Chng sng in t Phn I: L thuyt S tt dn ca dao ng in t trong mch dao ng Cun cm v dy ni bao gi cng c in tr thun, dng in chy qua

a in tr gy ra tc dng nhit lm cho nng lng ca mch b gim dn. Ngoi ra mt phn nng lng ca mch b bc x ra khng gian xung quanh di dng sng in t cng lm nng lng ca mch gim dn. 1. in t trng a. Hai gi thuyt ca Macxoen Gi thit v t trng bin thin: Khi mt t trng bin thin theo thi gian s sinh ra mt in trng xoy. in trng xoy l in trng m cc ng sc in l nhng ng cong khp kn, bao quanh cc ng cm ng t. Gi thit v in trng bin thin: Khi mt in trng bin thin theo thi gian, lm xut hin mt t trng xoy. T trng xoy l t trng m cc ng cm ng t l ng cong khp khn, bao quanh l cc ng sc in. b. Hai loi dng in trong mch dao ng LC Dng in dn chy qua dy dn sinh ra t trng ca ng sc t l ng cong kho kin, bao quanh dng in. in trng bin thin trong lng ca t in cng sinh ra t trng xoy c ng sc t l ng cong khp kin, bao quanh vecto cng in trng. V vy in trng bin thin trong lng ca t in c coi nh mt dng in dch Trong mch dao ng tn ti hai loi dng in, gm dng in dn chy trong dy dn v dng in dch do in trng bin thin trong lng t in sinh ra. c. in t trng L mi trng vt cht tn ti khch quan thc t, bao gm mt th thng nht c lin quan cht ch, khng th tch ri l in trng v t trng. 2. Sng in t Sng in t l qu trnh truyn i trong khng gian ca in t trng bin thin iu ha theo thi gian. a. Tnh cht ca sng in t Sng in t truyn i c mi mi trng vt cht (c trong chn khng). Vn tc lan truyn ca sng in t trong chn khng bng vn tc nh sng (c=3.108m/s). Sng in t l sng ngang. Trong qu trnh truyn sng, ti mt im bt k trn phng truyn vecto cng in trng, vecto cm ng t vung gc vi phng truyn sng. Sng in t mang nng lng t l vi ly tha bc 4 ca tn s. Khc vi sng c hc, sng in t truyn i khng cn ti s nn gin n hi ca cc phn t trong mi truyn sng. Ging nh sng c hc, sng in t cng tun theo nhng nh lut phn x, khc x, nhiu x, giao thoa v to thnh sng dng. b. Phn loi v cc c tnh ca sng v tuyn -Theo tn s v bc sng, sng in t c phn ra 4 loi:

Loi sng Tn s Bc sng Sng di 0,003 - 0,3 MHz 105 - 103m Sng trung 0,3 - 3MHz 103 - 102m Sng ngn 3 - 30MHz 102 -10m Sng cc ngn 30 30000 MHz 10 0,01m -c tnh ca mi loi sng in t Sng di t b nc hp th nn c dng truyn thng tin di nc. Sng di t dng truyn thng tin trn mt t v nng lng nh, khng truyn i xa c. Sng trung ban ngy b tng in li hp th mnh nn khng truyn c xa. Ban m, tng in li phn x nn truyn c i xa. Sng ngn c nng lng ln hn sng trung. Chng b tng in li hp v mt t phn x i phn x li nhiu ln. Mt i pht sng ngn cng sut ln c th truyn sng ti mi im trn b mt Tri t. Sng cc ngn c nng lng ln nht, khng b tng in li hp th v phn x, c kh nng truyn i rt xa theo ng thng v c dng truyn thng tin v tr. -V tuyn truyn hnh dng sng cc ngn. V tuyn truyn hnh dng sng cc ngn, khng truyn c i xa trn b mt T. Mun truyn c i xa, phi c v tinh nhn to hoc i thu pht sng trung gian. 3. Nguyn tc pht sng truyn in t. pht sng in t i xa, ngi ta mc phi hp mt anten vi mt my pht dao ng iu ha. My pht dao ng iu ha gm mt mch LC, mt trazito v mt ngun in 1 chiu b sung nng lng cho mch dao ng LC. a. Anten Mch dao ng c cc bn t lch nhau, c th pht sng i xa gi l mch dao ng h. Trng hp t 2 bn t ca t in quay lng vi nhau th kh nng pht sng ca mch dao ng l ln nht. Anten l mt dy dn di, c cun cm gia, u trn h cn u di tip t. b. S nguyn l pht sng v tuyn: My pht dao ng cao tn

Micr

Khuch i m tn

To sng cao tn bin iu

Khuch i cao tn

Anten

Gi sng m vo sng cao tn

Khuch i m tn: l khuch i dng in c tn s bng tn s m thanh v bin nh, thnh 1 dng in c cng tn s nhng bin tng ln nhiu ln. Khuch i cao tn: L khuch i dng in c tn s ln v bin nh thnh dng in c cng tn s nhng bin tng ln nhiu ln. Bin iu bin : u tin to ra sng c tn s rt ln, gi l sng mang, sau gi tn hiu sng m vo sng mang v lm cho bin ca sng ny bin iu theo tn s ca sng m. Kt qu thu c sng cao tn bin iu. 4. Nguyn tc thu sng in t thu sng in t, ngi ta mc phi hp anten vi 1 mch chn sng. a. Mch chn sng L 1 mch LC trong t in c in dung thay i c nh qu trnh iu chnh nt xoay. Khi tn s ca mch chn sng trng vi tn s ca i thu, xy ra hin tng cng hng, tn hiu thu c r nt nht. b. S nguyn l thu sng v tuyn: