Chng II.

H THNG TUN HON CAC NGUYEN TO HOA HOC CAU TAO VA TNH CHAT CUA CAC NGUYEN T

I. H THNG TUN HON CC NGUYN T HA HC 1.nh luat tuan hoan n gia th k19, th gii bit c hn 60 nguyn t ha hc v cc hp cht ca cc nguyn t cng nh mt s tnh cht ha l ca chng. Do cn phi h thng ha cc nguyn t tm ra quy lut chung ni ln mi lin h gia chng. Nm 1869 Meneleep (ngi Nga) chn khi lng nguyn t v tnh cht ha hc ca cc nguyn t lm tiu chun h thng ha cc nguyn t, trong quan trng nht l khi lng nguyn t. Da trn mi lin quan gia cc nhm nguyn t ging nhau v khng ging nhau Meneleep xy dng bng h thng tun hon v trn c s pht biu nh lut tun hon. Tnh cht cc n cht cng nh dng v tnh cht cc hp cht thay i tun hon theo chiu tng ca khi lng nguyn t ca cc nguyn t Theo quan nim hin i, tnh cht ca cc nguyn t ph thuc vo cu trc electron nguyn t. trng thi bnh thng cu trc electron nguyn t c xc nh bng s electron trong nguyn t, tc l in tch ht nhn. Do o, ngay nay nh luat tuan hoan c phat bieu mot cach chnh xac hn la : Tnh cht cc n cht cng nh dng v tnh cht ca cc hp cht thay i tun hon theo chiu tng in tch ht nhn nguyn t ca cc nguyn t

2.Nguyen tac sap xep cac nguyen to trong bang he thong tuan hoan * Cac nguyen to c sap xep theo th t tang dan cua so ien tch hat nhan Z. * Cac nguyen to co tnh chat giong nhau (co cung cau hnh electron hoa tr) c xep trong cung mot cot. * Moi hang c goi la mot chu ky. Moi chu ky c bat au bang kim loai kiem va ket thuc bang kh tr .(tr chu ky 1) 3. Cau hnh ien t cua cac nguyen to s, p, d, f. a)Cc nguyn t h s ( ns1,2 )
NGUYN T H S

Nguyn t h s -l cc nguyn t c electron cui cng in vo phn lp s thuoc lp ngoi cng, chung la cac kim loai kiem hoac kiem tho.

KIM LOI KIM

Li

N C

b)Cc nguyn t h p (ns2np1-6 )

NGUYN T H P

Nguyn t h p - l cc nguyn t c electron cui cng in vo phn lp p thuoc lp ngoi cng, chung co the la kim loai, phi kim, a kim hoac kh tr.

np1 B Al

np2 C Si

np3 NP

np4 OS
Cacbon

np5 halogen

np6 kh tr

Al

Yellow P Red P

* Cac nguyen to ho s va ho p la cac nguyen to khong chuyen tiep. c)Cc nguyn t h d ((n 1)d1 10 ns1,2 ) NGUYN T H d Nguyn t h d - l cc nguyn t c electron cui cng in vo phn lp d thuoc lp th hai tnh t ngoai vao, chung eu la cac kim loai chuyen tiep.

Chromium

Iron

Copper

d)Cc nguyn t h f. ((n-2)f1-14(n-1)d0,1ns2 )

NGUYN T H f (4f1 14: cac lantanoit; 5f1 14: cac actinoit )

Nguyn t h f- l cc nguyn t c electron cui cng in vo phn lp f thuoc lp th ba tnh t ngoai vao, chung la cac nguyen to at hiem .
Cerium [Xe] 6s2 5d1 4f1 Uranium [Rn] 7s2 6d1 5f3

Chu y

4. Cau truc bang he thong tuan hoan

Tat ca cac nguyen to d va f eu la kim loai, chung la cac nguyen to chuyen tiep.

a)Chu ky -

CHU K Chu k la cc nguyn t vit theo hng ngang, bt u bng cc nguyn t h s, kt thc bng cc nguyn t h p, gia c th c cc nguyn t h d, f. Trong mt chu k, tnh cht cc nguyn t bin i mt cch tun hon. S th t chu k bng s lng t chnh ca lp electron ngoi cng . Chu k I (chu k c bit) : ch c 2 nguyen t h s. Chu k II, III( 2 chu k nh) : mi chu k c 8 ngt - gm 2 ngt h s v 6 ngt h p. Chu k IV, V(2 chu k ln) : mi chu k c 18 ngt - gm 2 ngt h s, 10 ngt h d v 6 ngt h p. Chu k VI (chu k hon ho):c 32 nguyn t - gm 2 ngt h s,14 ngt h f, 10 ngt h d v 6 ngt h p. Chu k VII (chu k d dang) : gom c 2 ngt ho s, 14 ngt h f v mt s ngt h d.
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b)Nhm:

NHM

Nhm l ct dc cc nguyn t c c s electron ha tr ging nhau nn tnh cht ha hc tng t nhau ( ngoi tr VIIIB, cc nguyn t f). Mi nhm thng c chia thnh 2 phn nhm : Phn nhm chnh (A) Phn nhm chnh gm cc nguyn t ho s v p in hnh. C 8 phn nhm chnh. S th t phan nhom chnh bang tng s electron lp ngoi cng (ngoai tr He va H). IA ns1 Phn nhm ph (B) Phn nhm ph gm cc nguyn t h d v f . C 8 phn nhm ph. (bt u t chu k IV c nguyn t h d, bt u t chu k VI c nguyn t h f ) Nhm IIIB: gom cac nguyen to d (ns2(n 1)d1) va tt c cac nguyen to f thuoc14 phan nhom phu th cap (cac lantanoit va actinoit ) Nhm IVB ( ns2(n 1)d2) Nhm VB ( ns2(n 1)d3) Nhm VIB ( ns2(n 1)d4 ) ring chu ky IV va V co cau hnh bn bo ha sm ns1(n- 1)d5( 24Cr, 42Mo ) Nhm VIIB ( ns2(n 1)d5) Nhm VIIIB ( ns2(n 1)d6,7,8) co ba cot. Nhm IB ( ns2(n 1)d9) Nhm IIB ( ns2(n 1)d10) ns1(n 1)d10 (bo ha sm) (29Cu, 47Ag, 79Au ) IIA ns2 IIIA ns2np1 IVA ns2np2 VA ns2np3 VIA ns2np4 VIIA ns2np5 VIIIA ns2np6

5.Cach xac nh v tr ca nguyn t trong bng HTTH a)So th t

S TH T

So th t bang vi so ien tch hat nhan cua nguyen t. b)Chu ky

CHU K

So th t cua chu ky bang so lng t chnh(n) ln nhat xuat hien trong cong thc ien t cua nguyen t cua nguyen to o . c) Nhom PHAN NHOM CHNH A (nguyen to h s va p) So th t cua nhom bang tong so ien t thuoc lp ngoai cung . PHAN NHOM PHU B (nguyen t h d v f) Nguyen to d ( (n-1)dans1,2 vi a = 1 10 ) Neu phan lp d bao hoa (a=10) - so th t nhom bang tong so ien t lp ngoai cung . Neu a < 6 - so th t nhom bang tong so cac ien t hoa tr . Neu a = 6,7,8 - so th t nhom bang tam (VIII B). Nguyen to f - thuoc phan nhom phu III B .

II.S BIEN THIEN TUAN HOAN MOT SO TNH CHT CA CC NGUYN T TRONG HE THONG TUAN HOAN. Tnh cht cc nguyen t ha hc trong he thong tuan hoan thay i mt cch tun hon theo ba chiu: ngang, dc v ng cho (khng quan trng): Trong mt phn nhm - cu trc electron ha tr tng t nhau tnh cht ha hc tng t nhau. Xt t trn xung di, do s lp electron tng dn n lc ht ca ht nhn i vi electron ngoi cng gim nen : + tnh kim loi tng, tnh phi kim gim. + tnh kh tng, tnh oxi ha gim.

Trong mt chu k: t tri sang phi, s lp electron khng thay i, tng s electron lp ngoi cng tng lc ht ca ht nhn i vi electron ngoi cng tng, dn n: + tnh kim loi gim, tnh phi kim tng. + tnh kh gim, tnh oxi ha tng. 1.Bn knh nguyn t v ion a) Khai niem -m my in t l v cng nn khng the xc nh ban knh nguyen t hay ion mt cch chnh xc. -Thng co mot so quy c tnh toan va xac nh nh sau: * Ban knh orbital BAN KNH ORBITAL + la ban knh nguyen t trang thai t do. +ban knh orbital c tnh theo ly thuyet va t c s dung trong thc te.
QUI C - la khoang cach t hat nhan en cc ai cua ham phan bo xac suat theo

ban knh cua orbital nguyen t ngoai cung co ien t ( ban knh orbital ngoai cung)

* Ban knh thc nghiem quy c ( ban knh hieu dung ) + Trong thc te ieu kien bnh thng noi chung cac nguyen t khong vao trang thai t do ma vao trang thai lien ket theo kieu nay hay kieu khac. Thc nghiem cho thay trong nhng ieu kien nhat nh, khoang cach gia hai nguyen t nhat nh nam canh nhau trong phan t hay trong tinh the co mot gia tr nhat nh. BAN KNH HIEU DUNG l bn knh nguyn t trng thi lin kt. thng c s dung trong thc te.
QUI C.

Coi cac nguyen t hay ion nh nhng qua cu cng nam tiep xuc nhau. Khoang cach d gia hai hat nhan la tong ban knh cua hai nguyen t (ion ) canh nhau to nn n cht hay hp cht tng ng. Ph thuc vo bn cht nguyn t tng tc, c trng lk ho hc, trng thi lin hp. Cc loi bn knh hiu dng : bn knh kim loi, bn knh cng ho tr, bn knh ion , bn knh Vanderwaals.

BN KNH KIM LOI Ban knh kim loi c xac nh bang mot na khoang cach gia hai nhan gan nhat trong mang tinh the kim loai. V du khoang cach nho nhat gia cac hat nhan trong tinh the vang la 288pm, do o ban knh nguyen t vang la 288/2= 144(pm).

BN KNH CNG HO TR

Bn knh cng ho tr bng mt na khong cch gia cc ht nhn trong tinh th hay phn t n cht ( c lin kt cng ho tr) V du ban knh cong hoa tr cua nguyen t Brom c xac nh bang na chieu dai lien ket Br-Br trong phan t Br2.

BN KNH ION

oi vi hp chat ion th khoang cach gia hai ion dng va am gan nhau nhat trong tinh the c xem la tong ban knh cua hai ion dng va am, do o khi biet ban knh cua mot ion se tnh c ban knh cua ion kia. V du bang phng phap quang hoc va tnh toan ngi ta xac nh c ban knh cua anion O2- bang 140 pm, khoang cach gia hai hat nhan Mg2+ va O2 trong mang tinh the MgO bang 205 pm, t o ban knh cua ion Mg2+ bang 205pm 140 pm = 65pm.
BN KNH VANDERWAALS

oi vi kh tr, v tng tac gia cac nguyen t trong mang tinh the rat yeu, nen ban knh xac nh c co gia tr ac biet ln so vi ban knh cua cac nguyen t cua cac nguyen to cung chu ky .

Ch : oi vi cung mot nguyen to, cac ban knh hieu dung (cong hoa tr, kim loai va ion ) khong trung nhau bi v no phu thuoc vao ban chat cua nguyen t tng tac, trang thai lien hp, kieu lien ket hoa hoc, so phoi tr. Mac du ban knh hieu dung la mot ai lng qui c nhng no van la mot ac trng quan trong cua cac nguyen to cho phep chung ta hieu c s bien oi mot so tnh chat quan trong cua nguyen t nh : nang lng ion hoa , ai lc electron, so phoi tr

b) Quy luat bien oi ban knh nguyen t *S thay i bn knh nguyen t theo chu k. CHU K

Nhn xt - trong mt chu k khi i t tri sang phi nhn chung bn knh nguyn t gim do Z tng. (bn knh ln nht IA v nh nht VIIA ) Trong chu k nh, ban knh nguyen t gim r rang va tng oi eu an. Trong chu k ln , ban knh nguyen t giam cham, khng u va phc tap.
CHU K NH (chu k II v III )

Trong chu k nh, ban knh nguyen t gim r rang va tng oi eu an do viec xay dng lp vo ien t xay ra lp ngoai cung nen hieu ng chan nho, Z tang nen ban knh giam eu an. S giam ban knh xay ra ro nhat khi electron c xay dng vao phan lp s va giam dan khi xay dng vao phan lp np. ieu nay c giai thch la do cac orbital s co oi xng cau co tac dung tham sau vao cac lp electron ben trong nen chu anh hng chan cua lp electron ben trong khong nhieu.V vay ban knh nguyen t giam manh t nhom IA sang phan nhom IIA. Cang ve cuoi chu ky, s gia tang so ien t lam tang lc ay gia cac ien t dan en ban knh nguyen t co tang len ( kh hiem ).

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CHU K LN (chu k IV,V,VI,VII ) Trong chu k ln , ban knh nguyen t giam cham, khng u va phc tap. Trong cac chu ky dai, khi i qua cac nguyen to d va f, ien tch hat nhan tang nhng do electron c xay dng vo lp phan lp ben trong (n 1)d va (n-2)f, do tac dung chan gia cac electron trong cung phan lp d va f kem nen cac phan lp nay se b co lai (hien tng nay goi la co d va co f ) va chung co tac dung chan tng tac gia hat nhan vi cac electron lp ngoai cung, do o lam ban knh nguyen t giam cham. V du ban knh nguyen t cua cac nguyen to chu ky IV.
Ca

Nguyen to K

Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn
1,45 1,31 1,25 1,37 1,24 1,25 1,25 1,28 1,34

Ga Ge As Se Kr
1,22 1,22 1,21 1,17 1,10

r ()

2,27 1,97

1,61

Cac nguyen to d thuoc cung mot day chuyen tiep (cung chu ky ) do s co d nen ban knh khong khac nhau nhieu nh cac nguyen to s va p nen tnh chat cua cac

nguyen to d giong nhau nhieu.

Cac nguyen to f trong cung mot chu ky ( cac lantanoit va cac actinoit ) chu anh hng ong thi s co d va co f nen ban knh giam rat cham (ban knh rat gan nhau) nen tnh chat cua cac nguyen to f cang giong nhau nhieu .

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* S thay i bn knh nguyn t theo phn nhm.

PHN NHM CHNH

Trong mt phn nhm chnh, khi i t trn xung nhn chung ban knh nguyen t tang dan.ieu nay la do s lp e tng va hiu ng chn chiem u the so vi s tang ien tch hat nhan dan en lc hut gia nhan vi cac ien t ngoai cung giam, lam cho ban knh tang len. Tuy nhien, s tang ban knh khong eu an : T chu ky I en chu ky IV ban knh tang nhanh. T chu ky IV en chu ky V ban knh tang cham hn do anh hng cua s co d T chu ky V en chu ky VII ban knh tang cham hn na do s co d va co f. Ban knh cua cac nguyen to thuoc chu ky IV,V,VI cua cung mot phan nhom chnh thng gan nhau hn, cho nen hoa hoc cua cac nguyen o co nhieu iem giong nhau hn so vi cac nguyen to chu ky I, II, III . Tuy nhien phan nhom IIIA , 31Ga co ban knh nho hn 13Al. Nguyen nhan la do s hien dien cua nguyen to chuyen tiep th nhat gia Ca va Ga lam cho Ga co nhieu hn 18 proton trong nhan so vi Al, trong khi K va Ca ch co nhieu hn 8 proton trong nhan so vi cac nguyen to Na va Mg. S gia tang nhieu gia tr ien tch hat nhan cua Ga so vi Al lam cho kch thc cua Ga nho hn Al.

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* S thay i bn knh nguyn t theo phn nhm ph. PHN NHM PH

IVB 1,45
40Zr 22Ti

VB V 1,33
23 41Nb 1,41 73Ta 1,43

VIB
24Cr

1,25
42Mo

1,59
72Hf 1,56

1,36
74W 1,37

Trong mt phn nhm ph, khi i t trn xung, nhn chung ban knh nguyen t tng cham nhng khng u n nh phan nhom chnh. ieu nay c giai thch do tac dung tham cao cua electron ns va s tang nhanh ien tch hat nhan. T chu ky IV en chu ky V ban knh nguyen t tang len mot chut T chu ky V en chu ky VI ban knh nguyen t hau nh khong tang (do s tang ban knh rat cham, tham ch co the khong tang ma giam ).

S hien dien cua chuoi Lantanoit trc cac nguyen to thuoc chu ky VI lam cho moi nguyen to trong chuoi nay co nhieu hn 32 proton trong nhan so vi cac nguyen to ngay tren chung (chu ky V), trong khi moi nguyen to trong chu ky V ch nhieu hn 18 proton trong nhan so vi cac nguyen to chu ky IV. S gia tang nhieu gia tr ien tch hat nhan lam cho ban knh cua cac nguyen to thuoc chu ky VI gan nh khong oi so vi chu ky V.

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14

*Bn knh ion- ban knh cua cac ion n gian thng thay oi theo quy luat sau ay BN KNH ION

r(cation ) < r( nguyen t ) ; r(nguyen t) < r( anion) Nguyen t va ion c tao thanh t cung mot nguyen to hoa hoc.

Cac ion co cung ien tch cua cac nguyen to cung phan nhom, khi tang so lp vo electron tc Z tang th ban knh cua ion se tang .
V du s thay oi ban knh cua ion X+ thuoc phan nhom IA.

Cac ion ang electron (co cung so ien t quanh nhan ) ien tch hat nhan cang ln th ban knh ion cang nho.
V du cac ion ang electron sau: 8O2-, 9F-, 11Na+, 12Mg2+, 13Al3+ eu co 10 ien t ng vi cau hnh 1s22s22p6, ban knh cua ion giam dan theo trat t tren.

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2.Nng lng ion ha ( I ) a)Khai niem

NNG LNG ION HA

Nng lng ion ha l nng lng toi thieu cn thiet tch mt ien t ra khi nguyn t th kh v khng b kch thch. ( I >0 )

e+

X(k) + I1 = X+(k) + e ; H = I1>0

Nang lng ion hoa c qui c la nang lng can tieu ton vi dau (+) ( cung dau vi nhiet ong hoc ) thng c bieu dien bang kJ/ntg hay eV/nt Ngi ta phan biet nang lng ion hoa th nhat, th hai va th ba tuy thuoc vao viec electron c tach ra la electron th nhat, th hai hay th ba . I2- nang lng tach electron th hai ra khoi ion X+(k). I3- nang lng tach electron th ba ra khoi ion X2+(k). oi vi cung mot nguyen to hoa hoc, nang lng ion thay oi theo trat t sau : I1 < I2 < I3 < I4 ..

I - c trng cho kh nng nhng ien t ca nguyn t, I cng nh nguyn t cng d nhng ien t, do tnh kim loi v tnh kh cng mnh.

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Nang lng ion hoa phu thuoc vao cac yeu to sau : ien tch hat nhan nguyen t. So lng t chnh n. Kha nang xam nhap cua cac electron ben ngoai vao lp ben trong( s>p>d). Tac dung chan cua cac electron ben trong en tng tac gia hat nhan vi electron hoa tr ac iem cau truc electron hoa tr. Khi ien tch hat nhan va kha nang xam nhap cua electron ben ngoai tang th nang lng ion hoa tang. Khi so lng t chnh va tac dung chan cua cac lp electron ben trong tang th nang lng ion hoa lai giam. Cac trang thai phan lp bao hoa hoac ban bao hoa kha ben vng, nen nguyen t co cau truc o se co gia tr nang lng ion hoa ln hn bnh thng. b) Quy luat bien oi
QUI LUT BIN I NNG LNG ION HA THEO CHU K

theo chieu tang dan cua ien tch hat nhan, nhn chung nang lng ion hoa (I1) tang dan, co gia tr nho nhat kim loai kiem (IA) va cc ai kh hiem (VIIIA).
ieu nay c giai thch la do so lp vo electron khong tang, bn knh gim, con ien tch hieu dung tang dan.

Trong mt chu k -

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Tuy nhien s tang nang lng ion hoa (I1) khong thc hien mot cach eu an va n ieu trong ca chu ky.

Cac nguyen to s, p co gia tr I tang ro rang hn cac nguyen to d, f do co hien tng co d hoac co f. Thng xuat hien cac cc ai nho ng vi cau hnh electron bao hoa hoac ban bao hoa cac phan lp s, p, d.
Cac cc tieu nho cung gap cac nguyen to ke tiep co cau hnh kem ben vng hn do tng tac ay cua cac electron trong cung mot orbital hoac do s xuat hien electron tren orbital co nang lng cao hn.

V du nang lng ion hoa cua cac nguyen to thuoc chu ky II (eV) Phan nhom IA IIA IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA Nguyen to Li Be B C N O F I1 5,39 9,32 8,30 11,26 14,53 13,62 17,42 ( I1 )min 2s1 2s2 75,64 18,21 (I2)max (I2)min 2s22p1 25,15 24,38 2s22p3 2s22p4 29,60 35,12 34,97

VIIIA Ne 21,56 (I1)max 2s22p6 40,96

I2

Nang lng ion hoa I2 cung bien thien mot cach tuan hoan, tuy nhien cac cc tieu va cc ai cua I2 c dch chuyen i mot nhom so vi I1.

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QUI LUT BIN I NNG LNG ION HO THEO PHN NHM PHN NHM CHNH (A)

Trong phan nhom chnh(A) - khi i t trn xung trong phan nhom chnh gia tr nang lng ion hoa giam song song vi s tang ban knh nguyen t, nn tnh kim loi tng dn. V du nang lng ion hoa cua cac nguyen to thuoc phan nhom IA . Chu ky II III IV V VI VII Phan nhom IA Li Na K Rb Cs Fr I1(eV) 5,39 5,14 4,34 4,18 3,89 3,98 Tuy nhien, s thay oi nay cung khong n ieu ma kha phc tap do anh hng ong thi cua viec tang lp vo electron, viec tang ien tch hat nhan va hieu ng chan. Khi chuyen t cac nguyen to chu ky II xuong chu ky III va IV thng nang lng ion hoa giam kha nhanh do ban knh nguyen t tang nhanh. cac chu ky ln pha di, do anh hng kha ln cua s co d va co f, gia tr cua nang lng ion hoa giam kha cham, tham ch co trng hp con tang .

PHN NHM PH (B)

Trong phan nhom phukhi i t tren xuong di nang lng ion hoa tang dan, nn tnh kim loi gim dn. ieu nay c giai thch la do kha nang xam nhap manh cua electron ns, s tang nhanh ien tch hat nhan (ac biet khi chuyen t chu ky V xuong chu ky VI ) con ban knh nguyen t lai t thay oi. V du nang lng ion hoa cua cac nguyen to thuoc phan nhom phu IVB . Chu ky Nguyen to I1(eV) IV 6,82 22Ti V 6,84 40Zr VI 7,0 72Hf
Ch trong phn nhm ph IIIB khi i t trn xung I1 ca cc nguyn t d gim dn . 19

3.i lc electron (F) a) Khai niem X(k) + e = X-(k) , F = H (quy c) Ai lc electron l nng lng pht ra (F<0) hay thu vo (F>0) khi kt hp mt ien t vo nguyn t th kh khng b kch thch F c gi tr cng m th nguyn t c i lc in t cng mnh ,cng d nhn ien t, nen tnh phi kim v tnh oxiha ca nguyn t cng mnh. i lc electron ca X = nng lng ion ha ca X- nhng ngc du : F(X) = -I(X-) Ai lc ien t thng c bieu dien bang kJ/ntg hay eV/nt. b) Quy luat bien oi

Trong mot chu ky, ai lc ien t mnh nht cac Halogen, yu nht cac kh hiem.
Cac nguyen t cua cac nguyen to s, p co cau hnh electron hoa tr s2, p6, p3 co ai lc ien t nho. Cac nguyen to ng trc nguyen to co cau hnh bao hoa hay na bao hoa eu co ai lc ien t tng oi manh.

Trong mot phan nhom, khi i t tren xuong nhn chung ai lc ien t giam dan.

ac biet ai lc ien t co gia tr nho hn han cac nguyen to co ban knh qua nho v luc o mat o electron ln gay kho khan cho viec ket hp them electron. Chnh v ly do nay ma nguyen to Flo do co kch thc nho hn Clo nen co ai lc ien t yu hn Clo : F(F) = -3,45eV ; F(Cl) = -3,61eV

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4. m in a) Khai niem m in la ai lng c trng cho kh nng cua nguyen t mot nguyen to ht mt ien t v pha mnh khi to lin kt vi nguyn t ca nguyen t khc .

o am ien cua nguyen t cang ln th tnh oxihoa cua no cang manh. o am ien cua nguyen t cang nho th tnh kh cang manh.
Nguyen t ca nguyen t c m in ln hn s ht mat o ien t v pha . mnh khi tng tc vi nguyn t ca nguyen t khc c m in nh hn.

o am ien khong phai la mot hang so nguyen t ma phu thuoc vao nhieu yeu to nh : trang thai hoa tr, so oxyhoa cua nguyen t, thanh phan cua cac hp chat hay cac nguyen t bao quanh nguyen t can xet. V vay mot cach chat che, ta phai noi o am ien cua mot nguyen to trong nhng ieu kien cu the xac nh.
Khong the o trc tiep o am ien cua mot nguyen to v khai niem nay khong gan vi nguyen t t do ma gan lien vi nguyen t trong phan t.V vay, ch co the tnh o am ien tng oi cua cac nguyen to. C nhiu cch khc nhau xc nh m in tng oi cua cac nguyen to. Vao khoang gia the k 20 ngi ta a e ngh khoang 20 he thong o am ien khac nhau da tren nhng thuoc tnh khac nhau cua nguyen t va phan t nh nang lng lien ket, ban knh cong hoa tr cua nguyen t, so ien tch hieu dung cua hat nhan nguyen t - Phng phap c dung nhieu nhat la phng phap cua Pauling tnh o am ien tng oi cua cac nguyen to da vao nang lng lien ket. Pauling a tien hanh tnh toan o am ien cac nguyen to da tren s so sanh vi o am ien cua Flo c chon bang bon. E = const ( A - B )2 E = EA-B - E A A E B B
trong o EA-B la nang lng lien ket A-B; EA-A la nang lng lien ket A-A; EB-B la nang lng lien ket B-B.

Neu va E + tnh theo eV th const = 1 + tnh theo kJ/ mol th const = 96,5 + tnh theo kcal/ mol th const = 23,1

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Linus Pauling, Pauling, 19011901-1994

The only person to receive two unshared Nobel prizes (for Peace and Chemistry). Chemistry areas: bonding, electronegativity, protein structure

b) Quy luat bien oi

Nhn chung, trong mi chu k khi i t tri sang phi, m in tng ln va trong cung mot phan nhom khi i t trn xung m in giam.
Nhng nguyen to co gia tr o am ien ln nam pha goc ben phai cua bang he thong tuan hoan nhng nguyen to co gia tr o am ien nho nam pha goc ben trai Cac nguyen to He, Ne, Ar khong co gia tr o am ien v en nay cha tm thay hp chat nao gia cac kh tr nay vi cac nguyen to khac.

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Moi lien he gia o am ien va cac loai lien ket c tom tat trong bang sau:
o khac biet ve o am ien gia hai nguyen t lien ket 0 Trung bnh Trung bnh ln ln Loai lien ket Cong hoa tri Cong hoa tr co tnh ion Ion co tnh cong hoa tri Ion

+ Khi hai nguyen t tng tac co cung ga tr o am ien, cap ien t lien ket c phan bo ong eu gia hai nguyen t tng tac va lien ket la cong hoa tr khong phan cc. + Khi hai nguyen t tng tac co o am ien khac nhau rat nhieu (A - B 2) th se co s chuyen di ien t xay ra gia hai nguyen t, ket qua la hnh thanh hai ion tch ien trai dau, hai ion nay hut nhau bang lc hut tnh ien hnh thanh lien ket ion . + Neu hai nguyen t co o am ien khac nhau khong nhieu th cap ien t lien ket se b lech en mot mc o nao o ve pha nguyen t co o am ien ln hn va lien ket la cong hoa tr phan cc hay cong hoa tr co mot phan tnh ion. Cung co trng hp lien ket ion co mot phan tnh cong hoa tr ( se gap chng sau )

NHN XT

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5. Hoa tr va s oxi ha a)Ha tr Hoa tr ca mt nguyn t bng s lin kt ha hc m mt nguyen t ca nguyen t to nn trong phn t. b)S oxi ha S oxi ha l in tch dng hay m ca nguyen t trong hp cht c tnh vi gi thit rng hp cht c to thnh t cc ion. Nguyn tc xc nh s oxi ha: + S oxi ha ca nguyn t t do = 0 + S oxi ha ca ion 1 ngt = in tch cua ion o. + Trong phn t trung ha in, tng s oxi ha ca cc nguyn t = 0 + S oxi ha ca nguyen t trong hp cht cng ha tr = in tch ca nguyen t khi xem cp electron lin kt chuyn hn v ngt c m in ln hn. + S oxi ha ca kim loi kim = +1 + S oxi ha ca oxi = -2 + S oxi ha ca hydro = +1 Cac nguyen to thuoc phan nhom chnh va phu ( tr IB, VIIIB, VIIIA ) s oxi ha dng cao nht ca cc nguyn t co the at c la bang s th t ca nhm.

S oxi ha m thp nht ca phi kim (t IVA en VIIA) = s th t nhm -8

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