Chng I: KIM LOI KIM

I.V tr v cu to:
Bn knh nguyn t tng, tnh kh tng, nng lng I1 tng, m in gim. Gm: 3Li, 11Na, 19K, 37Rb, 53Cs, Fr( nguyn t phng x nhn to,khng bn) Thuc nhm IA, ng u mi chu k tr chu k 1. C cu tru mng tinh th lp phng tm khi rng. C 1 e lp ngoi cng, c s OXH l + 1 trong cc hp cht. Th in cc chun (Eo) u rt m, tng t Li n Cs.

II.Tnh cht vt l:
T0 nng chy v t0 si thp: do lin kt kim loi trong mng tinh th km bn vng. D nh: do cu trc mng tinh th rng. cng mm, c th dng dao ct: do cu trc mng tinh th yu. III.Tnh cht ha hc: tnh kh mnh nht. 1.Tc dng vi phi kim Kim loi kim tc dng vi phi O2 ngay nhit thng cho oxit, nhit cao cho peoxit. Oxit v peoxit ca kim loi kim l nhng cht rn tan trong nc to dung dch kim. Na2O + H2O 2NaOH 2Na2O2 + 2H2O 4NaOH + O2. Tc dng vi halogen: 2M + X2 2MX (X: F,Cl, Br, I) Li tc dng vi N2 ngay nhit thng to Li3N. 2.Tc dng vi H2O Kim loi kim tc dng vi H2O ngay nhit thng cho dung dch kim. 3.Tc dng vi axit(u gay n mnh) Tc dng vi axit trc, kim loi d tc dng tip vi H2O. M + HCl/ H2SO4long M+ + H2 M + H2SO4c M+ + SO2/ S/ H2S + H2O M + HNO3c M+ + NO2 + H2O M + HNO3long M++ NO/ N2O/N2/NH4 + H2O 4.Tc dng vi mui Tc dng vi H2O trc.

IV.iu ch
in phn nng chy mui halogen hoc hidroxit ca kim loi kim. 2MX 2M + Cl2 4MOH 4M + O2 + 2H2O

V.ng dng
Ch to hp kim c nhit nng chy thp dng trong thit b bo chy K, Na dng trong thit trao i nhit l phn ng ht nhn. Cs dng ch to t bo quang in. Dng iu ch 1 s kim loi him bng phng php nhit luyn. Dng trong tng hp hu c.

VI.Mt s hp cht quan trng ca kim loi kim

1. Natrihidroxit (NaOH) L cht rn mu trng. d ht m, tan nhanh trong nc to thnh dung dch v ta nhit mnh. NaOH l mt baz mnh, l 1 baz in hnh. Lm kh nhng cht c tnh kim. Tnh cht: c y tnh cht ca 1 baz Tc dng vi axit, oxitaxit Tc dng vi axit. Oxit v hidroxit lng tnh. Tc dng vi dung dch mui. Tc dng vi 1 s phi kim nh halogen 2NaOH + Cl2 NaCl + NaClO +H2O Tc dng vi kim loi c hidroxit lng tnh nh Al ,Zn iu ch: in phn NaCl bo ha c mng ngn. ( trong cng nghip) Na tc dng vi H2O (trong PTN) ng dng Sn xut x phng, du m, sx nhm, cng nghip giy. 2. Natri hidrocacbonat (NaHCO3) L cht rn mu trng, t tan trong nc, b phn hy nhit cao. Tnh cht: B phn hy nhit cao 2NaHCO3 Na2CO3 + CO2 + H2O L cht lng tnh: HCO3- + H+ CO2 + H2O HCO3- + OH- CO32- + H2O Dung dch NaHCO3 c mi trng kim yu HCO3- + H2O H2CO3 + OH- (xy ra yu) iu ch: sc CO2 vo dng dch bo ha gm NaCl v NH3 cng s mol: CO2 + H2O + NH3 NH4HCO3 NH4HCO3 + NaCl NaHCO3 (kt ta, vn c) + NH4Cl 3. Natri cacbonat (Na2CO3) L cht rn mu trng, tan trong nc. nhit thng Na2CO3 tn ti dng tinh th ngm nc Na2CO3.10H2O, nhit cao tn ti dng mui Na2SO4, nng chy 850oC. Tnh cht: c y tnh cht ca 1 mui C mi trng kim yu, lm chuyn mu qu: CO32- + H2O HCO3- + OH iu ch: nhit phn NaHCO3. ng dng: Mui Natri cacbonat l nguyn liu sn xut thy tinh, x phng, giy, iu ch cc mui khc. Dung dch natri cacbonat dng ty sch du m bn trn chi tit my khi sn, trng kim loi, c sn xut cht ty ra.