O

O
+

OH

OH


A)
i)

HCOOH

CH3COOH

CH3-CH2-COOH

ii)

COOH
COOH

COOH

H2C

COOH

H2C

COOH

COOH

H2C


1)

R-COOH

Ex. CH3-CH2-CH2-COOH

2)

COOH

Ar-COOH

Ex.


1)

HCOOH

CH3COOH

CH3-CH2-CH2-COOH =

I.U.P.A.C

HCOOH

CH3-COOH

CH3-CH2-COOH

CH3-CH2-CH2-COOH

OH

Cl
CH3
3

C
H
2

COOH
1

2 -

H3C

C
H

COOH
1

2 -

COOH

COOH

COOH
H2C

COOH

H2C

COOH

H2C

COOH

RCH2OH

(O)

(O)

C6H5CH2OH

(O)

RCOOH

CH3CH2OH

RCHO

(O)

(O)
CH3CHO

CH3COOH

(O)
C6H5CHO

C6H5COOH


HOH

N + 2H2O

RCOOH + NH3
H or OH

HOH

CH3C

N + 2H2O

CH3COOH + NH3
H or OH

O
HOH

R-Mg-X + CO2

O-Mg-X

OH

+ HO-Mg-X

O
HOH

CH3-Mg-Br + CO2

H3C C OH + HO-Mg-Br

H3C C O-Mg-Br

O
C6H5-Mg-Br + CO2

C6H5 C O-Mg-Br

HOH

C6H5 C OH + HO-Mg-Br

, ,
O

NH2

+ H2O

OR'

+ H2O

OH or H

RCOOH + NH3

O
R

OH or H

RCOOH + R'OH

C6H5 COCl + H2O

OH or H

C6H5 COOH

H
O

R
O

C
O


O
R

O
O

O
R

O
R

C
O

HCOOH > CH3COOH > C2H5COOH

F-CH2COOH > Cl-CH2COOH > Br-CH2COOH > I-CH2COOH

1)

a)
b)

c)

d)

2)

1)

a)

2 RCOOH + 2 Na
2 CH3COOH + Zn

2 RCOONa + H2
(CH3COO)2 Zn + H2

RCOOH + NaOH
CH3COOH + NaOH

RCOONa + H2O
CH3COONa + H2O

 &
CH3COOH + NaHCO3

CH3COONa + CO2 + H2O

2CH3COOH + Na2CO3

2CH3COONa + CO2 + H2O

2CH3COOH + CaCO3

(CH3COO)2Ca + CO2 + H2O

i)
R'-CH2MgBr + RCOOH

Ether

R'CH3 + RCOOMgBr

ii)

CH4 + RCOOLi

RCOOH + CH3Li
OLi

O
R

OLi + CH3Li

C
CH3

O
OLi

CH3

b)

i)
O
R

O
OH + PX5

O
R

OH + SOX2

X + SO2 + HX

O
H3C

X + POX3 + HX

OH + SOCl2

H3C

Cl + SO2 + HCl

ii)
R

COOH + HO

CH3COOC2H5 + H2O

H3C C ONa + Cl C

iii)

O

CH3COOH + HOC2H5

RCOOR' + H2O

R'

CH3

H3C C O C

CH3 + NaCl

iv)
O

O
R

O-NH4

Heat

i)

NH2 + H2O

O
H3C C

O-NH4

Heat

R-COOH + SOCl2

ii) R-COCl + NH3

H3C

NH2 + H2O

R-COCl + SO2 + HCl

R-CONH2 + HCl

c)

(Reduction)

RCOOH

LiAlH4
Ether

CH3COOH

LiAlH4
Ether

RCH2OH

CH3CH2OH

d)

i)

RCOONa + NaOH

CaO
Heat
CaO

CH3COONa + NaOH

RH + Na2CO3

CH4 + Na2CO3

Heat

RCOOAg + Br2
CH3COOAg + Br2

CCl4
CCl4

R-Br + CO2 + AgBr

CH3-Br + CO2 + AgBr

RCOOH + N3H

H2SO4

RNH2 + N2 + CO2

2)

H.V.Z
R

CH2

COOH + Cl2

Red P

H
C

COOH

Cl

RCOOH

SOCl2

RCOCl

CH2N2

RCOCHN2

Ag
H2O

RCH2COOH