Bao Cao Bai Tp Ln

X Ly Anh
Tai :Tim hiu cac phep bin i trn biu phn b va
th nghim ng dung cac phep x ly histogram trn anh a mc
xam va anh mau 24 bit.

1.Histogram l g?
1.1.nh ngha :
Histogram l biu phn b gi tr mc xm ca mt nh hoc mt vng nh
s(mt s cng c cho php xem histogram ca mt vng nh chn)
Vi nh a mc xm,histogram l mt biu ct duy nht.Vi trc honh c
chia thnh 256 gi tr chi (i) v trc tung l tn xut xut hin gi tr (i) trong
nh tng ng vi 1 ma trn d liu nh :

Tng t ,nh mu c histogram l 3 biu ct th hin chi ca ba mu c

bn trn nh tng ng vi 3 ma trn d liu nh .(Trong photo shop th Histogram
nh mu c kt hp thnh mt biu duy nht.)


Histogram my Nikon
1.2 Cach tinh:
Xet ma trn d liu anh H(m,n)
Chay I t 0->255 va m s im anh co cung mc xam i.
Code :tinh H(x) cho anh xam
int H[]=new int[255];```````
for(y = 0;y<bm.Height - 1;y++)
{
for( x = 0;x<bm.Width - 1;x++)
{
H[bm.GetPixel(x, y).R] += 1;
}
}

Sau khi thot khi vng lp, mi phn t trong mng H l gi tr s lng
im nh ti mc xm ca v tr phn t
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2.Cc php bin i trn histogram v ng dng:

2.1 Trt Histogram:
a.Ly thuyt :
Mc ch: lm tng hoc gim cng xm ca nh
tng :
O(x,y) = I(x,y) + n
n < 0 : trt nh v bn tri => nh ti hn
n > 0 : trt nh v bn phi => nh sng hn
Ch : Kt qu ca O(x,y) c th > 255 hoc < 0 v vy bn cn ch set
li 2 gi tr ny.
Code :
private Bitmap HisToGramStep(Bitmap bm, int n)
{
Bitmap bitmap=new Bitmap(bm);
int x, y;
Color c;
for( y = 0;y<bitmap.Height - 1;y++)
{
for( x = 0;x<bitmap.Width - 1;x++)
{
c = bitmap.GetPixel(x, y);
if ((c.R + n) <= 255 && (c.R + n) >= 0 )
bitmap.SetPixel(x, y, Color.FromArgb(c.R + n, c.R + n, c.R + n));
else if ((c.R + n) > 255)
bitmap.SetPixel(x, y, Color.FromArgb(255, 255, 255));
else if ((c.R + n) < 0)
bitmap.SetPixel(x, y, Color.FromArgb(0, 0, 0));
}
}
return bitmap;
}

b.Kich ban :
Cng cu :PS Brightness(Photoshop->Image->Adjustments
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->Brightness/contrast):

Anh u vao :

Nhp mc xam mun tng va co kt qua trc tip trn man hinh :

 Ta lam tng t vi anh a mc xam

->Kt qua : (sau khi tng choi)

2.2Php co dn biu :
a.Ly thuyt :
Mc ch: lm thay i tng phn ca nh .
6

tng: Thng thng trong mt s nh,cc gi tr xm khng ph u

ton b di xm sn c m ch tp chung vo mt khong nht nh,iu
ny lm nh b sng qu,ti qu ,hoc tng phn km.V vy gii php
c a ra l ko dn biu di xm ra mc ln nht c th.Ta c cng thc
sau:

C th :

Vi Plow l ngng di,Phigh l ngng trn.

Code trn C:
private Bitmap HisToGramStretch(Bitmap bm, int n)
{
if (n <= 0)
return null;
Bitmap bitmap =new Bitmap(bm);
int x, y;
Color c;
for (y = 0 ;y<bitmap.Height - 1;y++)
{
for( x = 0;x<bitmap.Width - 1;x++)
{
c = bitmap.GetPixel(x, y);
if ((c.R * n) <= 255 && (c.R * n) >= 0 )
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bitmap.SetPixel(x, y, Color.FromArgb(c.R * n, c.R * n, c.R * n));

else if ((c.R * n) > 255 )
bitmap.SetPixel(x, y, Color.FromArgb(255, 255, 255));
else if ((c.R * n) < 0 )
bitmap.SetPixel(x, y, Color.FromArgb(0, 0, 0));
}
}
return bitmap;
}

b.Kich ban
Cng cu :PS Levels(Photoshop->Image->Adjustments->Levels)
u vao :Anh co histogram khuyt hai u tng phan kem

 Thao tac :tat hay i giai xam anh u vao :

 Kt Qua :

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 Cung vi cng cu trn ta co th chinh sa cho anh RGB (ln lt

chinh tng histogram ng vi cac mau green ,blue,red )nh hinh
minh hoa :

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2.3Php cn bng(san bng) biu :

a.Ly thuyt :
Mc ch:Histogram equalization xut pht t mc ch so nh cc nh
trn cng mt c s c th; Lm hin ra cc i tng b che khut(nh
vic tng tng phn nh trong qu trnh s l).V vy ngi ta a
Histogram v mt biu nh trc

tng:San u biu ,lm xc sut xut hin cc im c gi tr chi

(i) trong nh thuc khong [a min;amax].Hm mt xc sut u vo v
u ra c quan h sau :

y ta mc inh

pb(b) = Constant.Tc l :

Cc bc c th:

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 Code trn C:
private Bitmap HistogramEqualization(Bitmap bm)
{
Bitmap bitmap = new Bitmap(bm);
int w = bitmap.Width * bitmap.Height;
//Tinh to chuc do
int h []= new int[255];
int hN[] = new int[255];
GetH(bm, h);
//Chuan hoa to chuc do
for (int i = 0; i < 255; i++)
{
hN<img src="http://hp-aptech.edu.vn/emoticons/emotion-55.gif" alt="Idea" /> = h<img
src="http://hp-aptech.edu.vn/emoticons/emotion-55.gif" alt="Idea" /> / w;
}
//Tinh ham mat do xac Suat
int Z []= new int[255];
Z[0] = hN[0];
for (int i = 1; i < 255; i++)
{
Z<img src="http://hp-aptech.edu.vn/emoticons/emotion-55.gif" alt="Idea" /> = Z[i - 1] +
hN<img src="http://hp-aptech.edu.vn/emoticons/emotion-55.gif" alt="Idea" />;
}
int x, y;
Byte c;
for (y = 0; y < bitmap.Height - 1; y++)
{
for (x = 0; x < bitmap.Width - 1; x++)
{
c = bitmap.GetPixel(x, y).R;
c = Convert.ToByte(Math.Round(Z<img src="http://hpaptech.edu.vn/emoticons/emotion-44.gif" alt="Coffee" /> * 255));
bitmap.SetPixel(x, y, Color.FromArgb(c, c, c));
}
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} return bitmap;
}

V d:
Cn bng histogram ca nh S

Xc nh tn s mc xm
mc xm 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
tn sut 3 4

5 3 3 3 4

Suy ra

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p dng ImEq[i,j]=255*Hc[Im[i,j]] v lm trn s liu ta c

Mc xm sin

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Thay th bi sout

31

72

122

153

184

214

255

b.Kich ban :
Cng cu :PS Equalize(Photoshop->Image->Adjustments)

Anh u:

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 Thao tac :

Kt qua :Histogram a c san bng,anh co tng phan cao :

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 Tng t vi cung mt thao tac ta co th ap dung cho anh a mc xam :

Nhn xet tng t la anh co tng phan cao giup ta co th nhn thy ro
rang cac i tng trong anh .Vi vy phng phap nay c ng dung rng
rai trong cac linh vc khoa hoc nh thin vn hoc va y hoc
3.Nhn xet va tng kt:
Mi phep bin i du vi muc ich gi thi cung cn ap dung mt cach mm deo
at c muc ich tt nht.Vi du , xt trn phng din cm quan ngh thut
ch khng phi phng din cng ngh x l. Histogram l cng c c lc nhng
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khng thay th cm nhn ngh thut ca con ngi, nht l nhng ngi lun tm
kim s ph cch trong nhip nh. Nu ngi chp c tnh ghi li nhng khong
ti ca mn m hay khong tuyt trng xa th histogram s c nhng ngn cao
v tri hoc v phi. iu khng c ngha l bc nh khng p.

Histogram bc nh ny cho thy khong en rt ln nhng mt cht nh sng

ca mt trng lm nn v p ca khung hnh.

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Histogram ca bc nh ny nghing v pha phi nhng cc chi tit khng b chy.

Noi tom lai ng dung cac phep x ly anh noi ring va cac cng ngh noi chung
lun cn co s mm deo va linh ng .

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Phn cng cng vic

1.

Hong Vit Hng -trng nhm phn cng vic,tm hiu phn Ph p
cn bng biu histogam va Phep trt biu histogram,vit
bao cao va slide bao cao trn lp.

2. L nh Hng tm ti liu v lm bo co phn Php co dn biu

histogram.
3. Nguyn Vn Ton ong gop y kin chinh sa slide ,bao cao.

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Ti Liu Tham Kho :

Bi ging x l nh C Hong Lan
X L nh S -Lng Mnh B-Nguyn Thanh Thy
Fundamental of Image Processing Ref

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Muc Luc
Contents
1.Histogram l g?....................................................................................................... 2
1.1.nh ngha :....................................................................................................... 2
1.2 Cach tinh:.......................................................................................................... 3
2.Cc php bin i trn histogram v ng dng:......................................................4
2.1 Trt Histogram:............................................................................................. 4
a.Ly thuyt :
............................................................................................................................ 4
b.Kich ban :..................................................................................................... 4
2.2Php co dn biu :......................................................................................... 6
a.Ly thuyt :..................................................................................................... 6
b.Kich ban ......................................................................................................... 8
2.3Php cn bng(san bng) biu :...................................................................12
a.Ly thuyt :....................................................................................................... 12
b.Kich ban :........................................................................................................ 15
3.Nhn xet va tng kt:............................................................................................ 17
Phn cng cng vic.................................................................................. 20
Ti Liu Tham Kho :................................................................................................ 21
Muc Luc.................................................................................................................... 22
Contents................................................................................................................... 22
Ti Liu Tham Kho :................................................................................................ 23

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Ti Liu Tham Kho :

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