CC PHNG PHP SINH HC X L NHIM MI TRNG DO NUI TRNG THU SN VEN BIN

I. nhim mi trng do nui trng thy sn (NTTS) ven bin Thng thng c 2 loi hnh nhim do NTTS ven bin l nhim mi trng m nui v bn ngoi m nui: nhim mi trng m nui b hnh thnh trong qu trnh nui nh cc cht thi t thc n v cc ho cht tch t y m nui to thnh mt lp bn nhim. Thnh phn lp bn ch yu l cc cht hu c nh prtin, lipids, axit bo vi cng thc chung CH3(CH2)nCOOH , photpholipids, Sterol - vitamin D3, cc hoocmon, carbohydrate, cht khong v vitamin, v tm lt xc,... Lp bn ny lun trong tnh trng ngp nc, ym kh, cc vi sinh vt ym kh pht trin mnh, phn hu cc hp cht trn to thnh cc sn phm l hydrosulphua (H2S), Amonia (NH3), kh metan (CH4),... rt c hi cho thu sinh vt, v d nng 1,3 ppm ca H2S c th gy sc, t lit v thm ch gy cht tm. Kh amonia (NH3) cng c sinh ra t qu trnh phn hu ym kh thc n tn d gy c trc tip cho tm, lm nh hng n pH ca nc v km hm s pht trin ca thc vt ph du (Hassanai Kongkeo,1990). nhim mi trng bn ngoi m nui c sn sinh t ngun thc n, phn bn, thuc th y thy sn, trong qu trnh chn nui thi ra bn ngoi m nui. Cc cht nhim ch yu: Cc bon hu c (gm thc n, phn bn v.v) Ni t c phn hu t cc prtin Pht pho phn hu t cc prtin

Nng cc cht nhim trn c biu th bi mt s ch tiu chung nh ch tiu nhu cu xy ho sinh - BOD (Biochemical Oxygen Demand), tng Nit (NT) v tng Phtpho (TP). II. Cc phng php sinh hc trong x l nhim mi trng C rt nhiu phng php sinh hc v ang c ng dng rng ri trong x l nhim mi trng, c bit l cc cht thi hu c. Tiu biu l vic s dng h sinh vt phn hy hoc hp th/hp ph cc cht nhim hu c, v c t cht thi sn xut v sinh hot. C th nu ln mt s phng php sau : - S dng h vi sinh vt phn hy cc cht hu c trong cht thi - S dng h ng thc vt thy sinh hp th cc cht hu c 1. Phng php s dng h vi sinh vt C mt s loi vi sinh vt c kh nng s dng cc cht hu c v mt s cht khong lm ngun dinh dng v to nng lng, sinh trng v nh vy sinh khi ca chng tng ln. Cc vi sinh vt ny

c s dng phn hu cc cht nhim hu c v v c c trong cht thi t NTTS. Qu trnh phn hy ny c gi l qu trnh phn hy xy ha sinh ha. C th phn phng php ny thnh hai loi (Trn Vn Nhn v Ng Th Nga, 1999) l : Phng php hiu kh : l phng php s dng cc nhm vi sinh vt hiu kh. m bo hot ng sng ca chng cn cung cp oxy lin tc cho chng v duy tr nhit khong 20 - 40oC Phng php ym kh : l phng php s dng cc vi sinh vt ym kh. Trong x l nc thi cng nghip, phng php x l ym kh c s dng rng ri. 2. Phng php s dng h ng thc vt hp th cc cht nhim Bn cht ca vic s dng h ng, thc vt loi b cc cht nhim da trn c s qu trnh chuyn ha vt cht trong h sinh thi thng qua chui thc n. Thng thng ngi ta s dng thc vt lm cc sinh vt hp th cc cht dinh dng l nit v pht pho, ccbon tng hp cc cht hu c lm tng sinh khi (sinh vt t dng), l to hay thc vt ph du, rong cu v cc loi thc vt ngp mn khc. K tip trong chui thc n l cc ng vt bc 1 - ng vt n thc vt. in hnh ca cc ng vt bc 1 vng nc ven bin l cc loi ngao, vm, hu cc loi ny c th tiu th cc thc vt ph du v ci thin iu kin trm tch y. Cc loi c n thc vt ph du v mn b hu c nh c mng, c i cng c th nghim s dng cc knh thot nc thi (Micheal J. Phillips, 1995). Rng ngp mn (RNM) l mt h sinh thi vng t ngp nc rt ph bin ven bin Vit nam. C th s dng RNM nh mt b lc sinh hc cc cht nhim hu c t cht thi th, cng nghip v nui trng thy sn. Theo tnh ton l thuyt, iu kin Vit Nam, 1ha RNM mi nm tng trng 56 tn sinh khi v c th hp th c 219 kg nit, 20 kg pht pho (Jesper Clausen, 2002). Ngoi ra, RNM vi b r c cu to c bit l ni by cc trm tch c cha cc kim loi nng, cc ha cht bo v thc vt. Thc vt ngp mn cng vi ton b h sinh thi trong RNM l mt b lc sinh hc i vi cc cht thi t hot ng nui trng thy sn ven bin. Trong thc t, m bo t hiu sut x l cao cc cht nhim vi chi ph vn hnh ti thiu, ngi ta thng s dng kt hp nhiu phng php, kt hp nhiu h thng v cc tc nhn khc nhau. Ty theo hm lng cht nhim trong nc thi v iu kin c th ca tng khu vc. III. Cc h thng x l nhim mi trng bng cc phng php sinh hc. 1. H thng x l bng phng php hiu kh (Aerobic methods). Tc nhn tham gia vo h thng x l ny bao gm cc vi khun, x khun, nm v mt s vi sinh bc thp. Cc dng c thng l b thng kh sinh hc (Aeroten) hoc cc a lc sinh hc.

Qu trnh x l din ra nh sau : - Bn hot tnh (vi sinh vt trng thi huyn ph) c trong nc thi t cc m nui tm c a vo h thng x l. - Tin hnh sc kh lm cho nc c bo ha xy v bn hot tnh trng thi l lng. C th p dng cc thit b sc kh nh : + Sc kh bng sc u khuych tn + Sc kh v cht lng bng khuy c hc + Sc kh bng kt hp gia khuy nc bng cnh qut tuabin v h thng khuych tn. - a lc sinh hc: gm mt lot cc a trn lp trn cng mt trc cch nhau mt khong nh. Khi trc quay, mt phn a ngp trong h/b cha nc thi, phn cn li tip xc vi khng kh. Cc vi khun bm trn a lc phn hu cc cht hu c c trong nc thi. - u im ca h thng: thi gian x l din ra nhanh hn, cc cht nhim c phn hy trit , c th x l c mt khi lng ln nc thi vi nng cht nhim cao, khng cn s dng nhiu din tch t, kim sot vn mi mt cch d dng. Tuy nhin, chi ph xy dng, lp t thit b v vn hnh cao. 2. H thng x l bng phng php k kh (Anaerobic methods) hay cn gi l b metan. Phng php ny s dng cc vi sinh vt k kh phn hu cht nhim hu c. H thng ny khng thch hp cho x l nhim mi trng trong nui trng thu sn do chi ph xy dng cao. Tuy nhin h thng ny li c u im l c th gii phng nit, gim gy nhim NO3- (nitrat) cho nc mt v nc ngm. 3. Cc h thng lm sch nc thi trong iu kin t nhin. 3.1 H sinh hc: c gi l h xy ha hay h cha lng, bao gm mt chui t 3 n 5 h. Trong h, nc thi c lm sch bng qu trnh t nhin thng qua cc tc nhn l to v vi khun. H sinh hc bao gm cc loi h: a. H hiu kh t nhin (Aerobic pond) : su t 0,2-0,4m, din tch t rt ln, chi ph vn hnh gn nh bng 0. Ti lng BOD : 250 kg- 300 kg/ngy cho mt din tch h rng khong 1 ha. Nc thi c a vo v thot ra theo ng cho ca h s tng hiu sut x l hn. b. H k kh (Anaerobic pond- Metan pond): su nc 2,4 -3,6 m, thi gian lu nc t 2-5 ngy. Din tch nh hn ch khong 10-20% din tch h hiu kh. Nhit ti u: 30-35oC pH : 6,5-7,5 Thi gian ti u l 5 ngy

c. H hiu- k kh (Facultative pond): su t 0,7-1,8 m Thi gian lu nc c th tnh ton c, ph thuc vo hiu sut x l (nng cht nhim u vo v u ra), dao ng t 5 n 30 ngy. Cc phn ng phn hu k kh xy ra lp di y v qu trnh n nh hiu kh xy ra lp trn. Nhit ti u: >15oC Ti lng BOD : 100-150 kg /ha/ngy C th x l c 50-60% BOD v 20 -30% TN u im ca h thng ny l : chi ph vn hnh bng 0. Nhc im l phi mt mt din tch t ln, v nu nc thi c hm lng nhim qu cao th hiu qu x l khng trit , kh kim sot c mi.

Mt h thng h sinh hc c t nht l 3 h v c xp xp nh sau : h hiu kh Aerobic pond

h hiu-k kh - Facultative pond h k kh - Anaerobic pond Nc thi d. H thng kh nhn to hay cn gi l h c sc kh: L h sinh hc c sc kh nhm thc y qu trnh phn hy hiu kh ca cc vi sinh vt hiu kh. Tng hiu xut x l v rt ngn thi gian x l. 3.2 Cc h thng t ngp nc. Do hot ng nui trng thy sn ven bin din ra vng nc mnl, v vy c th s dng cc h thng t ngp nc x l nhim mi trng, c th nh sau : a. H thng da vo thc vt, ng vt thy sinh nh rong cu, c, ngao, vm, hu H thng ny thng l mt vng ngp nc c su 0,9 - 1,5 m cng vi h sinh vt thy sinh. C th x l cc cht nhim bng mt s qu trnh sinh hc nh : + Qu trnh phn hy hiu-k kh ca cc vi sinh vt + Qu trnh quang hp ca cc thc vt di nc l rong cu, to lm tng xy ha tan, gim CO2, tng pH, tng qu trnh bay hi ca NH4, tng lng ng ca pht pho. + Cc ng vt thy sinh bc 1 nh cc loi c n thc vt ph du, cc ng vt y nh ngao, vm, hu n thc vt ph du v cc cht mn b hu c. * Yu cu k thut ca h thng ny l: - Nc thi c hm lng BOD l 50-300 kg/ngy/ha

- Thi gian lu nc tu thuc vo nng cht nhim c trong nc thi c th t 3 - 5 ngy hoc t 7 - 10 ngy. Hp phn SUMA s dng h thng ny x l nc thi cho khu nui tm qung canh ci tin v bn thm canh D n cng ng x Thch Bn huyn Thch H, H Tnh. * u im ca h thng ny l : chi ph vn hnh gn nh bng 0, tng thm li nhun kinh t cc khu nui thm canh do c thm ngun thu cho ngi nui trng. * Nhc im : phi s dng din tch t ln. b. H thng rng ngp mn RNM. H thng ny da vo cc loi thc vt r y, thn vn ln mt nc (Macrophyte) RNM c th hp th c mt lng ln cht hu c t hot ng nui trng thy sn ven bin. Thc vt h thng ny c vai tr nh sau: - Phn vn ln khng kh : + Lm gim nh sng chiu xung mt nc, gim qu trnh quang hp, hn ch s pht trin ca thc vt ph du nh to + To iu kin iu ha vi kh hu, c bit cch nhit trong ma ng, nhit di cao s lm tng nhanh qu trnh phn hy cht hu c. + Hp th cht dinh dng hu c. Phn ngp di nc c tc dng cung cp b mt cho vi khun bm dnh (biofilm), cung cp xy cho s quang hp, hp th cht dinh dng. Phn r v i r c tc dng gip n nh v gim xi mn, to iu kin cho qu trnh lng ng bn v to trm tch. - Ngoi ra, H ng vt trong h sinh thi rng ngp mn nh hu, vm, cua, c cng l tc nhn loi b cht nhim hu c. V- Kt lun C rt nhiu phng php sinh hc c th s dng x l nhim mi trng do nui trng thy sn ven bin, mi phng php u c nhng u, nhc im ring, xong vic la chn phng php no cho thch hp vi iu kin ca Vit Nam trn phng din kinh t, x hi v mi trng ph thuc vo iu kin c th ca tng vng. Tuy nhin, vic s dng cc h sinh hc v cc h thng t ngp nc vn c nhiu u th hn c xt c v phng din kinh t ln mi trng, nht l nng sut nui trng thy sn thm canh ca Vit Nam cha qu cao nh mt s nc khc trong khu vc, cht thi ra c nng khng qu cao, nn vic s dng cc b aeroten v b metan trong giai on hin nay l qu tn km Trn Th Thu Ngn - Hp phn SUMA