NoSQL Phn tn, khng rng buc

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Nh inh Thun NoSQL c ngha l Non-Relational - khng rng buc, tuy nhin hin nay ngi ta thng dch NoSQL l Not Only SQL - Khng ch SQL. NoSQL l g? y l thut ng chung cho cc h CSDL khng s dng m hnh d liu quan h. NoSQL c bit nhn mnh n m hnh lu tr cp gi tr - kha v h thng lu tr phn tn. Thut ng NoSQL c gii thiu ln u vo nm 1998 s dng lm tn gi chung cho cc h CSDL quan h ngun m nh khng s dng SQL truy vn. Vo nm 2009, Eric Evans, nhn vin ca Rackspace gii thiu li thut ng NoSQL khi Johan Oskarsson ca Last.fm mun t chc mt hi tho v c s d liu ngun m phn tn. Thut ng NoSQL nh du bc pht trin ca th h CSDL mi: phn tn (distributed) + khng rng buc (non-relational). NoSQL storage c bit ph dng trong thi k Web 2.0 bng n, ni cc mng dch v d liu cng ng cho php ngi dng to hng t ni dung trn web. Do , d liu ln rt nhanh vt qua gii hn phn cng cn phi gii quyt bng bi ton phn tn. Tt hn SQL Cc h CSDL quan h (RDBM) hin ti bc l nhng yu km trong nhng tc v nh nh ch mc mt lng ln d liu, phn trang, hoc phn phi lung d liu media (phim, nh, nhc, ...). CSDL quan h c thit k cho nhng m hnh d liu khng qu ln trong khi cc dch v mng x hi li c mt lng d liu cc ln v cp nht lin tc do s lng ngi dng qu nhiu. Th h CSDL mi - NoSQL - gim thiu ti a cc php tnh ton, tc v c-ghi lin quan kt hp vi x l theo l (batch processing) m bo c yu cu x l d liu ca cc dch v mng x hi. H CSDL ny c th lu tr, x l t lng rt nh n hng petabytes d liu vi kh nng chu ti, chu li cao nhng ch i hi v ti nguyn phn cng thp.

NoSQL thit k n gin, nh, gn hn so vi RDBMs. Ngoi memory cached, d liu nh, cc NoSQL dng ny c bit thch hp cho thit b cm ni m b nh v tc x l hn ch hn so vi my tnh thng thng. Khi khi lng d liu cn lu tr v lng vo/ra cc ln, RDBM i hi kht khe v cao v phn cng, chi ph thit lp, vn hnh t th cc m hnh lu tr phn tn trong NoSQL tr nn vt tri. Thit k c bit ti u v hiu sut, tc v c-ghi, t i hi v phn cng mnh v ng nht, d dng thm bt cc node khng nh hng ti ton h thng, Cc m hnh d liu c th ca NoSQL cng cp API t nhin hn so vi vic dng RDBM. Nhng rng buc v giy php s dng cng vi mt khon ph khng nh cng l u th. Chp nhn NoSQL ng ngha vi vic bn tham gia vo th gii ngun m ni m bn c kh nng ty bin mnh m cc sn phm, th vin theo ng mc ch ca mnh. Bng di y a ra mt s so snh gia RDBM v NoSQL. Tnh nng Hiu sut Kh nng m rng Hiu sut c-ghi CSDL quan h Km SQL Relational gia cc table Hn ch v lng. NoSQL hn Cc B qua B qua cc rng buc d liu H tr mt lng rt ln cc node. tt SQL

Km do thit k m bo s Tt vi m hnh x l l v nhng ti vo/ra lin tc ca d liu u v c-ghi d liu.

Khng cn phi shutdown c h thng. Thay i s node Phi shutdown c h thng. Vic thay i s node n gin, khng trong h thng Vic thay i s node phc tp. nh hng n h thng. Phn cng c im V c bn, thit k ca NoSQL la chn m hnh lu tr d liu theo cp gi tr key-value. Khi nim node c s dng nh trong cc h thng phn tn. Vic lu tr d liu c th chp nhn trng lp, tc d liu c nhn bn ra nhiu node khc nhau. Mt yu cu truy vn d liu c th gi ti nhiu my cng lc, khi mt my no b s c cng khng nh hng nhiu ti ton b h thng. m bo tnh thi gian thc trong cc h thng x l lng ln, thng thng ngi ta s tch bit CSDL ra lm 2 hoc nhiu CSDL. CSDL nh m bo c -ghi lin tc, khi t ti ngng thi gian hoc dung lng, CSDL nh s c gp vo CSDL ln c thit k ti u cho tc v c. Mt s c im: i hi cao v phn cng. i hi thp hn v gi tr v tnh ng nht ca phn cng

- Phi quan h (hay khng rng buc): relational - rng buc - thut ng s dng n cc mi quan h gia cc bng trong c s d liu quan h (RDBM) s dng m hnh gm 2 loi kha: kha chnh v kha ph (primary key + foreign key) rng buc d liu nhm th hin tnh nht qun d liu t cc bng khc nhau. Non-relational l khi nim khng s dng cc rng buc d liu cho nht qun d liu. - Lu tr phn tn: m hnh lu tr phn tn cc tp tin hoc d liu ra nhiu my khc nhau trong mng LAN hoc Internet di s kim sot ca phn mm. - Nht qun cui: tnh nht qun ca d liu khng cn phi m bo ngay tc khc sau mi php ghi. Mt h thng phn tn chp nhn nhng nh hng theo phng thc lan truyn v sau mt khong thi gian (khng phi ngay tc khc), thay i s i n mi im trong h thng cui cng d liu trn h thng s tr li trng thi nht qun. - Trin khai n gin, d nng cp v m rng. - M hnh d liu v truy vn linh hot. ng dng NoSQL Nhiu ngi chp nhn NoSQL l do vn chi ph hoc thc h, ni khng vi ngun ng. Vic cng ng ngha vi vic chp nhn s non nt v nhng h tr km hn. Nu bn vn thch thit k m hnh d liu dng bng, CSDL SQL s l la chn. NoSQL c bit thch hp cho cc ng dng cc ln (dch v tm kim, mng x hi ,) v nh. Vi nhng ng dng va v ln th RDBMs vn thch hp hn. Thit k NoSQL chp nhn tnh nht qun yu v c th khng dng n transaction. Vi nhng ng dng i hi s cht ch ca d liu, cn transaction m bo tnh ton vn, c s d liu truyn thng l la chn thch hp hn. NoSQL thch hp cho cc m hnh lu tr d liu c tnh c th nh object oriented, document oriented, xml database, Thng chng ta s dng rt hn ch nhng kh nng m cc CSDL RDBM cung cp nhng vn phi tr ph cho n. Nu khng cn n cc tnh nng cao cp, khng cn cc chc nng ca SQL hoc rt ght vit cc cu lnh SQL th hy ngh n NoSQL. Ti liu tham kho v lc dch 1. NoSQL resources: http://nosql-database.org/ 2. NoSQL wiki http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NoSQL 3. A Brief History of NoSQL - http://blog.knuthaugen.no/2010/03/a-brief-history-of-nosql.html