B HS V - mn? Next, to determine the work, substitute the p-V relation into 24.217 and integrate . ey — f* (eonst: : Dn V2 we J, pav = f (gonstav = RY, nv Vv = 0.5) |107N/m2]|_! kT = (S00 kPay(o.1m?) fu (2E eet wee =#80.97 kT, 1. The work is positive for the expansion as expected.PROBLEM 2.30% KNOWN: Air undergoes a polytropic process between two specified states. Finn: Determine the work. = 0.2 lomol Re 20 WE/ing v; = {1.50 H°/Ib F280 leFling vw, =398-H7/(b Ppv™= constant ASSUMBTIONS: (1) The air is a Closed system. (2) The system Undergoes a. poly trople process. Anuisis: From the pressure-volume relation for a polytropic process BV" = BYE > RY = Rm” Solving for n log CR /P2> __ 10g(20/80 ) * Tegra * Teg aemaoy 2° Now, using Ex. 2.17 4o determine work and with +e molecular weight of air fromTAble A-1E Ve Ue Te, ~w = J pav= 2 +t) f “ae W jr m [rae monsi S, - Gavi) us "- Gumae!*)_ (Beery J GE) Now wn = (0,2 Wemol)(28.97 tb/ Ibmol) = S194 Ib and (80 Wotlin2) (3.40 4P/1K)-(20)(11.50)) yay see] | 1 BRE W = (S194 wf (= 6307) | VHP | | 778 HteF a = -309,8 Bug 1. The negative sign for work denotes energy transfer into +Hhe Sy mM.PROPLEM 2.31 KNOWN: Warm air cools slowly in a piston -cylinder assembly from a known initial volume to a Known inal volume. During tHe process, a spring exerts a foree on the piston Hot varies linearly from a [enown initial value foa friral value of zero. Eiwo: Determine the initial aud final pressures of the air, and the work. ACHEMMTIC 4 GWEN Dar: A= 0018 m? V,= 0.003 m? V;,20.002 m> u MP v.20005 woe when V4 0002 ASSUMPTLOWS :(1) the air is a closed system. (2) The process oxurs slowly, so there is no acceleration of Ha piston.(3) there. is no frichon between the piston aud the cylinder wall.) The spring force varies linearly with volume, ANALYSS: The initial aud frisal pressures of the air are determined froma Free-body diagram of the gison,as follows. Thatis, ZF =0,s0 Initially : Figs = 00N Pfam Ben 1 Goon) |_1kPa_| ps0 kk = 100kR + 2150 Ma ** (0.018m2)| to) m4 \ finally: Bering = 0 >p,=100 kfa, A Pe Noo, the work is delermined using 6.2.17, W=l, pa, but from above P= Rem Fr Since the spring force Varies (inearly from 400N to 2er0 as Volume goes From V,=0.603 m> to Vz = 0.002 Mm’ Spring = (Poey V - 0.002) V2 Ve . wel Crt Segiada =f foo + (Se teeaynen ke V2.2 0.002 m3 = J [pS + Socvev - Ip6JAV = (2eg22)v2| \ and V,= 0.003 m3 WUT oO = - 0.125 kPa-m? 3, 2) 10°] mw w TuPa [liom] 77 O-'25 #54 ___¥ L. The negative sign denotes tect the piston Ces wore on theair a6 the air Cools. Also, Hue atmosphere aud the. spring do wore on Ya piston. 2-32PROBLEM 2.3 KNown: Air undergoes two processes 1h series. FIND: Sketch the processes ona p-v diagram and determine the work per unit mass of aur. SCHEMATIC AND GIVEN DATA: 1 PROCESS 1-2: pry! Paconst. I. P= 100 LPs, v; 0.04 m3/hg | ak | [> Ya 8.02 mg H PROLESS 2:3: prconsh , UZ=U; + (1) The air is a closed system.(2) Both processes are quasi- equilibrium processes. 1.3 ANMYSIS: For process I-2, P= R(Zi) = 24b.23 kPa. Thus, the pew diigrom is 2 3 z. 3 p- kPa 200% 00 i Ol Or 03 O4 w-mP/kg The work for each process is determined using Eq. 2.11 WeJpavem(pdu > W = (pd @ Thus WS Tes faite = (Et) =) She.23, fa 0.02 keg) - (1000.04 | Qt) = -3,082 k3/Kg we = Sy. PAY = pLy-t) ale Wet | Ve LL ioFN-m 3 10" 107} = @4b.23 LPa)(0.04-0.02) w ¥g 44.9246 kT/eg Ae + Me = 41.8426 Te —__-.——- aim 1, The vewult is positive, denoting Had He vet energy Jransfer by work is from the system tothe surroundings. 2-33PROBLEM Z. 33 KNouwn: A gas undergoes three processes that complete a cycle. ELND; Sketch the processes on a 7-V diagram and determine the net work. EM: : PRocess 1-2: Compression with pV const. %G Toe vine, V, tho eS q a P2250 IbFlin® Gas 1 [h<—> process 2-3: constant volume top =P, Ye PROCESS 3-1: constaut pressure ASSUMPTIONS: C1) The gas is a closed system.(z) Processes I-2 and 3B-I are quasi-equilibriiem processes. ANAWSIS: For process I-2, V, =(F/P)V, = 0.8f4% Thus, the p-V diagram is 50: 2 Ss 40 S$ 3 30 a 20 10+ — ' 3 | 1 2 3. 4 v- tH The work for process '-2 is determined using Eq. 2.11 Ve. Ve rn v, Wa? jp ee Rav =(p%) fe (¥%) - 0.8\ 144 iv ]| 1 Be = (10 WbFlin)(4.0 47) bn (43) ae 76 be | = 11.92 Ble For process 2-3, Wa3 =O. Finally , for process 3-1 Ms Ws, = { pav = B(Vi-Vs) =P, (VV) = (io Wot hie) (4-0.0) 44? | 44 | = 5.923 6 om Wher = Wit Wagt Ws, = -1.92+0+ 5.923 =-5997 Btu Weer (. The negahwe sign denotes that the 4rousfer work, ‘or the cade is inte the ioe! mae 2-34PROBLEM 2.34 Kiev: A gas contained within a piston-cyhider assemby Undergoes O Ahermedqnanwe Cycle Connihing of three Processes. Fmd: Determrne tHe Work for each process and the for the cycle. SCHEMATIC 2 GIVER DATA! het Werk From Problem |-3S7 Peasbar, Ver eee 2 Ft Pe Var cose) Ve cons tent pV conchae ' Ry Wear Vis in VGmt) ASSumeTIONS: |The gas is The Cloted systeu. 2. Volume chnge 2 the only Cork mode. AmAUrsis: Using Eq. 2-17 Procasc 1-2 > © werk G Wret = Niet War + a1 w a net @ = -1e0.4 + 40040 = 2391S = — —_ |. The winus denotes energy trantfe te the gas as if o Computed . 2 The vawe of work depends on the details of the process hehoeen tuo chattel and SC net deternuned onty by the ens States. Tr this Cat, tre wat wore for Hu overatt cycle is posihve, By contratt , there ne net chege wi ths properties p ant V for the ovsyatt cycle. Property values are detevauined mat end states wot a property, and ZW #0. 2-35 Work i y by thePROBLEM 2.35 Emown: An object of Known mase is patley athchad to Ground a @ Aspe wound ond falls at constant Speed. Fwd: Determune the power transmuted fo the pulley and the fotetonet Speed of ths pulley, Sctmatic 26VEN DATA: | Paty Rose ~ V+3His F=mg mas AswMeTIONS: |. Tus ebject falls at constant Speed. 2, The acceleration of yori constant gs 32.0 fs Awaursis: Tha power francnatied to thi pulley Can be determuined wing Gy 218 WeF-W= mg V7 Gotb (a2 24b)(3 #)| Lbs ) ” Ss 32.2 We Hs = (i491 Sue )) 1? (ae EF) | sorrtn = 0.0% hp w Since Ve Reo, ue hove yee Bats | ikev |] Gos oF? Gay \ ll Iie 2s RPM =PROBLEM 2.36 KNOWN: The rotational A and diameter of a drive shaft pull are known. The ‘net force applied bythe belt on “phe pulley is also five : EID: Determine the applied torque anc the power transmitted. Scuemanic $ Given) DATs: = - mae D=203m Boo RPM f= R-F, = 2000N Balt tension “at force cl net tangential force due | | forces CE vett Stension) A A ANAWSIS: The torque is calculated using the tangential force aud the radius at which’ it acts 3 =RR = (2000 N)( 3 m) = 300 N-m jw Thus, with F 42.20 the power transmitted is Wenagt = 3-09 z nv Lyflein}] tT ff pew = (300N-m)(300 2Y)\(z. Ne ATIS. = 4.42 kW. w 2-37PROBLEM 2.3% KeOwN: Operahng data are provided for an elect motor at Stenty state. UND: Deternune the elechit power required by the motor and th power developed by th catput Shot. Deternune toe het power mpat tothe motor. Also, Jefernans tot amount of emergy dransfar by Clecticat Work and by the shept dering 24 of operadim Serrmaric & VEN DATA: T= 10.2Nm 1000 RPM ASSUMPTIONS |. At Shown inths Schamatt., the moter is the closed system. 2. The sySkm is at Steady state, Awarrsis: (e) Using By 221 Netectie = — (Voltage) Comerent, Wiese, = — Catage)Comerent) oe watt = = Giovelis to «mp) | ~ = 100 ay co 2 -LiW Weledric Using €q-2-20 Wanye = Grqoe)(angular yetocth) = (o.2Wm)( ooo Bev | ese] 1) ew } =n os ious, = Lot RW <= —____Wshett 2) Wrat s Welechic + Waheft a @ = (-bleW) + (oFKW) = —0-03KW << et ©) Tategrahny to Foc energy fanafy amounts Werecre =f Weteedt an Cuogew)2h)= 2.14 kW: Ws att Wsketx = if Wang GteW)(2h) = 22 uth <—_Welectrie 1. The wimas sign is needed because enersy is transtiretd te the Water elecwscatly, 1, This vaVee Apacer the portion of the electric power input thet a wat obincned 00 © Sheth power output becaure of effects wien Hoe Wotor sock aa eClecticae Aatishuce and frichon. 2-38PROBLEM 2.38 kNown: An electric storage battery is charged with a consfout current for a known length of time. EID: Delermine the cost of electricity to charge the battery. ScheMatic £ GIVEN DATA: 12 volt Zame at=24h electricity cost = $0.08/kw-h Assumerion: The voltage and current are constant. AuALYSIg: The electric power « oblained using £%. 2.21 Iw: 4 Since the voltage aud cuvvent ave constaut, He electricity used tu 24h is ta . [wie [wat =|Wlat = Biat = (amp rave (Cath) | Ta = 0.516 kWh The cost i cons electrie “I Cost = (0.516 LW-h) (#0.08/iw-h) = $.05.4__€ost PROGLEM 2.34 ia paseo pea fo ee teneeedeen aed foreach of ices. al ill 2s lo. device in the colerse of a month the defads ave lobe rs the reader, 2-34PROBLEM 2.40 KNOWN: A solid cylindrical bar is slowly stretched . The initial and Final lenatie and the sivect aching at the end of the bar are Lown. Finn: —- Determine the work done on the bar, SCHEMATIC 4 GAVEN DATA’ oo o#¢ (x-x,)/x, FeoA © 2X07 kPa [teastarem Aa Tea® X= 10 om, + ASSUMPTIONS; (1) The ba is a closed system, (2) The moving boundary is the only work mode. 3) The known normal stress acts at the end of ear, Gi the change in area.A is neglected. ANALYSIS: The Work done is qiven by &%. 218 me Ke 2- ax «-ca(™y. we-Joraax As, x) Ax wa a Be xx)l ax a — CRA Ft? Bx, LCE) x, Ox .K.) We Now ,with C= Z2x10T km, d = Smm = 0.005m, x, Flom = Im, And X22 Otol m 7 62 y\* 2 2, 2 — @xteT Ra) 1 (5x16? my’ {c o1*= 2.1 yw connGuoi-ouynel ee 4 (OA mm) |ieuie ® 21463 Nem =-1.963 T, Ww 1, The negatwe sign olenotes energy tranfer by work 4o the bar. 2-40PROBLEM 2.41 KNOWN: A wire suspended vertically is stretched by an applied force . EIND: Determine @) the work done, and Cb) the Young's modulus, SCHEMATIC 2 GIVEN DATA: wn A= 01 int ASSUMPTIONS: (1) The Wire is a closed system, (2) The moving boundary is the only Work mode <3) The applied force varies Vivant with x, (4) Cpeckange - In area A ts mw — X10 (unstretched) = X,= 10.01 $+ ANALYSIS 1@)The applied force Varies with 1. varies from 0 to % according to 2500 \bt F +(e ME cx- lo ft) = 2,5x008 X - 2.5x10% 0.01 Ht where x is in 4 ond F is in IbF. Thus, applying am 2.12 fo evaluate the Worle of the fovee F We “fF dx * (0.01 6 zo J, pce 5X10 x =2,5x10%) Ak (ae cia 10%) = 2.5x108 (10.01- 10] B-12.5 He Ibe, Ww (b) From Problem z.4o0, the Young's modulus ¢ cau be expressed aa Xo @: o (ee) where o =F/p is the normal shess,and x, is the unstretched length. Thus - E[_Xe ) > EGS _ (2500 Ibe) Gott) = Conrint) (0.01 10) 2.8 x10" Ibt linty metePROBLEM 2.42 : A wire of constaut cvoss- Sectional area and agwen initial leng ‘is stretched. The stress - sfrain relation is lennon. EIND: Derive an expression for the work done onthe wire as a function of Stain. A- area o- normal stress € =e (strain) Assyrians: “4 The wire is a closed system. (2) Stress and strain are rel linearly (3) The cross-sectional’ area remains constant. ANMYSIS: The work done on the wire is given by &. 2.18 We -5* TAdx Xp From the given stress-strain relation o=ee=¢(4e) Where C is a constant (Young's modulus)... From this expression . dx dé= x? dx = x dé Substituting info the work expression € we-J (ce)a(x.de) =~ crn [ede Ferally |) GAKoe* weork ~ Qo ee pressionsPROGLEM 2.43 KNowW: A Soap Him on a wire frame is stretched. E.wwn: Determine the work done. SCHEMATIC & Give DATA: _- ee 5s ASSUMPTIONS ! (1) The Lilmis a closed T*2SKIO Wlom System, (2) The moving boundary is 455 the only work mode. (3) The surtace ice femsion is constant acting ow bo = ot Im sides of the film. ANMNSIS: The work js determined wsing Bq. 2.14 a- Stans - Le 2k ax For constaut surface tension We- T2R Ax == (25m Nya (semcr cm) | aa to™em| |! wm @ = -2.5 m0-> T, w 1. The negative sign denotes work done on the Film. Note He small magnitude of the work reguired to stretch the film. PROBLEM 2.44 kwown: A liquid film ona wire frome is stretched. Eww: Determine the work done. SCHEMATIC £ GIVEN DATA: ASSUMPTIONS :(1) The Film is a s¥ Ibe closed system. Z) The moving T Tr. boundary is He ony work mole. = Zin. @) The surface tension is constaut , I acting ow both sides of the Films — ——iox A ANALYSIS: The worle, is determined using 6a 2.14 . ee we-J"eda = - S™ezedx . 1 For covstaut surtace tension W=-T2RAX = (2.5 x0 WE 2 C2 mm.jc 1 in. oO =~ 8.33 x10 > H- IbF w |. The negative sign clenotes work dene onthe film. Note the Small magnitude of tha work required to stretch the film. 2-43PROBLEM 2.45 Kalouwa): A Common baloon is being inflated. Ewp: Eshmate the worle required. ScHeuaric # GIVEN Dara: AssumerIons: (1) The system consists of the air in the balloon. @) The / bahloon is spherical.(3) The pressure I tuside the balloon varies linearly \ with the balloon's radius. \ MYSis: With the above assumptions, the work con be echinated using Ef. 2.175 W= f pay. Peele is ostumed vary leoaely with radius, then the P= ORF tm where c is a constant, Further, for a sphere v= re? we ond dv = 47 RR Thus R We Je R + Ray) 4TCR*AR (CR Patra) om [Sf Mape] + Fatal Een L Amore detailed analysis could be clone to tncorporate a more ateurate shess-straiu relation for the balloon material «nd to account more accurately for geometry. = 4K? [sek © = WE [28at steady state PROSLEM 2.46" Data are provided for a Conceeh wail Deterune tha teeperatere LiPferene across the wall 0.20 w 4 te concrete wall Hemperbace variahion O.ISKW bx Assumptions: |. The toail is at steady Stadt, 2. The temperature varies Vineariy Herough He wall. 3. Energy trans foro bg conduct'm Awaursist Using Eq. 23! dogethe With assemphim at. b-T ~ Lu Whe L= O20m and CHT) othe temperatace difference across thevsall. That 7 Qe kA = Gn) With c= Y Wlm Ke Gree Todt, An1F | “an . _, [G80 wY(0.20 oS ead K were Fhe Mathur sign required because TE< Ty, 2-45PROBLEM 2.47 Known: Energy transfer by conduction occurs at Steady state through a plane wall. The dimensions, thermal conductivity, and surtove Tehepora hares are specified. % ep: Determine the rate of energy transfer by conduction, Scwematic ¢ GIVEN DAT Kz0.0318 BW/h fF Azlbo A a Ax bin, = OSH bx ASSUMPTIONS:(1) The wall is at steady state .(2) The temperature varies linearly through the wall, (3) The thermal conductivity is uniform and heat transfer is by conduction - ANALYSIS: Using F.2.31 together with assumption 2 Q.2-«a 40 dr. Te-T On=- KA Gx ax ax Thus fe — Que - KA ( bx | Inserting values an Bk. 2 20-30) 2 Q,= — (0.0318 nae leo $4 os ee = 407 Blush &, L. The values given ave for a typical insulated frome wall.PROBLEM 2.48 KNOWN: A surface of gwWeu diameter emits thermal radiation at a Known vate ot a Specified temperature . FWD: Determine the emissivity of the surface and plot the rate of vadiaut emisstonm vs. Sui temperature, 1c 4 ww . QerIsW Ty, = loook ASSUMPTIONS : (1) The Stefan ~ Boltamann law applies. @) The. emissivity is constaut. d= Zem = 0.02m 8 ia? ed © = 5.67 X10” Wim? kK ANALYSIS: Usting Fy. 2.33 > erat, ea Sling for & é= —8e_ 2 Be cATt TdA*)74 ack") - as w) = * (ser? wv. ,)(EGs2n>+(oo0 k) = 0.842 € Usthg the emissivity just calculated and varying % from 0 to 2o00K, the following plot cau be Constructed based on ‘&4. (it) Above 280 200 150 100 Qe (w) _ 0 400 800 1200 1600 "2000 T,¢K) Noka de rapid growth in Ge with Ty. a-47PROGLEM 2. 49* KNOWN: A sphere of known surface area, temperature aud emissivi emits thermal radiat im - etl Hesivily emi: Determine the rate of thermal emission . Stuemaric $ Gwen Dara: 4 de b os ou T14x168 ASSUMPTION: The Stefan - €=0 so Boltzmann law applies, Aeuagi® 6he/h. $4 *e' Ty =1000°F = (H0°R ANMYSIS! Using 5% 2.33 . 4 Qe2 ETAT, =(ob yo.rxis® BA (1a 442)( 160 °R)* = S007 bh oe 2-48PROBLEM 2.50 kmowh: Data are provided for a flat Surface cooled convectvely by a 9as, FUeD: Determane the ange of the heat transfer rate for cooling by fice convectm. By firced convech'm Fersmaye & SVEN DATA: Ges, T= 400K a. ASSUMPTION: Mead trancfar behween tre surface ond The gas ve by Convection. Avacruis Using 7.2.34 Qe: hA (-%) = W(2we)( 350-300) K = hs (100 wk) er) With date free Table 21 h QW Je) Qe frome dh) s Hew free emvachon ; 7 02-2. faced cowekms 28-250 an44PAD@LEM 2. 51 Enemy transfer occurs by conduction through @ composite Plane wall. consisting of two layers. ‘ Eun: Determine the ste - state heat Hux and the demperature at the interface between aie ners mee scHemaTic # Given DATA T= 1260R rex) a y 132 560°R bree” insulation Kyaly bhush. A | OX,= Vin by ASSUMPTIONS: G1.) The wall is a closed system at steady state (2) The Temperature depribichons are linear in “both layes.C3) The 0 lagers are in perfect thermal contact.C4) The thermal cénductivities ef boty \& layers are uniform. ANALYSIS: From B5. 2.31 g2-4, HE) 2-4, H q . Blea VAX insul. Stice the temperatuve distributions ave linear a Ty, TT qr Rs x EE or ae st 2. Tests oe Re Ru where R= MV, ame Ri = SH /g,. From (oH) ® TlET - Qe Cee) Combrintng (i) aud (20%) 4 ToT (4x) RytRi Inserbing values | Ce WR yg 2 WIR 6 oq Re “C4 CHIN B 0.8357 GR 5 0.05 2-50PRobueM 2.51 (Cont'd) Thus 5. 1260 - Seo = TO = 9719 BH, 4 4 (0.5357+6.667) el Now, tnserhing values in (¥%) Ty = 1260 - (91.19)(0.5357) = 1208 °R Te lL The form of (&¥x) illustrates the analogy between heat conduction through a composite wall and electric curreut flow trough a serigs of pees The temperature difference in rele era is analogous to a vot iffer and the value thas ‘ermal Wretitlances adaloqous fo tha, eatvicol resitinces a- 5}PROBLEM 2, SZ KNOWN: Energy transfer occurs from the inside air to the outside air through an insulated frame wall. Eid: Determine the steady-state heat transfer rate through the wall, EM, I i y taside air ' outside air Ty 2T0°F | To? -10°F Ay 215 Bh he BOR hye 6 Biu/he HER Apspeenionls (0) The system is at steady Tei Two state.(2) Newton's law of cooling applies 4x2 6 th. for heat from the air to the wall. {= 0.0318 Bha/h- Fhe @) The temperature distribution is linear Awrough the wall. (4) The thermal wall conductivity of the wall is uniform, Pex ANMNSIC: For energy transfer between the inside air and the wall Q, 2 HA CT, -Tuy) a for conduction Prrough the val A ar Twi -Twe J aka Se = RACH) ° © Firatty, for energy transfer belween the Walland the outside air Qo= HA CTu.-T.) @ Now, from (1) te TH Alle w Twi? TY @ Ga) Awd, from (3) 5 , Foe = To + Ao ( aR) e Combing (21,0, and (5), and vohing that Q,*A,7Q.=a s . _A(T-T:) aL Ax = ® (Gat Ee he ) Trserting values (160 442) (530-450) °R a <5 Fr 1 = &60)C89) _ 5 Cie.sey) * 772.9. Biw/hg 1 Thequantity in the denominator is called the overall resistance , or “R-value! a= a-52PROGLEM 2.53 KNown: A hot surfuce is coveved with iasulation, Energy transfer occurs from outer surfuce of the thsulahdn aud the surroundiig air, Fitip: Determine the minimum thickness of iusulation to matitatn he outer surkace temperature below a desired value at steady state. Scutemamic # CAVEN DATA: Tair = 20°C hr 210 W/w2 Kk Ks 0.08 W/mK insulation coe surface ASSUMPTIONS :U) The system js at steady state. > Newton's law of ceoling Gpplice Jor head transtee from the insulation fo the aie. G) The temperature distribution through the insulation is linear, Gy The Hrermal conductivity of the insulation is umtf orm, NAIMSIS. For energy tvaucter ly conduction through the Twrulackiow ; (Fsuep -Te y= -kAS «a Cotte) Further, for energy transfer from the insulation to the atc Qe hate Tair) AS steady chute, &= Ae, se KE Teaig Te) = BAC Tae) Salving for L = 300° K CTsuce - Te) Los “HO. -Taiey With &=0.08 W/m-« , £1 210 w, [we TS the plot below can be constructed Surf = BOOT, and Thy, 230% wo 108 £ Linn 0.064 mg tin 1-26 4 too “YT F thin 02 50_ bo, 70 60 To 7 °C 2-53PROBLEM 2.54 Process Q Ww €, | 4E [ a |+50 |-20 +50 0) b +50 | +20 | +20 (+30) © (440) | +60 | +20 4 0 0 e | +50 +20 -160 Pencess @: AE =Q-W 2(+50)-(-20) = 470 E,-E,24E > &,= 6,-AE =(+50)- (+10) = 20 Process b: AE =Q-W =4-50)-(+20)= 430° E,-E,= AE => £, = AEE, =@¢30) +(420) = 450. Process ¢: W = Q~ AE =(-40) - (20) = =60 E,é,+ AE > B, = E,-AE = (+60) -(+20)= +40 Process d+ Q = AE+W = (0) +(-90) = -90__ &,-E,= ASE Se, =E,-DE =(+50)-(o) = +50 Proesse: W = Q-AE =(+50)-(-100)= +150 E,-E, = AE DB, =AELE, = €100) +(+20) = =8OPROBLEM 2.55* KNOWN: A system of known mass undergoes a process forwhich the week IsSpecified. Tn addition, the changes in Specific internaleneryy , elevation , amd kinetic energy are given. Eiup: Determine the heat transfer. SCHEMATIC $ GIVEN Dara: ¥ 5 We-Tks 42> 700m Aw =-6 kolkg e AKE=0 9246 mis* Voeit ve tae ASSUMOTIONS: (1) The system is closed. (2) There is nochange in kinehic energy .(3) The acceleration of gravity i constant. ANALYSIS: Heat tranteris determined by applying the energy balance and assumption 2 o + APE+AU=Q-W The taf en change can be expressecl APE = mg hz, and the fennel ener change ig AUS Whau “Thus g mg e+ meus Q-w Solving for Q amd inserting values Q = Wemgda rman ks) (A.624)(200m) |_|] LES Ja (seg) (-l -GkT)H(S so |i eg ma || 108 on s.4 kT o & lL. The negative sign denotes energy transfer from the system by heat. —PROBLEM 2.56" now! A system of Knawn Mass Undergoes o process for whech the het frantfer amd Work are Enow, Tht inthed speesfie interned energy if alte Knew Eid: De terunine the fmol speape internet energy, Stimmanie & Given DATA o Q=-l000KT W =-2008T uy = 300 FT) ky ASsmeTIONT: |. A closed system of Kaun mart is onder contideration, 2. Changes in kinehe and potenhar energy car be neglected. 3. The inthe and finet States are eGuildbrivm ctaies Amauyns: The © be internat Cnerjy Canoe determined fran the energy balance Using assumphai OKE+ PE + OU = O-W => AU= Q@-W Thon, with asromphn 3, AUS mw (Ur-U) ) Fe miusu = @-W oye oy + [SEY] = 2005 + (-(000) =(-200)) kr ZO ka = 260 us kg 1b According tothe Sigh Corvenhons for Qand W) Qu negahve When there is a net heat transfy of energy from tre tyrkin and W © negekve When tHhire Ga net Work trans fr of energy de the system. a-S6PROBLEM 2.5% knowk. Five kg ef Steam undergo an expaniion in a piston —eglindey atiembly from sine! fo stot 2, During the procers there is a moun heat transfr- do thr Stetm and a nnum Werk trantfon of energy fo tte steam by paddle Whee/ The change ws specific internat energy ef He steer if alto mown Eyed: Detername HH amount of energy tranttr by work from toe steam fo Hos guston during tha peocass scHtmatic ACivEen DATA! 4 =27099 ig thy = 2659.6 kg ASSUMETIONS: |. The Steam is th closed syste. L. There fs he change ia the Einehe or pottabed energy from Siete | te Sit 7. The net cvsork can be determined From an energy ARAL net Datanta. That 2) with as sumph on 2, Ke + gE +aU = O-W ws Q@-aua The net User GB the tum of the Work assocratid with te paddlewhee! Way dnd + Werk dene on tts niston Whiston! Wr = Wow + Woiten From tne ee informe tim —Wpw = (BST) Where the MAMW EID is required | because the gnddls What tranrfert energy te thers. Cllecteny Aswttt Wout Written = 2 - OT Wore Q— OU Wine a] = wlUr-4,)- Wy = BoeT— Sky (zost6-27049) ET - (188) 54350 eS ; a uhere the posikve Sigin Indkcater ther energy os transferred Goan Hm Piston Sheans du tis piston ao tha Steam Su pands during Ths procets, 2-57PROBLEM 2.58 KNoWasL: A system of lnown mass Undergoes two processes tin Series. EIND: Determine the work and heat transfer for the second process. SCHEMATIC 4 GIVEN) DATA: Process 1-2: U, sty = 4494 FIL, p =100 Ibflin® U,= 05,8 Obu/lb , Qiz = - 58136 blu Process 2-3: p= Pye bO ben, uy = 7.824VIb Us= 1214 Gha/Ib ASSUMPTIONS: (1) A closed system is uncer consideration (2) Kanefie and potential energ iy ctrecds can be neglected. (3) There is No work for process |-2, cy The pressure is constant during process 2-5. ANALYSIS! By assumption (4), the Work for prowss 2-3 can be found using &%.2.1 a Wise 5 PAV = PlieVe) = Bmlvyr%) af iyy ive] |_ 16h | =(bo Z H a (bo My 2 tbY7.82 434) Iga | | ag eee e = 15,21 BA W23 Use the energy balance to find Q,5 AU, 3 = Q23-Wr3 With AU=msu Qaz = MlUy-Ua) tWas cH) To get uz, use the energy balance for process I-2 Mlu,-U,) = Qa uy Be +u, = (881.36 Blu) 4 1195.8 Bull C2 tb) = 85.12 Bu/Ib This, from (#) a3 = (Z)( 1121.4 - 815.12) +(75.21) = 687.8 Bu QosPROGLEM 2.84 Known): A storage battery is chavged by the electric power output from @ windmill, the work ant heat shir vates are ‘iSrown. Emp: Determine for &h of operation (a the total amount of energy Stored and (b) the value of the stored energy. SHEMATIC £ GIVEN DATA: ASSUMPTIONS: (1) The battery is a closed system. (2) The work and heat trauster vahes are constant. AMNMNSIS: (a) The amount of en stored is found from em ) Me eBay an energy AE = Q-W ory To evaluate Q amd W, recpectively t . Qs Jt ade = Qt = (-1.8 kw)(gh) = -14.4 kwh ‘ 1 kais| |eeses = Gena: Ea eS 3 + => 51840 kT *, . We Jf, Wt = Wat = Crs kw)(6h) = -120 leW-h 'JPpeco] | 5 = (120) |4Pe2>| 24.32xI05 kT Inserting these results in CX) Ae = (-51,840) - (- 4.32K107) = 38x10 LT, __AE (b) Tf electricity is valued et $0.00/ lw-W value of _ s tlew]] _th 40.08, . stored energy = (3.8x0 bs) [Sd veal | deo d° 0.08/ tew-h) = 4 8454 vl 2-54PROBLEM 2.60 KNOwN! Aw electric motor operates at steady state. The electric power impur is qiven amd the shaft power output can be determined. Aw expression is given for tre heat transfer vate. EInD: —Detevmine the average surface temperature of the motor, G\VEN DAT . s-hACT-T. WA ® 10 Bhu/he' @ Wetec *- 1 81 Qs -hACT-T.) To? BO°F ms - AS S14 iby 500 RPM ASSUMPTIONS : (I) The motor is a closed system.(z) The system is at steady state; all operating data are constant with tine. G) The normal Sign conventions for heat and work are used. ANvMLYs1s: The rate form of the energy balance reduces as follows ake? Fayre, 5 P ae SRE ae Q— (Wales + Wenate) > Welec +Wyhott or,ustng the given expression for heat Huwfer vate ~WACTE=Te) = Waeet W shagt delving for Th, Waee + Wehatt +T (ha) ° Evaluating the work terms Watec 27! Bills = - 3600 BLVh Wenae > Sw =(144 Hibs \Goo = 3487 Di h tT. xev. moO my 0h, eral’ iw cr) Finally (-3b00 +3487 .) Blu/h we ——————_+ 540R = 55IR (- 10 Bla/h. *R) = °F Te 1. Note that When Ty>To, Qis negate, denoting Qnevgy transfer b neat teom the motor fo the Suerounciings ot 4PROBLEM 2.01 : A closed system undergoes a process with a known heat transfer rake, and the power varies as a specified function of time. Eup: Determine cay the vate of change of system energy at £<0.bh and Cl) the change in system energy after 2h. 4 Et Q=-1oLW 1 oa [-8t o 48 =-w gE. L -t/6 gE 1.2 exp (-t/60) Fntegrehing from t= te any Kme t + AE= -f lrexp(-t)eddt = a Levp Gt/es) -1] or = #2 Lexp(-t/te) - 1] «oT () Using software to plot Wand AE vs.t ranging from 0 fo 250s: 15 DEW) 0 80 100 150 200 250 0 80 100 150 200 250 ts) ts) (b) Inthe hinit as te, we have W-¥0 and SE -12kT. The plots show that these limits are approached closely after about 2255. For tunes veater Yhau this, no more electric power is ceveloped by the battery aud the enerqy remains Constant. a- ohPROBLEM 2.03% KNOWN: A gas of lenown mass expands th a piston- cylinder from a specified initlal state to © kenown final pressure. The pressure -volume for the process is given. Also, the specific internal energy change is Luown. EIND: Determine the heat transfer for the process. CHEM B= & bar, V.= 0.02 m? Pa2 2 bar pV"*= constant Au? -SS kI/kg ASSUMPTION: (1) The gas isa closed system. 2) kinetic and potential energy effects are negligible. (3) The proceds is poly tropic wily pv'7s constaut. AUALYSIS: The heat transfer can be found using an energy balance. First, Find We worle using &%. a7, a6 follows: ve ie a Ve Li 7 Integrating and simphif ying - Peve - FM " oe M2, The volume at Yhe firal state is Ve =(P/m) Vy = 0.0635 m?. Thus _ (Rbar)(0.063Su*) — (8) (0.02) toSNAmy] kT We ee ee) | ateal ibar = lo,S kT Now, to get the heat transfer begin with He energy balance Ae +Aéer AU = Q-W Solving for Q and noting Hat AU = m Au Q=mAu +W = Coaskg (-SS kT/kg) + (IS ET) Q ® = QS kTg |. the heat transfer is positive , denoting energy transfer by heat “fo the gas as it expands, a 7 g a- 03Prostem 2.64* known: Aic comtmined in a cigid wettintulated Tank receanes energy at a specified tate from a paddle cnbert Emo: Determme the speecfic volume at thy fina® state, the enerry Frantfe by Work» and the chee ui speefre internet Energy of the or, Scarmanc & GIVEN DATAE The aur and ths ane ne Chay 8. The initia is the cloted system. 2. For thy syskm, Q=0 and potentiot energy equi brivin States, bt kimehe energy and fined states are Awaurss: (6) Since the mass qe speefic Vey. Thue and Volume ave each constant, volume at sites (and 2 are the samuy ve @) To ar w, ae we [iva = {10m + Crow) | | aee:| || = 736 KT (The change ik SpeuBic winkernnt energy com ee fund fom an thergy boatances oh gher dua hiw se mous W wus CW) 236K) gh oo akg kgPROBLEM 2.65 Kwowns: An electvic resistor-transters energy at a canstaut rate to a gas contained ina rigid favle. Heat transfer Tahween the gas aud the surroundings occurs os a specified functim ef Hime. Emp: (a) Plot ie time ride of change of energy of Hegas for ostszo miu, (b) Determine the net change in energy of He gas atter 20min. , cc) Determine the cost of the electricalingut “Jothe resistor. ScHemanic £ GWEN) DaTh: sure? “SOt . where d,, Is in Watts and t is in min. ‘Sure Qres = 1000 W cost of electricity = 10.08/LW-h ASSUMPTIONS: (17 The Jas is a closed system. (2) The energy transfer from the resistor 40 the gas occurs at & constant rake .(3) There is no work. ANALYSIS: (A) The tine vate of change of energy is de LK? e_ A : Be QOD FE = dae tree o . ds =-Sot+iooo (ttn min., 4€/dt in w) ce) Using Softwave to plot de/At vs. t ranging from o tozomin: 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 (nin (6) Tntegrating (6) from £=0 fo 20 min wo bes Jt: Sot +1000] = (-G9)4*+ 000 i = 10000 W-min = 10000 W. min) |! KT/s]]60 | re “e (ecco if realeece coos © Cost of electric input = (4 tw )Leemta | th Ie 0.08/ kw.) bom _ test of = £0007 electric input aSPROBLEM 2.66 KNOWN: A known mass of steam undergoes a poly tropic process in a iston -cy linder assembly. The initial and final states Quel the heat transfer are specified, Eup: Determine the work and the final specific volume. sh2i = Y State 1: p = S00 lbflin®, uj = 1.701 #°7/(b Steam [3 U, 21363,3 Brust Stafe2; Uz *990.58 Bull pV7=constant «= QF 342.9 Btu +1) The steam is a closed system. @) Kinetic and golential energy effects are negligible (3) The process is polytropic with n=. ANALYSIS: To determine the Worle, begin with theenergy balauce one KE gfe + BU = Q-W With OU = m CuK), and solving for W W= Q- miu,-W) (-342.9 Bha) ~ (1.2 1b)(990. 58-1363,3) BHA/ Ib w. 104.4 Brug To get vz, begin with 6%. 2.17 and wae the polytrepic process expression Va. Ue ve 2 wet pov ems pdr = mepy; Le ae som cnty(a- #) Solving for "v2. To un Sl- 3 > s ® =f U \- Cio44 Btu) Ib | 1 he [144 in? 7784H4bs|| | fF To! #8711 1.2 W)C 500 WF) (1.101 F/O) = 0.2630 I @ Thus Uy *wgsS = 3.802 4/|,<¢_—____——— 1. The tnerease in volume is consistent with the positive sign for work , denoting eneryy transfer out of the system by work. 2-66PROOLEM 2.67 KNOWN: A known mass of gas undergoes a polytropic process between two Specified states. The relationship between pressure, volume, anol tuternal energy is known for the gas. EinD; Determine the heat transfer. SCHEMATIC ¢ GIVEN DATA: P60 loth, v7 = 6.0f/Ib ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Thegas iso P2220 lbp hin® Closed system . (2) Kinetic and pul = conspant Potential energy effects are For the gas negligible. (3) The process is polghepic with nels, = (0.2651) py 95.436 (where x is in HYVIb, p is tia Ioflin®, and u is in Ghu/lb) ANALYSIS: The heat transfer is determined from an energy balance. First, determine the work beginning with Eg. 2.17 Va. V2 af"pav = f'* const Ay = (PaVe-P.Mi) « yf BP ws fir Ji vis “113 ) a Evaluating Us, 1 SJ es vB) 0, + (8) G+ 397 4576 Thus (ao WE /it)(13.47 AIL) -GOd(6.0}]] 144 ie] | 1 BHA Ww =e) Tay TH || 778 er b4 2497.3 Bla Now, writing the energy balance. Ake+AaPet+ AU =Q-W Noting that AU = m(ur-U,) and solving for Q QzMCKL-U)+W Evaluating Gru) Ca.) ={(0.2651) (2013.97) -95.48¢] ~L0.2651)(b0)(6.0)~95,486) 3-21.37 Blu/th Finally Q = (lo W)-21.37 Ohu/ Ie) + (497.3 Bra) oO = 283.6 Owe 1. The signs for work amd heat denote energy trom the system by work to the System by heat, respectwely. 2-67PROBLEM 2.68% KNOWN: An electicnt renistor transfers energy te a gas contained i & verkot, pittens sylnder ascembly. Emp Determine the Change indinternal energy of the gas Sontmatic L6IVEW DATA! oz=att Paton = Apaten 0202 Piston weight = (000 Ibe Welee = - S840 between the piston and the cylinder x 1 . wall. Gi The process occurs Slowly cy V,2 0.002 m? with no acceleration of the pistmn- = 5 a (5) The acceleration of gravity is BU=-2lCO kT/keg coustant, g = 9.8! m/s% ANALYSIS: For the piston, ZF,=0. Thus, if p is the pressure exerted by the aw PatmAgust — PApist = Paty Arist * Mater 9 PH Paty + EES pist PAvist 100 kPa + C50 kgX4.81 mis?) IN TePa, Misty (2.01 m2) t kgm[s| | 103 W/m? = 149.05 kPa To find the work for the process, Use 9.2.17. Nohing that the pressure is constaut Ya, wef pav = pcve-V,) v, = (149,05 kPa) (0.002 -0,008)m" 109 Nim 1eT | VtePa | [107 Nem! 20.447 kT ° 4° . Now, the energy balauce reduces to Oye rApe AU =Q-w. Thus, with AU = my, bu Qe ma Oa tW = (0.005 eg)(-24058) + (— 0.47 kd) Qe-lt47 Q 2-6PROBLEM 2.40 Known: A gas undergoes a process in o piston oy linder assembly. The fiston is constmined by espring with a linear force ~displacemeut relation, ELND: Determine (ay the initial gvessure of Hhe gas cb) the work dene by He gas onthe piiton aud ce) ‘the heat trausker, Sette GAVE DATAY ASSUMPTIONS : (1) The gas is & H17O0EN-| closed system, (2) There is wo Friction between’ the piston and cylinder ao-f walls) The process occtirs slowly ' Wt mo accelevation of Hus . 24.81 mist piston. (a) The acceleration of at» Gravity is Constant SY Kinetic redone and goteutial energy effects are negligible. AWALYSIS! (4) Tasteally,, the Spring exerts We force on the piton, wich Ws at veut, Thus, toita arcumption 2, ths force exerted by the gar on tee botlom of the piton equals the piston waaght pluc the force of the atmosphere ackng on the top of-tee piston, Thetis ups 8503189 Panhany EHTS fours = Cat 9) + ta Ant Teese Pas = Rim MPD 1 hay] Hees) 4 Comg)(a.sie/s) [uN] 1 ee t Apt Issel Gexed mt) |e roe fae ist = a ke, gs Ge) As the piston mover from x0 to x20.06m, the Spring force acts. Then, with Astmphinn Dand 3) Zhc=o veade Fra | ftw rt Ryec Apt = rpg) + lat Ant + pring Cmpstg) + fbn Anat eX: ‘echet crm wre done og He gar ON HAE piston 2 gyvtn by ws {tnitpns) ax =P Cte Apat + mpatg + ex ]dx 5 x 26 = [Batt e myst g Ix +8 J; = [WotZ (rene) + Compenn)|iagaya|] Oot) + qe ese) = [ FBON+ Wl N] (0.6m) + lerNem = a.8gNem = 8. Ww 68.89 $________— (2) The enaray balance foe the system Consisting of Hy gar reduces to DAU=Q=W! Then, With SU Mga (Ur 4.) Qe wigalti-l,) + Wo Ap Ge 2(0.89)(885-210) + 68.eag = (3.34T-——_@ 2-10progcem 2:71* ere A system undergoes @ cycle consishing of four pocesses tu Finn + (a) Conplete the tuble of energy values for the cycle, aud Cb) ledeermine wheiker the eyele is a power cycle or a refrigeration oycle. SCHEMATIC a GIVEN DATA: Q Ww 00 ¢ _-&0O O. d -1300 -100 °° e b 500 100 ASsUMeTIONS : (a) The system i losed system.Cb) Kinetic ofenhial energy effects can ve meg teen STE tactic amd polenta AUMYSISS (A) Begining ith re Process Y~{ b. AU=A-W4 BU = S00 -100=-200 =» b=-200 Now, forthe cycle, Z(AU)=0. Thus A. A+ (00 +(-100)+(-20)=O =P A=300 OU=Q-W c. 00 = C-(-Go0) = C=O d. 300 = d~(-!300) =p A= -[000 e. -loo= O-e 37 ©7100 b) For the eyele Weyele = Wie * Wes t Mey + Wa = (-00) 4(-13 00) + (100) + (oo) =-S500 Stace Weyele CO, the cycle so relergembion cxele. lL. For the cycle , nofe that Qeyele = Qir + Ars + Ary t Qu, = (0) + (-l000) + (0) + (Soo) = —SO0 Thus Qeyete=Wevele as expected.PRoBLEM 2.72* Kwown: Asystom undergoes a thermodynamic cycle consisting of our Processes in Serves. END! Complete Pre table of energy values provided forthe cycle and debermine whether tre cycle is a power cycle or a refrigeration cycle, SCHEMATIC + GIVEN CATAL Process AU AKE APE AE Q Ww 1-2 2-5-6 a) 2-3 64 0 ce 9 Ok 34 -97 b 0 € A 92 41 a 0 3 AWALYSIS: For a cycle, Hae overall change in every Property value a. ElOv)+0: TR+b4-A1e a =o ATA 3d b. £(aked= -stoeb+o+0. => b= c. E (ORE)H0O: -U FO HOFBHO =P CFS DE = OU+ OkKE +OPE + dg. d= ta-s-& » 4=Cl e. e= WYtOte = e=bT £ € = -W+b+O | F=-92 => Q=- 36 OE =QA-Ws he £eh-% = h=O0 Xd q= 4-0 => A= -36 a d= On-y B y= “Gl kw. © =490-k = k= 2B For the overall cycle, Weyele > @eyele Wegele = “Ol423+4ALO = SH) Checks tre above as calculations. Mse, Qeyete = CFV FO-BG = SH | notetnot Z(ae)=o Gince Weyele 2 O, Hee cycle is a Power cycle.PROBLEM 2.13 Kwown: A gas undergoes o thermodynamic cycle consisting of Hhree processes. Envp: Determine Vhe heat transter amd worl for procecs 2-3 and whether the cycle is a power cycle ora. refrigeration cycle. SCHEMATIC # GIVEN Dara: The following dats ave given foreach pracess: Process 1-2: compression With pV = const, pel bar, V, 210m? to V,=0.2m3 Ur U, 20 Process 2-3: Constant pressure to V2V, Process 3-l: Constant volume, U;-U,=-3549 kT +) The gas is aclosed syctem (2) Neglect laietic an: AssUmeTiDWs : (1) The gas is aclosed sycte eg a Ipteatial energy changes C3) The compression-fom Stale’ | t0.2i5 & poly ~ AMALYSIS: To Feind sha work for Process 2-3, use &. 2.17, with constout ress ure ’s I p Was = trav = p(Vz-V2) Using the p-V relation for process (-2; pu=(t)p, = Bbare, Thus, with an Vk 10? N- 105 Mine t bar The energy balance for process 2-3 reduces to Qaa= UU. Was To get UrUi, note thet for the cycte, AO] 4.20. hus (GEG) 4 (Ws V.) + (B,D) =o H(O-0)2 - (0-0) = 35097 Finally , for process 2-3 Qy, = (8547 ET}4(1120 3) = 4664 LT. Qss Next, for process CED $0 @a*Wia- Using Be. 2.17 QarWra= Lpav = Ry, Mae #0014) fale) And, for process 3-: Ws,70, and 3,5 U,-U, various résults ° Weyete WratWegt hy = 332.7¢(1120) = 4767.3 ET Siice. Wegele 20, He cycle so ower ayele. Was = @ bare) (he ~0.2)m? 1120 kTg___Was 2-3327 kT tof 103) 3544 kT, Collecting 3-73PROBLEM 234 grown: A gas undergoes a thermotynause cycle consisting of three procesee? ERD! Sketch tu cyete on a p-V diagram, Calenlots Weyets, Qa, sr, and dedernans whitrer He cyde es © power on refrigeration Cycle scHematic LewEw DATA! 2 IF 7 e gz i 3 henna! pV = constant 2, Ve 0028, U-Ups 2.4 2-3: pV= conttant, UZ=Ua Bu pea bar, Wars 10. SLT ' 3 v ASSUMOTONS: 1. The gas ete Cleled tychem. 2. Fie the yttem, ORE =OPE ©. 3. Volume change Uta only Work made. ‘a " Amavirsis: (b) Waele = Wir +Wrr + Wt Volume change a the only work wads, Wits My Ns Simex Volume oo constant and Te find Wa Vs or 3 vba [Lie Nm = 0.028m = (-10-5T) | 1 ae 4 wer) | erm | eo Then ble 3) pn (9193 fet - & PI) (9. 1oa¥e 9108 waar Creo | TE] e (Se) oe Weyde Finatt aa Yes O + 18TE + (-0:s)= ¥.U8"T* oe power Loe sai = Qu- Wr D@asWi2 aes () An eneegy balance for 2-4 gives Gra: fo spe ass emphen? (4) To eustoate Gar begin with an energy lalance together a = Gn We Qa = -Vy) 4 Yn U.-Us fr te cyde, TOU) =0 Sine thice G ne ovivall Change ni mbinat energy (ey tT) 4 (TL) + CU) 20 > Quite -te = Co) FBO FET Qs The ee eg gS ® Qarz (20.4) + (oF) = - 30.9 KT [As « GRE, woke hed Geycie = Waydle, Geyeles Gat Out Ogi, Avene Dolanee fora Gwe! Ons 204g. 60 Seyler DIBA HeIeM) > BB ET, wometin cee EF part cw) 2-14PROBLEM 2.75 KNOWN: A closed system undergoes a cycle consisting of three Processes. EIND: Sketch the eyde o -Vdiagram and calculate the net work forthe cycle and we ent Hansfer’ for process 23. SCHEMATIC ¢ GIVEN Data; The following data are given for eck process: Process 1-2: Ochiabatie compression with pV ''L const: From 9, =So lbfliat Vi=3 HF to V2 1 HF Process 2-3: constant volume Process 3-1: Constant pressuve ,U,-U,= 46.1 Bre 2G) The system is closed. (2) Kinetic and potential energy effects ave neqgligible.(3) Process I-2 is poly tropic. ANALYSIS : @) Sthce process 1-2 is a polytropic compression the pV diagram for the cycle is 2 v Gy Use Bg, 2.171 to evaluate the york for process |-z, (** * ay wy tiye) Watt, pav = const. f via * py Me = Mf f A CH ~ eyes wy") Ger cer] a = - 38.3 Bue For process 2-3» W23%° Finally for process 3-1 use Eq. 2.17 » Wat Ypav = 7 (V-Vs) Wy, = GO FEY 3-1) 1? jes | eke | 2 yes) Bh Thus Weyele * Went Was tWo, 2 7t4714 Oka q___Wayle. Ce) For the overall encle Qerete * Weycle LE Qis* Qs. FWaydle Qas = Wade Qrr For process 3-l + AKEtAPE + (U,-U3) = Q3,.- Wa, > Qa, 2 U-Vyt Wy, Qs. [AT 418.51 =F +O5.20 Bee Finally Qap*Weaple - Qay = 714-14 -65.21 > - 65 Bln g Qus 2-75PROBLEM 2.76% Wayele = Qin Gout = So -35 =ISkT< Wegele Ne “es &- 3 (30%). re Waycle 2 Qin ~Qout - Beat Qin Qin Qin Solving for Qn Qout Yo Qin® ST = GLSYMTy in Wegele =U Qin = 35M OESY c = QLSY MT, Wale PROBLEM 278% Weyerss 4000 Bru ot = OOO BH i lowe | [oe Evecy Batons: Weyerss Devedt Gms Wey t Mout = 4000 + Zoo = (2,000 Bru ys Vans - M000 BE 43, (33%) +——% Gin ~ (2,000 Bla 2-16PROBLEM 2.749 Fuevgy balauce : Weyele = Qin- Qout Wyle = 800 Diu Qin = Wuple + Gout = 800 +1800 = 2600 BL ‘Qout = [B00 BL ne nee = ge0 in = 0,308 (30.8%), PeoRLEM 2.80 knowns. Operatng deta are Provided for a power cyte EMD: DVelynune the mat rate power It developed, tha net work cukouk annually) and the Velen d tee net work uc W/year, Seummanic_& GivEW DATA: i fet aa @,,2 300MW Ws 333% Wey ek Asmprant :|, The system underseer pousr cycle. 2. Th tycle operates steadily for Bove h ammally.3,The vane of the Net werk ob #0.08 [KW-h (4) To determine Weyete =" Aware Coaar (room) = 14.4 MW nS Weyete ay Wey: WLAm = Bin () With acrmphort FW | Goo h rr xio® WH a __Wede Woyere = 44-4 mw)] =m | Geseh) = 799 wt ey year @) With ascumphm 3 : of 0.08 4 co << gr @a4. 2 x10 se 42.08) 63.94 Ki0° /4ur aanProwlem 2.6! ENGWN: Operakng dam are provided for « power cycle FIND! Detrmana, i H/year, tre value of tha power generatid Ona the cast] Qin, Sets MAC 8G EN DATA: i 238% Weyele = 1ooMaw Wea ASsumetiows: |: The sydem Undergoes < thermedgnauac cycle . 2 The pout cyte operates Shende a for B000h par B. Eleciiahy 6 valued at BOB [ EW and Qi at 241m Fas Awacrsis: (a) Using assemphee 23 . kW 8 6 Selec : Cee mw) sy \(een) (Age HOAX aca et aly (we) Lae . & ye Wat a) Ome Wey , (20 MW. 285.7MIV Gin 1 O85 4, = @es# mw) lem] | oe Corm.h (#42) - 2439 1008 lyse <2 «ta | This 15 an operating Cost. AddiKonal ae costs include Hoe cost for the plant , a copitel cost oO PROBLEM 2.82 Window air condchoner. «@ environment inside cold. woody gre burlding served Wet body : outside environment (i) Nuclear power plant. het body coolant circulated thrush the Mactor wove cid boy? Sea water ©) Grovnd source heat pump. hat body ¢ enuronment inside tee building terved God bvdy ; groundPROBLEM 2.83 r . Fuel in 2 Engine operates ot i steady state. eet Automobile Engine d Sart ell wasout | An engine operating at Steady state has continuous flows of tuel and Gir in’as well as exhaustgas dut. |talso develops a Steady power output. Although the operation ofan engine does wot conform 4a tune. strict definition of a. thermodynamic cycle , there are Similarities between anengine and a power cycle ag ilustrated schematically in Fig.2.'SC). SpeciFically, we can think of the hot gases formed during combuchon as playing the role of the hot body, and the Surroundings, which interact With the engine through heat Hansfer and ‘the discharge of hot exhaust ges, can’ be viewed as the cold body. PROBLEM z,84 * a = Gin Q out * 2400 Be ¢ Weyde Weyle? BOOB —- Weyjcle = Raut” Din 2-19PROBLEM 2.85% _ Oe *Wege Solwing for Bin Qin > Qout (Se) = (500)(13=) = 300 kTe—O8 = Om _ 300 Wale e us = 200 kT, eel Stince the cycle operates continuously pg Ware Waptle = n/p = 12,000/2.6 = HOS Blu Meacle Wapde? Alors Bil ea ou 2545 Bhi, . = 1,813 p< ___viuire |. Ghcles operating continuously ave commonly used for space cooling. 2-80PROBLEM 2.8% Operating data are Provided far a hut pump. Deternuns the net power Asguired te operate the Ait pump and its monthly cost ASEUMOTUNED | Tha SYSkim Undergoes a haat pump cycle. 2. Tht cycle Operates Sfeadily for ooh mentth, 3. Elect, 4 valued ¥0-08/KU-h, Gr) Worty assumptions 2,3 B= Grw)( eek) ( 1228) H126/month — PROBLEM 2.88 ENOWN: Opacakng datr are provided fr a heat pomp. Fim: Deternwne #4 coefficient 4 performance Ond the Monthly cort fo opens, the heat prep. scustoane 2 Givew DATA: Woyaas 7 Gout = 600008m/h ASSOMPTIONE! | The system endergoes a heat pomp cycty. 2 The ey eta eperaks Steadtly fy 2ooh monthly .% Electiih 4 Valued at #0.08/ Ke Wh ANALYSIS @) The cottticient Of performante for a haat pump G 2 Got . o,o0Belh _ 3.02 4 x Berets Gene |) (o) Using artumphas 2,3 , ew petty, $ 1H ooh) (40.08) = ¥ 73 a care | mal ee) Ae /PROBLEW 2.89 Known: Operating data ave gwen fora household refrigerator. Find: Determine the cost of operating the refrigerator for 360 h per month. SCHEMATIC $ GIVEN) DATA: hot bi deve) Qout aie Corin cle’) Assumenows: (1) the refvigeratum unit as a refrigeratim cycle, 2) The cycle operates steadily for 300 h monthly. ca) elecPricty is valued at $0,08/kwh. Awarysis: To determine the electric power input, begin with the Sxpression for cwefficieut of performance : * Bin Wegcle Solving for the power, A e W. = Qin /; eyele 6 Hew = [202 Bu/h) : - rr ) | sas Brarh| * O-0752kW the monthly cost vate, f, is 3 =(0.0732 LW) (360 h/month) ($2.08 /Lw-h), : ® = $2.1 /month s |. The actual electric cost 40 operate a vefrigerator is likely fo deviate Significantly from phic value due tosuch Ws as the electric rate, door epenithgs , inserting room-temperature foods, etc.CHAPTER THREE EVALUATING PROPERTIESPROBLEM 3.) ” ie > P T a v a 31207°F 7 80 WoFlin® TF two-phase liguid- ; aepor mixture “o>, uo Le wv “ 3 = o 3 P g peso beelin® foorr «T= 400°F 0 IbPlin® BIZ07°F sperhentad vepor % eS vO av * i Tr is T=400°F 7 P #300 lot lin® 360 Ibe ia eee . ett Hebi subcooled Compressed; e liquid Seq o a “ 2 ¥ 3 Fs P T a a T= 320°F 84.6 lb¢lin® 320% p= 70 Ibflin® 10 Wbttin® superheated vapor No, a v x ¢ Pr T ine T 10°F 23 pele (belia® 7 sold 14.7 Woedva® 10°F 10309 fe oop EEPROGLEM 3.2 w Cb) (ce) (a) (e) e 5 (= p=Sbar T=IS19 % 1819% two-phase liguid- vapor mixture & v 4 p25 bar 200% = T2200% 1SI9°C superheated vapor tT 100 fa. -20Te ke uv xe P 22.5MP, +25 bar Te 200% subcoolect Ccompresed) liquid Teleore p48 bar "0% — superheated vapor Te-1e¢ Pel ber 2100 k& solidPROBLEM 3.3 1000 = 100 3 2 e 10 1 - 40. 0 40 80 120 160 200 240 280 Temperature ("F) oe Riggs = ammonia Re PROBLEM 3.4 1000 Cita pont 5 100 + a 1.2 374.1890 2: = 220.9 bar 10 7 é os 01 , ore 00611 bar 0001 - 0 60 100 180 200 280 200 380 400 Temperature (°C) 3-3PRogLEM 3.5 100 gee Critical point wd 1 & 2 of é S T=3D0% all AO re 100% SE sat. bite, 0.001 0.0001 ; : 0.001 001 04 1 10 400 ‘000 Specitie volume (m*%kg) PROBLEM 3.6 10000 i 2 = 100-4 10 - ey te ee ee ts Temperature (°C) “= RIS4a = Ammonia 5 RRPROBLEM 3.1% () W.0; T=20%C , V=to wr /keg Table An2! Mj (0008 £10 m'/keg , Be STL meg x= MEME ~ 20~ 1.0018 x10? a> S7TUW = (0018 "(07> (b) Propane; p= 18.00 bar, 4 =0,02497 wi/kg Table A-'7: vg = 0.02997 w/e, = x=1 (100 %)—e—__* (©) Rebriqgerant BHA; T= wo'e , = 0.001 wW/keg Table An10} Vz =0.a4R@ v1 wi /leg , vy = 0.014 we /eg = 0.001 — 0.9488 x (a~3 X= Song —OqUseKio7F = 00044 (0.49%) <——_* (A\Ammonia ; P=IMPa=lobar, ws ol m/ kg Table AH: Ups Lus et 410 wi/kg, ye 0.(aes m*/kg ye MEME 2 Ot bused ¥ 10> SE 0.1285 ~LUse4 X10 = 0,34 (34, 0%) <-—* 0.1715 (11.8%) —_———_ " PROBLEM 3.8 4<— Ciitical point 1000 100 SNe T = 1000°F T= 30°F pressure (lbtfin2) Oc IN sat line 001 ot 1 10 100 1000 10000, specific volume (feb) 3-5PROBLEM ai (0) HO; PEM Ibe fmt, Has fF / Ib . Table A-3E+ = 0.0161R SP/Ib , Vy =2QaGosH/lb = MeMe L 2S-00WIR x ¥ NQ=wE * 20. F0 - 0.01072 0.433 (93.3%) (b) Propane; T= ~80°F , 50,0283 (tb Table AILE: v= %=0.0R6T3 HP /Ib C—O %)<—_—* (e)Rebrigerart (BHA; p=HSO lbp fir, =a. Ob Table AWE: “P= O.01252 CF/Ib , vQ=O44a2 OP/ a Move 2 05-0.0\25S2 _ G x PaUae So aS 70-524 (SAM 7) (dN Ammenta; T=-4O°E , W=20 OO /lb TableA=SE! wy = o,0asr OP /Ik , Vg = 24. GT HP /Ib Mee Ug _ ZO ~ 0.073 TU 5 9 x YS rgrary ~ 24, O12 0.077 0.804 ( COM *) ba PROBLEM 3.10% a Fitst, fisd the specific volume T="40K V _ 00S m2 . meat we Bas = o0asmVkg C¢0,| V.=00sm3 somes) . vs omuxc? m3 Now, the quality is 7 aesBenteo? SP 4. MEV _ 005 - 084x107? < a” 9 Vg - Ue © 3.824 ¥10* ~084E KIO? = OWNS (W4S%) 4 PROBLEM 3.11% ~ > pz4bar , T=100% ss Table A-'% : superheated vopor 7 sl00ec ws 0.07327 mivleg e Toop = % aN = Lotw) at > B.%3 % mad tet eve Tay oF = 13Gkg <——_____PROBLEM 3.12" ¥, 24,2 10 Ab Table A-(36: % = 0.02419 1b, %= loo FP e UO / [Ib D> v-u m fa x* T= (00°F Via> Vee z = 1.0 = 0.02419 uv - Q.1100 -0.02419 On On Oa), Xs PROBLEM 3.13 = 3 V=0.018 mw’ Vv. 6.018 wm? mi Ue Tats = prto bar = 0.015 w/ keg TableA-1: % two-phase at lobar ; Tap * 23.40% g _T ) PROBLEM 3.14 (a) T=600°F => superheated Vapor : « : Table A-4E? = 0.514 47/16 is 1000 Ibeiu® Sy, Vimy =@ Ib) (0.514 #1 1b) ie = 1.028 #4 v 29 a (b) X= 0.8 > two-phase liquid: vypor mixture Table 4-36: Y, 0.02154 Hilo Vy = OAH 7716 Heo a Up t XC -Ve) = 0.3612 Hb " Vz Q@ b)(0. 3012 43/1b) can vena ee ———_ ts ©) T=200°F => subcoled Compressed )liquid Table ASE: w= 0.016580 4/1b V = @)(0.00582)> 0.0332 #E_VPROGLEM 3.15* Velwd Using data from Table A-@ : Rag | Pebber vs yd xcm-vy) due =0.1093¥10° (0.75) (0.21S2-0,10%3¥10>) SOIL m9 / keg -¥- oe) _ wa ne = (On wIU wm /q) m= 6.1BQ keg —_——_____ PROBLEM 3.1le ve2st? First determine the absolute La mest pressure p R13 Foege = 11-39 Wblint P* Poaset Pato ; Prue MH efi? = 739 14.4 = 85,79 bf {n> ae Now, w= Vim =(2 #3 Ib) : 20.4 $43/Ib From Table A-\ok at p> 85.79 | YL Ve Ug % fo phase liquid Vapor wnixtuy Thus, T> Tag % 70°F, PROBLEM 3.17 * sat.vapor, Wg 42. ky P For the two-phase. liguid-vapor in ced mixture, the Secitic Vantume ie _ Set. liquidyme = 3.8 kg oF 2 On (38442) 2 00aS m*/kgg uv PROBLEM 3.18 Ammonia | Using data. from Table eee PE he aoeg * 16386 x10" m/kg Saturated liquid 2M 2021 ™ OF Teseexo 78 kjx—— at T220%; ps eee we 5 Rag * 85762 bar (eee) — = 857.62 kfag 2 3-8PROBLEM 3.19 Vr0.006m? Fist, using data from Table A-1 at p=1.8 bar; P=18OkPa the Specific volume varies with X as follows: R134q, alebar 04X41 Ue Up + KC -Ve) 3 0.1485 «107+ x (0,(09B- O.198SKI07), Thus v 0.006 » me £ 2 —— 2.000 “= ™ O.THBS MOS + XC 0.10F0S) Now o mg=xm 5 mp = m-mg Na. 4m . Vy : vr apts Fe 8 Volume fractions Sample calculation : x 20.9; m = 0.0607 kg, Vg/v = 0.9992 ,Ve/v = 0,0007 The following (T code is used fo develop the plots below: 80 // kPa Results for sample calculation 006 //m* x 09 /sat_Px("R134A", p, x) m 0.06065 kg vg = vsat_Px("R134A", p, 1) vitacf 0,0007566 virac_g 0.9992 These results compare well with the results of the hand calculation above. mm=mf+mg To develop data for the following plots, sweep x from 0 40 | insheps of DOL. e 8 7 6 Bs a4 3 2 1 ° 1 09 08 07 |) 06 05 04 03 4} 02 on ° oO Of 02 03 04 05 06 07 aa og 4 0 01 020304 05 08 07 0809 + * the dained in Hoe tunle decrenses rapidly with snorensing quality. The Corresponding volume fackins of Tui ai vapor awe t ong Ms on of quality 0 well. Volume fraction 2 liquid fraction ‘vapor fraction 3-4PROBLEM 3.20 From the definition of guality T= 300° = - roe won aC )mg~ (458) (ats) =0.51h we cc The total mass m is ee m= Metyng = OS+2= 2.5 Ib Sebliquidsm, sing dale from Table A-26 at 300 °F: Vs (Vy-U) 2O.0I1US +(-8)(G4T2-0.01745 ) = SA VIL Vem = (2S (b)(SA8U 47716) v 21295 44 PROBLEM 3.21" KNOWN: A two-phase. liquid- vapor mixture of water, tuitally at a given pressure and quality, 1s heated in a closed rigid Tank until only saharated water vapor remains. The volume is known, Eup: Determine the moss of te woker inthetank and MWe fmol pressure. ScHEmaTic # GWEN) DATA: L VEO2Q we ons :(1) The water is a closed system.C2) The volume and mass Ore Conshan ANALNSIS: Using data from Table 4-3, the initial specific volume is U,= UG + &, CVG, Ue, ) = (09x 1077 + (5) (0.3144 = (,0F2o x107F) = OkIO. w3/ keg Thus, the moss is ~ vw . loam) 7 m me, = Toreom egy + HOM kg <——— By assum pons) and (2), Viet, Thus B® Brau, *(0Sber ~ B 3-10PROBLEM 3.22 : A specitied ameuut of water is heated in a closed, cigid tank from a known initial chute 4o a specified final hemperature. EIND: Determine Hee mass of vapor initially present and the final pressure. Stole 1: T,= 200°F, X= 0.6 Statez: T= 320°F ASSUMPTIONS: (1) The water is the closed system. (2) the volume is constant: ANALYSIS: The initial mass of vapor in He tank is found using fe lenoww total mass and the quel ity X, at the initial state ™g,= X,M =(0.6)(5 Ib) = 31b, Mg, Now, siuce the volume and total muss ave constaut daring the vocess, the Specific volumes at sates | and 2 awe equel: AR EU, Ferom Talole A-2€ af 200°F, Vz,2 0.01108 H/o amd U5 = 11.77 F/I. Vp = Vet %C¥g.- UE) 0.017 08 + (0.6) (1.11 - 0.01708) = 7,0688 1°/Ib Now, from Table A-2& ot 3.20 °F, vy = 4.919 H5/lb, Sikce UL> Ve 21 state 2 is in tue superheated veipo® region. Thus, interpolating tn Table A-4 at 320 °F,7.0688 4b Fo 64.27 lbf/in?, iPROBLEM 3.23 KNowry: A specified amount of water is heated in a Closed figid dank from a Knoum inthe Stade to a fine! pressure, Eine: Sketch the process on Tv and p-v diagrams. De termint the volume of the Tank andre temperature atthe final ciate, ScutmMatic & Givens DATA: 150°C, BR P T om © aster 4.158ber © Stele: Sab. leq, ot 150% siz: g=25HR | 150% fs iter 2 v ASSUMETIONS:: The water is The Closed Systm. 2. Volume remains conctant AMALYS: Since volume ond total mass remain Constant during the process ) ths speafic volume at states 1)2 are eguat: Ve2V > From Teta A-2 at 150°C = Yp Cis) =f ogos Kio? m8 lieg As shewn by te T-V and p-v Leagrauns , state Le wthe ligurd teqion. Tnterpelahim x Table AS ‘gives | Te= /50. |S ————— Thi teh volvo Pe mars eee Kg) ( odor ) = 2.181 WS ag 73 3PROBLEM 3.24" 3 Steam is woled in a closed rigid container froma known initial State fo a known final pressure, FinD: eeeeT theterpeatueat which condensation first occurs, te frachin OF the, ass Hat condenses, and the volume occupied by saturated liquid at the thal state. SCHEMATIC £ GIVEN) DATA: R27 bar Heo T,=S00°C os Velw3 ASSUMPTIONS: (1) The steam is a closed system. (2) The Volume is constant. ANALYSIS: 8 iy eesumekiascn aul (2), the specific vata is constaut . Thus, using data Harn Table A-4 we Vary 20.5010 w*Skg Then Crom Table A-2 Te ee ———C——_=st—“(# Next, the fraction of the total mass that condenses is Fractin . Mee Conduied a mene a 7 Ui- Ven 0.S010 -(.0300 x10 = 0.480 aD Ge ee Z420-l.0300¥(03 Thus foam frac et * I= NGO =0,85205 of = (iw The tolal moss of the system ig me Stary = Lata kg Then the volume of tne liquid at state Q is Vea = Spa = (972 kg) (1.0300 K10F WP / leg) Veg = 0.00203 i B-13PLOBLEM 3,25 KNOWN: Water vapors heated in a closed ,rigid tawle from scbured vapor at a known tenaperature jo a lenoum “frinal temperature. Ei: Determine the initial and final pressures and sketch the process on, Trad pw diagrams. : T= leore ASSUMETIONS:(1) The Water vapor is a sak. vopor Closed system. (2) The volume is consteut. State 2: T= 400% ANALYSIS: Using data from Table A-2, p 26,178 berg With assumphions (1) ond (2), Us Uj 20.3071 my. ied cea eee eee in aa) t eryy nl egegeeee SECeCCCeCRSCrrrrcEErEEEE a 77 Heore So, foe, PROGLEM 3.26 KNDIN: Ammonia undergoes an isothermal process from a known initial State to the saturated vaper state. Find: — Determive the mitial anc final prescures aud sketch the process on Ev amd p-v diagrams. ASSUMPTIONS: G) The ammonia is a y, Stade t+ ™ 80°F closed ie (2) The process is 310 F7/Ib ae Sble 2: Ta27, Sak oper ANALYSIS + Inter polating in Table ASE , Pp» 33.86 Ibflinry fi Using data from Table A-1ZE, p,=153.13 Welty Thus 3-14PROBLEM 3.237 EMowny: A dwo-phase, liquid-Vepor mixture is heated at fired Volume frown on inital pressure tothe crit cat point. Emp: Determine tee quality ab tha inthea state. scmmatec & GIVEN DATA: v ASSUMPTIONS: 1. Tha quant of water Under conrideraton us the closed system. 2 Votoms pammains Constant, ANALYSIS! Since volume Gud wats Anan coustiut )VieV,. From Treble A-B at ter crifvrot pomt, stei2 , Vyas Z.1stKio? milky. Tt, Wit very,» we Lave witr date fron Tebtsia-3 ot Bo lone Y= Ve 4%) OVg-E) Ap ao wie WOME g GIST L2usDI0 L oorgd (4%) Vg- VE Geer Heer) oF PROBLEM 3.28 rmowal: A teo-phace liguid-vapor mixture ‘s heated at fixed Volome fron an inital presture tothe critv cat point En; Determine +Hhe quality at the inihal state SCHEMATIC. 2 GIVEN DATA Pp CS) 450 lok fin? v AssuMeTIWNG: |. The quankty of Water Under Consideration is he closed Syskem 2 Volume Pemaiat Constant, Aroaertst Since Volome ancl mart remain constant) VarV,. From Tete AVE at th criveat point) shite?) Ves 0.0508. fH8/lb. Tuas, Worth Vs v, , ue hae wrth data fron Toth A-36 at 4B lof link Nia Vee, (¥4- VE) > ays MONE _ (oss = 2018sT) Wa ve ~ 083— 0.01985 = 0.0805 (3.05%) NX, 1 3-15PROBLEM 3,29 KNOWN: A specified amount of water is heated sir a closed rigit tanle. The volume is known, aud date are given for the initial aud five states, FIND: Determine the pressures at the iuvitialand final states. SCHEMATIC 2 GIVEN Data: ASSUMPTIONS: (1) The water is the closed system. (2) The volume is Conspant. v3.34 stale I: Sat. vap. Stade 2: T= YOO Anatysis: The Tv diagram is shown to the right. To delermine the pressures, first fix’ state 2. Since the volume ancl mass ave constant, U,=Uz, Thus UW, = V/m = (13.3 4° )/G Ib) = 4.4333) b a Now, interpolating tin Table A-4e at 4OO°F, 4.4333 f9/Ib3 p= MNT Ibs liu? ‘hen, from Table A-3E , at Vy * 4.4333 H3/Ib s R= Bap = (00 lof ina. F PROGLEM 3.30% sy Known: Ammonia. undergoes a constant Pressure process . The initial and Stal states are Fixed. EID: Determine the work for the process, per unit mass of ammonia. SCHEMATIC ¢ GWEN Dara: r 1 2Sbar ASSUMPTIONS: (1) The refrigerant is the closed T3355 system. (z) The pressure Yemaiis constant. c AMAYSIS: the work is determined using 4.2.17 with assunphon 2 2 We Spav = m[pdu = mplui-v> @® From Table A-1S at 2S bar,30°% 3 v;=0.S71US m?/kg . From Table A-\4, V2= V@asbar 70482) m3/kg. Thus, from C#) wa? [LoS u/me|] 1 kT w = p(V-¥,) =@5 bar)(O4821 0.57145) 9 | bar | a= => 23,84 kT/kg ae 3-16PRrostem 33* Knowl Water fs. Com, ed at a 6 Krsow AL pusied a onstunt prsssure behveen two specs fred States. EUsd: Determine the temperatures ot the inital and finak Save and the werte for the process. “ pS cHem AT CHSC IVES EEDNEE e (. 2 1 e all oo uatlt . 7 + Sok. Te * VaR. = Assomotiows: ' The given quantity of water uth cloud rystton. Volume change tha only Unerk | huge, 3. Thaprouatt ocourt at Lenttan? _ AWMYSIS! The mitral sgecetic volume ts wate ORE 2 3.uy O87 Fron Table AYE, with vi=BHX PV and pp=2so Ibe Mah T,= 000° F The final specific volume is Vg at aSo Ibe (nm, Evom Table A-2& Me~ Va@asoes = beuS eh /1b Thus Tz = 40.04 °F TR The Cinal volume is Vet are = (2 ODL gus #) = 3,64 oF To evaluate tre work 2 w= Grea = p(4-u) = (aso lee )| Ms 4 (Bia (aso Bs )| a] [38 ott] Set w = eel Cen — Th Water is compressed, Haus fre worle is negative.PROBLEM 3,32 2 Wader is heated in a piston-cylinder assembly at constant temperture KNOWA from saturated vapor to a given final pressure, EIND: Determine the work per unit mass by (a) numerical integration using steamtable data and Cb) using IT: Scuemanc 4 Gives Dara: Ta 00°F | State |: sed. vapor Stale 2! p= 100 Teel (0) The water is the clesed systems. ASSUMPTIONS: (2) The process occurs ot constant temperature. ANALYSIS: (4) To determine the wore use. a7 wef ® me Spee r ne 4 2. psi00 et n SM is a @) A numerical scheme is Employed with data from Table A-4E at T= 400%. pllbghins) ar (F%/ Ib) 247 1. Bub (sat ve Fable A~ aS ee /apor, Table A-26) 180 2. 6B 160 3.007 140 B46 i 120 4.074 100 4.934 Whin = B (fetPie)(15,.-07) 1 Mg 4% Vise Ame i ty 7 = [ee 220) BE Ca. se heue) + (220482) 2 6u8- 2.361) + (2Pet#2\(3.007- 2.04B) + (BEEM2)¢ 3.ure~2.007)+(NOE29\ 4.074~3.48) + (#2829) (4asu-uor] | (B) The following code uses the integration capability of IT Yo tntegrate Cr) above: T=400 11°F v=v_PT(’Water’,p,T) // ft/lb Weconv*integral(p,v) conv = 144/778 r Using the Explore button, sweep v from 1.864 (sat. vapor) to 4.934 in steps of 0.01 Result: Wim = 86.48 Btu/lb 4 : —_____— Note that the results of parts (a) aud Cb) are in agreement. 3-18 Wim, Cpart byPROBLEM 3.33“ Kuown: Ammonia & spacified mitial state to a givew fu Fuvp; Determine thre worl. r Scwematic $ GIVEN DATA + ressueve. process From undergoes o constant pee a quality, m= Sib R=R 2100 lbti® ASSUMPTIONS :(1) The refrigerant is a closed system.c2) The process occurs at constant pressure, (3) Volume change is the only work mode, ANMNSIS: Stale | is a superheated vapor, Referring to Table A-ISE VU; + 5.088% 47/lb Using the given quality at state Z and data from Th A-E Va= Vpax(Vq-Ve) = 0.02584 + (0.88) (2.9497 - 0.02584] 2 2.5 LA 7lb Using Fq.2.17 to determi e the work We Jf pav = ple-Vi)= mpl) fi Taserting values . - 2 W =(S1b) (too tbe fie) a.sit~s.owee) 4 | @ 7238.6 Bh Sera “1 The weFrigevat (s compressed, thus the work is negative, 3-14PROBLEM 3.34% KNOWN: Water vapor undergoes e.constant volume cooling process Followed by isothermal condensation to satrrated liquid: EIND: Evaluate the work por unit mass. € ic 1 : Te 2150 °C . Stecte 3: Sot. liquid at (S0 ASSUMPTIONS: (1) The water is the Closed system.(2) For process (-2, the volume is cons}wut. (3) For process 2-3, temperature és constaut. (4) Volume change is the only Work mode. Aulatysis: By assumptions Z) andG), only process 2-3 involves work. To evaluate Fhe work , begin with EG 27 Ys wef pay > We Lb Next, we fix each stde aud obfain relevant data. Since the mass and volume are constaut to process 1-2, Uz=U;. Feom Table A-4; 7, = 0.3060 mkq. With Va=U, > 0.3000, we see in Table A-2 at 150% that Wp < UL < Vg. Thus, stode 2 is im He 4wo-phase, liquid-vapor region. Since the tomporature is constant for process 2-3) So is the pressure. that is P27 fe * Teat@isooc = 4158 bar Finally, from Table 4-2, V3 =e icone (090 5x15? m/e. Thus Wa, Ww = if pau = PalVs-Ve) = 3 110° N/m>| eT = (488 bar)( Loves x10" ~ 0066) jz ime war ® 2-454 k/kg Wn 1. The negative sign denotes ei teomsfer Yo the system by work during process ae ens enna : Py wor 3-20PROBLEM 3.35 kaipwal! Refrigerant 22 undergoes a process with a knounpressure - volume relation from a given initial state to a qwen final pressure. END: Calculate the worl for the process. saturation hie <— to bar ae PU const tog oa ANALYSIS, The work is obbutned by using E%.2.17. First, determine the Specific volimes. From Table A-9, vy = 0.11520 mMV/kg, and ASSUMPTIONS! (1) The refrigeraut is a closed system. (2) The process is polytropic,with n=1.0S a a 2\Fas VF & ue (4) (0,US20) = 0.024875 m7/k5 The worle is ie vy, Me =f paves dus const: a. w vy, mf, P of apts Ae = WH (RM- RU) ~ Ci-les) = ks) [Cobar (0.024 615 meg) - (2)(0.u520)] | 10° Ime] | eT ~ C= hos) Vbar || tO7N-m @ 5773.4 kTg 1. The negative value for work indicates that the process is A compression processPROBLEM 3.36 kwown: Refrigeraut 1340 undergoes a polytropic process from a specified initial state * & gwen Final Perwpera tare, ao i Eup: Determine the final pressuve and the work per unt mass SCHEMATIC € GIVEN. Dara: P| |e satvapor PF, = 200kra = 2 bar _ reas ae Te -lo% ql ht T= 50% °e p's = constant. 7 7,22 bar 2) The vefrigerant is the closed “oy aire The process is’ polytropic , with a ANALYSIS: State | is fixed by T,=-10%, p,=2 bar. From Table 4-12 ; U;, = 0.09938 fF3/lb, Thus, with the polytropic process expression. hos Un = (Pp) a Tn Table A-12 at %2 50%, there is a unique a associated with each pressure, that is Vhable © The following table of data and plot are oblained using Chand Cx¥). Where the lines intersect, both expressions are satisfied Simultaneously. = U Cp, Te250%) oH) T=s0% (4 *) Pebar) = #) OR) To PSs constant CF) z 0.02654 0.02846 q 0.02372 0.02472 10 0.02146 0.02171 Zo 1] 0.01960 === cs 12 0.01804 0.01712 “4 z ° 0.015, 0.02 0.025 0.03 ur (m/kg) From the plot: Fe* 10.4 bar «——___& 1, = 0.0205 mV/kqPROBLEM 3,36 ( Cont'd) The expressions CK) and CK ¥) can be Solved much more easily using the following IT code : Mar 40 °C 0 °C vt = v_PT("R134A", pt, 11) / mi/kg p2*v24n = pt *vi*n 7 n= 1,05 v2 = v_PT("R134A", p2, 2) cee) The results from the uter solutre = . ?/ ccc ler clei are, fo. 20 bers we ooze wh Now, the worle ts determined usin ZIT and He ediwe of Example 2.1 for the poly fropic prcies Ub meee We [yay = enh) m © vay, P a Using the values from the computer soluhion W , (0.38 bar)( 0.0207 m/kq) ~ (2)(0.09938)} 105Wm2| eT m Ges) | 1 bar || lo? Nm = -32.21 ET gl 3-23PROBLEM 3.37 KNOWN: Refrigerant 1344 is compressed in a piston- cylinder-assembl from a knovon initial state to a kndwn final reasuere. Td Pressure ~ specific volume relationship for the process is given. Eup: Determine the work. SCHEMATIC $ GWEN DATA: r 1 saturation line a eo Wotd ie 7m =0,04 Ib : R= 10 lbfin® acne i ee T,=20°F 10 Ibe hue P= 160 Ibehin* - pu *const. By ASSUMPTIONS: G) The refrigerant is a closed system. (2) The process is Poytropic uy pos const ‘4 ANALYSIS: The work is obbuined by ucil 2.11. First; determine the Spacific Volumes. From scene’ vu, Mg Shay #/Iby and usE)a = (7S) 4aa07) 20.3081 f7/Ib The work is SN barn hae ma a : wap.) fan ) =m (pv) Sa (EL) = (0.04 1b)(10 Ibplin®) (4.9297 #4, (42) a] eG ® 2-02 Btyg 1. The work is negatve-for the compression, as expected.PROBLEM 3,30 Water is Hie Substance (@ pasbar, T=240% Table A-4 v= 0-161 9/ 227131 Teg IT Results v= 0.7805 mi/kg u= 2713 kulkg (b) p= aber, veo.s ml/kg Table A-3 5 T= 133.6°C ; ( v0.5 m/s 20.825 oe We Mgt Klug Ug) [T Results = S115 +6.B25)(2543.6- 561.5) x= 0,825 = 2196.7 UT/kg 2196 kJ/kg P T Bor | ______ L___ T ed @) T+400%, p=10 bar Table 4-4 V2 0.066 m/s hh = 3263.9 kT/keg (T Results v= 0.3066 mi/kg h = 3263 kJikg Gl 7 =320% , 720.03 m*/kg Table A-2 3 U> Ug at 320% Table A-4; At 320° the slate, Falls between 60 and 80 bur, Uaterpolating, P=74.67 bar = 7.407 MPa h= 2018.0 KI keg JT Results; p = 7.356 MPa, u = 2682 ki/kg (@) p=28mp,*280 bar, T2s20°C Table A-2 V=0,01070 ml/kg h=31942.3 ki/leg [T Results .0102 me/kg 192 kJ/kg im (00 veos™” woke foot. ve ag.ova 9 % 7) szo%, 4 x “4 ‘so 320% 5 lobar Y we + ¥y=.01549 3 3-25 State 520°C T zBober, fwPROGEM 3.38 (Contd.) G) T=t00% , x= 0.60 Table A-2 p21014 bar URUEtKX (Vg-Ue) Pp T tow bar L014 ba a sot er _ 043.5 x0 3+ (.60)(4G73- 1.0935 XS?) x06 Noor ae = 1.0042 m¥/leq + m2 IT Results; p = 1.013 bar, v = 1.004 m*/kg (9) T210% , = 100 m/keg Table A-2; Up 0.01228 bar = 1.228 eRe P Tv xe ZeVE. 00 =e * pe VG-VE 106.399=1,0004mo 1.228 ef, = 0.94 toe = A eee veto’ v=toomey 7 = 42.014 (.44)(2477.1) #237 kTlleg IT Results; x = 0.94, h = 2371 kJlkg (iy p24 MPa = dobar, T=1e0% Table 4-3 at 40bur 5 Tsp = 250.4% 250.4% Ge > liquid stede (1 @) Lae + 0-F96( (082-6418) = 401.29 Stylo Te 900°F ) P2170 leFlint Table AE , interpolate at G00°F ve qcay Ft hz 1¥78.08 Bhy/b IT Results v= 4.718 feb h = 1478 Btu/lb T= 600%, V0.6. f45//b TableA-26, V>Vg ot 00°F, Table A-4E 4 At Coock , tee State fails behveen Boo and oo wef lin Taterpalating , P= G85. Ioflin® ws 1163-34 Bh/ lo Water is the tubstance . ; ct [- aN - IT Results; T = 228 °F, x = 0.7962, u = 901.3 Btu/lb 17o1bfliy® 400%F e Tree “3008F Oo IT Results; p = 884.3 Ibfiin., 163 Btu/lb P= FooleHint T= oso Jooltlie ToL A-4E , interpolation T a4 Foo ef lin? Pe = a ve 0.asft3 lle int emer hs 1912.3 Bry/b IT Results; v = 0.852 fi"b, h = 1313 Btullb v a 3-21PROBLEM 13.37 Contd.) G) Ts 400° , x= 90% Table A-2€ Pp proves lef lint 400°F Vevpe x Mig eda 2 0.01864 91.866 - 0.01804 2 6813 PUG [TResults; p= 247.1 Ibflin2, 681 fb v (9) T=40°F, ve 19g Tavie A-2€ ev oVg at 40°F. eeuee ontie thls [°F 7 yo Yee 2 195020.0!6 Ve-VE apr 001 20. 798 he hg ax We 282+ ofae(1o%9) vevasd Pell vase 2 Bez. Shy lb i [T Results, p = 0.1217 lbfiin’, x = 0.7975, h = 661.9 Btullb < (hk) pe Goo Wet linds T2320°F Table A-3E ot 600 [bf ligt That = 486 -33°F > liqvid state Tale A-5E -douvle interieole ton 4g .33°F = S00 ttl booth OF Ile 0.017379 = 26%, 42 268. a4 Ts 400 V2 0.018 608 © 018550 2) = 393-65 372.55 [2 SOF Then, oF Goolbflint, 320°F v2 0-017 46 PY le JT Results we 284.1) Bib v = 0.01766 fi'/lb u = 288.3 Btullb 3-28PROBLEM 3.40 ©) Retri eraut 134a; T= b0%, Us 0.072 m/k from Fable A-10 at bots 3 20.0114 leg) U> Uy =D superheated Or Taterpolating in Table A-125 p* 3.63 bur oe hoa ba/kg “Bed bt 3.03 4 3) Ammonia; peBber , 1 = 0.005 m%/keg v trom Table A= 14 ot @ bar ; 152 0.1596 Wilks Uy < US Uy & hwo-phase, liguid-vupor mixhare e T* Toop = (284% U-Vz _ 0.005 - 1.6302 x5" GME 0.1596 = 1.630200? Ut Uy + XUy-Uy) X28, GA.6 4 +(0.02133)(1330.64-262.64) Ww : = 28 IeT/leg 30.02/33 ce) Refrigerant 22; T=- 10°C, U=200 KT/eg From Tet AF at -10°C, Ucueus Sp r-phate Lquid-veper muntare P= Pret = 3.6485 bar Xe UnUg ~ poor 332F Us-ug — 223.02-39.27 10% = 0.899 - us Lows fos Vg ax C¥g- VE) ey : #34 (0-0682.~ 0.7606 v > O-2e96 + 0.84 su 768) = OOS MFlisPROBLEM 3.41 @) Refrigeraut 134a3, pido ible, h= 100 Bhu/lb from Table A-ue; bych two-phase, liguid-vepor mix hure h-h. S en 9 70.52 Us Upt x (VB-Ve) * 0,01386 4 (.7881(0.33 58-0.0138¢) = Q.2675 HI T Tap © 100.56 °F @ Ammonia ; T20°F, 21S fP/Ib from Table A-13E 3 Vy = 4.1100 #43/Ib > vy > Superheated Vapor Trterpolading im Table A-1SE+ 22!8.85 let (ig he 615.2 Bluth XS) Refrigerant 22, T=30°F, 022 7Ib from Table A- FE) ¥%=0.7804 #7/Ib Udy > superheated Vapor Tntevpolakig in Table A-FE, Rs47.Co lbtli~ A+ 108,80 Blu/lle + N ° Wea 100.56°FPROGLEM 3.42 @) HzO at p15 MPa =1S0 bar, T= 100% from Table A-5 5 121.0361 x10" F m/l keg ,h = 430.28 kT/kq (b) Using Saturated liguid data from Table 4-2; 1.0435 x10 mille, ° Now, using Eg. 3.13 to estimate specific ewthalpy ay Peace eto {P~ Peat @ wore ) = 414.04 Ee 104 35m? 150-1014) ee |reFwle | kT 7 thar 10° Nem! @ = 419.04 +/5,55 = 434.54 kT/kq 1. Note thet hg eroore, is & plausible estimate for h in some applications (within about 2.6% of fia value from Table 4-5), PRogiem 3.43 - Bo0e Woelin® H.O at T= 4OO"F, p> 3000 lbelin® a from Table A-5E: are 0.018334 H7/Ib hh = 379,50 Bhu/Ib |} The specific volume and enthalpy values cam also be estimated using saturation data from ¥ Table A-2€ and 45. 3,11 and 3-4 , respectively. r= U;(400 PF) = OILY F43/1b hm hy C400 °F) + vp (400°) [ P- Peake yar] . bu. 3 wi 1 Bh = 31S. AE + 0.0184 H°[ S000 Wet au7.t ee Je | | = B84 BY bbPROBLEM 3.44 H,0 at T=20°%C, RL. < p< B00ber $ e r e from Table A-2: Paay = 0.02339 bar ise 5) Up = 1.0018 xto* meg a Up = 83.95 kT/kg hg = 8396 kT leg 20%. from Table 4-5: P= bar (T=20%). ad as 50 /7s 100 | 1Se | 200 | 250 | 200 axio? — | 1.0000] .9945) 4984] 9472] .2950|.9928| 9907 |.9586 “uw 83.80| 83.05 | 83.50] 87.30] 83.00| 82.77 | 82.47| 82.17 h 86.30| 68.05| 90.99 |93.33| 9799 [102.02] 10724] 14.84 | 25 | 50 7S | 100} [Se| 200)250} 300 4v (%)| 0.12 [0.23 | 0.34| o.46[ 0.68] 070 [1.01 | 1.32 Au (%) | 6.18 | 0.36] 054] 0.70| 1.06 | 141 | L760 | az c Ah (%) | 2.74 | 5.59 8.37] M12] 16.69] 22.22] 2273] 33.21 20 “ i é F 2 a g +——+ © 50 100 150 206 250 300 © S0 100 150 200 252 300 P- ber pm bar COMMENTS: The changes in and u are Small over the pressure range in this problem. thus, Up aud ug are reasonable approximations, respectively. However, h devittel by orér go % from by sand Whe agproniuctinn he is not reasonable. Note tee 3.14 provides a plausible eshimate of for compcessed liquids. when tdbular date. are not available. 3-32PROBLEM 3-45— Refrigerant 1340. at ASF, 150 loflin? Tavie A-1€ at 9S°F5 Prat = (28-62 (bf [ind > Liquid state When piso lef int IY Reet 128 so? lof lin® asF v Using Ey Bll, vw vg (ASP) = 2. 01371 Fille v Using Gy, BV, WA he (Aye) = HANT SHO _ PROBLEM 3.4" + (0 bur Ammonia at 20°C, | MPa =10 bar Toble A-'3 af 20°C] Pp =BSTER bar = liquid stoke wher P= lO bar 7 Using Gy. BAL 5 ws | (20%) = Westend 2 i Using Bg 814; = wg (eo) = = QIN. 2e kTZ PROBLEM 3.47" Propane at B00 kPa , O°C Table A-(1 at @bor, Trae = 18.33%. => liquid state Using Eq. 3M, = Y 4 (O°C) , = grou 2 ot Using Ey 3-4, W> he (0°) = 4S.L kT /kg v4 PROBLEM 3.48 KWOWN: Saturated water vapor Is contained in a rigid taule at a known initial Femperahure! The pressure drops as a result of heat transfer toa known firel value. FIND: Defermire the amount of energy frauster by het. Schematic & GIVEN DATA: Pr T= 80°C XK, = 0.60 stoke2+ sat. vapor i fe wv ASSUMPTIONS: (1) The H.0 is a closed system.(2) The voheme is Constant .@) ir the syskem,W20. #4) Kinetic and potential energy effects are negligible. ANALYSIS: The heat transfer is dehormined using the energy balance ° Ket pies av-a-° or, with AUs miua~ us) e Q = meu.-u) Using data from Table A-2 Uy = AEy + Ky (Ugy Ap.) = BBA. RO+ (0,00) (24€2.2 = 334,86) a... " FF SEK (44, HE.) = LOALH(O- (0100)(3,407- [.021 10") = DOW mF/ leg 5 Then, using Table A-2 with vg = pt 0) SR OUdl ig T =a3,5°C and Urt taparste = ANe LT /eg Funally @ = (2 bg) (2498.8 - 1623. 2) KT /leg a © =I7st.t er <—@- 1. The possbive syn Lor Q denotes energy transfer into tre system. 3-34PROBLEM 3.49 KNOWN: Water contared Win rigid, insulated tank is heated fromo speefred (nittat state EID! Determine the fined temp erate 4th water: scitmaric LevEN DATA! + == 2 ] genom x 3 = a0% 3 ome ! |. i 1 Qs cow L_ 4% | Abs 145h T 2 pfs 1 sects | eects, SEES eet See v aes: |. Th Later is tea closed systems, 2, forthe system, W=0, Assoupr ans and AKESAPESO. 3. Volome semains Conttant. 4, The inital and finek Stales are equilibrium states, Avacrsis: Ths values of tun independent intensive properties are required fo fix the Finet State. Since tht btat volume and nustcde net Change , one of there iy the finat Speer volume: Vas Vi. Using dele fen Tabhe A-3, > Vg) = 23d stgey = 128 Wr pe GME) = 1083 + 0.4 [0.094 1289] = 0. 1EST wleg “ The otter Proper is Ua, found fron an energy balance. With aswmpfion V, AULD LSAT = @-LF > way 2 QD we 4 + On ow tn date fran Tete A- 3 ays ag evel Ug Up) 2 FOL 6D (2583.6 - 7ol-C8) =2tol.+ (leq Tues, sina Qzfdur=Gaty eer (195m) | ATE eee | A ua = avory + Go oh eA I = 26a ET a Using states shown on Me T-v diagram for reference; Uy>U;. Fuser polating i Table A-a gives, Ug 2507 LT /iey. Since Ug> Uy y stile 2 le im the superheated Vapor vegien,as shown onthe figure. Thus, state 2 is tived by Uy22012 kT lug, v,= 0.1751 milly. Stee interpolating in Table 4-4 With U,,U, is inconvenieut, We resort fo using Juternelive Tew nodymamics: IT to defermine Ty , as follows:peomem 3.49 (Contd.) ‘The IT code is pt=10 // bar x1=09 Qdot = 60 / W delt = 1.95 1h m=2 ikg v1 = vsat_Px("Water/Steam’, p1, x1). / m/kg ut = usat_Px("Water/Steam", p1, x1) J kJ/kg m*(u2-u1)=Q Q = Qdot * delt * (3600 / 1000) v2 = v_PT('Water/Steam', p2, T2) u2 = u_PT("Water/Steam’, p2, T2) IT Results T2 1987 qe —C—C—CSC—CS—C} 2. 11.59 bar 3-36PROGLEM 3.50 KWowNn: Refrigerant '34is compressed from a given initial state to a given fiat pressure. There tne heat transfer, and the work is bas EIND: —- Determine the final temperature, Scuemanc ¢ Given) DATA: P WOO Wot lig? P= 30 Wet lin> T+ 20°F 135 . 30 Ibe ae Weo IhFlin® ie me W=-0.56 Bhe a ASSUMPTIONS: (1) The Ria is a closed system.(2) There is no heat transfer. (3) Kinetic and potential energy effects are negligible. ANALYSIS! The final state is fixed by determining u, using the energy balance. 4K ake +U 2 A=W ov, with AV >= m(u,-u4,) u.e-Neu, Referring to Table A-12€; U, > 96.26 BlusIb. Thus Uzs- cece) + 96.26 Biurlb (0.04 Ib ) = 0.26 Bhu/le Referring again fo Table A- 126, 7% 121.6 Faq 3-37PROBLEM 3.8! ENowN: Re frigerent 1340. in @ pithn-eylinder assembly vndergoes OX process at consent paassure betveen tue Known States, Deternune +he work and heat transfor) per unit mass ewemaric LEwew va: Fo: Assumomons: | The Rika us a cloted syskin. 2. Passsure is constanh 3. Firtee system AkT= OPE=O Anaursis: With ascumptron2 and date fron Teébs Anid we: pev = pti) = m pom-ui) > Wins pO) = Bar| APH | (o.0nB4~o-025¥7) a eee +2392 65 /ey _ an Prppiyiny an energy balance amd data fran Tete Amid dus opis ofts O-Ww Q-ov4+w Fe (Ue- 4) + Ww w @ & Be Cus > QeLer -243-48) +2.342 = 2.23 FO] Kg = 1 Using Whe pOra-w) , tes alto vende SB wera) + pr) shah, (emer Re ttn date from tabie AWN? @ s 254.34- OG IT = 2e.aN ET/E5 3-38PROBLEM 3.52 ENown: Saterated liquid water is cooled wt a Closed, rigid tank to a final State where saturated Irquid and vapor are pretent Determine the heat transfer for the proust. SCHEMATIC 2CIVEN DATA: wep: 4,0 Tze Sore Ms = 1999.97 keg Thy, = 8.03 kg ASsUMPT/oNS: || The water fs the Closed System 2. The volume 15 constant. 3, Kinetic and potenhel energy Changer are absent 4, Ths jnifiel And Anat sinter ace , equi liorivun States, Avanursis The heat transfor is foend Using an enersy Balance: Dx€ tor€ tous QW > Qsou = Ua-U) where, fens va ag 7) ae Mp Ue Mn Stake | fed by saturated Aigvid and v= V2 y where cith deter Firm Toth ALD Ng = Mga vgn oe gn Ver Mfg h = Gear Kg yeggiet) + 03 ee) ae #) ee = btasKe? wet Using VEVa y and voting teat Siati( saturated Aiquid, Tite Ad giveo Te =21U°C and Ups Ugi= F4B.2 KO] RD Teas, ty = Gooo eq) (WED Ny) =1- B46 xt KI Wye (aagan(zorse) + (o-osKewers) = O49 x0°kI Sy = Coadxcoe— Loe yoe JED = ALT xcoerd ——— 3-34PReBLEM 3.S3 Kknsownt: Refrigerant (4a, undergoes a Process for which pus constant behueen Fup: unit of mass, tun “Speafred Shetes. Scuemaric 2 Givens DATA: P,2 200kPa. R-134a | pu™= const. 2 AssumpTvobs: | @ described b, effects are negtagible. Awauesiss Using 69.20% we v, Ww J 4 f 2 mi Jp4u = ca Uy = Pe Ue- Py =n The refrigerant os a closed Pus constant, 3. Kmete and potentiae energiz Deternune the Work and heat trans far fr the Process, each per looo kPa, EL py" const 200 kPa, ~oo is Sysitm. 2. The Process const: or a @) To find the polytrepic exponeut nw, we first must determine the twitial and frral specific volumes. Using Table 4-12 P,=200kPa 7, =~ 10% => vy, = 0.09938 m/ kg Pp2 loco kfa, T, = Sot => Vi=0.0a170 ml Thus, for the polytrepic process Fv" = Bvz" =p Log(P/R) = » Log(%i/w.) n bog (el Pi) . leg (1000/ 202) eines log Cy, /os) log C.09938/.02171) Tnseeting Vabuse in Gp. (8) WW , (ocobPa) (0.0211 w/ks) ~ (2e0)(.09958) |}0Palet|| KF m = Ci L0sB) eR, |] 1m e-BLGZ k/bgg ln 3-40Prosiem 3.83 C Contd.) The heat transfer is found by using an energy balance _ Ab + pve tA + Q-W with BU 2mlur-U)) w & eUy4,)+ From Table A-t2; U,=221.50 k/kg and U,5 258.48 kT/kg. With the result from Problem 3.36 for W/m & =(258.48-22/.50) + (-31-62 LT( kg) +536 kT/eg 4 Q/mPROBLEM 3.54 KNOWN: Refrigerant 1340 is compressed tn a piston-aylinder assembly. The nitidland final stafec are known, Gnd fia wore ie Enown, END: Determine the heat transfer. Scdemaric # GIVEN Data: See solution fo Problem 3,37. ASSUMPTIONS: (1) The refrigeramt is a closed system. (2) Kinetic and potential energy eFects are negligible. ANMUSIS: The heat trauster is found by using an energy balance oO ads apt Av = Q-wW with AD = miu,-u.) Q = M(UL-W) 4 W From Table A-12E 5 U,2 97.67 Bhr/Ib and U,=110.6B Biusib. With the result From Problem 3.37 for W Q = (0.04 1b)(110.68 -97.61) Bhi + (- 1.012 BHA) 2 = -044lb Big TO 1. The heat transfer is out of the System.PROBLEM 3.55* KNOWN: A two-phase, liguid-vapor mixture of H20 is stirred in a rigid, well-insulated tank until only saturated vapor rematis. Ewa: Determine the amount of energy transfer by work. c 2 V,,=0.005 24% Vg. = Ws 4 B14 T tbe /n® : wae, ve ASSUMPTIONS: (1) The H20is a closed system,(2) There is no heat transfer. (3) The volume is constaut.(4) Kinetic and potential energy effects are. ‘negligible. ANALYSIS: The work is determined using the energy balauce él ees au = iw ov, with AU miua-u.) W = meu, -UL) yg Using data Lrom Table A-3E& = Ver _ (00S) Lo ragy Mev> “Sy = (ow Geib) oe ~ Var (ao) a s | a” Ta, > Teaofe7iey SD Ky = May Amey t gy) = 04S (0.294 40.048) = 0.131 By = Agy + Ky (Ugy~ Xp) = (BOAO + (CONS 1)(1077. ~180.10) = 297.7 Blu /lb wee FL = (Vey HV) Ame, tmg,) = (2052) More s0.008)b =3,5034 Tuterpolativg in Table A-3E with vy =3.503 O/lb 42 =H00.2 Be imal aw W = (0.29 40,048) (297.7 — W042) Ww oO =- 2714s Btu 1. The negative siqn Lor work Aenobes energy transter imto & system, as expected, 3-43PROBLEM 3,56" EN0Un) : Refegerant 2expands tha Prbon-cylinder assembly froma uown initial stele toa Lnown final pressure. The pressure specific volume relation is specified. Ep: Determine the work aud heat transfer, cack per unit mass, TU WEN Refegemnt 2 7,2 24°C. ? XK =0.a5 > Pp =1.0 bar PU = constant ASSUMPTIONS: (1)The R22 is the closed system (2) During the process, pa =constant. ©) Kinetic and pofenticly energy effects are negligible. ANALYSIS; The Worle is determined using 4.2.17 along with the given pow reelection - », ~ * “const: we Sip = mf pay = mf, a With peo cumst.= p95 W = cp, Qn (ZF) Using cate from Table A-7 5-4 * +m (4G, %,) = 0.0221 mP/bq) p, =0,1UM bar’ Avela = (10.40.0221 7 Thus a= Ch) = Se Ora ad te mi (kg @* wi a3, |lo5 nlm’ ed O22 \ ar mm “tabar)( 0,002 =| Tear || Toil 9 ( 0.0221 Vesa kgs, The heat Hransfer is, found using the energy balance. WiHh assumption 3 OKC + Apes au = Q-w and AU = Mlu,-u) Yon = (Ur-)) + Win From Table A-71 at AY°C,K,=O.AS 5 Lye Ue + ¥ CU, Ug.) = 225,84 ka/kg. Also, interpolating iw Table A- 4 at p= LO bar, v= 0,224 mAh gives Ure 2IST4 kS/kg. Finally pq = CRUST = 225.84 VER 4 (S21 lT/ieg) ® = 42,0 k3/ky mn T. The respective posthive sigus for heat aud worl. denole that For this process there is energy sranster by heat inde the system and energy transfor uy work but of the syclean,PROBLEM 3,57 KNOWN: Aknown amount of HD ata specified initial pressure is contrred to one sida of o vigth wall insulated Comtainer log a partition. The parition is removed awd He HO expands into +he initially evacuated side ,reachtng a specified pressure when equate rien is attaued. EWd: — Dahevmnine the tnitial quality aud the ovevall volume of the contarher. SCHEMATIC ¢ GIVEN DATA: YLLILLp dle ie, AMLUILUALVALL LLL D Ato Jevacusiel, oS r woo lbt/int PITTI TT Al OTT TTT ONO belt: initial shake : final state : 7,7 1 Ibelin? 2 Uo theft ar _ Pa = Yo bE lin® ASSUMPTIONS : (1) The contents of the tank ave the closed system. @) The expansion occurs with no work or heat jwansfer, 3) The Volume of the tanle is constant.(#) The are no changes iw lerhetic or potential energy. ANALYSIS: First, we solve thie problem omalytica lly phen, we use the sofware Interactive Thermodynamics: IT, Begin with the tofal volume vemu+7 H? where m=2tb, Also, nobirg that V= mu, ,we get aye Keuit LY & ae vitas Hike a © Now, Vi aud ar, com be expressed interms of the qualities x, ards, vespectively Ot Vat ROG Ve) Wee ht Ug Ve) From (1) “it % V5 VG) SUE ORGY +35 Usting dela from Table A- 3 DOIIS + Xp ( 10.50~ 8.01715) = O-DITTYHE, (4434- B.0171Y) +5.5 or Kz (10.484) = % (4.4163) + 3,5005F ( Now, an overall energy balance reads Ape tA pE+AD = ary => B=, Or Uz=U,. Fu terms ef suburted Viqued aud Sedurated vaper data Mgt Baltgar Ugg) = Upy +X (Ug, - 4) Insevhing values from Table A-3e 3-45PROBLEM 3.57 ( Contd.) 236.03+X,(1042.3- 236.09) = 298.3 + X,(U0S,8- 298.3) or (856.27) = %, (807.5) + 62.27 ca) Expressions (2) aud (3) each involve the Unlenown qualities Xand Xe. Solving stmutaneous ly x X, = 0.5006 ' analytical vesuts x2 O.S4N8 Using these vesults gives 1 = 2.2284 H°/Ib, = 5.7284 4b, amd V = ILYST 4? v The IT code is much less involved than the analytical solution - Seven expressions are written TWvolve the seven unk wowns Vy Wi, Va, %, Xe, Us, Uz» The eguachion Solver solves automatically, Without the need 40 further manipulate the expressians algebraically. The code follows pt = 100 //Ibffin? movi +7 Hf v2=v1+3.5 i vt = vsat_Px("Water/Steam', p1,x1) v2 = vsat_Px("Water/Steam’, p2, x2) ut = usat_Px("Water/Steam", p1, x1) ut = u2 u2 = usat_Px("Water/Steam", p2, x2) Vv 11.46 i ® x1 0.5007 T Resuts l. This assumes that stale 2 15 in the two-phase liguid vapor region. Lf Stade is actually inthe superheated vapor region, X,and/or xq would tum out Jo be Phy steall unreasonable and it would be necessary to modiky the solution weed 2, there is excellent agreement belween the analytical and computer vesulls,PRoBLEM 3.58 Known: Water is cooled at constant pressure from saturated vapor to saturated liquid. Fp. Delermine the work aud heat Hamsfer and show that the heat transfer equals the change in enthaley. SCHEMATIC EGIVED DATA: ’ K— 100 Pa. 31 pstwo kPa = (bar 2, 4 = llar se Assumptions: C1) The water is the closed system. Cz) The pressure is constaut.C3) Krhetic and potential energy effects are neglected. ANALSIS: To determine the work , use £4.2.!7 along with assumphan2 Vi we {rav = pla-V) = mplve-vy) ao ‘ pen ecee From Table A-3 at paibar 3 Vy= Vy = lead mP/kg and 45,2 Ug = 10432 x10"? m3 / ky . “Thus 5 103 N/m? 5 3] 1kT W = G kg)(100 kPa) [PNM o4samies * aed es |e =~ 840.5 leo. y the heat transfer is found using the energy balance ; ae. per 0 =-w Qsavsw or, with AU *mlu2-u) Qezwmluz-U) +W «) WHA U,tUg = 2506.1 eT/leg amet Ue Up = 417.36 Le ley From Table A-3 Q = ($4) 417.36 - 2506.1) i + C- BYe.5 kT) a-U2zao bY gg Combining Q) amd (2) QE MLA) + M PCV) = wm Lua pave) et Pid] Wh Weus pe and data from Tuble A-3 © Q=M Thi-Wy 1 =) LMG = 2075.5] == 1290 \. The result developed heve fora closed system is only valid fora constant Pressure Qrocess,PROBLEM 3.54 KNOWN : Saturated Solid water is heated at constaut pressure to saturakef iquid. Eup; Determine the work amd heat transfer, Show thet the heat transfer equals te change in enthalpy. ote: triple point \ Solid, ' State 2: sat. liquid ASSUMPTIONS: (1) The M20 is aclosed system.@) the Pressure is constaut. (3) Kinetic and potential energy eHects are negligible. AWALYSIS. The work is determined using Eq. 2.17 Ve Ww = {pav = mpar-y) co From Table A-6 3 0% *Urq@q_* 0208x107? mV/ky. Also, from Table A-2; a Va Vig 7,2 loonxor® mks, thus \ 311 ENA? | : : -) wa? Ss W = ky) (0.6113 kPa )( oor xc" 1,0708x00"4) el Tata: | linens 2 5.428K007 © KT. w The heat transfer is found using an energy balance. AKE+APE + AU =Q-W oy, with AU = mia, u) Qe Ml42-4,) +W (2) From Table A-6 5 U,= 333.40 KT /keg,omd From Table A-2 ; U2 0.00 « Ths Q " (eg )L 0 = © 333,40) a 4+ (= 5428x007 kT) 333.4 kTe Q Combining Fee.) aml QewMlLa Ww) + MPl-) ” " m [Gar poe) - Carry) vm (ha-ha) 3-48PROGLEM 3.60 KwowN: A three-phase, solid-liguic -vopor mixture of HO at the triple point is heated at Constant pressure fo Saturated vapor, FIND: Determine the work aud heat transfer. AcHemanc £ GIVEN Dia: mi, = I lb me, = 1 tb mg, = 0.216 wg, 22.2 th triple potut ASSuMeTioNs: (1) The H.0 is a closed cystem. (2) The pressure is constont (3) Kinetic ond potential energy effects are negligible, ANALYSIS; The work is determined usthg Egat Ve we {iva = pCVew) From Table A-b& 5 p= 0.0887 Ibflin*, T= 32.018 °F. Also Uz, = 0.01747 FF7 lb , Ug = 3302 H7/Ib From Table A-2E 5 Up > 0.0/b02 $7/IL. Thus Y= mi, Vy t Me, Ue + Mg, V5 = C1) (0.01797) + (1) (0.01602) +6.2)(3302) = 660.4 #3 Vz, = (4.2) (3302) 2 7264.4 HF ond 144 =I 1 Bh He = ibe 7 W = (0.0687 PE )(7204.4- 660.4) | aaa Thy = 108.4 Bt, To determine the heat transfer use the energy lookance Dao AG FE AU = Q-W Q= AU+W Again, with dato from the tables Dy FM, Ut My, Ug + 5,45 * CYC 143.39) + (1) (0) + 6.2) (1021.2) or, = 60.9 Che DL= mg, Ug =@.alOal.2) = Addo. Bru Final ty Q = (2246.6 - 60.9) 4 (108.4) = 2244.1 Bug —__—@ 3-49PROBLEM 3.6! KMoWA: Water contamed ut a pistm-cylindse asremby is heated et consant pressure followed #4 heating at couttant volume, EID: Determine the heat transfer. ScHemaniC 26WEN DATAY Dramctr= 196m | ° * | tnt qusity Mas <0 pee ASSUMPTIONS: 1 The Water is a closed tySlem. 2. The prsenare is continut unkl the putten hits the Steps. 3. Frietton behueen Ha, pitton and eqlind wait cor lee ignered. 4 For tes system, DPE )AKE con be ignored. S. gu condtant. AVALTAS: To begin, fx tm divee states located hy dots on the pry Magram, State 1 8 fined by 12 25% and py wise © fend fram 0 force alance anf tus pretut The force exeried by the water on the Lower face of tht pitten Equals Hue piston Weight plas the force averted on ths top face 64 tx a tiresp bene: RAZ Mot gt faim Ay AZ ED pact 5 = Mises = Gorgasinls')/LN ]] | 4 Goongy| eer i 9) le ie||-pel* oot) E (omy = LS bar Stee a is fied by pas pehsbar and spe speedte vatume | UZ. Foun tee Btn qeomehy » “Vat EV OH Sa thoVy , whee 2 wpe Mare ei (vgevp)> oF o.as(tsa- 2828) = 0.240sh ly D> Vat 4.5(0.2905#) = 074 Aly Sma Var Valisbar), StL 2 Parte ut foe reperhtatid Vepor ALi, ao Shown ud tha (pv diagram, ShU3s fixed by Wyse and p> aber, The tated wast of wader to Ve Termites). 2 goa. te vy 90-2908 wi] FQPROMEM 3.61 (Contd. ) Since dies ne werk asson'ated with the Constant volume fortien Hthe (eecett, the that work a obinined 40 HHS eae unde gees the oeorstent pusiure excpanitovy fram | te at we [pave pla-Vi) = epLVa- V7] = mpi- si) 1 That, with ARs Su; A We @ro%Ket ep (isea) 2S |e ensved )[, 24.23 5 << An anergy balance Asade DAvt Oett+ehi= Q-W SH Os Oth zm (U-4,) +W where Uy > Mgr ve, Cugi = gs) 2 FORE 4 OU UGT=~ 460.494) = 99013 Ets To find ur, interpolate uc Tatts AY ot Bhar Usrng Vat U2 = B2C253 SES Than Q= (a to3Kc Py Cheeass- de) 3] 4 41a = OSe4IT =_____ 3-s]PROBLEM 3,62 Known: A system consisting of 4.0 is compressed isothermally and then ig heated at constaut volume, bate are known at each of He principal states, and the work is known -for process I-2. Finn: Determie the heat transfer fr each process. Scuemanc £ GIVEN DATA: B 120 lofi ASSUMPTIONS: (1) The H,0 is a closed system (2) Process |-2 occurs at constant temperature amd procecs 2-3 occurs af consfaut Volume .(3) kinetic amc poreutial energy effects are negligible. ANALYSIs: First, fix eack of the principal states. State lL: T,+300°F, v7 = Vi/m = 10 #°/1b. From Table A-4€3 U, = 1104.1 OWvlb State Z: Te =300°F, Vz = Val/m = 405/2 = 4.525 FH/Ib >> two-phase (Table 4-26) Ve-VUee 4.525 -0,01745 x2 Seen eo 2 UB UR, 6.472 -0.01IS. ee Ue yt (Ug, Ue, ) 2269.5 + (.6984) (1100.0 -269.5) = 849.5 Bt le States: p20 1bFliht, Uz = 4.525. Tnterpolahiy inn Table AWE; Uy 1166.3 Bawls Now ,using energy balances for each process Focess 1-2: AKE+ OE + KU = O..- Wi Qin = MCHA“) tT Wya = C2 Ib)(84A.5 = toy.) Bias tb + (-90.8 Btu) 2-600 6he Qe © 4 craves 2:3; Alt Af +AU > Qs-Whs Qag = MCUs~UL) = dC 166.3 - 847.5) = 633.6 Be Q23 3-52PROBLEM 3.63" KNOWN: Refrigerant Ha undergoes a Constant-pressure a The pressure and the initial and firal Volumes are specttied. END: Determine the work and heat transfer for the process, scuemaric $ GWEN Dara: P F2P,52 bar 2 [7} Ye O12 ms 2 ber V2 =2.0 Vv, =O. \ mMe2kg &Ssumerions: (1) The refrigerant is a closed system .(2) The Nees ie constant. (3) Kinetic and potential energy effects are constant ANALYSIS: The porn ts determined using Ey. 2.17 We f Pav = pia-w) 10° N/m 1 bar = kT Wig The heat transfer is found using the energy balance Oo 40 AKE + APE + AU = Q-W or, with ALT= m(u2-u.) Q= mluz-W) +W From Table A-\, with 72 Vi/im = 12/2 = 0.06 mV/kg and p= Lbar ir | = 3 ae )C0.24 -0.1.) m | OPN Uy, = He, +H) 645, Ug) = Woo 4 + (Oslo012) (AAU ~ 36-69) = (YT. kT /keg And, from Table A-\2, at Vz= 0.12 meg ond p2rber U, 2258.66 kT lky Thus Q = (Zkg)(258.66-147,.16) ks [kg + (24 kT) = 234.8 by Q 3-53PROBLEM 3.64 1 Ammonia undergoes two processes In series 1 a puton~eyhinder assembly; the first at constant volume and the second at consfaxt temperature. Data are known at each of three end states and the heat transfer is given for the Second process. FIND; Determine (a) the heat-transter for the first process,and Cb) the. work for the Second process. P2120 Ibe lin® ASSUMPTIONS: 4) The ammonia is closed system. (2) The processes occurat Constaut volume and constant temperature, respectively. (3) kinetic anck potential energy effects are negligible. : The heat transfer Q,. and work Wry are found ucting energy balances. First, fix each of the principal states. States: p=120 Wbflin®, X,=h0 > u, = 572.13 Blwle (TableA-14€) U5 2.474S Fb Stofe2: U=U;,T,=100°F 3 Interpolating in Table 4-1SE U,2 584.17 Btus Ib State: Tz2l00°F, xs=h0 > Uz* 57.5! Blu/lb (Table A-BE) (a) The energy balance for prxess I-2 reduces to oe4 4e byt phen (U2) = Qa We and, Quy = MlUL- Wy = (2.2 Ib) (584.17 - 872.13) BlWIb = 36.17 Ohr< Qe hy Similarly, for process 2-3 ° Oo AkEt pPet miug-Ur) =Q23-Was Wes = Qos —m(ug-tr) ” (-98.9 Blu) - (2.2 Wb) (5 76.5/- 589.17) Bulb s- T1105 Bug Wy 3-54* PROBLEM 365° Essown: Propane vapor is comprised according Te pus constant be hwren Sprefied end Sates. Eup: Deteenune te work and heat trancfe- for the preoests, cack per vik mass SCHEMATICR GIT DATA: + The propane ths ctnted Sy Siu, 2+ Fev the Syiteun, Kiana potahat ensray afpectr cm ler ignored. 3. The procats doserstand tng pe®s Continnts Avaurnis: Tha work Can les evaluntad oo we fpsv | Wel pees (Soe ~ RR ' yet ou ory Tc requires Wy wluck Cn be evatuatid Geing deta Fron Tobtas Arie Bere ne” my tee ntti s tere tn ae " ete hI, om = An (lAd 2 hs ale of why Then . Br (C/0 ) Se Ln (0;3198/0.1045) ca 7 Co ver o.tous 2) — (1to) 0.3798) ] jee | om | wre Lb bac NOUNS "ep 7 | Lee ~ 11.308 26.7 ley << Pm energy balance Antwese to SUS Q-O) Qe OUR Wm Yas Cred Wim @ =(ss2.7 =381,0) + (-G67) =105,0 kT/kg 3-55PROBLEM 3.60 KNown: A system consisting of ammonia undergoes a cycle compoced of three processes. EIND: Sketch p-rand T-v diagrams. Determine the eycle net work and the heat transfer for eacls process. Scwemaric £ Given DATA: Process 1-2: constant volume from p=o bar ,X,=0.6 40 saturated vapor Process 2-3: Constant temperature, Q2,°228kT Process 3-1: Constant pressure FSSUMPTIONS: (1) Closed system .(2) Neglect kinetic and potential energy effects. ANMYSIS: First, fic each of the principal states. State: peo bar, x, =0.6. Thus U, = Uy, 4X) Ug,-Ug, ) = 296.10 + LO) U334.b6 - 246.10) p a eee 19.24 kTlkg CTable A-t4) U2 Ube, 6,0) = 0.07776 my State 2: Sat. vopor, v3.20; . Tnterpolahigg in Table A-13, at Uy =0.07776 m7 lly Gives Uy, MIBG.26 Tihs amd T2 42.52%. State 3: py ~p 10 baw, 73> T= 42.92%, Trterpolatiing in Table A-(S Us 1374.95 The ancl Vy x 0.11027 MV les $ 7 3 FNL S2% Uv wo The required energy transfers are determired by using energy balances. ge e Process 1-23 AKEFDAET lust) =Qa—WE> Q,.= musts) = HY.0 bg 12 Process 2-3: AKEYHEE mista) * Qaz-Was > Wy, 2 Que MLL Kr) = O.0%T % %, Process 2-1 Using &@.2.175; W3,= Srv + Ln paw = mp (u-Us) , 3 owl? LT = & ba) Cio bar ooorme- o.1noxd go HE O40 2 7125.0 kT amd, ayb va E+ MACK Us) = Q5,-W3, =D Qa,= MIU -Us) +Wy, = 1036.4 kTg___Qa 0@ Weydle = Wirt Wag + Wy, = 0 4160.6 +(-125.0) = 35.6 kT Wegele. \. The positive value for Weycle indicates Ha cycle is a Power ade, 2. A chede of Hee net hak Yramster conf ims that Qeycie =Weyele « 3-56PROBLEM 3.67 EMOWN: One Kg of Water Under goes a HMermediynaunc cycle Composed OF four preccecces Vetremine tee hermes sfipecency denematic 4 GIVER DATA: ober Eumo: o eas Contant \ Fe Cae eon sat vp Bet Conchaut volume fe Shay, 160°C IM ssotharmnet Compoon tvan, Oye -815.965. v Ae Conctant volume, e ASSUMPTIONS: 1. The Usater 4 ths cloaed Fystem 2+ Volome Change 6 the Only Work Mode. 2. Kmehc and potenhat enersy effects cane ighered, AMALYSIS: “The Hermet affrelanty of a power cq ete & Y2Weree/Qin (ere deseoesion of €95.2912,43) , Where Ways Wat War 4 Way 4 Wa] Proce 1-2: State | co fixed. SHRUG fixed by R= tober, V22 V3, From Table a+ Vg= Ours 2 Uys 2575.2 wI1ES = Wa: frw = pe(va-w)= ven Jory. seet-onaiy |e = 1841S An energy balance amduers fo give Q= ou +W or Qe ltr 4) + W > Weq) [381-8 - 25836 J41841 FD = 887-3 FT eT orm ners Uy ce obinined frme Totta h-3 Galea Fey EMG). Process 2-3: Wagz 0 rrr ———r—r—i“‘(E A ay = 8I8B eT (gen). Thm y Bers Qay Urry gin noes 2 @y- OU @gu-m (uu 42) StH fixed 6 Tes 60°C, Vers vgs Wee, Queue ous vai 2 Ug Up a va lllg Up) = CPF +O: bRARsEEU- EFFEC): 187! ks les Sy Ways — HB (Geet - 2895-2] 2 = word 3-S1Peoslem 3-67 ( Contd.) Process Yl: Wer 0 and Qs ouster = Cue Ua) = eg) (2863.0- 278 = WlbteT Ten wat Work G then Weyer: Wit Wart Way t Wal oO = BI t O4 (HH) £07 772 ET To Gbtrin @in, @in= Qrv4+Oq, + F3AI+ HV-Gs 'SHVALT Then "> (245); oos (s%) 44,9 © As achick, note +t fr everg CYkRe Reyete= Weycte, Ne Beyer > Ors Gr, + On + Qa BIT + (= Geb) + (85.8) EHD 6 = FREED wee apie With Wyche coleeletad Uring tHe werk quant hes. 3-58PROBLEM 3.68 KNOWN: A system consisting of Refrigerant 22 undergoes a cycle composed of three Processes. EIND: Sketch p-rrand T-v oliagrams. befermine the cycle net work aud the heat francter for cack proces. - es SCHEMATIC & GIVEN DATA: Process (-2: Constant pressure from p,= 30 lbHiin® %,2095 fo T.740°F Process 2-2: isothermal with W,,*- 1.82 6A fo Satur vapor Process 3-1: Adiabatic expansion; @3,*0 ASSUMPTIONS :.(1) The R-22 is Q dosed system.(2) kinetic and potential energy effects are negligible. ANALYSIS: First, using data from the refrigerant tables, fix each state. State !: Table A-8'& at R=30 lbtlin*and k, = O25 Uys +X,lug, ~Mp, ) > 736 +695Y43.67-7.38) © 84.36 Bra! Ib Uy + CUB, U,) = 0.01178 ¢ 695)( 1.7430 - 0.01178) = LOS6Y Vb State 2: from Table 4-9 at RP Ts40°F; Uy = 100.40 Ballo , U;= (9858 4b State 3: Ty240°F, sat. vapor, From Table A-7e ; %,°18.08 Blu = P T ¥ HOF 2 30 IbFlie VN to u wo ae The required energy transfers are detarmined energy balances . Va Process 12+ Using £4. 2.11, Win2 J) "Pav = m P(%y-0%) . _ 7 Wey Bh Wy 110). 30 Thetis (19858- Losey) Hib | LETTE Bi © 40 AE pPE A miueu) Qa-Wee DP Qs MUSK +Wre 212.87 Bg Oe Process 2:3: Wa, = 1682, 6x6 +ge€4 misty) *Qay-Wea ° 40 Qas = MW WU3-Ua) +Waa = -14.14 Bla g —_ 2 Process 3-11 BKEtABE + m(u,-U3) =o -We, Wa, => MCK,-U3) = 8.72 Bh O@ Weyele = Wiat Wast Wa, = (1.827) + (0.82) (8.12) = 1.27 Brug Wade 1, The negatwe Value for Woycle indicates the cycle is a refrigeration BU = -W or gs AU.+6Uy =-W Me CT ~ Te) + Must (Te -Tas;) = -W Solving for the firal temperature, Ty 7, = eke Tei + Mus Cura -W LE Using Table 4-14, the specitic heat of copper is ¢,= 0.385 Ki/kg-K. And for waker at 325K 5 Cw = 4.19 kT/bg:k. THUS = 3 kg C0. 385 ktlkg')(2742732K + ( 4)(4.179)(504273) - (100) OQ %* (3 £5)(0.385 ES/bg-e) + (494.179) = 322,.3K = 43°C G 1. Note that temperature in °c could have been used clirectly tn this ‘expression.PRoGLEM 3,70" kwowA)! Ahot aluminumbaris placed th an open taule of cool water. The ber and the weler come 4o sV=0 or AU p+ AU, =0. Thus, if F is the Frnal equilibria temperature fo) m,Ca(Ts - Ti) + Mus Cu Cip-Tw;) £0 Salving for Ty MoloTa: + Mu Cu Toe Ze 7 Mele + Mus Cys eA To evaluate Muy, Use Ue @ y00n From Table A-2& fo got . Ww , 4H = Mu ® og * pcos my Aa To avaluate Ma, using dota ron Table A~IVE OF Po Vo = (14 B22) = 33,8 bb Now, With Co =O.216 BHr/lb-R and Cy, =0.028 Blu/lb*R (otSu0*l2) fron Table A-IAE, we can evaluate C&) (33. fe) (0,26 Btw /lb*R)(200 44190) + (244,2)(0.44R) (10 +400) Te = GeO Balik R) + (24A.2)(0.A9B) 7 = S3BB7°R =73.7°R << L. Mote that temperature in’E could be used in this expeession because it involves temperature Aitferences. 3-6]PROBLEM 3.71 known: An isolated system is formed from saturated water vay and a: copper sla initially at different temperatures, EIND: Determine the inal equilibrium temperature of the system. SCHEMATIC @ GIVEN DATA‘ a ASSUMPTIONS: (1) The H20 and copper form an isolated system.(2) The volume of the system is constant.(3) The © behaves‘as an incom— ressible substance with constant specific heats <4) kinehic and gotential IKergy effects ave negligible. ANALYSIS: The energy balance reduces as follows: ones o KE gE +00 =" > AU=0 Cc a BU, + 5Uy =O mec TeaTre) + My Ur Aw) 7 O Wit bag =U, oe 225349 LTIkg and ¢ = 0.385 W/kg-k from Table Ase 2@ ROPE in CO kg)(.38S Ku.) Ta 3.0) # 2 eg) (gy 2539.9) = 0 or, Solving for Ty Ty = 30 - G2) Ua ~ 2539.4) a) (0) (395) The final specttic volume ot the water vapor, Tus ,1S the same as The initial value ,uy =U, og = O- 6685 mika. The firal quality of He ho" IM = Ma @ 130% ka q 4 “ 2 Ver Up 4° oe OE + Uae Ufa Xa Cg - Xe) Thus, an iterative solution is Required. Fit, guess atrial value of Tr: Coleulate xX, and uz, laced on the trial T, and saburation dade, Use C1) 40 calculaté'2 corresponding vale oT, . Repeat until the Arial value equals the one qredicted’ by (1). Result: T= 48% Te and 3-62PROBLEM 3,72 KNOWN: A liquid th a vigid tale is shirred ley a paddle wheel Gud experiences energy transfer by heat with its surroundings. EIND: — Obhain a differential equation for temperature T sh terms of time t aud relevant parameters, Solve for T(t), SCHEMATIC $ GIVEN DATA: &=hACTe=T), liquid with specific heat ¢, mass m, awd temperature T(t) +203; TT ‘Surround: at Te. ASSUMPTIONS: (1) The liquid is the closed system. (2) The liquid behaves As an incompressible substance with constant specific heut ¢. (3), The energy transfer from the paddle wheel tothe system occurs at a cmstout vate: Hy Theve are wo chames in leihetic or potential energy, ANALYSIS: The energy vate oalamce is a oe SESE +B = aw with FU/gt = me Sat aud OQ = HACR-T) differential me $f = LACT.) - Wyatt To solve, let ©=Te-T ; AT=- 40. Thus +tER)o-K +0 The solution of this differential equation is of the form ect) = 6, exp [-(B4)e] + BO at t20, T= To S> 8+. Thus €,2-W/bA, SO ocd) = BA {1 expt CERN] oo TA) = Te Bie p(T a) L. The solution cay he verified boy direct substitution inte the differential equatiow. 2. The solution satisfies the initial conddhow. that Tlo) = Te. 3-63PROBLEM 3.73 kwown: A Steel plate of Known thickness and initvat temperature is quenched Ws a bath where temperature ic also Known EMD! Derive a parhat differential equation for the variation of Ruperatne wittun Ha plate a2 a finch of Hime and fosihon. Evaluat the ply sick perameters using data fran Totte A-'9, scutmatic € GOW OATAS temperature variation so Ptate ot hme Beth Bath at 303K (30 °C) ASSuMOTIONS! 1. The element of Hacker AX B thy closed system. 2 Ths im compares: ble waodat applies. 2. Spreifrc Amt and thermat conduchvity fare each couttand: 4, There co Wewerk and we Kinste/ potenin @neesy effects, Awavrsics The energy tale balance applied te the Lament 4 teckeess en pha gore oes [Gals deheeed AF a with position and Hue, That, The demparehare Urdtion Ha plate varies ora Tamu = (padyu, whe UrlT) 5 SZ, (phe de = (phon FF ie x -- {2 el Catlecting arsuth Tn the Lmtd 92 Ox 70 A pare Se oe) 3-64PROBLEM 3.73 CContd.) When T=T(x,t), Rurier's Conduction model Con ks expussed ae @y2-KA OT . Gen) Combining E95-C)) (RM) cote Pe se 2 (<2) Simmer thermal Conduchiiy @ aitumed conmmant ap eee «aT OG oxe Grtactetin Fenn Table An19 PF FOCD ES? Cz 0.480 KT Kg KK Ke IS W/ mek Defpining as Ke Gu wie! = 3.4K F me oe Fo (soE0ks Yea B08 ) : we War aTt_ at @ at on [This Go Second onder parbat differenhat equation giving TUE). Te solution coquires an imitiat Condspior: T(x t20)2 673K (400%) and appropriate boundary Condif'owe, For further dascussion ase Redamontalr uf Heet ond Mast Trastfer by FP. Incropera and D.P Dewitt,PRogiem 3.714™ H.o at pz2oobar , T =410°C =TUZK (OY Pa = P/Pe =200bar/220.4 we peed Fig A-t Te et/te =Wrk/ouzsk sis J Zz = 0.14 ¢———_sehact (be) Table A-4 at p= Ober, T=II0°C = V=GISSS /leg a eae Corsetoanssctie) ees ler | Rr BYES Cask) | tbar I vm = 0.74 | oe PROBLEM 3.75 m24Okg Determine 2: Fe =170/33.9 = 5.02 2 Fig. A-2 Np ie Ta =!80/126.2 = 1.43) 220.82 2180 kK ve? yazmaT _ (s2Hoks Ea ee = oso} ae Neen . ? C7 xe Nim) Ver = 0.103 m3, v a PROBLEM 3.16 Delermene 8! pg MVM 5.) Fig A-2 Tp =400/are =u 220.04 oO, eae wee (4000 Ibe d)(S ER) WHY we a ERT CO.e4) (Bee ee (4o0R) a (eee =ITUS Ib Progeem 3.17* S75 ee Determmet: Tat sya thos = 5 owe Cay vs0.30 $P/1b ‘RAT. a pr? = L030 41 lb )(48.2 ah) sc: ISHS Geis 8, e SS Bits )(srs'e) [hate [le = 104 Figure Ant} % 20.74 Bas’ ° (0.30 #43716) Wy iw p= S506 beg (i> We av zw (So dvs maa) Bp ee eae 1 i =A Te evatonte Wo doquirts Vij Vy and 1. The compresci bility Chart con lee Une d fo obthin Vy and Rt Raw Tete Ar) f= SBbar, Te= 425K, Hesti2. . 2 Bis Gober, yar ‘ Fat? Feber 3 b peas vei. 6 Tu: Ee SOE. 118 7e e aye REE pe yan 3 S sou ( Se ae 0, 00% (BBM) . fe, 22. 074 A + fas Rs Gps oF \ Rg-Ach Vas 0.94 2 Tas B= Bete TS op gnltatlan« 0 01588 Te - GrKed) « 4 i.e = tn (P/A) Te hadn, we aurea” > (SB) kaw dn (Hii) dn (S13) Los Ja( 0.0158 /.00%6) TTaat, tee eserk > Sle . MOR PM). [ca mPa (0.0158 kg - (5) (0,0046)] | 0° Nlen a We 4) T= hens Tm [= = l2o"d w 3-68ac PROBLEM 3.80 kesowss : Five tome ef CO, undergo & conthat- pretture compresivan prass in a pishn-cjtindy~ assembly . The Work, presrure, and inihet gas temperature are eno, ENO: Evaluate th final km perature, SHS MUNTIC CEIVEN DATA: ae = pz 3zoleflin® i CO, || [Ba Freborr ns Slbme! eee W:-20008m AssumeTIOMS: 1. Tre COZ G a closed system. Z. Pressure Comair Constant Ley the comprustion prowess, ABALYSIS! The frat state of th gas tc fixed by perssure , 3H lof ling and the spectre volume TF) Whrch can be Cvaluatid from toe work. = we fear = pW) = nh plE-Vi)> H=H+ vm TH can be found fram tre compere bil hy Chart. Fran Table A- Pe=12.9 atm , Te =S4B°R, Then OF) Woorg Faz Grelinz adm Te Rr, Mal O30 TRIE FR Using than) Figs At gitee Va = #0 - Thee Tie wu (ER): fo (Cee ae ue zie. 72, 49) Medlin? ie Bus ail 2g 149) Mie Retmning te Ep. (#) : ey - ow 3 (2000 Bh.) | “Tre Git BE = aS B+ eimai) Gaon we) = I1S.21 443/ lonos So, #4 SWLA2) Pyae Pes 0.30 and Upe= Vile/BT Vel CASA ee lomeet ) a2.) (4) (144) IHL 2.77 sad FY sug ore be Remarainy te Fg. Al) Trp = 0.95. The Tee Tex Te = (0.AS)(SHBR)= SAR ——_— 3-69PRoaLem 3,8!" (a> Using tha ideal gas equation of state v= 0.05 wt Vv Tee m+ £5 No 2252K = (lONPay CO.05 m3) |ioh W/m? fff Vcr p= Os Bar 1 mPa ||to% Wom = (Beet kg, Tee) e282) 2 Er am(ideal gas) (b) Using data trom Table A-t (00 ale Ferre * Sea bet 7295] pig az Ta + Tr? GEE = 2,00 Vel # 00S Thos ( tr, (BT) = ope, feae Or C2) Vs Ue (=) «cs ow (3): DIT xo? m?/ kg and 3 _ = 6973 kg vn Cohart) Ue LT co m7 kg & Assuming that the chart value is correct, the ideal gas (Medel under predicts the mass by about 4.[% PROGLEM 3.82 For all states in the shaded region on the Tear diagram p< 0.1994 bar 5 Since Zl as Pato. oft ‘ideal gos model can T be checked at state (. If itis valid there it will be even better at other states im the shaded veguon. From Table A-2 wt Vz vore * HU rn¥/ ks a s ~ = RU, 2° = (0.1904 bar ) C2671 W/ kg ) cores), kT \ Say Ex © per | \ 10 Nm (ee gk i) Meo te78) 1 bar = 0.996 > Ideal gas model is accurate in shaded regio.PROBLEM 3,83 The ideal gas equation is accurate for ranges of pressure and temperature for which ct We might arbitrary contider the ideal gas mode] to be Satisfactory if 0.95<25 1.05 (5% deviation). These limits are illustrated onthe compressibility chart below. = purr Compresiiity factor, 2 Reduced pressure, pr Figure A-2 Generalized compressibility chart, pp 5 10.0. Source: B. F. Obert, Concepts of Thermodynamics, MeGeawHil, New York, 1960 for air, Table A- gives: Te. 2133K, p.=37-7 bar . The following | observations can be made from the Chart. The ideal gas model is reasonable when * Pg5.0(T2665K)j pes32 ( ps (2! bar ) + for Te >IS (T=115K); Pas 20 ( P< 264 bar) for Te?2.0 (T=26ck); R<32 (peizibar ) Thus, for many common applicatiéns, air can be reasonably modeled as an ideal gaa. 3-71PROBLEM 2.84 @) \Water vapor at 2000 bf /in®, 7000F From Table A-46 : U1) = 0.249 Ib Tdeal gas model : we (Azs Helke) Cs1po%e) Gest Caos ikl a i| naeditiaa i THE ZLerror = PB455 0.249 xloo * 38.1 ~ (b) Water vepor at. | Ibt/in*, 200°F Table A-HE : Uy = 392.5 ¢Y/ Ib Tdeol goo model : an wo, 7 (Fe0% (660) | eat ‘det = “Cy [rae] * 378.0 471 393.0 - 392.5 Hherror = SoS x100 = 0,3% ~ ). (0) Ammonia at 60 lbt/in?, 160° Te - : 26. 3 Table A-|SE: U = 6.3458 F/Ib Tdeal gas model : tate) (e20 J Videal * Cree} 56.5063 HL e ges Go) C144) ° 6.8063 - 6.3458 error = OORT SESE x 100 = 2.58% «: (a) Aur at 1Latm, 2000eR B= Lp = | 37 say 7 0027 } Fig-A-2 Ta = Wr. = 2000/2390 = 8.37 Helges an (@) R=22 at 200 [bflin®, HOOF Table A-4E : Vrarte = 1844 FE aie Vigegt 7 (Bibles = 0.248) VIL error = OCI PEAT X00 = 342% 4 el. 3-72PROBLEM 3.85 @) Refvigeraut 1340 ak 80°C, |. b MPa. From Table A-12 5 Ujy. > 0.0435 mVkg Ll; deal gus model ; oe (834s SEx)Goss0 1 te ihe oe (ie MPa) 10 wll] TES = 0.01798 MV kg ce 0.0/798 - 0.01435 Ydeviation = ergs 180 = 25.3% (not eppltertea) (b Refrigerant (34a_et 80°C 0.10 MPa. From Table A-(25 U4), = 0.28464 m3/kg Tdeal gos model ; 8.314 deat * iene) (358) |_| = 0.28765 "HK, ‘ge (0.10) 10° 0.2816S —0. 28464 » pa byey 100 Fh ong Tdeal gas model “ts applicable Ke deviation =« PROBLEM 3.86 knowns. Oxygen is at a state fixed by pressure and speafve volume | EIR: Determine the dmperature using “generalized compressibr ty date ond compare wi tr Hh value Calculated fran the «deat geo modal, AALTHS psasobar, V2 0,003 w3/ky - With Te = (SYK and %=50S br frown Table AW1 250 ; ap y Soe 2409S, ve = v Pe, (0003 WF Ie) (So.SKroFW [oat _ cS = 0.379 ©" GY BEN) Re From Rg AL) TR= 2.0 . Tes T= He = (1S4K)(2.0) = 308 K ——__ T Using tre ident gaa aquahimef so Te PL, Aso M/mPX 0.003 ly) _ 2weK SE) Tre value @ © % Less than the Artutt obtained with comprensibilih data, PROBLEM 387 Aie is at a state fied by pressure, Unlume and fotet mass Deterrane tre dempera ture, Chick tee valiasty 4 Te ii geo mada, AWA S: ms SKg, P2O-B MPa, VE2tm? From tweml, M=287F, Re> BaF bar, Tos IBZK. Then ‘ 22. Bee 20.08, ves VR. (zantheyiagre Mm) _ ON re eae = 43.46 © GR LHS Referring to FigA-l Z~ I. Thus, use of the deat gas eguahon of State is jut fied + te pW). (axis min 2rm/s") 2 ago ne = GSIY (28.47 STG KR) Progiem 368% Known: A tank of Known mass Contains air at a specified tempernture Gand passsuce. FID! Deternune ths volumecf hearer. Verify that the ident gas made applies wm 210 tb, T=10°F =S30°R , P= 30 Ibe /int Width Te, R trom Table AWIE Tes 239°R, Per BRL ahy AMALIE: ee sere 2B _Gelitt)= oss Te > Tapeh Pea Fa ng Fig. At, Zul. Thus, Use te Pine (RT Sap = Pair RT Thus Suc, Mae , 4003 _ fie aie 28.27 7 0.158 PROBLEM 3.90% © Using the ideal gas mode] to determine ne i tbmol the volume P= 100 IbFLin® y:2 RT T=S50°R _ Utomo!) (sus bts )(ss0%e) | 1 $42 l ( (00 bF/in) 144 tn® = SU #3, v. 1. The applicability of the ideal gos model can be verified by referring fo the compressibility chart.PROGLEM 3.41 Pressure-specific volume of airas an ideal gas (Si Units) 10 8 \ of | \ 4 2 SN Oy Se a 3 Stee 3 5 ° 2 4 6 8 10 vim) PRogLem 3.42 Pressure-specite volume ofl as an ideal gas (English Units) 200 M1 180 4) \ \ 480 i \ mA | 120 ‘ Te 72 fot ze l ae 5 100 4\) \ 7 = ell \ | eo || SS fa AO is He 9 oe ee “eo Sos oa sg a — 5 | 5 ——— o 1 «42 630 «640 «680 6070 8D 8100 verre) 3-76PROBLEM 3.973 Known: Methane undergees a prowss behveen tun States, each fixed by Known values of presrure and temperature. Fad: Determine Ah by integrating Gp(T) fran Table A-l and Check the rerult ucing FT. AWALTNS: 2 320K) R=2bar , 5 TE Book, R=lobar. Kom Tale A-l, Te? AIK ys 46-4 bar, Thus = B00, TR 522-2 1.08 Ter= ig, 7 #19 eo fers 19 20.22 Fev cee te 4c4 2 OR Referring +o Fig.A-\ at Fe, :Te, OMA Pear Ter, the ideal gas model is applicable. Thus, Dh= Sc dr, where Gt) 15 obtained from Tékble A- 21. That és OplT)= RI XHBT+ITA+ STH ET) her) =f." = Rh 4 Dhaw-hen)= J “eperd dr = RI “Caters rr ST HET AT R Later) + RET + EET) Loe $1 2 ‘ 5 4 s Tuserting values iT 2 8.314 Female) hon)- hen) = [3.82¢( 800-320) + (-2979 X10?) (s00% 320%) (show 2.) z kemol 4, +(2 (B00 320°) + (PETEAIS™) (Boot 4204) 2, + (C8288) (e007 2205) ] = PAB UT/kegg tl Code Alternative solution ; op = op_T("CH4", T) 11 =320 WK dh = Integral(cp,T) 12 = 800 /K Using Explore button, sweep T from 320 K ht = h_T("CH. to 800 K in steps of 1. h2 = h_T("CH: delh =h2-ht The analytical and 17 resus compare IT Result very favorably. Ah = 1489 kJ/kg PROCLEM 3.91 From Table A-2l: @/R = 2.52 5/2 Now @=G-B > =: £ > >4.sl2. ke 2+ SB * S/p¢ —____ skPROBLEM 3.95 KNown: A paddle wheel transfers eneigy to ammonia contained in a closed, rigid, well-insulated tank. Einp: = Determine the final temperature of the ammonia. m= 042 1b veaHe Py = 20 tefl in W+-20 Bla ASSUMPTIONS: (1) The ammonia is a closed system.(2) The ammonia behaves © as an ideal gas. (3) There is no heat transfer (4) “Kinetic and potential energy eFfects ore negligible. ANALYSIS: To determine the final temperature, begin with the energy balance O40 Ages art Av = ow ey Evaluating AU AD = mau = va [gery ar -_ ‘ From Table A-21E + p= R(3.541+0,274x8 *7 42.526 x05 72> M43TH15T 8+ 0260 NOT? with 4,2 op R t AUs mR L (2.541 + 0,274 x18 97 42.5 20x 16°7 3 143M S™T > 0,260) K/8 Te . sas Helbe\] 1 Bh 211K = (our2 iw C8 ee) eee [250 (rT) Ey ox er) 260 ote y= ees crs wT) + ORES rE 17] The initial temperature is Ge, 2 BY Colbthie)(2 #4) 14 1" HR (12 Ib) (28 Fa =a) TH = 529.4°R i R Com biiring the starred relatums amd inserting values, Tz, becomes the only unknown, Using an equation solver Suchss IT, Tz =920.1-°R Te \ For stafe 1, pe, = GO Ci1.3 14.2) = 0.00122 Te, = G29.4 G30) = 72. From Fig. 4-15 2,21. Thus, assumption 2 is reasonable for state /. By sini lar considerations, it canbe concluded thet the ideal gas model i reasonable for stude2 as well. 3-78PROGLEM 3. %b% KNOWN; Air and carbon dione are Confined fo opposite vides of a Tigid, wall- insulated comtatuer, The partitron moves aud allous Condiic- Hon “from one gas to the other unfit equilil rum is achieved, Emp; Determine the final temperatureand pressure, SCHEMATIC ¢ GIVEN DATA: ** ASSUMPTIONS: (1) The contents of the container Form a Closed system, (2) The air aud co, behaves as ideal gases with constant tpecitic heats.°(3) The system is isolated , So Q20 aud WO. 4) There is to energy stored in the partihon. (5) Kinetic oud gotentid energy effects ore negligible. ANMNSI5 To determine the final temperature, begin with the energy balance, ° 40 acts pet au = doy or, with SU? Mair bua + Mu, bry, ond usvhg Fy 3.50 Partition Insulation @ Main Cyaie © Ta7 Tair) + Meo, Cer co, © T2> Theo.) =O wa Solving for Tz az Walv Suaie Tair + Meese cos Theos 2 Mair Sear + Meets, co The specitic heats are evaluated using data from Table A-zoat « mean temperature of HOOK 5 Cuyaie = O26 ET/kgiK amd Cw,co, * 0.150 KTV KG-K. Thus, the firal temperature is _ Gig (o.226 KA g-K)(350 K) + (3)(.150)(450) Cg) (0.726 kT kg) + (3) (.750) = 425.ek Ts Th Next, to find the final pressure, the total volume is needed. The initial volume ef He air is Maire Reir Ty air Vijair = a air _ Gig) BBY EE) C350) | tear {flo vem : Cs bar) (0Falwtl| Tee | S721 3-74PROBLEM 3.26 similarly for the carbon dioxide Vig Mor Reo Tyeon _ 03) (S94) (450) | teog = Re —,| a Piycon czy 10 1275 Mm? Vjop = 0-201 m3 + 1.275 m3 = HIG Im? Now, atthe final stele 2 Mot RT2 _ Waie +Nox) ® Te . Viot Veot With n= ™/M Re (Mair (Main + Meor/ Meo) RTe 2 Foo Vist ks cw waa cnet Vos Tare) (425.64) | ro?n-m) | 1 Gar * Cate 3) eT | | 1O°W lem i. 22.462 bar. Pe 1. The assumption of conshaut specific heats facilitates the determination oF Ta. The assumption is reasonable for the relatwely small Femperahare range inthis problem, 3-80PROGLEM 3.97 KNOwN: Heat transfer occurs to air tn a rigid tank. The initial state is specified. EIND: ‘Determine the final temperature and pressure using (04 constant Specific value, (b) a specific heat function) the air fables, a v=243 ASSUMPTIONS: (1) The air is a closed system. . @) The air behaves as an ideal gas, Oy here aA F220 lets is no work, (4) Kinetic and poteritial energy 7 T,+500°R effects are negligible. ace Aunts Ss: To determine the fihal temperature, begin with the energy lamce ° ey ayes ee + av =Q-vt or M(4,-K,) = AD UsU, = Q/m Oe) Evaluating the mass pv. . Go ibffint) (2 #43) (Se ™ ERT es EEIbE) (sone) 1a | 0.216 tb 2877 Ibe (@) For a constant specific heat es Us, = 4 CR-T) Thus, with () Te er gt From Table A-20€ ,at T=100°F (600°R), ¢, = 0.172 BHu/Ib-°R. Thus 7, +b Se) __ em + 500k C206 Ib) (.172 Bha/tb-*e) = b6I.S°R 6a) Te A Accordinglay fr Hats Hemperahng IMRYVRR 4h valun Used for Gy b eppruprrats The wulsture Pw mRT _ (216847) (e615) e— 2 ae nee (ON Pa ay Vv (yom) 26.46 loth VF >) From Table A-21E G Rae ete IT*4T PFET) with Grey tR Cyt R (x14 OTHUT TTF ETY) 3-81PROGLEM 3.97 (Cont'd) Thus Ta U,-u, = fear agket-er-T) + £ ont) +o) + Fatnhs $083] Inserting values = (LIBS Bl mole 742x10°3 | (3 usu, = “3397 Tlewat ) [uss (1-500) -PM2X8 (732. 500%) =F a! af 217210° id 00%) {222888 (rt. goo'y(2O2E22*8 Nir? so] (#4) Combining the starred telatuns and inserting Values, T, becomesthe only unlenown, Solving ieratively T2661.8°R Cb) Te amd. R°26.47 IbFliny pn @) From Table A-22&, U,= 85.20 Btujlb.From (#) Uz= Ym + uy, 6 Be eende 85.20 =112.98 Bu/lb Interpolating iw Table 4-22€ Ty = 661.8 Re (e) Te amd. Fo*QO47 Ibflivy © JT solution (based on part b ) 500 /°R pt = 20 If Ibfin? V=2 Ife Q=6 /Btu delu = Qim m=Vivi vt = v_TP("Air",T1,p1) delu = R * ((alpha-1)*(T2-T1)+(beta/2)*(T292- T1442) +(gamma/3)*(T23-11"3)+(delta/4)*(T2%4- T1*4) +(epsilor/5)*(T2"5-T1"5)) R = 1.986/28.97 // Btullb°R alpha = 3.653 beta = -0.742E-3 gamma = 1.017E-6 delta = -0.328E-9 epsilon = 0,02632E-12 JT Results v2=vi T2=661.8°R v2 = v_TP("Air",T2,p2) pe = 26.47 barPROBLEM 3.98 KNowNn: A gas mixture expands with a known pressure-volume relation. The initial’ state is fixed aud the heat transfer for the process is known. FINI Final volume, and Cd) the work. ScHemaric ¢ GIVEN DATA? For the mixture: ¢y 30.6 +(2-8x1074) 7 CTINE, Gy th eT/kg-) Detevmine (a) the Final temperature ,(b) the fihal pressure cc) the ASSUMPTIONS: C1) The gas mixture is the closed system.(2) The gas mixture behaves as an ideal gas.(3) The procees is polytropic with W=1.3. (4) Kinetic. and polential energy effects are neglected. ANALYSIS: @) To tind the final temoerature , stort with the ener ‘Gand express the luternal energy change amd werk in terms of Ghangetas follows. Fist ApEtSPE +AU = Q-W From 5%. 3,57 for the polyfropic process balance pe vectoure, ae mR CT-N) ® Ww fi pay = MRCTT) Also, from He given ty, relation “4 Aue mf Gandr = m fone) +EE* erEny] cH) 7 Trcorporating CP and (¥#) Hitte the energy balance La! 4, 2 m fo.0\cn-m) +03 enn] = Q- MEET CxH® The mass is found using the ideal gas equation act stale | = FM | Gbar)(o.1m) Wylwe]| eT |=0.s%7 ig bal] 105 Nm eT * (BS) ES, (acon) Using IT with m 20,397 ks, T =300k, Q=3.84 kT, aud R= 5.314/33 ka /keg to salve for T W=(m*R*(T2-T4))/ (1 -1.3) delU = m * (0.6 * (T2- T1) + ((2.5E-4) /2) * (22 - 1142) iT Result T2=2437KPROOLEM 3.98 (Contd.) b) To find pause Ey 9.56 for the polytropic process z "tm -(By 293.7 x)" BG) > a(R), + (Seek) cabo 21219 barry Pe © Again usthg Fe. 3.56 7 1 4 BR vy =/lYy, (eee )" (AY +4) > 2 (Ry 4 GEREe) eum = 0.1994 my Na (A) Now, using (4) to evaluate the worl W=mRCTe-T,) re) _ 8.314) led = @:397 eg) g.314 iq (243.7 - 300) Cin) Ww 218.77 kT 4 ___.* PROBLEM 3.9% inowey Helium gas Undergoes O process for wluch pus constant from a given inthet State t A speafied Anat purture. ag: Detrmane tre work and heat transfer each pervimt 4 macs, SCHEMATIC E GIVEN DATA: puk=const Piz A oar, T2001 R= iY bar Assumotows: 1. The heliumes o closed rystem. 2. The proviso dencribed Tog put sconstent, 3. THe helium behavet ao an sitet Jas. 4 Kineh'e and pekntat energy changes are ignored. AWALTSIS: From Table A-2l, GpeasK. Using 69.345, Epo G-ReISR- Thar k= ple = 2S/hS = O67 Wik seem phe Dand3, n- PU ah . we (pav of oF ay We Pe PYi 2 suey) (eq.2-57) iH To find Th, use 67 SE win nek Len/) t maT ( FO = 200k ( A Tnterkng values, Wo, ROR-T0 we ae Gat) re (S7S=200)k = Cabos page STS 201 = GA Teg Next, the heat trausfer is Age + bret OU =Q-W Q=m(u-Kh) +W e -667/-ca# " 2 sta-uy +H For a monatomic gas, ee is constant. Thus g Fy CQ- TH) + BT With Cy = R/Ce-1) C Eg. 3475) 2 C8) on +4) e-m) =0 alm 3-35PROGLEM 3.100 Ikwowns: The contents of two uninsulated tanks qre allowed to mix,and equilibrium is attained at the temperature of the Surroundings. EIND: Defermine the amount of energy tramsfer by heat and the final pressure. SCHEMATIC & GIVEN DATA: My >t Ve Mgt 2b Tia = H4OPR Tig = 790°R Baz = SO WF his® Fig = 50 Wof/in? 7 =520°R ASSUMPTIONS :(1) The contents of the two tanks area closeck system.(2) There iS NO Work .() The air behaves as an ideal gas. (#1) Kinetic and potential energy effects cam be neglected. ANALYSIS: To Find the heat transfer, begin with the energy balance. Oo o iy AEs s+ aU = Q-K Stince the final state is an eguilibriiim state AD = My+ Ma) Wy — CMs Lig + Me Us) Thus c QaGnin trig) Uy — Comin Una t Mie Kio) Using data from Table A- 226 Qe (3 1b)(88.62 4m/lb)— [LO (AS406) + (2101S4.5D] 297.9 Bh, Q To tind the tinal pressure , first determine the volume of each tank _ few RTia _ (116) GBH SEE ) Cinuoeey Pin CSO vb Ere) IMM Wwe ET @ Y : (400) | Ye * Tso fmarl > 13.33 47 Thus, at the final state RT. o(2BHF)(520) . RK + Ve) (10.66 © 13.33yfeMr] 777 op ritg —__P- = 10.66 $45 3-86PROBLEM 3. 101 Known: A gas is contrinad tn a closed rigid tank titted with aw electric resistor, The constant current aud Voltage and the constaut reat transfer vate are known, EWR: — Determine an average value of specitic heat cp. SCHEMATIC € GIVEN DATA! eet Ms28 a OT? 40.3% *40,3K ASSUMPTIONS : (1) The gas is closed i 10a, system. @) The gas behaves as an 12 vol ideal gas. (3) Kinet and potential energy effects ave negligible. At =1o min 2600 5 Q>-20W ANALYSIS: To determine the specific heat , begin with the energy balance ° ° oes sf +40 = Q-W with BO Me AT = MC ~-R) AT _ QW Go mar TR Next, evaluate the heat tromsfer aud work, vespectwely oe : (kas Qe J Qdt = Qat = Crow) (600s) | 8 =-12kT @ We Swat = wot = twas \ ka/s = = Clo amp) (12 volts) ere (Coos) a = - 72k Thus a (12 kN (-72 ED) 7 (22 aa P (24) (40.3 K) 2B kg Kk = 104l Ag oe 3-87PROBLEM 3.102 Emown 2 C02 gary Compusied froma tpeufied imbat SEs wa prceess Winer pubbeencinnt: The Work per vat unas idalie lcnoum. FIND? De brnnne toa Himptratire at the fnat state and the heat Frans fe per unat gmat scemanc ¢ GIVEN DATA 7,2 530°R -45 Bu/Ib og F215 Ibtlin™ Co. veiee 2 {| pw py'2=sconstant ASSUMPTIONS: (1) The gas is closed system.(2) The carbon dioxide behaves as an ideal gas.(3) The process is pu'constert. @) Kinetic and potential energy effects are negligible. ANALYSIS! “the heat tunsfer is determined using an energy balance. First, the fingl temperature vs found using W= {pov wa th form oF Eg. 3575 W_ ROR-T) m Tet Solving for Tr n ~ ne (Z)S +n, -U-h2) 118 Heibt ao Tisas pny (#5 Bis) + 530°R 44.0) tb-*R = 129.5°R ee Now, the energy balance i oO Ake + APE AU = Q-W 2 -G%) G+ From Table A-23E , i, =2916,1 6tu/lbmol and 2, = 4394.0 Btu/lomel. Inserting values Q _ 4394.0 -271b.1 ve 44.01 or +(-¥s) ~Un42 Bhe/ bg Qin 3-88* PRoGLEM 2.103 kAows: A gas is confined te one side a ngid, insulated container divided bay a parkhen: The otten cided inital avacvatad. The pectin B Aameoyed and te yas expendi th fill the enhre container. FiO: Detyanca tt fn pressure. SKHMATIC SEEN DATA: gerber instvall evacuated ASSOMPTIONS: (The closed system G shown by adasled line onthe above Rchemahe. 2: The gar Gebrver ag au rdeat gah 3. Bethe reese QEW=D ) and EMEKE and protenhad energy Changes are negli bible. AWALYSIS! Applagng the dot gas equation of sh Vem kT RV Te epfie [ul a wT » Tie at a alt] VM The Rina temperature 3 anquived, Applgng an enersy balance Due + gE tA: WF =p AU O Since ubynat entry of an ident gar depends on tumperatare edone, Tr T. Tess o,2 (sbas)(4] [S32 QAbar = ——_____ 3-84PROBLEM 3.104 Knows: Air flows through a valve from a rigid tank into a Vertical piston- cylinder assembly. EIND: Determine the tstal amount of energy transfer by werk Schematic ¢ GivEN DATA: Mig 3k Pi,7 S00 kPa P2200 kPa, ay 2290K Te. * 240K Vie * 0.05 ASSUMPTIONS (1) The air in the tank and aylinderis a closed system. @)The air benaves as an (deal gas. (3) The presture in the cylinder remains constant. Ena) Kinetic aw Potential e eects are negligible CS) The perature of the air is cons Analysis: Taking the air in both the tank and the cylinder as The system , Pe. energy balauce is BKE" Lowe + pO? = a-w & where the change in internal energy is zero because the temperature is constint. Thus aw Qsw — Using We J RAV, with constant pressure Pe Qe ROVI-V) @ Now, with the ideal ges model PeVic _ GookP)(o.05m>) | 1 Nim] 4 kT k We 2 tees tn “e RT. 23 io ie \@rek) LkPa [to Nem 4 2Vct Ve tN + MRT os OGRE x9 ages Wn, ) RT: B34 oc (or) BT ‘2 ston i -) (240) ees — 2kt = (200kPa)(1.298- 0.544) ne tim oe oe): Wek 9 1. The applicability of the ideal gas model can be verified by referring to the compressibility chart, 3-90PROGLEM 3.105 KNOWN: Nitrogen gas undergoes & polytropic expansion tin a piston- cylinder ossembly. Emng: Determine the heat transfer using @) constant specific heat evaluated at 300K, (b) constent (fic heat evaluated at TooK , and (e) nitrogen Se GWEN T2700 R=S bar Fy22 bar ww ASSUMPTIONS :(1) The nitrogen is aclesed system. (2) The nitrogen behaves as an ideal gas. (3) The process is polytropic, With n=|.3. (+4) Kinetic amd potental energy effects Gre negligible. : First, the work is evaluated for the polytrepic process With assumption (2), Egs. 3,56 anc 3.57 apply (WEL 2) 0%) TF) ah = (3) *Ctook) = 566.6 8. T ome w = ROT) Wg) est TGR ) 560.6100) 7 a Cnn) Te determine the heat +ramsfer, use aneneray balance AE SpE BU = O-W 7 ™(4y~) Q-W 132 kD Qe Mlur-ue) +W @) From Table A-20 at 300K, ey 20,143 k3/keg-K. Thus Qe me (T-T) tw keg) (0.743 kF/leg-te YC 566.6-700)K + ( 132 kT) = 32.866kTg RA |) (b) From Table A-20 af TOOK, ty = 0.80! LT/kg-K. Thus Q= (1) (0.80! ) (S66.0—700) #(132) = 25US kT ____Q tb) () Using values tor %& from Table A-23 Q= mm (Bags) ew 7 (11850 ~ 14,784) kT/lemol @ (19) (28.01 leg/ emo) 227.25 kg + 132kT Tha Approach of partle) explratly aceauntt for thy Variah" of speape heat ge wt yaa : =PROGLEM 3.106 Kaowa): Atir undergoes an adiabatic compression followed by constant votime cooling. EIND: Determine the work for the first procecs amd the heat transfer for the second one, using (a) air table data TD=(B)7, (s) Ca aes ra ate) md with Eq.256 roeess 2-3 (P= P @ 4 for oe 2B amet (4) @) SAMPLE cMeunArion’ Blast Th mine 4, 4) qnte oa Te Gok) ay" eK yo Hen ae cat (8B BE) (08-2001 1-128 00) = (20VIK yp and Eq-(F) Gives 2 428 eT 3-93PROBLEM 3,107 (Contd.) &g.(2) gives 7 us Wa, =C2kg)( $3 px) (500-886) = 2214 eT Wits data from Table 4-23, €¢.(3) gives Qa (Jo \(43e71 -0939) EE = 178.347 ER.C4) gives Qas 3 24,298 - 43,871) 4+ 423.7 = - 238.647 Eg.(5) gives ‘ Qa. (SHe.) (6939-24, 298) - 221.4 = -12375 kT Stice Q,, amd Qs, are both negative, we conclude Phat Oi, + Qi2- Thus, for the case p/p, 2 A 4237+ (2204) | /, Ws Se Tet (i241 %o) Turning now to IT: 9g M= 44.01 / kg/kmol a R=8314/M Bot K k W23 = m*R*(T3 - 12) / (1-1.28) ra ial W81 = m*R(T1 - T3) sere, m*(u2 - ut) = Q12 Weycle = W23 + W31 eta = Weycle / Q12 p2/pt=T2/T1 014 p2=rpl on r _ 3 / p2)N(1.28-1) / 1.28) 1) Thermal Efficiency ¥ Using the Explore button, sweep r from 1.05 to 4 in steps of 0.01. #/ 3-44PROBLEM 3.108 KNOWN: Air undergoes a power aycle consisting of three processes. EWND: Sketth the cycle ena p-wdiagram aud determibe a) the pressure at state 2,(b) the Femperature at slate 3, amd Ce) the thermal eFticiency. SCHEMATIC # GIVEN DATA: The following data ave given for each process: Process 1-2. tonstaut volume from p,=20lbeliix®, an Ti= S00°R to T2= B20°R i Process 2-3: Adiabatic expansion $0 U3= 14 Va, Frocess 3-1: Constaut-preccuve Compression. \ AssoMpTiONS: (1) The air is the closed syctena(2) The ai ~S=== behaves as auideat gas.(3) kineticaudpotential enevyy effects are neglected. ANALYSIS: (a) For process 1-2, Hhevolume 1's constaut Thus, using the ideal gas equation of se PV aMmRT \» p tk fvemen? BPE Dh Be = G20 u = ao bry = 32,8 lee in, state 2, (b) Again using He ideal equation © Vv, wRTs /f, a al4e 2B. Gn a 204) 8. Te mete Te D> TRG) Fe Te Thum Ts = (1.4) (3555) 20) = 700°R (€) The thermal efficiency is 1.2 Weele/ Qin. Analyze eacl process tn Harn. Process 1-2: Const. volume > W,.70 - Energy Solace : AYE HAPE+AU=Gya- Wha > Qa = wa Uy) wth data from Table 4-22 Qo= Cb 140.47 - 65.20) Gwlb = 55.27 6he Process 2-3: Adiababie: Wily Ur) = W.-W Way = — MLK 4 -Ur) = = CINE C19.58- 140,47) BRL = 20,89 Bh Feocees 3-1! ps constant. Using €.2.17 We S“pdv = mp Cv,-v5)= m2 (7-5) 3 vey, 1545) Hotbe [1 Ska ‘3 Wa,=(1 (35) ibe Freag|(Se8—T00)%e = -13-1 Blu Energy Balance © Muy) = yy- Wy, > Qay= MCW-Ug) + Wy Q5,= (1N)( 85.20- 114.58) B/E + C~ 13.71 Bla) 3-48.09 BHA Thus Weycle = eta, + Ws, © 20.87 + 13,71) = 718 6a Qin ~ Qi2 = 55.27 Ba Pity. Weg TB 5 597 20,1299 (12.99 Io\g 3-95,PROBLEM 3,109 @) For an adiabatic process with negligible effects of Linetic and potential energy 2 E +p + AD 2 how Since the Specire heats ave constaxt We Mes CT-Ta) or using Eq BNTb, Cy = R/(k-1), so W 2 mR Oa=T) tk a (by For @ poly tropic process ve Ve. . we fy pays fo smtav = pve ony Tatroduetng PY *YRT and lething n be the specifie heat vatiole w= mk (t-T1) \-k This result is ideutical to the result of partta). Thus, for an ideal gas with constauk specific heects , He polytrepic ‘process pVE=constaut corresponds to an adiabatic process. “) . 3-96PROBLEM 3.110 -KWown: Air undergoes a polytropic process from a known initial stade 4o a given tinal pressure. EIND: Plot the heat transfer and work. for 1.0 < W< I.o. Investigate the Ae in heat transfer introduced by Assuming constant Cy evaluated ot ve SCHEMATIC ¢ GIVEN) DAT | + 7 7 R147 Woslios q T= 70°F <_ fe Bea saad puns constant ee ee ee eet a ee a Leh ual potoeal cueny eek, Begin by fixing state 2, From the folate process relation pu” ape," & UL = (F/p) v, Thus, with v = 2T1/P 4nd T= RVa/e, State 2 is delermived for any walue ofr. These ‘expfessions are evaluated using IT 4s follows: p1=14.7 a Wofiin.* [T Results (n 1.6) 72 =627.4°F v1 = 13.34 ft/lb v2 = 4,026 fib The work is evaluated using Bg. 217 aud Eg. 3.54 . = MPv2-P, Vi) We Spa A pa MBM) cae Or,as expressed Using IT Wim =( (p2 * v2 - pt * v4) /(1 -n)) * (144/778) // Btullb To find Q,use the energy balance: dye tApe+ AU =Q-W. Or mAU= Q-W bod 1 To evaluate du, use data from Table A-22 Au = UCT) - UCT) From (T: m*delta_u_1=Q_1-W ut = u_TCAir’, T1) u2 = u_T("Air", T2) delta_u_1 = u2-ut 3-47PROBLEM 3.110 (Contd) Method 2 An alternative method to evaluate Au ts fo use a constaut cr Value from Table 4-20 determined at T)270°F, Thect is AU = 4% CR-T1) From IT: m*delta_u 2=Q_2-W ov = ev_T("Air’, TH), delta_u_2 = cv * (T2-T1) Now, solving gives W=-63.68 Btu ut = 90.38 Btullb u2 = 188.3 Btu/lb delta_u_1 = 97.88 Btu Q_1 = 34.19 Btu cv = 0.1711 Btullb°R delta_u_2 = 95,38 Btu Q.2=31.7 Btu © Using Hee Explore button, sweep n from 1.001 to Il 1 Steps of 0.01, The dota. obtuined give the following graphs: age) Energy transfer (Btu) fata 4 Constant specific heat data ae Table A22 di a 1 44 12 13° 14 «18 (16 a 0 From the graph of QaudW Us.n,We com see several effects: + Qamd W become equal as ni, sihce for n=! the temperature is consfaut, wud ence Bu=0. . -@ 26 519u , gotng from negative (heat cut) to positive Cheat in) at abot n= .4o Wiis hegative (work in)-for all cases, + Wahicreases only slightly , whereas Q clanges Significwitly. From the graph of @ vs.n wesee that the solutions become ideutical a0 n>1 Ceonstout “temperatuye) and dyverge slightly AS N26, Fornaio, He abe peveentage deviation in @ is 1.3%, 1, By using 1 =1.001, we avoid the ease of n=i for which Eq. 3.54 cannat petted Hower, ee—™s—s—s—Ss—s‘t ee 2 plod. 3-99PROBLEM 3.111 KMown: Steam undergoes a polytropic process from aknown initial state toa given tinal pressure. FIND: Plot the heat transfer per unit mass of steam for log NZ 1b. Investigate the evvor iw heat transfer introduced by assuming the ideal gas model. SCHEMATIC $ GIVEN Dizt: P= 5MPa= 50 bar 7 7,2 280% | Steam | 1 ~%20 Mfa=Z00 ber a a nal pr"s constant ASSUMPTIONS :(1) The steam is a closed System. G) The process is polytropic. (3)Kitetie and potehal energy effects are neglected. Awarysis: The following relations are used to determine the heat trumsfer, Q/m + rocess yelation: pu" = pu,” ay Work expression ( £5.2.17 aud 3.54): We Pe a) ca) Energy balance: Abe +ape+sU=Q-W > @a-4) = aw G3) When using steam table data (IT functuns or Table 4-4): + p25obar, T= 280% > UU, « with p,= 200 bar aud (2), vz com be determined. 1 Pte > eh When using the ideol gar model (17 “,0" functins or Table 4-23): + p50 bar, T,=280% > = Ea + T2280% => KCT) , . Wits B= 200bar and (2), Uz canbe determined, Pte > T= BYE 0 T=" - Te > UCT) With erther of these schemes, it is then gossibhe fo use (2) aud (3) +o solve for W/m amd Q/m. The corresponding IT code is given on Phe next page.PRoeem 3,111 (Contd) @ Using the Explore button ‘Glin (karkg) pt =50 // bar T1 = 280 11°C p2= 200 //.bar kg n 6 pt * vin = p2 *v2"n WI m= ((p2 * v2- pt *v1)/ (1 -n)) * 100 w m *(u2-u1) = JI Using steam table data: v1 = v_PT("Water/Steam’, U_PT(‘Water/Steam’ ut v2 = v_PT("Water/Steam", p2, T2) u2 = u_PT("Water/Steam", p2, T2) IT Results forn= 1.6 11 Using the ideal gas model: vt = v_TP("H20",11,p1) quantity” | steam table ideal gas data model [Qim (kd/kg) 251.9 320.8 T2(°C) 583.7 652.1 Wim (kJikg) | -240.8 -291 ur (kJ/kg) 2645 131964 U2 (kd/kg) 3138 =1,257E4 (wetmirkgy [0.04224 0.05104 v2 (mi/kg) | 0.01766 0.02135 dati obnined give tre following plot : ‘¢— steam table data —* ideal gas model sweep from L001 to le in steps of 0.01. The Discussion : + im varies significautly with n. + Olm changes sign , going from negative Cheat out) 4o posthie Cheat in). +The steam table and ideal gas solutions exhibit the same eneral treuds. However, the values for Qlm differ signif- Fcautly in some ranges of W. 1 By using n=1,001, wa avoid the cose of ni for which (2) above Cannot be used.” However, ‘the sli 3-100 ight deviation from si eannot be seeu on the plot.CHAPTER FOUR CONTROL VOLUME ANALYSIS USING ENERGYPROBLEM 4.1 EMOWN! The mass fiow rates into and cut of a control volume are known, and te inihet wass is given Ems: (\Plod Gat inlet and exit weaas flaw rates, the rate ef Change of Weass , Gnd te Amount | Watt Ui the contro! voluunt, €ach vertat Hime €shmate te Kime Hh, when the Henk ie nearly empty Senamatic 2 GWEN DATAL too glk. AstumPTIONSU)AS shaun mitre schemaic, a contol Volume having one let and one exrt is under considera hon. AVALTSIS! “Tha inlet and exit mate few rater ere given ote") ka/k j te= (00 FS ay Twa inchntansowe bins Aske f dmge oq wrest oletraned using E7. Fil; te mars Code boaQamen vm, Wie x 1e0(t- 2) ~ tee a2 > -to0 € @) The tate Contained us tee con tel Veluwe of hue t & cbiwned by whryating 64: (2) & ott . soe f ertde = sve7*], mele Wyle) = 7 , pat mutt) = el EH) + 9P = SOF ‘s) Plotting e4s.(t) using IT gives the inlet and exit mass flow rates vs. tine : rn (kg/h) os 1182288 t(h) From this plot we see Yaad initially mass Hows out at ahigh rate, amd wo mass Hows ik. Eventually, pre tncoming How rate equals the evit flow rate. 4-1PROBLEM 441 (Contd. ) The following plot is obtained for the instantaneous rate of change of mass: & +0 § 3 20 | -110 0 05 1 18 2 25 3 t(h) Tnitially the amouut of mass in the tamle is decreasing at a rapid vate. Evenbually the vate of change (decrease) of mass slouaste 2¢r0. The follows ing plot is objeined for the amount of mass in the Jank as & function ef time: Moe (ka) 0 05 1 18 2 28 3 0) From this plot, we see that the tink initially contaus 50k and empties. (©) From the plot, we see Yhot the tank is nearly empty at teas h.PROBLEM 4.2. KNOWN: Mass flows ivte aud out of & control volume with lrown flow rates. EIND: Plot the time rate of change of mass and the net change th the amount of mass versus time. SCHEMATIC AND GIVEN DATA: p.ooat eis (1 Cleeaus) ins, The in kegls ANALYSIS! The rate of chamge of mass at Hime € is amy . 7 ~.002t, Fe te D Ame! = 15-15 (Ie very kay as en 202t Tategratig the wass rate boalawce over time drm, 2 Crm, ~ me dt @ i> Me t or am, (4) 7 Frise Petey ge! geveert “ oO (-0.002) S 1S0(0 eames) ITprogram ud mdot_i = 1.5 1 kg/s 5 * (1 - exp(-.002"t)) // kg/s - \dot_i- mdot_e z 1 delta_m = Integral(dmcvat,t) 2 \ Using the Explore button, sweep t from § \ 0 to 3600 s in steps of 4. § 05 From the upper graph and Eq. C1), ° — we see Hac iuitially the inlet © 400800 1200 1600 2000 2400 2800 3200 3600 How vate is high amd re exit tte) flow rate is zero. Thus dm, lat Starts hgh. As ¢ tncreates,, the exk Flows tate ncvenses and Awey (At agproackes cero a8 tr2400S, The botom graph shows ract the net chaise im mass Mncrerses Until th appradches 150 My. Ab ivy there is little Chanye Ww wass (t> 24005), Amer (kg) ° © 400 800 1200 1600 2000 2400 2800 3200 3600 tts)PROBLEM 4.3% KNown: Air leaks info an initially evacuated tune ot a constant mass flow nob, Einp: Determine the pressure in the tank after 30s, SCHEMATIC £ GIVEN DATA: ASSUMETIONS: C1) The Control volume Mm $0004 Ibls bas one inlet aud no exits.(2) The m(t20) 20 air behaves as an ideal gas. Ves He Ty = 10% = 530°R ANALYSIS: The mass rate balance, ti, reduces to Mer = hy, > dmy = mide Integrating ™ 30 30 S/ame = f mide = ( (o.oo ae yn (4730) =(0004 )(30) = O12 Ib Now, using the ideal gas model SHS felbe P= MRTe _ (0,12 1b) 2B97 tere )issere| 1 _— Cs #3) Te GT WF UBPROGLEM 4.4 Kalown: A tank containing Ammonia develoPsa leak. The ammonia escapes at a.consfaut mass flow rate, Ewe: Determine the time at whick half the mass has escaped and the Pressure in the tanle at that time. SCHEMATIC £ GIVEN DATA: th m= 4m, Assumperions: (1) The control volume is shown on the accompany ii. diagram. C.) The temperature in the. tank remarks constant. (3) The volume ANAYSIS: Applying the mass rate balance Amey x ring = 0.04 tegls f : . integrating sd Ade e dm,,= ~[ vigdé = -0.04 Mey 60) ie Polving for Mey CE ~ They Co) ~ (=0,04 9/5) From Table A-'S, 17, =.0,(1120 m3/kg, Thus, the initial mass is ™,, Co) = x 22822 keg 1 oma Melt) = dS myCoy = HEL kg Thus 2 CM = 28RD ING gos zt t= To.0q kglsy 0 Now, toget p, , determine uy, ULF cr = O3S4Y why Inter polatiing in Table A- IS ot Ta= 40% U2 20.3544 W7/len P= 4017 bar B +5PROBLEM 4.5 known: Water ewters at the top of a tank throush a supply pipe at a constant mass Flow vate and exits to a pump through 4 pipe im the bettom of the tau, The velodty of the water exiting fo the pump varies with height of the water surtace. Au overflow pipe stands in the tauk. Eup: Plot @ the height of 4he water surfaee, Io) Hie vate mass exits to Fhe pump ,(c) the rake wnacs exit tlarough he overflow gipe, each versus Hine, Dehovmire the time wher the water reaches the top of He overflow pipe. SoMemeric § GIVEN DATA: Water supply My- g ARV Evaluahing the ovens: 2 Ane a > Rosa”. 5454x107 744 a 2 Atanle * BPissl te nation) 21.767 us Ths (6234 Bice 44) OE = 6.8 B-G2.34 BY susenot A) abe * 2 ae = 0.00173 - 0.02519 z'* (zimt+, tins) ow Equation (x) is a non-linear differential equation . By acsumphion (3), the initial condition ic 250 at t=O, The expression com be integrated using fhe integration feature of (T,as follows: JT Program f = 0.06173 - 0.02519 * z*0.5 der(z,t) =f Using the Explore button, sweep t from 0 to 60 s in steps of 0.1 The following graph can be obtained trom the resulting data using IT: 4-6PROBLEM 4,5 (Contd.) zit) 0s ae o 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 36 40 45 50 55 60 tine, £755.25 over tio tis) (2224) (b) For £¢55.2 S, rh varies with £ as follows: M2 FANL= $A, Blb 2") = 62.34 5.454x1073)(8.16 2") = 2.7744 2"* a ob t= 85.2 5; E2254 and m= 3.9236 Ibis <—* Port 755.253 vn,= 3.9236 Ibis Cz remais coustuut at 2 H+) () For $< 55.28 5 my=0 (flow hasn't veached the overflow pipe inlet) For 755.253 Steady stede. Thus 4 Wawa ts D> mays -B Ibls - 3.4236 lb[s = 2.876 Ibls.¢ ty (47 582) The following plot is constructed using IT: nilPROBLEM 44.6 KNOWN: A water storage tank contaras a known Voleme of water. The volume flow rates in and out of +he tank are given. Einp: Determine how many days the tank will contain water, (Av); = S000 [exp C420) (4 in days) Ve = 19.000 gal/day ons : (1) The contro/ volume is 23 Shown on the above sketch.(2) The water is Incowpress ble, ANALYSIS: The mass rede balance reduces to dre tt tee With mey > @V, amd wa, = (AVI; and wae = 9 AV, A = KON); AV e > a 2 QV), — (AVe) = S000 [exp (- t/20)] - 1000 Tategratihg from t=o to t=t¢ Vi-V, = [see Lenp 7 te = gee. £2 exp (-t/20) - |o,000 4) | (23 a0) <*P ‘ 5 © = 100,000 exp (- t4/20) - 1] - love ty oo Wek V+ 102,000 gal aud for Ve20 © > 200,000 - 100,000 exp - t/20)~ le 000t¢ Usiig IT te solve wegets ITsolution: 0 = 200000 - 100000 * exp(-tf/20) - 10000 * tf If = 15.36 days ——t& 7. 700000 Toobtain _V vs. tusing /T: der(V,t) = AV1 - AV2 80000 AV1 = 000 * (exp(-t /20)) ‘V2 = 10000 11 Use the Explore button to sweep t from 0000 1110 to 15.36 days in steps of 0.08. cova 20000 (days)PRoBLEM 47 Mow: A pipe tarrppny an incampressble [igure contrint an expantivn chamber, FWD: 4) Develop am expression for the rate of change of hquid level Wee Chambec i terme fertrin quank Hes. WDtompans tae ela ve magi ban te mete Flow Auden cf speeafied values for db/it, tom pctnige d Agurs teoat. scuematic S61VEN DATA Assumptions: |. The control volume iS Shown on the accompan: 2 vag Schematic. The ejurd 18 weeded oy ia compust ble, 3 + Flow A one deent ional at 2, ANALYSIS.) The mass vate loalauce for the control volume is dimer. vin, - na voit a vee 6 (ZL wy > ¢ (REV, wee (RG the mass vate balance becomes Py dl ph e EVES = (Bw - (GR or , solving for ALidt aud simapityring aos qe — =e dust en z. Cb) The mare ow rate eeprasty ons tndiceZx vin ~ DPM, wav PY - Tau, noe dh>o => vier =? ia ca _ pie dive BD wee ce ~ ~ . a deo x pe eB ae mE Se 44gPROBLEM 43 kwewn! Veleeity distibvhens afe given for laminar and durhalent Cian Of an incompastt ble lequed ut @ cae eater Pipe ED: Be each dhstimehen, plot V/T% vs. r/R, derive exputsions for the moss [tow rate, average fine veloerty, and Speepre Kinet yt energy, Delrina the percent error & evduates tm ferme q average veteuthy. Diswes, ScHtmanc 2CIVeW DATA: 6 eve Lie/eh LAMAR ASSUMPTIONS: The Liquid # 1 Awacrtic: Ca) If Fh tpeepie (Cunt tre & TuRouLENT ar incompusss ble, 2 05 \ | 3 \ oh oe a eG Ak oR Laminar Turbulent te) Using E49, 4, the mace ftow cate for lanu'nar How Yas S,graa = [ove L1 ay Taw rae seven (Bir 23 y de 7 2 py Wher seen PEERY = ewan [ Se] 2 rz0 seven & Using Eq-Aila, the averaye vatoerty vy 7 gVoTe R¥z. Nave * * Hey g (™RR*) “ii S}s.PROBLEM 4.8 C Carts.) Using Eq. 1, dee mars from AK for turbulent (tow o ws wda ie R 4 = flevelt-g] tanrar tele -KI9 de To evaluate tuinitgral) let w= inr/R and dr =~ Rd, Thin we pion s lieu) i (Raa) = prgpae[—ae foul” FJ] 2 pvon[-e (Fe zy] f 2 4 = yw (PR = per (49) Using BG. File, HA average Veter 6 : z oe ae - owen Be _ “ay v par) o Gy The epengic lemetre 2 Geter et Phrene an oan eee 2 4 mete) cared He few ven Sa Eered pf CPU fyanda _ (yavBda hee vo Se ae Or) §, vA Vere # Formungde Aahe 9 Eq.6H) te Ppeepe inch entry, coteutetd Oe Vance) Wt Katie evneke emery Comfp ent Cor bined eure, Crrechon facto) t fata SUA a: Se, Ld dia A TGA © For Lanunar Flow: X= wy % TeRet > SO Fie Turbulat Pi: X= 1 OSB wy Yo peng = ST TH flatter turbulent velocity profile adheres morte Cael be He ideale ah ne CH= derma treme 1. For fuctheciscostim, 22a RW. Poy and AT mc Donal, atwdection fo Flord Machnaite 1 StH d+) J- Wiley d Sons, New Tork, pp 354-356, 4-PROBLEM 4.9 ENowh: Data are provided for a vegelasle of!-filled Spray can. ED: Delernune Hu wears fle rate per sprty and the wats femmes Ut fue can efter & opea'fied humber of Sprays, ScHt Matic £ IVA DATA: = zB © SLO soriye, cack lacting 255 and Mowing a mats oerg + inthe race of Vege fol wl athe ean 43 IpOg AssumoTiONy: THe Contra volume 1S Lliewn In the decompancying Kehe mat, AWALYSIS! (4) Since eact teeny has a decaheng oss anv Contith] 0254 a2 2289 - 1 ale mer ours * s Co) The Wass tate be land, £4.43, aeduae fo ° mey(t 4at) — Mev(O)= YE — Whe weate Witten ter carn Gad me Tig With wey lo) 2/70 9 and where Wey lo)is the teed ome eat ws the orreunt of mast that tn mes Geo sproys) ( 9288). 1409 The waase veg, bette Ol Aarne nany as Hee Can aftr Soo Sprays Mes meyle) — me > Hog - May = 30g a 4-12PROBLEM 4.10" Known: Ati flows through a one-inlet,one-exit contol! volume . Date are known at the inlet anol exit. BIND: Determineca) the mass flow rate ,(b) the exit avea. SCHEMATIC & GIVEN DATA: =: 8 ber Eee T,2L00K — air \ Viz 4omls A, > 20 om = 0,002 wm ASSUMPTIONS: (1) The control volume is at steady sfate.c2) The air behaves asam ideal gas .(3) The flow is one-dirrensional at the inlet and exit. ANALYSIS: Beginning with the macs rate balance i Using date at the inlet and the ideal gas equation of state @ wean -Goavy, C8 bar ) roe Ny VT | \ Sor eye OO) 1 bar |] 102 Nm] (0.002 (40 ws, = 0317 kg/s ™ (b) From wi, = m2 SAN, © SAR Thus g Tae N (Ns Aas eR) With gs /RT (BBB) = (SESE eo ty 6,095 cm. Ay 4-13PROBLEM 4.11 kwoww: Ati enters abuilding through Cracks around doors and windows as due to door epeningc.” The internal Volume of the buildirg is known, FIND: Estimate the number of air changes within the buildirg per hour. Scetemanc ¢ GIVEN) Dara: . 1! = al T20°F infiltration | V" 2000 “Hero ugh i cracks 88 Hf min TafUtration Hrrough, : door openings = 100 #P/ mim ASSUMPTLONS: (1) The control volume ts at steady ctate.¢2) The air behaves as an ideal gas. (a) The inside and oulside air pressures are nearly equal. ANALYSIS: At steady state, the mass balance reduces to Mouttiow * Mereks + doors S.A) ourtiow = fol Meracks + AV) doors | where ¢, amd ¢, are the inside and eutside densities, respectivaly. Assumivg ideal gas behavior So __ BIRT _ % Thus AV )ectstove = (E)LAVVeracks + A Idoors } Inserting values av) euttow * CoS )E —TErr—~—s—S—S—s—S—C—OCN 2 ae Ee | Sete geo @Maxttiou Ave dhauges 13920 H3/h per hour =~ 20,000 FP Jair dhawge = 06S air changes /h 4 aicchangesPROGLEM 4.12 Known: Air eters a furnace operating at Steady state aud is to a duct systenn consishig of tavee ducts. Data ave known at fhe inleband each of the discharge ducks. Eup: Detevmmetay the mass Flow vate eubewing the furnace (2) the volumetric flow rate in each of He b-in. exit Amets ,(c) the velocity in ¥he 12-in. exit dirct. SCHEMATIC & GIVEN DATA: T2157 Relate ae GY),2 B00 H7/ min ASSUMPTIONS: (I) The conbrol Shown on the accompanying sketch et at Stale. (2) The ai behaves as an ideal gas.(3) The temperature and piersure in cach duct are the same ad the femperatire and pressive ef the aur delivered to the duct system. AWALYSIS: (a) Using Eg 4.116 with the ideal gas equation ao. . gav) “i RT (atm) ( B00 %/min) ees * IS4S a! 2 1 $*| 100 s (355 HRs) = 0.984 Ibis ___, (0) Smes Dazdz and VEG, cei: : Gu),= (= GP yr = RS (0 #)|25| 14.0% Ibghint] atm 3) | 1mm 2117.8 4P/ming ADL), Cr Aprigiang the mess balance 4o get Ma Bee PE Vin, vag vag thy Dy = Aa hy #) With Eq. 4. b ) yt a 7 a oy, a GA) | (14046) (117.8 1a] aes al = BAD, SAMOS) | A! 0.1343 Ib/s = 2 RV GBH )s80) | be From OX) Wag = 0.984 - 261343) = 0.1204 Ibls Fikally from ving? AsNe _ : Ts Ve Vathg . CTA YUWa) , (PEAT )SO01(0.7204) 4 Ke Cra (EBF) Caen) Oa 4 —z 21341 Als, Va 4-15PRoaen 4.13" KNown: Refrigernut QHaflows through a refrigeration condenser. Data are known at the inlet and exit. The mass flow at He inket is given, ep: Determine (a) the inlet velocity, (b) the diameter ef the exit pipe. ScHEMaTic ¢ GIVEN DATA: +) The contro R24 bar volume is at steady state. T= 50% (2) The flow is one-cimensional d.=2,.5em at the tulet and exct. ANALSIS: (a) Solving Eg. 4.Ub for Vy — Ue oe eee ee ey ‘ A (2°) T= a From Table A-(\2, U; = 0.02472 m?/leg. Thus re C4) CO keg lmmin) (0.02472 w/a) | 1 mnin|| 1 Ern™ Th (a.sYem* 6os|| 1m = §.04 m/s Ve (b) To tind the diameter of the exit pipe, begin with macs rate balance dase fa f= W-m, > mem, Thus, with We Awe / oe A, = Ue 7 Va From Table A- Il 7.*Tsat@q bar > Thus, the refrigerant is a Sub-cooled liguid. From Table A-(0 , VL * Uw sy og = OBHIT xc07? m?/ bg Inserting values = Ob keg bmi) (0.8417 10073 mn /keg | mia | -5 AL Cas mis} tos | = 3307 x1d~m? Finally wrth A= T4474 4 h d,= (442)'*= 000usm = 045 cme de« PROGLEM 4. 14 kalowu: Data ave given for steam flowing through a turbine with one fnlet and’ hoo exits. EIND: Determine the diameter of eack exit duct. Scuemanic £ Given Dara: aa @v), ASSUMeTIONS:(1) The Control volume is at Si state . @) The flow at the inlet and each exit is one-dimensional. Awawsis: The mass flow rate at the inlet is me ow ay From Table A-4, Uj; = 001842 m3/ko, Thas (800m Yrwiva) | 4 mi ‘(0.01842 m7kg)! Gos and va,= OB Wa, = 13003 legls Applythg the macs rate balance © BRE ani Wag VP vag = yoy 2ST legls Now, with wn = AV/2, amd from Table A~4 ; U, = OMG YnF/leg = MiVe _ (1303 kgls (OMGK m?/kq) A= WaBa _ C1308 bgls OWudle meq) oa ye Va Cas m/s) Noting that A= 7A74 a,» [Be = jase m de From Table A- 3, at p,=0.06 bar ond x, = 0.94 ze Uigt By (V55~ Ves) = 10064 x107F + (O.AY ) (23.734 ~ 1.000Y x03) = 2A3IS m%kg Thus _ M3 Uy (S86) (223'5)_ ee SF amd y= [74% = 644 m ds 4-47se) PROBLEM 4/8 Késousrs: Date are provided for substances Flowing through a pipe o nnn diameter, ad £100: Determane the mace Hour Aste fr each of terse tpeafied Pubotnces. Scurmaticd GIVEAS DATA: : 1 7 Dedinch Ser tr} ! VEY His Amaursis: Gite Ey. U6 we AT. Gov. nhbaval[a tts) _ 0.0aie2 +7 + + Cee aI s atte = v (0) water ot Se Ibe lint , 80°F wih We AE (GPE) = 0.01607 fP/ Ib (Table A-2€) _ »/: me Goon iee ls = (3steo (b/s <————- (a) (EY Nitrogen as an deal gas at So lbg fint, QO°E = SHO°R SHS Glee ° 2 et _ CS ESE is4o'R) | ; LL |" w/b og 2 QOTRTEP/S oe ONE ESTP Tb (ey Raw at SO IbE/int , 80°F SL ———— ET 2 O,OUSAL (Ss tw, - oes << oe EaGtaTIS Oot’ b/s (2) = 0.00527 b/s «——___—b)* PROBLEM 4.16 kwown: Data are known at the inlet and exit of an air Compressor operating at steady state. Each unit of mass passing through undergoes poly tropic process. Fur: Determine the temperature and diameter at the exit Va=100H/s Ff 120 belie 2120 Ibe “ pv Seonsh GV) = S00 43 /min F ASSUMPTIONS: (1) The control volume is at Steady state. (2) Each unit of mass undergoes a polytropic process with n= 134 -(3) The air behaves as au ideal gas, as can be verified by reference fo the compressibility chart, ANALYSIS: The exit velocity is determined by using tre mass rate balance with E¢. 441 b as follows: Be. oa, — Wig vin, = vi > So ir) 2 Ma > ar a First, evaluate U; using the ideal gas equation tht w+ hi, « Gath igre esse 6) | 1H" eka _ Gar wtlins) Now, with the polytrepic process ex pression RY (47 \iaa wae (EP, = GY rsa 2) +342 a7 21335 47/Ib The exittemperatare sdebermrinecl using the ideal gas eg ration oF stote. a Pee _ (so lbevint) (3190 eP/tb)] 4a =| = . sas Hewe = 7 . 38.47 cre ) ae Te =(034’?R = S149 See Solving GY Lor Ay and inserting values Ale (AV), Oe a) = (S00 L/min) (3.142 F497 1b)] Lin | . _ (00 /s) (3,357 1b) [00s = 0.0028 4 = 0,410 ine Using Ade WAD/4 | aWe _ /OCONO int) d= (Abs = (RHE)PRoRLEM 4.17 kiloww: Data are given for air entering and exiting from a fan. EiNin: Determine ot steady stafeca) the mass flow rate (b) the Volumetric flow rate at the inlet, andc) He inlet dud exit velocities. ScHEMATIC £ GVEA) DATA. mcm ~ | ~~ Testor ~! 1 Trt(8 pro kha ‘Ft > p.zloSkPa ae Deoem asl V ITY Gv =026 ws oc ® assumelions :C0 A contre! volume enclosing the fan is at steady State (2) The air behaves as an idgal gas. ANANSIS | . @) The mass balauce reduces for m =m,, Thus, using data at the exit of the fan mn 2 Ae 2 Ge Pe Ce RT _ 0.35 mFs) COS kPeD [10% Nlm?|] kT. ~ (8st 1 1 kPa |] 107 em (334 Bee 2H k) = 0.44 kg/s (b) At the inlet ( 301) : SRN See (209)| @v), amu eh Ah) = 0.44 [Gerdes = 0.361 m/s (ec) The cross-sectional avea is . = As TBE Roem, 5 se2¢m? 4 4 > We GV ose m/s 2 1:28 m/s <«——_—— A 6: 2827 wr Re ah. 0.35 = Latm|s «——_—_ 0-282PROBLEM 4.18 known: Ammonia Hows through a control volume at steady state. the contro! volume has one inlet and two exit, and data are known at each Flow boundany. Eup: Determine Ca) the minimum inlet diameter 00 the ammoma velocity does not exceed 20 m/s.(b) the volumetric Flow rate of the second exit stream. SCHEMATIC ¢GIVEN Data: —o IQ) 24 bar ay 4 <> sat. vapor ried control | Gis Lose m/min vs m, 20.5 kegs te ps4 bar ‘ TS eet Se tiquia ASSUMPTIONS: (1) The control volume is at steady state .(2) The flow at the inlet is one-climensidnal. ANALYSIS: (a) To relate velocity auc pipe diameterat the inlet, use &. 4-16 yas A) Tus, velocity varies inversely with diameter. The minimum chamoter Corresponds qo Vj, =20 m/s. To get uy; , note from Table A- 14 that 7, = 28% is leas than Tsag af IM bar Hence, from Table A-13,, V) = Use zarc® 16TH x1075 m/ keg, am (Ain. = Sa ee [CI(2.5 kegls) Cee Ti4x 0 vm?/lg) ‘ewig Ry” Th (20 misy = 0.00724 m = 0.724¢me Gi donin (b) To find AV), begin with the macs rate balance Ame. = oe ope 2 Mm, -m,- my => ways Wy-me With va s@v Vor AV), = vB [%,- Avy] From Table A-14 ot Abar ; 1% = 0.30%4 mi/ leq amd wy 51.5597 i hATly, ele 3 yn? keg y(b05)_ (1.036 m/min) (Ar), =(-35971? 28) [0.5 WB \(#28) Coal = 0.0416 m/min CAPROBLEM 4.19 KNOWN! A pump operating at steady state provides water through two ext Pipes, Dale are known ot HE let and eack exit? Ein: Determine the water velocity in eack exit pipe. SCHEMATIC ¢ GAVEN DATA: @ on Der ohn Fe AsIUMPTONS : (1) The control ry > 728 Volume is at steady state. @) The water is incompressible amd uw ® URCT). wy), he 128 1 rhs 4 Ills y ANALYSIS: For the velocuhy im the 2 ii Vee te HAs Ua io Ae ren From Table A-26 at 12°F; Um up 2 c.0lboe FH /Ib. Thus 4 (4+ tbls) (0.01006 #43/ Ib) 309 $Hls “a Te (ray® He Te find Ha velocity in the 4 in, pipe, use the mass vate balance fo determine fue vauss How vate. That is BOT va. Yaa tag DS vay Ma ket the (ulet oe ANE GTP min) [iwi “\ = <3 * Cores #2716) leos | 8.01 b/s Where 7, is oblahed from Table A-2E. Rually, Ving = Wa,-W, = B01 4s 401 1b/S aud 4s Us 4 Goi Ws)( 0.01006 #7/\b) a aepy * 7 (hae 2 0BB HS 4 —___%PROGLEM 4.20 KNOWN: Separate Streams of water and ethylene glycol (q lyeol) wix4o form a single mixture that is half glyco! by mass, Dada are given for phe inlet Flows. Eid: Determrse (a) the molar and volumetric How rates of the entering glycol. (b) the diameters of the supply pipe. SCHEMATIC ¢ GIVEN DATA’ uate: a! _ Mixture: 50% glycol by mmss [, = 20% 4 A= | bar ie ye nie 42 Kemet + oe Ay ethylene glycol VPN 2.5 m/s I Moglycol = 62.07 *2/emol ASSUMPTIONS :(1) The control volume is at tycol > LS Gnd Haste ©) The woaher and giyeal ace S018 Sino eack incompressible substances. ANALYSIS ¢ (a) To find the glycol How rates, begin with a mass vate balance, Ad Steady state: va, tra > vas. For he mintare, Bork glycol > Wa 20.5 5 a. ~, me Sot. water = ML 20.5 3 Poo Taye Wage (2 BMY (1B.02 ALG) = 75.68 kg/m Aye TAR 5 15.68 kg lmin | . ' a Rigyeet ~ B2.07 ky/ Krol ~ 129 HMI /min g __fa Mso with vn = ear) . an, + me Suet ™"S Saco From Table 8-2, Wy.% UE@ aoee * LOOBXIS> MH bz amd o, = Vy, Thus Gav), 2 —1S48_kaZmin ET bE C49B.2) keg fm (b) The area of +he water sugely gipe is 2 RL _ (15.68 beg iminy Lain] [lot em? A Suro = (448.2 Biakasmn lees I 5 vw With A= TA7/4 . laa 1G )(5.054 cm® a> AS SOS eee OO) 22.84 cm ay Similarly for Yhe glycel shea. _ 15.68 uot] _ 2 «Oo oy ee dae 4339) = 24 omg da 4-23 998.2 Kgl, Cav. = 0.068 M/min, le 5,054 cmPROBLEM 4.2) ENOWN: Deta are know for inlet and exit streams of an air conditioner Cooling tower operating at steady sfate EIND: Determine the mass flow rate of the makeup Water. Scpematic € GIVEN DATA? Humid aie ving 14.000 tb f Cooling tower Fan Warm water inlet [Airconditioning unit i = 4000 Ibvh ASSUMPTIONS:G) The control Volume is at steady stale. @) Thedry air shea, at locations behaves as an ideal gas. py= lat (AV), = 3000 10 Pump at ST Makeup water ANALYSIS The mass rate balance for the contro! reduces as follows: o ge 2 MEM yt mgm May fo Mgt WM, tg ay From the schematic, we see that ciratt through the air conditioning unt is closed. Therefore, at steady state wm,=m.. Mg = Mg- Ms ie) To get va, use Bg 4b and the ideal gas equation Gs _ RB AV)s ve RTs _ Ged) (3000 H/min) [14 bab ae 144 iH] [Go main, "(1845 Hat ° 2 wh gs Helle \( 530 2) | atm is = 13480 Ibi Finally, from (x) Mmg= 14900 ~13480 = 520 Ib/h Ws 4-24PROOLEM 4.22" Kwows: Alr passes through a control volume operating at steady cfate. Data are given at the inlet and exit, and the heat +ransfe — rote. is known, The exit volumetric flow rate ts known, find: Determine the power. SCHEMATIC # GIVEN DAtA: a I R= losbar q A212 bar 7) 5300K corto 2h 1-400 ai q r 5 1 (AV), = 12 Sean ASSES Qyt-dokw © W=? ASSUMPTIONS :(1) The Control volume is at Steady stote.(2) The air behaves as an ideal gas.(3) Kinetic and potential energy effects can be neglected. » To determine the heat transfer rate, begin with the energy rate balamce q . . 2 BarWey + oh Cat eqs) — aa Chat ged ‘a With wa, =a 2h Oo Why = Qe th (hha) ee) + gan The mass flow rate is a 2 RA) me te SO OL RT _ Ceesbar C12 m%min) | 1 wine 7105 N/m 1 eT B.3\U T s Bau =) (300 ky | Gos |] 1 bar |[t0*N-m = 0.2434 Kg/s Finally, asing data from Table A-20 Wev = (20 kw) - (0.243% 49 )(4 00,48 -300.18) | tii = 4G kW lev l. The negatwe signfor the power denotes energy transfer to Fhe control volume frathe suvroundings. 4-25of PROBLEM 4.23 KNOWN: Atrand water pass through a contre! volume as separate streams. Dorg are lenown at the inlets and exits,aud the Comrol volume is at steady ELND. Determine the power. SCHEMATIC $ GIVEN) DATA. | pa ana ess0%% ty > airout, T= COF A247 IWF | goyatrol Wey =? oe 4,150 tb/min | volume : : | Qy20 water in ! >» water put Ty280°F (3) b———------F 4) = Wr (AV) = 12 gal/min Pu ® Ps ASSUMPTIONS: () The control volume is at steady sfude.(2) There is no hect trausfer: Qy=0. (3) Kinetic and poteutial energy effects can be neglected @) The air belaves as an ideal gal.(5) The water beliaves at an Tycompessile Substance , with negligible change mn pressure, AWMY sig: To find the power, weapply mass aus energy rate balances 0 the contro! volume , First, since the air and wader streams ave sepasete, by assumption | wee soe . Atey SEE th ang D wy sii 2 Me waders BGs vn gdig vary Ew oO. : a . 2 om aE ie Neg + Coe G8 gH) ~ Hg Chat B49 ee) 7 we = Ve ty ( hye Drag es) - Wig Cys Big ey) Combining 7 ° © = Wey + Hq (lh, he) Ee +g CB?) . ° + My [Ch-hy ) +03 o%) +4 3e%y)] Way? Ma Chabad + Mwy Chg-ha) The mass tow rare of uakris Sound from waws (Ay / iy Usig V3 = Ni@gore = 0.01007 L47ib Crom Table A-2E s Ur gat/min) omnee ee | = i “w= (o.01e07OP7Ie)| gal 99.8 Ib fnin Now, from Table A-2223 b= 126.66 Bbu/Ib ancl has [a4,.a7 Bluse. Further, for a waters hs* he egorp = 48,04 Balt anal hy & hee qocr = S807 Blu/Ib. iS i bb rei Wey fuse fai (120.66 = (2427) Oks (Age, 48,09 58,07 els h llastar Mey 1. The negative sigu denotes energy transfer Liste the Control volume by wore. or © 2-150 hp 4-26PROBLEM 4.24 KNOWN: Steam Hows pees hanozzle with known conditions at the talet and exit. The mass flow rate is given. EID: Detevmime (a) the exit velocity, (b) the inletand exit flow areas. SCHEMATIC # GIVEN) Dard: T Pe3obar (yy) Ss 2 2-44, R210 baw ore i nezle > T= 2500 Vz = 100 mis Zama a2 kegls ASSUMPTIONS :(1) The contro! volume is at steady state 2) Heat transfer is negligible and Wey eo (3) Potential energy effects are negligible. e ANALYSIS @) The velocity of steam at the exit is found from the steady-state. energy balance OO NI + vin Elly ha) OEE *) eg4o] where m,=m,2m, Solving for Vz T* 320% Bt f2Chn-hey + * From Table A-4, h,=3043.4 k/kg and h,=2627.9 kT/ka. Thus Vue fr (aowa4- -28219) | ame? a + (Joc) M752 = 64.1 mis. &) To find the inlet and exet tou areas, use m AVM. Solving "3 . me TR ma An UE \ From Table A-4, Uy, = 0.0850 w/kg amd Uz = 0.2060 mk, Thus @ kao. 0850 Wks) ieee (Goo ws) = 1Tem2 AL amd 210.2060) | 104 i . 2, Cov.) 6.2 om’ 4027PRoaLEM 4.25 Known: Steam flows through a well- insulated nozzle with known conditiéns at the inlet and exit. Fina: Determine the exit temperature. SCHEMANC # Given DATA: 00 tele err = Yowerae one 1 wozzle 1» Vz =1800 FH! md Vz 100 #41s OAT 1) oy ASSUMPTIONS:C1) The control volume ts at stead ‘Stafe.(2) There is no heat trensfer, amc Wev*0. @) Potential energy effects are negligible. ANALYSIS: The pressure is known at the exit, The state is fixed b determining easing the Steady-state energy balance 2 O= Be + vin Ohba) + CES gc¢A4ny] tohere m,= Mizar, Solving for ha ha = h,+ eeey From Table A-4E, h, = 1314.5 u/ib. Thus hy (1314S Bhar) + (oe teoa £0] tallest = 1250.03 Brus Ile Interpolating in Table A-We ot p,= 40 IF lie, hs 1250.03 Blu/Ib gives Ty * 686.6 °F. TePROBLEM 4.20 kwown: Methane gas flows Harough a nozzle with known inlet conditiens anc 4 specified range of exit velocities, FIND: Plot exit temperature versus exit velocity. Ss JATIC. A VEN } y LZ Methane gas (eHy) 7 Ube eanee SWUM LE | 500 £Vz<600 m/s 1 Vrzlom/s = —> a7 — 1 1) Vide VT — =| a Whey ASSUMPTIONS : (1) The control volume is at steady shate. (2) For the contro! volume, Qey* Wey =©. 63) Potential energy effects cau be ignored (4) The methane behaves as an ideal gas. ANALYSIS: Sihce h=hCr) for the ideal gas, the exit temperature is cletermined by evaluating hr using steady state mass a energy bélauces: 0» BEA we tn (Chyna) LES) 49 69720)] wheve m=m,2m, Thus, with h=her) = hit) - hor, Mie vesy nas O+ hit) ett) eg mls tkT 103 Newal Ce) for hin ki/kg and Win m/s Using IT, the functions hr) for methane (ea) as an ileal gas ave accessed readily, and data for Ty is obtained using the following code. The results are shown onthe accompany ing plot. IT Code 30 T1=80 °C V1 = 10 // ms V2 = 550 // m/s 0 h_T¢’CH4", T1) h2 = h_T('CH4", T2) 11 Using the Explore button, sweep V2 from 11 500 to 600 in steps of 0.1 = © Result for V2 = 550: T2 = 13.63°C ° 500 520 540 850 580 600 Ve (rvs) From Gt), beter = Wer.) + (YLEME5, Thus, as Vy ereases , WOTr) decreases. Thevefore, Tr checreases as expected. 1. A sample caleulahon using the pager en Table A-21 +0 evaluate the entualoy dl @ iw CK) Confirms this cesult. With IT, this tnteq ration is vot Necessary. 4-24PROGLEM 4.27 Katown: Helium flows through a well-insulated no2zie with known Cond.ctions at the iulet amd exit. The mass flow rate is given. EIND: Determine the exit area. / SCHEMATIC. # GIVEN) Dara: en Restle lay Te 460K T, 3600 “1, “nozzle SF B= 50 lbFlin* MeSH LATTA vat Iels ASSUMPTIONS : (1), The control Volume is at steady state.(2) Heat transfer is negligible and Wey +0. (3) The helium behaves as an ideal gas.(4) Potential energy effects are negligible. ANALYSIS: From the mass rate balance, m,=M.=™. With w= @V)/r _ Ae VE Thtroducing the ideal gos equation of state = mRTn Ae We The exit velocity is found ustig the steady-state energy balance neo ge. V2 2 02 BO we + wm [hye +52) + 9 e“e)] From Table A-21, the specific heat cp of helians is 7 _ (5/,) W986 Btu/ibmal-°R) s op *Ca)R = Ca) Oe este immay = h24 Ob oR Stee q is aconsteut bh = GAT, and Vo =[26¢7-te) +V77 : | 20.24 B44) (00- 4eoy"R [#2 ist a8 es] +03 = 2954 fs Fitally ISUS $4.1bt __ (lis) (Fes ESE] 460%) | 1 2 2 (2454 Fs) (So Ibehin®) 1 tae = B.3SKIO 7 fE% AxPROGLEM 4,2.8% Kou: Ati flows through a nozzle with known conditiéns atthe iulet and exit. Heat transfer ecours from the air fo the surround igs. Ein: Determine the heat transfer per Ib of air flowing. Setemamic £ GIVEN Dara. Ts 100° tp Fewele i> Te =SB9R Vinee FL —— Gehix ASSUMPTIONS :(1) The control Volume is at steady state. (2) For the Conte! volume, Wey =0.(3) The air behaves as an ideal gas. (4) The inlet kinetic energy and potential energy effects Qre negligible. ANALYSIS: To determine the heat transfer, besin with the steady-state energy balance ° : fo O= Bey pil + va [ Cl,-h2) +N, gegfa] Solving Ler Qey Jw Qwiyp ve Bohai & From Table A-22E, h,= (82,08 Be /ib and hat (24,27 Bra (lb. Thus feye, ao Bla, (S00 EY 1 bE L Bia Se = (2427-182 08 AE + saabal| ik a. oie oa ga OU a The negative siqn indicates trot the heat brancter is Leow Phe noeele tote surroundings. 4-31PROGLEM 4, 29 Known: Steam js decelerated wir passing Heroush a diffuser. Ein: Determine the exit pressure. scuemaric £ GWEN DATA: P2147 Woh hiet 1 T=300°F 7 Tee Vj= S00 Hs Tt, . Se = - 19.54 Brust ASSUMPTIONS: (1) The control volume is at stead volume, Wey = ©. (3) The exit kinetic energy is energy effects are negligible. ANALYSIS: Applying the energy balance at steady stele to get h. . ao ° © + bey Hh he) LAE s oo] where m,=vi.am. Thus hy = Geof the Ze From Table A-4€ of 214.7 Ibflin®, T= 300°F ; h,= 142.6 Bhe/lo. Inserhig Values 007) H7/s?] 1 Ube 32.2 $4.1b/s' Zz The pressure of the exit is the saturation pressure Corresponding to hg iz = 1178 Bha/|b. From Table A-3& y state (2) For the control neal igtble .(4) Potential a) (se (719.59 Bhu/lb) +(192-6 Gha/ Io) + E 778 Fabs h = 178 Blusle R260 belive.# PROBLEM 4.30 knowns Data is provided for a dffuser at Steady Strie, through whee oie flowing Fied: Delynane Huneto of me curt fin aren te tus tit Pow area, Wand We tut temperatare, schcmatic 2GtH BATA: 1 Pre tiSban AR, = Pet ber T= 300K Vz = 140 m/s Vee 2so—/s An AY ASSUMPTIONS: I Tha contro! volume shown ui te Schematic i at Steady Stoke. 0. Fir Hh4 conbolupioma, Qey= Wey 20 ,and potnhat cnersy cific Combe ignored. 3. Ar ts wusdebat a0 en idant p00 with conttant Sp, ANALTIS: TM matt Ae balance feade My Wy pe AMLAW 5 AML 4s ~ a Cetin) a > @®G) oO Tes eit dewplire, Te, ton be ob immed using aan enresy ie loslance: 02 Be aty + vel beh, + 4g (Be%1) J we her hit - Using date from Table A-2t - ie jks a = (300. as S\+ (2828) s| Tate tox lee 1000 Nm] =32t ot kT / keg Then, interpolating in Table A-2% for hy =82Ued kT (kg x Ta = 8263 Ban) =p [Te\(A\(Vi) - [9 tbe \(563.6)/ 1 \/ B00) RR ERIEEIRE| be SSeS) = 30,06 Ibf lin —___ Pe Finally, the mass flow rate is ~ AVR «(nH int )( 800 FHs)(20 Ibelin') ORT” CRE EIS Ves0o%e) 51.276 Ib/s ™ orPROBLEM 4.34% Kulou: Aim expands through a turbine with known conditions at the inletand exit. The power developed is known, Einp: Determine the mass flow rate and the exit area. Wey = 3200 kW = 10 bar m™ qOokK i fi Pel bac Va T2 S00K @) vy zloom/s ASSUMPTIONS: (1) The control volume is at steady state 2) Heat roster is is negligible .(3) Potential ener nergy effects and kei kinetic energy af the inlet can © be neglected.+) The air ‘Sehaves as an ideal gas, ANALYSIS: Begin with a steady-state energy balance ° aso. 2 ° 0 eWay mE carbs) EES oq pul where vi,ew, 2a, Solving for vi : Wey mee Tha) = From Table A-22; h, = 93243 kT/leg and h,= 503.02 k/kg . Thus (3200 kw) | SSA ew 3 5 EE EE (432.43 - 8. us, 7 kT ©3.02) 45/5 — (= oti) lla = 7.53 kg/s ra The exit area is 7am RTam Ane pe (Gan ET \ (Sook) ( 1.53 kIs)] 1 bar Ct bar) (100 m/s } 105 Nh = 0.108 m%, Ar 1. The applicability of the ideal gas model can bechecked by reference to the compressibility chart 437PROBLEM 4.35% kuown: Air expands through a turbine with known conditions at the iWlet avd exit. The inlet mass flow vate aud He power developed ave given. END: Determine the exit temperature. SCHEMATIC 4 GIVEN DATA. Air : Wey = 2550 hp Preo ibe = Oy Th 1560 °R wh = 10.5 Ib/s a) Be (4.8 1LE/ 6 ASSUMPTIONS :(1) The control volume is ot steady clate. @) Heat tancter isnegligiele, (3) Kinetic and potential energy effects ave negligible, O Gy he ir benaver as au idbal gas. 1 Since hahér) foran ideal gas, the exit temperature can be found vy evaluating ha. Beginning with “the steady-state energy Balance wo yh 0 = Bee Wey + hn [Uhy-ha) +E) + gee,-22] where wi,z¥,2™, and with assumption (3) O = -We +mn(h-he) or hy eWe/m +h, C1) Using data from Table A-22E for hy and inserting values inte (0) (2550 he) |_ih SUS Blu/h Bey v= 7 (lO. S1b7/s)| 3400 5 | the | + 365.08 TE = 213.34 Btu / lb Tuterpolating in Table A-27e Te = 88@.3 °Q (. The ape ticability of tre ideal gas model can be checked by reCerence Lo the compressibility chart. 4-38PROGLEM 4.36" KAMowN: A steam turbine operates at steady State with known inlet and exit conditions. “The power developed amd the heat transfer rate between the turbine and its Surroundihgsare specified, EIND: Determine He vaumetric flow vate of steam at the ilet, Steam Wey * (5,000hp P= S00 IbFfin T, = 800°F 7 F208 lot hie® Quy? -a.Sxto° gin 2 %,=0,93 a ASSUMPTIONS: (1) The Comrol volume is at steady stale.) Kinetic anc potential energy changes from inlet to exit can be neglected. ANALYSIS: To calculate the volume Clow rate, begin witty mass and energy rete balances for the ona-inlet, one-exit control ‘volume at steady state OFM -m, > emit 0 Qey- Wey tm Khas) +2 BS + gceen) Selving for the mass flow rate. Quy ~Wev Chany) From Table A-Y, at p=S00 Ibtlin®, T= 800° hh, =(412.[ Be/tb. From Table A-36, 0% p20. Ibe liw> thos ha = byt Xrheg, = (W241) + (0,93)((040,2) =(029.8O Bia / Ib Thas 2s (2:5 x10 hash) ~ (15,000 hp) |22t= Stel stsch} (1029.80 = (41241) BHA / Ib = (0.64 x(0% 1b/h Then, from Table AYE ot Pond TT, w= lay oP /(b. The volume Slow rate at the inlet is then 3 (AV), = = (toa x ot 2) (LM FE) egPROBLEM 4.37* KkWowA: Awell-insulated steam turbine operates at steady-state wit known tulet ond exit conditions. The power output and mats flow rate are specified. EID: Determine the inlet pressure. , 3. Ic $ GIVEN _ Steam L We, 233 MW T. #360 % Ve _ 7 vysasmis 17 Tt) 2006bar { Sad. vapor TT Vy = 120 m/s “TITTL,* ve dolls AssuMPTIONS: (1) The combo! volume is at steady state. (2»Heot transfer ean be neglected. (3) The pohentia( energy change from inlet to exit can be neql : The temperature ts known ot the inlet. To ftx the inlet state, h, is determined usting mass and energy balances. For the control Volume EE Wi, wig, > Wie maz th oe 5 ° 0 = Bee Wey + rh (yh) +E EB) + gex/21) Solving for h, Neca b= Sth +) amd a Table A-3 for saturated vopor ot p,=0.00 bar; h,=2567.4 kFkq. Ss _ BMW) p10 rer) (20°35) wi] Ver hi= Goel ar) eesora 2) (2) pers a = 31440 Ly Tnterpolating inTable 4-4, with T, = 365% amb h,= 3142.0 leTlka gives R# 25,0 barPROBLEM 4.38 KNown! Data are provided for a turbine at Steady State , termugh When Ny expanding, E10. Determine tha power developed. Scwematic €6WEN DATA: ee @ . Ow 168 = le Be/yy Py to lef hint nee 00°, Was 2etls Volume threwn wi the Cchsmohic rr at Steady Assumotions: 1- The control ten hot 22m rows ia ley Stele 2 Par the Comm trol oluuae, Te Change on do exit & neyigrble, 3. Ve hogen Wedel d ao an dant Jat Amare: Reduengter mau and energy rate balance) 2 Ae x ° os Gy ~My + wLhy b+ WR + pris) Wwe Ga a LW EY Te find wt Te AAMT | GetteT A, Gola eet eg eee] emo ie) ANT e GGT) eT (ge Ex om) w = O.St b/c Then, erie enttetpy date fra Tete A23E ond Gey (des \OA) (097 64.9) Boe wee [- Wsre](0. ste] + Ost sp o199.9 = ste arr — ate t= te ES + [ect as\*] 1 hy (aoe fete] sree |7 178 TWF awael|PROBLEM 4.39 ENOWN: Steam expands through « well- insulated turbine. Inlerand exit conditions are known, and the exit diameteris given. EIND: Plot the power developed by the turbine versus exit quality . CHE. TIC GIVEN DATA: . Scemeric ¢ Given DATA: vy $3) The control volume is at steady ‘Stale .(2) Head transfer is negligible (3) Kinetic energy at Fhe inlet and potewhal energy effects are nepligisle: ANALYSIS! To dehermine the powor, use the energy balance at steady state sno: 7 a 0+ Wa- Wey + vn (hh & nS d4q even] where m, =m, = Mr. With assumption (2) 5 5 2 Way 2 [Chi hey - B*] ow) Evaluahitag the mass flow vate 2 vas AM | Kida Ve aw Oe 42 Sample Calculation :[Xs0.4] From Table A-4 at p24mPas 40 baw, T+ 320%; we get y= 3015.4 17keg. From Table A-3 3 Uys losexio-34 (412.365 - 1.036x6) OF Wr 2IZBE M/ky. Similarly, a= 376,70 + (.91(2283.3) = 2431.7 kT lle .Now, From (xx) ~ RlewtGom/s) = 1145 ky/: > TO ee ee Now, from C¥) ‘yf kT Ne ligealocn| Tew zas 15.4 = 2931.7) 2 we Jt ew W.,2 Was 2) [(0rs.4~- 2van7 & -(Z)e |rigmre liga Ht = 6427 kW ate IT Gode J pt=40 //bar e009 T 320 11°C 5000 — Pp: 7 bar = ~ a V2 = 90 // mis 4000 d2=0.6 mm 3 x 9 3° 3000 h1 = h_PT(‘Water/Steam”, p1, T1) Eo h2 = hsat_Px("Water/Steam’, p2, x2) 1 v2 = vsat_Px("Water/Steam', p2, x2) 1000 | mdot = pi* d2A2 * V2 / (4 * v2) 0 = -Wdot + mdot * ((h1 - h2) - V2*2 / (2 * 1000) 2 1 1 Using the Explore button, sweep x2 from 09 "082 094 096 088 1 — if 0.90 1.0 in steps of 0.001 4-42PROBLEM 4.40 know: Water-tlows Hrrough « hydraullic turbine with knowin conditions at the inlet ama exit. The power output is specified. enn: — Determine the macs flow rate. ScHemaric $ Given) DATA: Veo ASsumerionls:(1) The Control volume is ] T*Tz = 20% at steady Stute.2) Heat trousfer is RePh negligible. (3) Changes in temperature — 2,-2, = Om ata pressure from inlet toemrare negligible C4] Kinetic energy con be negiec at the inlet. (5) The acceleration of gravity is constant 5 3 =7.81 mis* A Wey = SOOLW 929.81 m/s* 2 Vz=lom/s ANALYSIS: To find the mass flous rate, begin with steadiy stele mass ancl energy rate balances Orrhy-ma ema og sar. ‘o 2 0 =X - Wey tm (fn) +2 eg (2,-2.5) where the ewthalpy term is cancelled because of assumption (3). Solving Wer and ——— —G 2 a+ gla-ea Tuserting values vane - (S80 kw) [Reis | Gar Fei Bytom] LN nna = 10,400 kglsg__ Ie 107 N-m 4-43PROBLEM 4.41 KNOWN: Steam passes through a well-insulated extrachon turbine with known Conditions at the inlet amd exits. The power output is given. END: Detevmive (a) the mass flow vate ot each exit, aud (b) the diameter of the duct wheve steamis extracted. SCHEMATIC $ GIVEN DATA: 7) =3MPa 1 = abore (AV), = 85 min pe =0sMPa Rl py=6 Pe 7; = 180°C 13 = 90% V2 20mis § Assumptions :(1) The contyol volume is at steady state. (2) Heat tromsfer is negligible. (3) Kitetic aud potential energy effects canbe neglected. ANALYsis: @)To determine the mass flow rates va, and Wig, begin with a muss vate balamce Be. aA A Aa ae m,- Ma-M3g D Wy =m, -Wr ow Usirg Eq 4.U b, with Vi = 0.0994 w/leg trom Table A-4 . xe) 3/7 wii o we! =, BS m/min) |! =| = 14.28 kgls Vy C0444 M/k) 1 GOS With va, known, CX) has two uvleuowns. Anotter relations abloised Usting the emengy vate boalauce. BE Alirring in Uno Laceby in lng gH tog oss Zea Xo wheve the indicated favs ave deleted based en the ascumptidns. Thus © =-Wyt why “Ma ha-Mmahs ow Wik Ge) we can veduce (Kx) as follows OF Key t Wah —Mehe- (ova) hs == Weot Wy (hye Wa) a (ha-ls) Solving for Waa oe =Wey +, Cheba) (Wa-hs) From Table 4-45 3230.4 kI/kg and h,= 28120 kI/leg. The specific ethaley at 3 is determined using data from Talele 4-3 hae Mg+%3 egy = 151-534 (9) 2415.9 = 2325.8 WTI 4-44Prosiem 4.41 (Cmtd.) Inserting values ~( 400 eww) |e ; HB |. (14.25 '2)¢3230.9-2925.8) a (2812.0 ~ 2325.8) eq = 3.08 kg/s = 1088 kg/h ee TS Now, wrth Wz= Wy -Mra Wa, (4.25 £2) (2828? | ~ noes = 40,212 £3 wv, (by AE exct 2, with dade from Table Ant Aq? ae 08 ween mika) = 0.0623 wm? ~ 2 0.282 Mm ae 4-45PROBLEM 4.47. KNOWN: Steam passes Hrrough an extraction turbine operating at steady state with ‘eau inlet and exit conditions. The power output is specified. FIND: Determine @ the inlet mass How rate ,(b) the diameter of the extraction duct. SCHEMATIC £ GIVEN DAI Wey? Tx1P Bh, —G b P,=1600 letlint El T.21000°F he : Wiete waza, gs 1 belie PaSleo letlint X5 20.85 Ts ts0°F Vy 7150 fis V2 lo fs Assumptyons: | A control Volume €aeloling the furbine ig at S Stale 2. Fir ths contol volume, heat teartfar and pelenhiet ¢negy effech ore neqrgible Away Sis:(8) Ts find Way) apply mass cate balance : mys ha tig, Ten, sate Hea /isp SOL, He RR aM, 2 OTE. Rent, anety an energy Ate belance: a oe . : e se( hq +2 0S Wey + ve Ci ET = a Chee aC he Unare te pokeahet eneryy Herm: are omattad ha ottemption 2, Solving Wee wa MY - Bese] +e Cre Y= Se (is 2 ]- aL lps (VOU Bia lo, Werte Table BE tae Foe Tobe AVE, y= 487 Bh) (by [Ub Tne y= hig +¥3 Chay-hfy) = GTN + O84 ((os)= 490.8 BH Ca. XW BRIA) fekcaiel raat) - cf ~o-70[ a3 + Soa . 1 we No. woe __ ene lFel Bra 244)" [eras + Ge = ar yom [b/p mn Table k-4E 2Y 41x10" Koh) (3.228 Hb Clo ts) =| 2376887 Stnce A, +The /4 4. [& 7 [Peer) = 6.9344. cB 4 AbPRosiem 4.43 ksoway: Air is compressed at steady state from a given initial State toa wen firal pressure. The mass flow is lenown ,and cack unit ef mass Judergoes a pect ied procets th going from inlet to exit. Fine: Déelermine the compressor power. Schemaric & Given Dara: Qe/in? = 4685 eS leq ASSUMPTIONS: (1) The Control volume is at Steady stode . (2) Back unit of ” oes a process described by pu? «constant, (2) The air can © mass unaerg be modeled 'as am idee gas.(4) Kinetic. and potential energy effects are negligible. ANALYSIS: To determine the power, begin with mass and energy rade bulances at steady Stade a 5 O= GeyWey + ba [ Chy-he) + B22) 4 4627 20)] where m,emiz ern amd the micated farms ave deleted by assump- Hon 4. Reavvanging and Solving for Wey Wey = ma [CBevlvia) +0. her J (#) Now, specific evtralpy h, is read from Table j-22 at 300k: 2200.08. To got Ty , we use 4.3.56 with n21.27 nm eit aa geet Be (B)" > t=) *r= (4) “ cac0n) = 4391 k Tuterpolating tn Table A-22; ha= 440.1 kT/kg. Inserting values in (ik) J we, | kw Wey = (4 2) [(-40as is) + (300.14 - 440.7) ad ae ® =-750 kW. 1. The applicability of Fhe ideal gas model can be checked by reference 1 the gencralioed compressibility Gane eas b ‘ Th gn for power denotes ei user i 2 ces ornate San for paws denctes energy y were ida He 4-41PROBLEM 4.44 KNOWN: A Well- th sulated air compressor operates with Icnown inleranclexit states. The inlet volumetric flow rate is also known. Ep: Determine the compressor power and the exit volumetric How re, SCHEMATIC # GIVEN DATA: air YLLLLIL ILL] T60°F 14) compressor \ 2 Ge 00°F FE = (4.2 let hi® 4, Pp = 120 IbF hint @M),= 1200 %min 7d i Seaemeseaeaean: 771, ASSUMPTIONS: (1) The contre! volume is at steady © state.@) Heat transfer ic negligible. (3) The air behaves asan ideal gas, (4) Kinehe and potential energy changes from inlet 40 exit cau be neglected. Anauisis: To find the power, begin with steady state mass and energy balances 0 = Bor~ Wey +H [Chi-he) (ga +9BF2)] Where ri, 2m2em. Solving for Wey We, = [hha] To evaluate vi, use Eg. b and the ideal gas eguation of state ma = a), 2 £@V), li “tl © (458s telbe) (s20-ey th 7 AT 16-9 Thus, with hy 124.27 Bruslb and ha = 231.06 BHM/IL from Table A-22E Wey = (5309 2) (124.27-231. By] he ev = (5309 12 )(124.27- 231.06) Bet sous oak ; @ = - 222.8 hp. Wey The exit volumetric flow rate is ~ RT: = = ee (Av), = wou, = vn (5 SYS the tbe °, a = (5308 t/a) -tn— (th Sete) Casoe) =| Es a (ize wre) | re = 262 $7/mine @v), 1, The applizability of the ideal gas model cau be checked by referone to Hye genevali zed compress bility chart. : aaee megan Sign for power denoles energly trausfer jute He come! volume, sex pected. 4-48PROGLEM 4.45% KNOWN: ie compressor operabes with Lnown power, inlet conditions, and 7 aie fae sees fateh elkelrie Clow rade, and Une Keak trans eer Fake per unit mass ofair Clow are alse specified. EulD: Determine the crit temperature, r 7.250 WbFlie ICHHEAA, Lc VEN) + veo : ede a: a dir Se 128007 A250 lbeli® Hs (4S tbflin™ 3,2 MS the lia? Gr)= 20 /s TE HOR Be s-20.5 Basie = ASsumerions: (1) The control volume is at steudy State.(2) Kinetic and @ fotential energy, changes from inlet te exit are negligible.¢3) The air ‘behaves as aw ideal gas. 1 Tofind the compressor power, begin with steady State wass and energy vate balances eo ° D= ay wey +0 Khyeha) +255 4 gp] where Wyeth BMA. Solving Cor he has hy > See - Wee To evaluate vin, Use Fp H.Ub ancl the (eal gas equatrin of state m2 4th 2 Zar) uv eT, C14 S tbelin® ) (20-775) yin ~ (2 EERE) (store) | 1 28.97 tb = L4Y tbls Using data fron Table A-2~E , . _ Beay _ /xl0She \J Lh 2545 Bu /h hat (aoe) + (-205 FE) (ae aa Eco | The = (GO. Bla (Ib Tuterpolating in Table A-22& wety a= l00.l Bia (lb 7 SS ——™UrlC—C— 7PROBLEM 4 Ys kNowAs Date are provided for a R22. compussor operating at Cteaty Stote. Erma: Determuns fhe power required bg the compressor, Re S bar wy T 310% ar)208 w?/rain c Qey= 0.05 We +1) The contro! volume is at steady state .(2) potential energy eFFects cam be neglected. ANALYSIS: Nefing that Wey it negative for «compressor, the Ants 4 heat Fransty from +us co Sian a aver <4, Gey= 0.05 Wey. For Stedy-shd. opermbon, {Ws ass add ewetyy rake balance Auer to Ox Gey-Wey +t{ by- ya +420] 2d 2 , . 2 ao vaLhrn, +E J Wey2 Gos Wey) + wi Cli- 4 Ve as 7] ep Wev From Tobe Ax V4 hy = AS7.22KO/e9, Mz > 30660 e/g , Uj = O.OHA3Y MIA), Vp =O0TUUT MELE. The mare from tate > _ av) OF w3/ min ‘ Yn >t 2 UY keg/min #0,2702 kgls T * O.04a3Y mT hy ‘3 2 Further 2 7 ° A= ete Blood my = L257 ¥107? me A, = 0.3142 ¥ 1073 m® Thus, the velocities ot the inlet aud exit ave, respectively A), (0-8 m/min) fimin ray [as7K10-> we A | elee! ele Ve we 20: 2702 kg lsC0.022!7 w/e) 219.07 mis > CO3IMLK 10? m*) Te required power is then jo 19.01") 3 es AS (0.2202 4) (287.22 -300. 0) EE (eS )s S S| Sallis ion Car 0.4 . 0.45 a; -00'S | LSI ~ 14,08 kW SS 4-50PROBLEM 4.47% KNOWN: A Refrigeramt (acompressor has known conditions at the inlet and exit, The inlet volumetric flow rate and the Compressor power per unit macs of refrigerant flowsg are also specified, FIND: Determine the heat transfer rate. Scuemanic _£¢ Given Data: Refrigerant I3Ha. \ i F-3abar 1 || compressor 12. A> 10 bar T 3 10°C TT I? 7a 70% Av), = 3.0 wlmin Aled 2 -SSiQKAT/ kg = ASSUMPTIONS: (1) The control volume is at steady state. (2) Kinetic and potential energy changes from inlet to exit can be neglected. ANAWSIS: To fine the heat transfer vate, begin with steady clate energy aud macs rate balances ° = Bays Wey 0% [Uhmha) PBS 4 ge9//80] where m,2 mia 2 vn, Solving Ae = ve (C42) + the hy] To evaluate m, use &%. 4.11 b and data for; from Table A- 12 . AL), 3.0 m/min est +e — | ke i m a 0.065 76™7Ig = 48.62 £9) min From Table An12, h, = ASS.(0S kT(kg,amd ha = 302.34 kT/keg Thus As kes 7 AT/tmin \/_ kw Qy (usurta.){¢ SS.2) + (302.34 -ass.es)] Se IG al = O14 kW, _ bey The negative sign molicates that he heatterans ler Is Lrom re system.PROBLEM 4.48 Known! Date couprrssor operating at Steady state arene Emp! Debrnuns tos pomer Arquired by the Compurccor ScHEMATC Zarek DATAL are provided for a Co, Gey = 0,2 Wev Pus SDllt/ in? Tz Se0°R, = Gin. Mur Boftls ‘rosette oe eo * ASSUMP TONS: [- Ths control volume slown in the figure Of at steady stale, 2 Polenbek Energy effects Combs ignored. 3. Coz co yradedad oo an (diet AMALTSU Stwea the com poston toon tos compressiy 2 ven 6 Hemet and eneriy cale balances Ox Gey —Wey +e (i= he + wi ve +9960] Won Geye a. eWay feqwinet o gower input tie heat tranttr QeyeOtWer Te evalvate Woy, aedoce View = we Cink + Using date at the Inter, fee pease flaw Anta oh 1 2,3 ¢n4][30 Hs] eorcrn fe] = 0,962 Wis IS Ot of ar") Aol 1b oR Gb Tne Fen Tebts ABE) Hye 44170 KO [Emel vhy 36327 FO/Eme. _ (ara | OPS se +1 gest = cen ‘ey 2 08 ean) [os + (DA) ] Be 2 0 2L BF Be 2-2, 85h | 72S, the Th || 2ren7 1 Nef Lake Sapo 2 vellaaaed | = — 30.8% kp os eeePROBLEM 4.49 ENowN: Methane gas is conpressedt with negligible heat trausfer, At the inlet, pressuve , temperature, aud velocity are given. Pressure ancl velocity ave Specified atthe evit. The power thpur is known. Eup: Dekevmine tue exct temperature. . s SLLLLITLL 1 We? 10 EW wh =45 kg/ min Pot 2 bar 1 m/s TTT a, Gee a xssumeTIONS : (1) The control Volume is at steady .@) For the cow volume, Quy 20 anc potential energy effects are negligible (2) The metane @ gas can be modeled as an ideal gas. A 2 By assumphoncs), h,=hCt2). Thus, using energy and mass ES Ranced je cam solve “for hand hence fy, “ththes Ot 0% Bay~ Wey t [(h,- ha) + (GE) +9 EE) ] oe 0 = Wet rh [hha + GEG] ow The term h,-hz can be expressed iu terms of eptr), as follows Tj hy-ha= Sf 'epeny dr CA” One alternative to evaluate Hee tutegral is use the functiin for cp Table A-21. The result would be a polynomial iv which 7, would be auluoumn, Using the recult th conjunction with £¢.4), an rlevalwe procedure Or Om equation-solving Comprar prodvau would be cede. A sinpler alternatwe is to use the hOD function for methane included in IT, as follows: IT.Code T1 = 25 +273 IK V4 = 15 mis V2=90 i mis mdot = 45 / 60 // kg/s Wdot = -110 // kW. aco Waot + mdot * ((h1 - h2) + (V1"2 - V2"2) / (2 * 1000)) _T("CH4", T1) aaa Tt @ h2 = h_T("CH4", T2) T2=3699K 4 U. The er feted as model cau be checked by reference to the compressibility chart. . oo. . 2. Carelully nose the Unit conversions veguired in Hhis expression - 5 This resalt comparesyery favorably wei the result Objaive using Yhe altevnehve meted tavelving Table Az! data. 4-83PROBLEM 4,50 KNOWN: Anammonia compressor has known conditions atte tulet and exit. the Compressor power aud the heat transfer rate are abso specified. EIND: Determine the inlet volumetyic flow rate using ammonia tables aud ideal gas relatinships. Discuss. SCHEMATIC £ GIVE) DATA: Ammonia r i P220 Wt hin® compressor |2 pe250 Ibtli® 7 OF I Te 300°F Wey 2 “lO he Qey = - 5000 Bish Assomerions:() The contro! volume is at steady state. (2) Kinetic aud potenhal energy changes from inlet to exit are negligible (3) For the Second part, the ammonia behaves as an ideal gas, ANALYSIS: To begin, determing the mass flow rate by using the steady-state smass amd energy balances i = Qey~ Wey t vi [Chy-ha) i} tayo] where m, =r. Gy) From Table A-ISE; h,= 14.84 Gusib amd h, = 760.39 6tusib. Thus CS0e0 etulh )~ C10 hp) 2745 Shula] |p (160. 39 = 614.84) Bhaslb bom Now, usthg Vj = 14.078 43/Ib from Table A-ISE amd Eq. 4-tlb whe 2 2.342 lblnin , . ; : Ope av), Gv), = mv =@a42 i4.078) = 32.97 HY min «5 To evaluate h,-h, for an (deal gas , integrate the Specific heat function, PT) for ammonia from Table A=21€ > Te boh, = & [@ tare ote PT eET*) AT = £& [«cn-to tSarnysLabrys falry4 sods] With T= 460°, Te =TbO°R, amd Coefficient values from Table A-21E 186 B4/Lomol-R) b= hy = C186 Pomel 2e) ° Cred 1e/bmel) (324 *e] 2154.9 Gtu/lbPROBLEM 4.50 (Cont'd) Using this result with Or) 3 3000) = C10) (2548) | 1 cl54.4) asl Yh = 2.2 lb] min IMcorporating the ideal gas eguatimm of state tubs &. Hub smo, = (ED dv),= me, = WS hy =(2.2 Hew Tee Dereon) | 4 = | ( z a) = ae (20 Whe hint) m4 = 31.86 ting —________,, #0. ideal ges Discussion: the % deviation in assuming ideal gas behavior is | ——r—sreremeN %, deviation «(Pete Oe ita x [oo tables = (3247 31.86 ~ aye - (BTM) ee waa Thus, the ideal gas model is reasonably aceurate. To eaplore this further, consider Y deviation * (ae <7 Ah te! ie Shipbles : {eta A555) too + 6.4% l4s5.85 The applicability of Yo ideal gat model can also be checked by defermriing the compressibility froter, for state t G@o)| 1441 (14.078) ze Sa isNsivia eee Oz Gatey) 460) For otate 2, Vy = 1.8191 /lb from Table A- (SE. Thus = (250) i441. 81a) 5 a ius! = 0.95 ow) (to) Goth of these values are reasonably close te unity. RPLOBLEM 4.51 known: Refrigerant (4ais Compressed ina water-jacketed compressor between two known states. The inlet volumetvic How rate, uput power, cmd cooling water temperature rise are given. EWD: Determine dhe mase flow rake of the cooling water. Scwenamc § Given DATA } 7 contre! volume boundary Wey 2- fy, Wer #2 kW | awe0 T,= Sot. ASSUMPTIONS « CI) The contral volume shou ie of steady: state G2) There is ‘fo heaktranster with the surroundings. (3) Kinetic and potential energy effects abs Medtected. (4) The cooling water is incompressible With ¢ = 4.177 16 Ig" trom ANALYSIS: The energy vate balance applied to the overall Compressor aud water jacket at steady state reduces to TenTy=A°C 5 Pa Pa .ae . 0 = AG Wes + Fao ns) - wag (hat SE 4g2e) + halt Beg zn) - the (het Vgieg 2s) where Qu20 bb assunprien(2)jaud the underlined terms drop out by Assumptions), Since the water and vetrigerabt Streams are sapavate Wr yswaa 2 he Yan 2%? hw We te CW ba) & Wha bo) Applying Eq. 320b dor the weder Stream Wan he = COT “Te) HBL ) Inserhing this result aud somins for vay why 2 Wey + Wig (hy he) ow © CT.-T%) From Table 4-12; h,= 248.64 kI/kg, Vj =0.08574 wi/kg and N= 215,52 b/g, Evaluohing Vag > AN), (0.38 wilminy | bear] eS Mes Sa" * (e08574 nalkg)| bos] = 22739 bls Finally, tnsevhing values tn X) <8 = (ee kW) SSE (0.0734 kegls (248.84 - 275, 520 mw *S so.0378 48 4 thw Capes iege) (4 °C) s 4-56PROBLEM 4.S2 KNowNt Data are provided for a water-jackeled air compressor operahing at Sleady chee. ELUDE Delernune the cooling water Peuperature increate for « spe fied Cooliriy water macs ftow rate. Plot the coolms water Htumperature imenente Versus cooling water mass ftow rate. Scrvmatic 2 GIVEN DA7 hic AT) 237 MF ein P2136 Pa T2305 K Ty 400K Ye TB, Paem Assumerinnss : (1) The conival volume is at steady state. (2) Heat transfer from the outside of Ha cooling water jacket is negligible.ca) Kinetic and potential erergy effects are negligible Gorey HH?) (35-m.7) Wee | “YR Heawe| = 0000 Fe Whe VoVE (HOF) fram TebbeA-2E » The chmrtem spemfic kine €nenyy to pL eee Se view, [Gotu (one) | tI Sad” . Lise Leh gers Gd) (40t) [ise || Ft Tre moss Clow rate is calculated using 5 LAV) _ (Regal Amin) | 0.13368 HF WO RF ~ (0.01004 aAAby | 1 aa tes] Collecting cesults (wee) = (2.18 by (0.060 +0.0299 + 0.0511] SH 20.342 Bhal$ <_———— =(oam tp) Hea tae 4-59" Proc +5't KNOWN: Water flows through pumping system with lenown tuket aud exit conditiens, The power required by Ha pump is also specified. FIND: Determine the mass flow vate. paar 2 > SCHEMATIC £ GIVEN DATA: i ASSUMPTIONS! (1) The control Volume is at "2 d= 2.5 em=0.0aSm stendy state.(2) Heat transfer is negligible. (3) The water behaves as an tncompessible 4m liquid (4) The acceleration of gravity y is 'costaut at 9=4.81 m/s% (5) The P temporature amd pressure ore nearly 7 constant through sut. -3}! d,=S,0cem=0.05 ~ I! | Rap, = | baw h = Ts20% Lg =28Im/s* ) Wey 8.6 kW MUALISIS: To tind mr, begin with steady stale mass and energy Inde. balances sf o 02M Wey +m [baa +& Ae ey + 3le,22)) 2 -Wey tm (G3 y +gCe-e)| GF) where nm, 27h, 3A, and the specific enthalpy term is elvininated based ew assumption(s) aud Eg. 3.206 From £45.30, vs RUA, ond C¥) becomes O=-Weay +m [Svat ohwinaye gereo] wy 7 4 (aa A) + veg cz-2n (9 From A= TA*/4 5 A,= 0.000491 m* amd Ap=0.00INGY m2, Now, with V™ Ve gore * OO1BxIT? MP/leq from Table A-2, we can tnsert values IW Oe¥) aont tks]. 3 (.vo1ex07? wtf 1 - (Beta) | TE 7 $3 [owoosai® ~ 0.001404" me) (ais = Thg-w1s4 [TOF aw £ ¥in(a.01 LY 4m)J LSJ] w(4.81 YA) ¢ 4) Sollee = 3. . : OF Blo = (A513 ¥ 10” vn3 0.03924 Chere vin is tn kgls) This equatim is cubic Un vin. The solutirnis wa = (5.98 keg /s or Yn 4-60Le Sire thswater iat 70%, would le olaterved. So, he PROBLEM 4.55 KNOWN! Data are provided for « Water pump operating at Shady State Finpy Plot the passcure cite from inlet to exit versus volumetyre Flow, ScHeMATIC B6IVEN DATA: Te 70°F DEBin. 4 caves S galls aate Wey? -2hp AssumoTens: 1. The control volume clown ia the sehtuetce is at Steady ste. 2. Far the contol volume ) Gyro . 3. Water or mw dated do in comparsssble. ABeAuTels: The wate rake belanea fs as Wy Simca rhe inlet and O07 Pipe deametere one tes Samenthe Walter co incoumpustible, VF=Viz Gnd Sey Kinetic berne varishes ui the energy Coke Wotan cr » Wlnct adade O= AG - Wey +e [Oe -n + aye, yoee2)] Wie €5. 3.206, : hes bys CET) HY Ce -AD Cem t vine) > poe Geel a we we AD a, swe) (-A) = poems aS) ANC) | SHEE Tqat = STS eg AW) ive a) 4. C#) can be plotted readily using @ Spreadsheet, plotting program, or IT. The (7 plotis shown at rhe right. 2 td 441 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 5 AV (galls) my a gma Rempareture difference with norwet furromem Transfer tain bee ignored ” 2. Allenahvely, €q+ 313 cen We Used te obimin the Same nesutt, 4-6!PROOLEM 4.56 KNOWN An cil pump operating af steady stale delivers oil with a known mass How vate aud pressure rise from iulet to exit. END: if pumps are available iu V4 -horsepower incremeuis, determine fhe horse power rating of Hue pump needed for this aplication. ScHEMMTIC $ GIVEN DATA: a= x m= 12 tb/s Sui 20O ps dye tin. s(Yia) a4 } Pe7 P= 40 Nes rink 2 i T is constout * 2, 3e. Assumptions: () The control volume ic af steady stele (2) For the contre! ® volume, Qey =O. (3) The oi! is thcompressible, Pale poteutial energy change from inlet do exit aud the inlet laketic energy are negligible. ANALYSIS: To defermise the ey ired, begin with steady stofe forms of He Wass aud enevgy Trade Gabaegs .as follows: 7 De BO Wey tia [Chiba Pie) + 90st] tohave wa, =a tr and essumptrns(a) aust (4) hare been applied. hur Wey 2 mm [Chi-be)= BJ With Eq. 3.206 @ hy-ha = COSTLY ar (PHP) > Thus z : Pra ways [ A S] Using By dia with A= wala 4am 4 C12 Wels) pe ye rrr Va onde Goo teresyr (Via a Inserting values amd violitig thet R-Pa = ~LPa-P,> . th [ rAO Mest fuga in G2 $s)” vibe We, 202 ¥)/ loo err VAS z Bea eels +814 ee) | ail = | 1.42 he h, vahihg pomp size = 1S hp It is assumed-that there is a small temperate difference behween He pane amd He surroundings so heat trausfer cau be ignored. ZAternahively, &4. 3.13 cam be used to obluin the came vesult. 4-62x PROBLEM 4.5% reowy: Ammonia © and air pats in Separate streams thous o- Teak exchanger at Steady ShOL, for whee data are provided Fry: Determine the wats flow rate of FAR air. SEMimanic Zee DATA: tv 'Y ar Nis 2 ® : Y~ core Lee wore es USO la /hy ee | Y bet way tA A 2, oar Nu Yee =a © i ASSUMPTIONS: |. A control volume enclosing tae heat exchanger is aT Usteedy State. Fy thet Cont votoue Jey Oy heat trade br Ermtrignmed and hance /potentiot enersy ofprelt ‘are negliarble. @O3. Ae eae oo woes as a ay AWALTSLS: Smen Hee sheamy Plow separably the conterva tion of was Paancaple vadi eRe ob theacly Shee My Seg EWR and Wyre SA. Anenergy fate belance Atado 0 Me Why + tog tiny HE yu ci9] = Fn Lhe st +4) vane cE a * habe > Frome Toole AIS, hy > (S42 @leT/keg - Frm Tue AIH) big = SSLATRO( ED, Fam Toth Ard, gs 2%.llo HED, ha = 315.27 RIK» Then . 9 [ (S42.64- 352.97 thy k mA wus’ [SES eRe ll dots! =355.4 8 <— — 1 The yatdi Pre ident gaa Wedel G (eadily checked Oting te Jenerahzed Compress hilihy Clark. 4-63PROBLEM 4, 58™ Kalu: Refrigerant (Ha andcooling water pass tin separate streams through a condenser (heat exchanger). The volumetric flow rate of Cooling water and other data ave given at the thlets and exits. FUND: Determine (ay the mass flowrate of RI34 a and (b) the vate of energy transfer from the condensing 134 ato the cooling water: SCHEMATIC 4 GIVEN DATA: RAZ4O P= GO IbFlin® — ® cooling water condenser Gv) 23S gal/min > © ATs 8 oF = 18% Pa = Pr> 0 ibs iice P= Sat. liguid (1) The contro! volume is at Steady state. (2) Heat transfer from the outside of the condenser is negligible. (3) Kinetic ond poteutial energy changes from inlet to exit are negligible. (4) The Cooling water is modeled as an incompressible liquid with constant specific heat. ANAUSIS : (0) Since the RI34A and cooling weter are separate streams Rida, raz wee Waker: Wha = Wag The mass flow rate of RI3G A is found trom the steady-state energy balance 02 Ray tts (Uhh) GLE pga] +t [hyche) ENS + gio a] y Or yaw ( Rh For +he water, using &%.3.20b hen ha = ¢ (tg-Ta) #0 (96274) oma va «Ae “ Vo From Table A-We; @%1 6lu/Ib-R, oud Ut '/e = 0.010) H7/lb. For the RI3YQ | h,= 124,53 Bu/Ib from Table 4-12E and h,= 27.24 Stu/to from Table A- WE. Inserting values 13368 F3 _ e3spat/oin 22 ) (1 erate ee) (18 2) 60 min ™, (0.0161 $937 lb) C24,53 —a1.24) OH/Ib | Th 2 308.3 Ub fgg ir, 4-64PROGLEM 4. 58 (Cont'd) (b) For @ control volume enclosing only the RISK a 0+ Gg Wet rig [thyoha d+ GEE} sgex ZB] where Ag denotes the heat transfer rate for the RI3Xa only. Thus Qa> Tha Chih) = (008.3 1b fa) ( 27.24~ 129.53 ) ® = - 3.140 x10? Bh Q 1. The negative value for Qn denotes energy transfer heat from the R34 a fo Phe cooling water, as expected. 4-65PROBLEM 4.89 KNOWN: A steam boiler is constructed by passing a direct airreut through the stainless steel pipe through which the steam is flowing. FInd: Determine the required size of the power supply and the expected current draw. TU GL : ASSUMPTIONS : (1) The contro! volume is at steady state. @) Heat transfer can be neglected. (3) Kinetic and potential energy effects are nogligible, Avaiisis: To tind +he power reguived start with the steady-state energy balance 8 Wey + 9 [hha EES) ogce-t0] 2m. With acsumption (3) ye From Table A-3 at 2bar, hy-h, = heg= 2201.4 KT/KG, Thus Where n,=m . < oo Lew [via l= @2sga)] a*| Carere es) | 5] = 4.115 KW GE) Ga = ans amp $ePROGLEM +. bo Known: Carbon dioxide ts heated as it flows through a constaut area pipe, Tnlet and exit conditions are known. Eup: — Determine te rate of heat traustfer. parle eS carbon dioxide Sy 220903 ber 2 VI = 400 m/s Gp = O84 kT bgt, d =2.5em = 0.025m ASSUMPTIONS: (1) The eontrol volume is at steady State. (2) Wey 20.(3) The duct has constant-area. (4) Potential energy elange trom inlet foerit can be neglected.(5) The carbon dioxide can be madeled an au ideal gus with Constant specific heats. ANALYSIS: To fix the exit state, begin With the Steady-state mass balance m=miam ve 4 Ve =(% AM . AG op vy, =CE)y, with the ideal gas equation of state Rls Ni Te (i) an aw 1, (EE), =(4e2\ 222) soos = 504.8K Evaluating the mass flow rate AM Es Mm = == MRT TP _ (Bie928*m™)) (100 mls) (2 bar )]io° Nim? | =| ee ee || 8.34 kT U bar || 0° Nom aq.0F bgt) (300K) al = 0,1752 kgls Using the steady-state energy balance fo find tre heat danster rate ey ay 0 = Qu-Wae tm [G,- he) +0) 4.90 32] with hha ® & CT -Ta) Quy =r Lepcre-71 (455) 400% (007\ = (0.17324) [oat 5049-2001 foo oot at Clear | areca S| to? Newmal J yas! 4-61PRogLemM 4.61* Ei Data are provided for a feedwater heater at steady state, Determine the moss Claw rahe sl the incomeny vapor Stream, wha Senemane & even DATAP r | %4 sere | 4 4s Assumptions: 1. The contol volume sliawn ud ty tehematre od ot Steady state. 2: For ths Cambor Volowe, Wey 20 ) and heat trans fae with Hue turroundings cA bee ignored. Knehe and poluhat enargy effect also can le neglected, AmALTSIS: At Shandy SH. ths wente Aah loalance Arcade on AeA Heh oy hge hy te, The energy t2X+ balance ceduas to Ox Bis see 4 Clue aged) Ha thas Se qe) — er ng) Soe wale + Make — 3 hy Te bedveing wget he Ox Wyky a Ma hy Cote hs =D aA From Toto A- 4%) bys BU0.l KO/Ky. Ron Tht Ad, z= SUIT e9(E5, Wehr 64-3. and dete frome Tet Anke © Wye hg (4S2C) = (BRIS KD/ie5 Tus wo (2.2 ¥108 2)[ a & =| = 0.48 x(0" 2 <—_——> 1 Using Gq BE, Wy = 18R, TH LT eg and wry = OME K10% keg Zh 468PROGLEM 4.62 KNOWN: Separate vapor and liguid streams of Refriverant 13¥a. pass in counter flow trough & well-insulated heat exchanger, Data are known at the inlets and exits. Eup: Determine the exit temperature of the liquid stream. Scuemaric ¢ Given DATA: — YUL LLLILLAL LM Laem AT neat Op Satvaper WW heat 7 AAP, rer 7E______ ds leo Melia ye UVTI ITTF ITTIT AY can “ stihs ASSUMPTIONS! (1) The contro! volume is at steady state. 2) Heat transfer between the heat exchanger and the surroundings can be neglected and Wey°0. @) Kinetic and potential energy changes from iinlet to exit are negligible. apvaysls: To fix stote 4, degin with steady state mass and energy balances to de rmine hy aye whe way my ore z 3 a o 02 Mewes + rns [Caelaa) BE 4G45 Fraglthybey S25) aelp | With m,=mz ° hy =(h,-ha) + hs From Table A- 10; hy= (01.75 Bhilll amd p,= 21.203 IbFliu®, Tuterpolating in TableA~12E 5 hz = 105.76 Bhi /lb, States 3 aud 4 are both subcooled liquid states. The following opproximatuns are veasonable hye heer, hy = Wer, with h, = 46.01 Bulb from Table AO hy = (lol7s ~ 105.76 )+ 46.01 = 42 Biull Tuderpolahing in Table 4-108. Ty 8 93.7 Fg 4-69PROBLEM 4.63 KNown: Air and Refrigerant 22 puss in separate streams through a heat exchanger. Data one Encwsn atthe inlet and exit: of eace stream. Eup: Determine (a) the mass Flow rate of refrigeraut and (b) the rote of enevgy transfer from the air fo the refrigeraxt. SCwemaric ¢ GIVEN DATA: Air Av): 40 w/in T,227°% =800k Re bt bar aatbe YP 27 bor Ty 715°C X,70.l6 SSUMPTIONS : (1) The control Volume is at steady state. 2) Heat transfer ee the outside of the heat exchanger is negligible amd Wey 20. @) Kinetic and potential effects can be neglected.(4) The air behaves asan ideal gas ,ascan be verified by reference to the compressibility chart: Ayavinis: (0) The mass flow rate of refrigerant is determined usiig Steady State mass and energy balances. First, since the air and refrigeraut Flow as separate streams mM, = Mhz 2 Mair hye Wag = Mean Thus , the energy rate balance reduces as follows 0° AOI tne [Cahed+SZBY og yeu] omg alirhs) eh, +9962] and (bcs Marz = Mair G3) The mass How rate of air is found usiig data at the inlet amd the ideal gas equation of state : Av), _ Bo Mair = aR RT — Gt bars) (40 WPmin) oS fm? || 1 eT 25 ES thar || 105N-m (Gees {5 \cs00 kK)PROGLEM 4.03 CCom#'d) From Table 4-22; h,=300.14 IeTlleg amd hz = 268.15 kolk5. Further, usthg deta from Table A-¢ hg = hes + Xy hgg, = $8.04 # (16) (125.00) = 84.34 klk And, from Table 4-4 5 hy = 256.86 Tks. Thus : Bee 300.19 - 2881S Maar = (SLU leglmin) Ges = 8t.3y = 3.673 keg [min nas (b) Consider a control volume ouclosing only the refrigerant stream 0 = Qe + Maar Chs-hy) Qere® Maar (hy- hs) = (3.073 kg/min (256.86 - 89.34) kT/ keg = 615.3 LT/min dan COMMENT: Fora control volume enclosing only the air stream Qaie * Main Chat) = GLU kglmiin) (2 88.15 ~300,14) LT/ leg 2 7OIS.3 kT/ min Thus, Qpar= -Qair as expected. 4-1PROBLEM 464 mown: Refngerant 34a Flows thmush a lerizontat pipe at Steady Site, for witch operahng data are provided. END: Deternane ME exit femperatere and Veloetty pand He inlet velecty, SEHEMATIC BGIWEN DATA: ASSUMPTION: 1. The control volume Shown Wi the schemahe fs at steady Ste. 2. for the combo! volume, Wey=O and there fs no clege mn prienhut energy Goniniet to ext, MuMsis: At steady state, the mass rate balance reduces fo Wi, =Wig & vs. The walet velocity ig found as follows: : WG n ere aa: Rae with Vy from Table 4-10 1s ks * 4007 Yan) Sel (0.0419 W/kes) = 20.72 mis 7 TK (0.04 my* Sivnilavly , Vz is feund from wh, =v, cs follows: ae WT. AN es we wie AS “AGS ovis Br Tathis expression, U; and VT awe leusum. Hourewer, U,= UCT, Ps) is wukuoum Vie (*) Another relation is obtained using Ho energy rate balance ce Bees ° O= Quy Wart we [Oh ba) 4 DEE) + 505-78] = Qay+ tin [th,-ba) + BESS] = Inserhig known velues, including br, from Table A~to : Tr 0 =a ww) (2 YL [eanas4 - had y * + (Goma ms)" Me") od] cas) where hy = WOT.) Pe). Eguatrons (#) aud (X#) combe Solved simultaneously by refercing to Tabi? A-12 for U, amet la os fumctous of Ty andl Pe .The procers is iterate. To avoid iteration , /T Can be used effectwely as follows : 4-72PROBLEM 4.44 (Contd. ) ITCode 1) Data TI °C x1=1 p2 =2 if bar d=4 /lom mdot = 17 // kg/min Qdot = 3.4.1 KW 11 Determine mdot pt = Psat_T(R134A", T1) vt = vsat_Px("R134A", p1, x1) ht = hsat_Px("R134A", p1, x1) mdot = ((pi* (d/ 100)42 /4)* V1/ v1) * 60 1/ Find exit state 0 = Qdot + (mdot / 60) * ((h1 - 2) + (492 - V2"2) / (2* 1000)) v2iv2=Vi/v1 h2 = h_PT(’R134A", p2, 2) v2 = v_PT('R134A", p2, T2) IT Results 4.976°C = 5°C, Te 24.08 m/s, Vs = 20.71 mis These Values com be vevitied using Fg.s Chad Cee) with data from Table A-12. The results compare very favorably. 4-73PROBLEM 4.65 known: Water ic heated as i+ passes Harough & solar collector, Fino: Determine the mass flow rate of water and the number of gallons of heated water Hat § Collectors can provide in domin. SCHEMATIC GIVEN DATA: O° ty cpenne b. ASSUMPTIONS : (1) The control volume is at Gun= Uf. Nowe Steady state. (2) For the conivel volume, 158-1 — Wey 20 and kinetic and poteutal ? energy effects ave negligible, (2), The water’ behaves as an incompressible subslance with ¢ > 0.999 BMu/Ib.°R. ANMYSIS: The mass flow vate is determined usthg the Steady -stete energy loalauce as follows OF Quy We + [he he) +E) +gte-a] Where Wy =a reem. With Ay = Qin- Qioss aud assumphion @) OF Air Qros + (hi-he) O Watng ©. 3.206, hi-ha = CCT,-Te) + epFe). Thus = Qioss CCT -T) From the given dam , Qiy2(ISo ahh H*) (32 H*) = 4800 Bh and Bross = 63) Qu = 428 Blush. Tnserhhg values (4800-1728) BW | th (Bu Mb*e) (ZO°R) 1 bo win Tn 30 min., one collector can provide the Collowsns amount of 140°F water: ¢ wae Stade =m At © (171 te )Ca0ma) = 513 Ib/colleclor This the volume is : : : ee) i gal : gal VE mry = (51-3 Motector (0.01029 lant a = 62S gear 1aoee 70M Table A-Ze, Fitally, for eight collectors S ja.) 5 Vor = (8 collectors)(6.25 BE) = 5dgal, V4or L Alternatively, 4.3.13 Could be ‘nvoked to obtain the same result. ym = |: 1 tbl pain, where Vz * UpPROBLEM 4.66 Kkuown: Data are providad for a desuperhiater operating at Steady Cate, EID 3G) For a specified temperature fortreentying Liquid, deleruwue Ha Bequd mate few At (WPLOt tre Liquid wears ftow Aaa vertus toa degusd femperatere Scrematic Given DATA AssomeMonss: | A control volume enclosing the de super hatin with uslers at Lend & et enanit of 3 ub at shady state. 2: For the cohol valu, Ways 0 Gnd Weak rant hy Witte ke surrmndings Cm ter ighereds Kmnehe and pea hind Qutegy offeett Con bt ignored. ae AWALTSIC: ‘The mets Aaks loalance at Steady Siete Atads thy tins Hg, The enersy cate balance at steady stots Acdwess ao follomo! 0 ee + oi UE] + wie Cissy) - Hal Lys) oe whats te Sa by Selvang foe a, tt) 1 1) “| og C @\ From Table A-4; h, = 3043.4 kT/leg. From Table 4-35 ha = 2799.5 kT/hy. Further, at T+ 200°C , ps=25bar; Table 4-5 gives ha= 852.8 leTlky. Thus 2199.5 - 30434 wae (Is = 1.98 Wgls voz (15 2) 852.8 ~ 2799.5 g Tparte) (®) The following IT code is used fo develop data fo emstruct a plot of Ma VS. Tat IT Code p1=30 // bar 71 = 320 1°C mdott = 15 // kg/s p2=25 // bar T2=20 I1°C p3=20 //bar h1 = h_PT("Water/Steam’, p1, T1) h3 = hsat_Px("Water/Steam", p3, 1) mdot2 = mdott * ((h3 - h1) / (h2 - h3)) 9-15PROBLEM 4.lol6 (Contd. ) IT Result for Tz = 200°C hi = 3043 kJ/kg he= 852.4 kikg hy= 2799 kJ/kg mdot2 = 1.879 kg/s This result Compares very favorably with the result of part ca), Thus with the computer solution validated , use the Explore button anc sweep Ta from 20 4p 220° tn steps vt 10, The resulting data ave aced to construct ¥ae following plots my (ko/s) 08 ° 7 — 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 Ta (°C) |. Note that IT uses +he approximation of Eq. 3.14 for liquid entralpies. 4-16PROGLEM 4.67 Kwowy: An open feedwater heater operates with known inlet and exit conditions. The mass flow rate at one inlet is given + IND: Determine the mass flow rate at the second inlet. Uv ASSUMPTIONS: (1) The contro! volume is at Steady state. @) Heat tamsfer with the surroundings is negligible,and Wey *0.(3) Kinetic and potential energy eflects are negligible. Anauysis: To tind m, , begin with the steady-stete mass and energy balances , x “Wert Wi, (hit Eiegas) + nha (hat +42) -™3 (hsr¥Ere g 23) With m,+m, = Wiz and assumption (3) O=Wh, em hy - Cd, em2) hs or : . (hichs va, = vs (ORS) From Table A-3, 7, hp(t) + vet) Lp Prag] oSuim2)) UE 2 115.4 kts + (oosexo? 2) 1 0.08268] bar | =a see = IIbw kT lly Further, from Table A-3 has heat ke hgga = 697.22 + (.481( 2066.3) = 2722.2 kT (leg h,= 697.22 kT Iles Firally : 116.6 ~ 697.22 ma = (70 tals) 697.22 - 2722. wi = 18.0 fegfsq@—___ 4-17PROBLEM 4.68 KNOWN: Tivo ducts carrying air tha veutilahon sysiem merge tito one exit duct. Pataae known at the tinlets and exit. IND: Determine the exit temperature aud the diameter of the extduck SCHEMATIC # GIVEN DATA: Vz 400 Huain Gir) ,= 2000 Frain Vi= 600 FHusin, Tz? HOF oa ASSUMPTIONS :(1) The control volume is at steady state (2) Heat transfer with the su dings is negligible and Wey =O. (3) Pofeutial energy effects cam be neglected (1) the air) bohawes as an ideal gas with constan pectic heats, ANAMYSIS: To find T; , beginwith steady-state macs auc energy balances ae OB Mley + i, (ly ¢\Zge,) era ht ig 2a) = 0, hye Er ga amd 2" pstatm = 14.7 Nof/in™ WM, +Mig-M, 20 => Wis = Myre Combining and tneorpe rating assumption G) . 2f2 . 2 Onm, [oa-hs) 2&5 ] +a [Charhs) ES J Referring +o Table A-20E, ep = 0,24 Blulib°R for the temperature range in Hhis problem. Using Ah * GAT . . aye o=m[ ec7-Ts)] M2 [eper-75) E28) ] The mass How rates ave evaluated using B.4-4b aud the ideal gaa equation of state ae) 2 Te DH . . va or GP (FSH) woo eMewiv)(14.7 Wei) egy st 7 RT, * ISHS ffo1be 5 wo . 28.97 tes ae | 6540 ®) = 369.5 IbI min (vhs Pe _ ooo) (1-7) | 44 | Dae RT, * (GE) (S00) Reuening to (x) > : Warvy,, wreTy to [Tet EZ) | (mr, marepPROBLEM 44.66 (Cont'd) Evaluating the litebic energy form “iw 7 (bo0% 4oo® He oH (ibe |} ree =z ee i tin] 3600 S*|] 32.2 Ib-FHs*|| 778 Aes = 0.00111 Br/ib Taserting values ® — (364-5 hain) (24 EM (540%) + (158.8) | (ay) (seo) + Co.001N) i (36%S + 158.8)C24) = 528°R = 68%Fe To get Ps, note that Wy 2 Wie Wy = 528.3 ibluin Thus A= Uma. RTa tha _ B85) (528)(528.3) ee 0 Vs PY 4.79 [144 | (400) . and up A: Dye [Ge > 473 FF 2, 1. Note that if kinetic energy is neglected there is virtually no effect on the temperature at the exit: 4-79PROBLEM +69 KMown: Tre electrome component of Exanple 4B are cooled by air Heung through tre electromes enctorure. Elms! Delermucne the targert average rurface teumparaiuve of tha components for whicn specified Linaitt are met. Scuematic 2 evs DATA! Ale See Fis. E48 % ease temperate t Tas Y4T = has SW/K AssumpTIONS! |. The electrmuc component form the Fyskmy whicch eat Steady Stat AwaLsis! “The energy transfer feom the tlectmct components to thy air by convectron is Qs hAlh- TI] i steady state, fas atechrve power provilad tote ebecine component equelc the energy Armeved 4 heat tranrfy: @.= SOW: Also, hA=SWIK. Solviny fr T , noting Has TH243K and GS 305K (22°C) Tete Se, ha “GS & @ h< CBA + ae = 3ISK(4U'%) + Tris emilee ootnmed forroasty toy applying an energy Pate balance to A system Consisting of fre electric component. 2. Fav aatiebilhy ) emcestt ve tempera haves usittan +s alachnwes are avoided 24 combvolling the terface Humpera hare %, 4-80PROBLEM 4.70 Emown: Data are provided for an electomics enclosure cooled by an Gir flow induced hy a fan. Fimo. Delermune +r. volememit flow rate of He air entering thefan, ScHamaric g CVEN DATA: See Wey -Lasw-+ teow] I 2-12sw Clentronces ui s-onsKW U ie —— NO eee AssveaPTeons [The eemtrol Volumne Shoum ui the schemah'e i6 at Steady cintt. 2. Fie the conted vives ; hans tranepr with the Surrmundings and Aemabie/ polnchdt energy effect com be igumed. 2. Air io neditad 22 an idan? gas. Way sh. The energy cate balance Arade AWALYSISE AL Steedy stots WR, On Khe Wer + [Urine GE « geeFa] w-hy tthe vas GPM, ond vsing fre ddad yee equating She woe Ce bt Gotlecting aatults and tnserking date» Hew dang exdtainy vadnte frre Tobe ADD (-We) Gi, = CAL hi- ) (_ouas Kol Gos.2 - nye — 4-31PRoglem +7/* wows: Data are provided for a water-jacketed housing Filled with elechonte components , Which at Stendy State EMD: Determine the “aximunr Power input te satis ty © Walt on the temperature of thy water exiting the enclosure ScHemaric & Given DATA! 4 oe] Water i — yee 10 key /mon ji ASsumpTions: 1. The Control volume Shown ur the schematic ig at Stede Stet, 2. Fiethe Contred volume, heat transty with +H Surroundings Cw ee iguored ) as can Rincbte/potenhint energy atfets, 3. Fir the water © entaring and aniting the heusrng s hahecr), ARALTSS! At Stealy state, Hyrum . reads 02 B= un 4 8 [(Cuotn) + OBB 4 9 9-H] Faye Cha) ee (he (Tr) “hy (R)) Gince Tr SUC Wey 2 (ng QUO ~ bgl2e"e)) Lmn l| Lkw sr (10 2.) (12.33 -108.07) tbe lines ® Wey 2 72.79 kW L Mrernatively, €y 3.206 with © Trom Table A-1% canbe ured. An energy At balance WW 2, By the usual sign convention, Wey represents power output. Hence, the constrain on power input Cam be expressed alternatively interms of the magnitude of Wey as 0 <|W[<.2.74 kw 4-82PRogiem +72 ktouw: Date are provided for elechuuic compouentt mounted an ® plale that are cooled by Convech'on to ths iurrmuadings end water Cinmlatings thus a tree bonded tote plate. opevation is at Steady state, Exud! De ternane tre tebe dia me ter, SCHEMATIC GWEN DATA: Camotion ) minis, Og -ooteW Blecronle components Weve = 0.5kW AssursOT 0495: 1. A control Volume encloses the plate- moun ted @ leche components Unie am ialet at | em an oxibat 2. 2: The enhel vole O is at steady stete. 3. fac thy water eudwing ang anihing, hve ct), rer). 4. Kinetic ond leotentiad Euergy effects com bud tSnred, Awacrs At Steedy chit) vaysray 2m, Also, = TOE vem) Pn dary rete berkawer Anode Os Ga Wey ee [un + EB) + a8] or Lo . 5 woe b@e-Wed © Cae -Wel wW-hy Wen) -hy cn) Gilectiny Auer 4M) (oe -We) Mgtte) = helt), WH date fone Table AD > Yy (20%C) = Gcot8/io3) ley, hg (7) = 83.40 £ 2K) Ty) = \Oo-F Eley { (-e.08~ (-0-8)) ls | Coo-F— 85-46) FTES = 0.0084 ™m \ = 0.8% em — 1 Attenahvely, the incompeetin ble wadal Con Ot Und, with GG 20% and © frum Table Ani 4-53PRoglem 473 knowns: Data are Provided for electoare components reentd mmtee inner surtace a herymint duct. The component? ave cooled bg ar Flowins dough the eqlandy at 24 Gmucchin frantie outer Surface. EUwD: Determina the Meni mun Meat trantfr fern the cater tur fare Fr witen @ Ginwtt otha anihng air Hupera tere to sabi fred. Seutmanic GWEN DATA: Connection coling on outer surface Elecwonle components * ‘mounted om ase sutace ASSomprtiowS: I Tha control Volume Shown in tee schemahe is at steady Side, 2. The air os Weedted as an deat gas. 3. Kinehe and potniing energy efleett can bet ignored. AWALTSIS: Ab Steady SH, Why ey sh) where = COam) C-3mls) USN) _ oor 19 S3N wm) x +s Beem) Ir energy tale Belance vo 2 = Gey -We + [Cn 4 PEGs 330] Gy > Wav +4 (ma-be) = Wey 4a (h(n)— ACh) Smee Rh < 313K (40°C) | S$ GCoanw) +(e-on 9) [ naan here] B)\s (-0.reW)\+ (@-on EA\| (3133— 2482) B) Sil ~ - 0-034eW — rN Ths energy Aameved by Convection must be at tevet 0.034 ew. 4-84Peoavem 4.74% kown: Ammonia expands Hrrough a valve trom alenown pressure and tempovatuye to a gwen Mnal pressure. END: Defermine the exit quality. SCHEMATIC Gt D Rea (Hy 2) ps OOF mPa = IY bar > = 08 bar T= 3aee %27 v ASSUMPTIONS 3 A control volume enclosing the valve is at steady shade. @) The refrigerant undergoes a throttling procecs; h,= ha. ANALYSIS: According to data from Table A-M, at F214 bars Tay =3e%o %. Since T,< Tat , State lis in the compressed liquid vegion. For simplicity, Wwe use E¢.3.14 40 evaluate h,, as follows: hye hg Ot) = 33217 KTV leg where the value is obbaiited from Table 4-13. By assumphionce) hehe = het x Nega Solving amd thserting data from Table A-Wat p=08 bar by- hee hig. BRAT le TMky - 9.04 leT/ 1382.73 kT/kg = 0.2837 (23.3% Je ___ Xe |. deve, we have ignored the effect of pressure on the specitic ewthaley of liquid tefrigerant, We could have used Eg. 3.13 so estilnate the ettect of pressure. Zin Hat care, h, would hove been 232.44 leTikg , and the exit uolity Would have been X= 0.2334 (23.34%) . Thus, usii 14 is Pry adecrrate i dhs ease, an the agpromimotion of 6425.15 be commonly used Wher refrigerahon Sysems are analy Zed. 4-85PROBLEM 4.75 KNowN: Propane expands through a valve from o known inlet state toa known exit pressure. + Bunn: Determine the exit temperature. SCHEMATIC £ GIVEN) DATA iC : aay iD 2 svmeTions: (1) the canal HO oy P= 0.5 MPo2S bor Volume is at steady stale. pe toneaciubac @) Heat transfer ig hegligible te J000 and Wey 20.(3) Ktnette du propane poleutial energy eFlects are. hregligible. (thrett lig process) ANaLSis: Tn accordance with the assumptions for a throttling process , hh, . Using date from Table A- 1% hath, = S05 kT/keg Tnterpolating in Table A-(@ at p,=Sbar , h,=Sb8.S kolkg Ty S41 20. TePROBLEM +76 Known: Data are providad for athrettliny calorimete= attached te ~ large pipe Carionny a tan plies Liquid vopon manhure. Operahonst at stead siete. The substance is ho? % EMO: Determine tee Aange q thttling Glwimeby twit Hmperatuves Fre wits tee dover Gn de terme He 7 ea let 7 Stents tes tee pipes Ah eeerecpndang range 4 Steam quality values, SCHEMATIC RGIVEN DATAY smallest x, ae lavgect %, (%, Za“ highest ext 7, | temp. NES lowest exit fem. ASSoMPTIOUS: |. The contrel Volume @hawn inths Aguce is at Stead Shades 2. The Oxpansion tHerrugh tee colorimeter adheres tothe threttins procs weodet: lay, where by = herby hgi-hgi)- Arnerns: Gtk atiumphin 2 WOR, A= hee ¥, Chgr- her) _ there Her Se ot the anit fs figed hg Tay A, and thas most be staperhacied Vapor or wi kee Annee ) sateretad vege, Alia, th quatity Ky ow anquired “ola Rost than or, wmtee Linat, egal & 10, Referring to tee Try Wayram, the lashnr axct tmperatare, Thy corrsspunds fom steam quality of O02 That te, with datn tram Ett A-3, £4.00) ye W(Thy Pa) = hg (®) = 2778.1 FP /ty Tatypeletiny i Tottea-¥ at 04 MAR gina T= 151°C, Ths Lowest anit Huperature, Te, Correspenda te saturated Viger oni king tee calorimeter for wlan: ys 2675.5 KT]Kg and Te= 97-6. G40) gine Mz ha chel. zerns- 74. 949 nee 2o01S.8 In temeey, OrrPROBLEM 4.77" KNOWN: Refrigerant 31a expands through a valve froma known inlet state “to aknown firal pressure. EIND: Determine the exit temperature and quality 5 é Scuemanc ¢ c DATA: - 3 Assumerians: (1) The control RSHa _ J volume is at steady state. u (Oy cor @) Heat transfer is negligidle, Xe and Wy =0.(3) Kinehe ae R= 140 sts geS0 bE feutjal energy effects are | T= 80°F negligible. (throttling process) ANALYSIS: Tn accordance with the assumptions for a throttling process, — hzhs. From TableA-(l€5 T< Tsat@ wo lbgine . Thus, the inlet State & iin tha compressed liguid region. Eqnoring the edfect of pressure on the enduolpy of the liguibl, Table’ A- 10€ gives h,= hg (80°F) = 37.27 Btu/lb Stree hath, = heat %2hgg, » data from Table A-\\E at SO lbthin® 91Ve ha-her hega. _ BRAT 24.14 ~ 83.28 = O.ISE amd T= 40.27 °F Pa.PROBLEM 4.18 Kwowss: SteamFlous thvough « well- insulated valve from specified inlet conditions to a known exit pressure. Elgin: @) Determine the exit velocity and exit Jemperature for a given ratio of iulet-fo-exit pipe diameters, A, /dx. cb) Plot tle exit velocity, teupera- ure, andl specific eutalpy versus ch/d2 vauging from 0.25 fo 4, SCHEMATIC $ GIVEN) DATA: Steam = ibe prSoo pazeen FE aT B— asses he 4 Sy ‘ diz tinsooesa# 7! va vouilbls ASSUMPTIONS: (1) The control volume is at Steady state. (2) For tha control volume, Q.y=0 aud Wey =O. (3) Poteutial energy effects ave weg lizible. AN taal Ys 1S + (a) To determine tha 2 exit veleciby, begin with the mass balance and &4. 4b: mayer, Bia, ANT L a 2 A.W A me a ae > Gs a a the Be Now, Wi/a, = AA, Ba Dusevting values vias @en Wis) 7 noes Aye = 7017 Thus 2 Vis 2017 (SY ven pe) ( dud , with Vi = 0.992 F30lb from Tuble A-4€ Vj =@o. 17 )(0.242) = 20.01 Hs From (1) we see that i+ is necessary to tix stale 2 fo ee ale Vz. Another rien’ is objathed from the energy balyuce ot Steady slate = oe +0 [os- ba) + Oe LE ag eet Rs] @) or Ve 2th-hay+uy* with h, from Table A -4e Weta, yo! bE (Ke i @) Nye fo Laas - her) So passe arte] oe! Pes)” Eqnatims (1) at (3) cam be solvecl simultaneously Using date from Table A-4e@ and an itevative process. The resulls are -tor ald, = 0. 25 Te = 434.6 °F Vi = 3.140 Hs 4-89PRoeem 4.18 (contd.) (D the following IT code can be used to solve 7s .U) and Ce) with the associated data for steam: pt = 500 //Ibffin? T1 = 500 //°F mdot = 0.11 // b/s d= 1/12 It p2= 200 //Ibflin? dratio = d1 /d2 dratio = 25 At=pitdt2/4 mdot=A1*V1/v1 V21V1 = (41 /d2)92 * (v2 / v1) IT Results for the sample h1 = h_PT(‘Water/Steam’, p1, T1) ase of did = 0.25 v1 = v_PT(Water/Steam’, pt, T1) Tp = 434.2 °F h2 = h_PT(Water/Steam’, p2, T2) V2 = 3.139 fs v2 = v_PT(WateriSteam’, p2, 72) he = 1231 Btullb Vj = 20.01 fs = (ht - h2) + ((V192-V242) / (2* 32.2 * 778) V2 = 2.490 fb Using the Explore button, sweep Aratio from 0.25 to 4 sin steps of 0.25, Then, covapruct Fre following plow: ha 800 440 700 /\ _ 600 430 _ 500 > 300 e 200 a0 | 100 c 400 4 : ° 253 358 4 005 1 18 2 28 3 35 ile 1240 1230 | —— & 1220 ° 1210 Note that oo de/do ba comes large. tha threthlng (rocars ascumphins (pp RAZ) of 1200 negigyate Rianne enargey ond los) 7socismasee hfe h, ow Hot valid dildy 4-40PROBLEM 4.79 KNOWN: Data are provided fr a valve and turbine uy Serves) ead opeatiny at Steady state, UND: Fre the Wrbine ) etna the Hperatire atthe inlet Gnd tre power developedper unt mar of steam fring Setrmanc 8 Given DATA: Power out ney Vopr y=200 bmn? py= 120 1n? i= err 1 nnn? ASSUMPTIONS! 1. Contrelvolemes at Storey SteLa enctoee tha valve and +a turbine Aocpeekvely. 2. The Mpaneion across ths valve 3 a trotting erase. 3 Henk tranify With “tee turroundings and Kinetic /pekahrt enceny effets are neglesible . PoneTsty Comidwing TH valve) anerthe wepantion o 4 theattling prouss, we have ~ hr why. With, dat. tron Table AVE, Wiz [3221 BhYlb. Then, mbgulating Wee wl) Wie = n= he “ “Ten, Wty debe fra Tote Ade and ee hy hys Wes a chsh) 2 GEE 0.4 (LORE = 1002.) Bhosle Fidally Sev = 1322) 1002-l ; “et Be Wev la = 320 Bh/b << 4. 41PROBLEM 4.80 Known: Refrigerant 134a passes through a suction line heat exchanger andan evaporator, Data aregiven at various locations. EIND: Determine the heat transfer rate for a control volume enclosing the evaporator. nts abe ye iS Blin — Bustin ine Seuemaric 4 GIVEN DATA: Py [ke er ya? ASSUMPTIONS: (1) The control volume is at steady state .@) Heat transfer, is negligible between the Suction line heat exchanger andits surroundings, GY Wev #0.(4) Kinetic and potential energy effects are negligible. AuaLisis: To find the evaporator heat transfer rate, begin with the steady- de energy and mass balances 2. es 2 ° 0 Gey = Wey +m [tha-hs) + ye 04 9Z2,y] shy = Wigs thy em. Thus where m Qe = MH (hg-ba) From Table A-we, hy = h, fee = Ibe BHA/Ib. To find hi, write an energy balave fora Come! volume. enclosing the heat exchanger O= wa(hy-ha) + ra(hg-hy) ae hoe hy eha-hy From Table A-12E, W4+ 104.38 Gi/lo, and assuming he het) Wa = 38.94 +9466 - 104.38 = 34,27 Blusth Now, with w= 3.1680 4b, the mass Yow vate is vn 2 Se, Gil H/ min) [osams vy G.1680 #716) Finally, +he evaporator heat trausher vate is Bey 268.18 & \ (49.66 - 34.27) Bai 68.18 lblh =44ss —PROBLEM 4.8] Kwon: Data are provided for « flash chamber operating at Steady Shale. Saturated vapor and Sataratd Liquid fheams Out at pusture P END! TE pa dbar, detymuca tis nears Pine rater 7 toe sxitins Shreamas. Pat the tats fine Aekeocy foe enting Creamed versus hssiure Po le p Mee Selung for wi, ~ Wee Gorka) From Table A-22 hy= 1515.42 leTlleg amd hy = 161,07 keTlkg. Thus ki one (10,000 kw) ol wal © (515.42 ~ 1161.07) Ze | (ew) Turning next to the heat exchanger wh, = A = Wg My Wise my Soca ge an 0 = Bee waees vaa\thehs) WH .9¢ Lash val theh WEE} +g¢75-2)) © 2 Way (hgh) + ting Clas -he) or ny = hat BE (hgh) Agata, from Table A-22 5 hs = 1611.79 TI kg amd Ie = 12.77.79 let lg . Thus 4-95PROBLEM 4.82. (Cont'd) ha = 1161.09 | G200 Lgl ) : 3 y (6.22 bg/s)160 $m] (1611.19 - 1277.79) = 1397-8 Likg Interpolating in Table A-22 Tz = 1301. 5K. % Now, writing the steady-state energy balance for furbine 2 . i af? ° = ACP Wy. Phy Ethyha) + B24 +9 ee] Wa, = Wig Chy- hy) From Table 4-22; hy = 1023.25 kSlks , and Wy, = 8.22 kg/s)(1394.¢ =1023.25) kT /k| or 1 bud leas =10)SFO ew, WesPROBLEM 4.63 Kown: Steam is developed from a. water stream by energy transfer from oven exhaust in a waste heat recovery steam generator. The Steam then expands througha turbine, Tata are known at various locatins. FIND: Delernune the power developed bythe turbine, evaluate ot economically Qn an annual Oasis, aud comment. SKHEMATIC & GIVEN DATA: oven exhaust A230" T= 360°F v),23 000 6 PPO UbFliig® Pa> toto q We Ten 280rr | S Ul Pet Melis Steam Ol pau %92 0.90 Senerolor water Fr sie As 1) Both control Volumes are at steady state.2 Heat transfer is negligible befween each control volume and its Surroundings, and Wey 0 for Hhe heat exchanger. (3) Kinetic anc potential energy effects are negligible .4) The air bbaaves as an ideal gas, at a pressure of 14.7 itl int ANALYSIS @THE turbine power can be determined from am energy balance once the steam flow rate is delermihed. Begin with a steady-state energy balance on the steam generator Or My- Mg > Vig tg 2 igs OF tay tay tas ° o. x 2 oka wr Prague [Chacha oe sae og teh BS 456/21 Ohy-hg) Tha ba) The gas Plow rate is Av), AVa ges aq” RTA _ Midwest scent i ) wit) 5p. e/a From Table A-22E 5 hy = 196.69 Sta/Ib and hg=!77.23 Bulle, for the water, from Table 4-26; P,> P, op compressed | huss, a, hg 7188.2 Bhu/Ib. At 2, using Table A4e 5 hy= 1196.8 bia/te, The flowy eles . . 4b.64 = 117. Wag, = (14 52 tb[ rin) oscea —13-28) = 2.8 lb/min ast 4-47PROBLEM 483¢ Conte) Turning now to the control volume enclo Si othe fqurbine axe : - 02 Wy - Wy + sy Cenc +SEE sega] We = Wigg Chohs) Usirig date from T6h+ A-3E hg he + X3 Chey) = 644+ 0.4 (1036) = 10021 Bry : davain|[ tsp Wee 2 de )Cuaes- to0r-t) Be-| ol a = 12.85hp (e) Evaluating power ot Bcewk per EWsh , +. veluns fir Boooh of operat Annvally & << Be (oernp) [SEY] (te, )( fest) Lkp ger kWh : 6133 / yen T+ & uahkely thet this value would cover Ha copitet and operating costs ansocratad with toe ovate sy stein. Accordingly, even thomgle toe oven evhautt Kes « thermodynamic potwhet fr er, ———— —‘“ eS 6 He (eapetaat Maneene otunhy Te comarete Com rah ne 4-48PROBLEM 4.84 known: Operating data are provided fra residentiat heat pom at Steady stele. Eid: Dedeynuna the Ante 7 heat trancfir between the Comper ston and the surceundans . Also Wetrnni the cocfficrent 4 performance. scnematic Loewen DATA: vee frombouse -—— house at T> 20°C Boe c ¢ ia pp=8bar ‘ 4 N24 hye 270 ke, zi fo onl EE RIS4a, — py=18bar = na Assumerons: | Control vatumes enctoring The Comnpesiron erties ape ga pile {the Gmdeni ant ab sited) Sate 2, Kinete and potent hero *ffects Can bt ignored. Preacris: (a) Porth compaaterr, the ease Ae lontaner reads m,=%) The seo Anke balan & 0 = ay Wer rh Unerhe) « Pe p79] > ey = Wey + Walin-hi) Rene Teble Ani2, hy= 242.06 63 /tey 5 a = RTE (gen) - Ther Gye (-3549)| EEE] + Ge Ea )(z70- 22-06) EE =-21-48 2 eae To dedernerna the cofprerent 4 eee pag eoires Toe ee voppeed rote condense foto fee hen arr, Qat, wgeran ee enersy codon Astrigerant wie 9th Cedenter & oy a. 0 = Gey — Wer + vigl Cl maw, 4x%a)] By ev = vaglhy- lr), : S| than, with “Wg hecG)e 1 4969/9 7 Beye Ganangs- pia ee Applying G4. 24% ite Wades 25 kW and Qout = falis eden 2 s.4z @s 2) | ar

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