(YRC 2013) Chương trình hỗ trợ tiền lương Kinh nghiệm thế giới và mô hình đề xuất cho Việt Nam

B GIO DC V O TO
TRNG I HC NGOI THNG

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Cng trnh tham d Cuc thi
Sinh vin nghin cu khoa hc Trng i hc Ngoi thng 2013

Tn cng trnh:
CHNG TRNH H TR TIN LNG: KINH NGHIM TH
GII V XUT CHO VIT NAM

Nhm ngnh: KD1

H Ni, thng 05 nm 2013

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MC LC
MC LC ............................................................................................................................ 2
DANH MC BNG, BIU V HNH ....................................................................... 5
LI M U ....................................................................................................................... 7
CHNG 1: NHNG VN L LUN C BN V CHNG TRNH H
TR TIN LNG .......................................................................................................... 11
1.1 Tng quan v chng trnh h tr tin lng (Wage Subsidy Scheme) .................... 11
1.1.1 Khi nim ............................................................................................................ 11
1.1.2 Phn loi .............................................................................................................. 12
1.1.2.1 Da vo i tng c hng n ............................................................. 12
1.1.2.2 Da vo hnh thc h tr .............................................................................. 13
1.2 Hot ng ca mt chng trnh h tr tin lng ................................................ 14
1.2.1 di chng trnh ......................................................................................... 14
1.2.2 Mc h tr .................................................................................................. 15
1.2.3 Cc iu kin tham gia chng trnh ............................................................... 15
1.2.4 Kim tra vic tun th chng trnh ................................................................ 16
1.2.5 Cc yu t cn cn nhc khc .......................................................................... 16
1.3 Nhng tc ng ca chng trnh h tr tin lng .............................................. 16
1.3.1 Tc ng tch cc ca chng trnh h tr tin lng ..................................... 16
1.3.Tc ng tiu cc ngoi mun ca chng trnh h tr tin lng ................. 19
1.4 Mt s m hnh hot ng ca chng trnh h tr tin lng .............................. 21
1.4.1 Cc m hnh theo l thuyt kinh t vi m ........................................................ 21
1.4.1 Cc m hnh theo l thuyt kinh t v m ........................................................ 22
CHNG 2: KINH NGHIM V CHNG TRNH H TR TIN LNG TI
MT S QUC GIA TRN TH GII ........................................................................ 27
2.1 Chng trnh h tr tin lng ca Vng Quc Anh .............................................. 27
2.1.1 Tng quan v tnh hnh kinh t, x hi ca Vng Quc Anh trc khi p dng
chng trnh h tr tin lng...................................................................................... 27
2.1.1.1 Tnh hnh kinh t ca Vng Quc Anh giai on trc1998 ..................... 27
2.1.1.2 Tnh hnh th trng lao ng ca Vng Quc Anh trc nm 1998 ........ 31
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2.1.2 Chng trnh h tr tin lng ca Vng Quc Anh - "S tha thun mi dnh
cho nhng lao ng tr" New Deal for Youth Employment (1998 2001) .............. 32
2.1.2.1 Nhng c im chnh ca chng trnh h tr tin lng ti Anh ............. 32
2.1.2.2 Kt qu chng trnh .................................................................................... 35
2.1.3 nh gi v chng trnh h tr tin lng ca Anh .......................................... 37
2.1.3.1 nh gi tc ng ca chng trnh i vi tnh hnh kinh t v m ca
Vng Quc Anh ...................................................................................................... 37
2.1.3.2 nh gi chung v tnh hiu qu ca chng trnh ...................................... 39
2. 2 Chng trnh h tr tin lng ti M ...................................................................... 40
2.2.1 Tnh hnh kinh t x hi ti M trong nhng nm 1970 ..................................... 40
2.2.2 Chng trnh h tr thu cho nhng vic lm trong mc tiu ti M - Targeted
Jobs Tax Credit (TJTC) ................................................................................................ 42
2.2.2.1 Gii thiu chung v chng trnh h tr thu cho nhng vic lm trong mc
tiu ti M ................................................................................................................. 42
2.2.2.2 Nhng n lc ca doanh nghip trong vic tuyn dng, s dng v duy tr
lao ng thuc cc nhm lao ng mc tiu ca chng trnh h tr tin lng
TJTC ......................................................................................................................... 44
2.2.2.3 M t nhng ngi lao ng v s dng lao ng tham gia chng trnh TJTC
...................................................................................................................................... 46
2.2.3 nh gi v chng trnh h tr tin lng ca M ........................................... 48
2.3 Chng trnh h tr tin lng ti Australia .............................................................. 50
2.3.1 Tnh hnh kinh t - x hi ca Australia trc khi p dng chng trnh h tr
tin lng ...................................................................................................................... 50
2.3.2 Chng trnh o to v vic lm c bit dnh cho gii trti Australia ...... 53
2.3.3 nh gi tc ng ca chng trnh h tr tin lng ca Australia .................. 56
CHNG 3: MT S XUT XY DNG CHNG TRNH H TR TIN
LNG TI VIT NAM ................................................................................................. 61
3.1 iu kin pht trin kinh t, hot ng ca doanh nghip v th trng lao ng Vit
Nam hin nay ................................................................................................................... 61
3.1.1 Tnh hnh pht trin nn kinh t Vit Nam .......................................................... 61
3.1.2 Tnh hnh hot ng kinh doanh ca doanh nghip Vit Nam ............................ 63
3.1.3 Tnh hnh th trng lao ng ti Vit Nam ........................................................ 67
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3.1.3.1 H thng cc vn bn php l v ch tin lng, thu nhp ca ngi lao
ng ti Vit Nam ..................................................................................................... 67
3.1.3.2 Tnh hnh thu nhp ca ngi lao ng ti Vit Nam trong thi gian gn y
.................................................................................................................................. 68
3.1.3.3 Cht lng lao ng ti Vit Nam hin nay ................................................. 70
3.2 xut M hnh chng trnh h tr tin lng ti Vit Nam ................................. 73
3.2.1 M hnh chng trnh h tr tin lng ti Vit Nam ........................................ 73
3.2.1.1 Phm vi ngnh c h tr ........................................................................... 73
3.2.1.3 Nhm i tng mc tiu ............................................................................. 74
3.2.1.2 Hnh thc h tr ............................................................................................ 74
3.2.2 D kin s b chi ph ca Chng trnh h tr tin lng xut ti Vit Nam76
3.2.2.1 i vi cc lao ng c vic lm ............................................................. 76
3.2.2.2 i vi cc lao ng cha c vic lm ......................................................... 77
3.2.2.3 Ph pht hnh th ngn hng tr tin h tr trc tip cho ngi lao ng78
3.2.2.4 Tng chi ph d kin ca Chng trnh h tr tin lng ............................ 78
3.2.3 Kt qu d kin ca Chng trnh h tr tin lng xut ti Vit Nam ........ 79
3.2.3.1 D kin tc ng ca Chng trnh h tr tin lng i vi tnh hnh lao
ng Vit Nam .......................................................................................................... 79
3.2.3.2 D kin tc ng ca Chng trnh h tr tin lng i vi nn kinh t s
dng hm sn xut Cobb-Douglas ............................................................................ 80
3.2.3.2 D kin tc ng ca Chng trnh h tr tin lng i vi Ngn sch Nh
nc .......................................................................................................................... 83
KT LUN ......................................................................................................................... 86
DANH MC TI LIU THAM KHO .......................................................................... 88
PH LC ............................................................................................................................ 92
Ph lc 1: Phm vi cc ngnh trong Chng trnh h tr tin lng .............................. 92
Ph lc 2: Tnh ton chi tiu bnh qun/thng ca ngi dn Vit Nam ......................... 97
Ph lc 3: S liu v tnh hnh GDP, Lao ng v Vn u t theo thnh phn kinh t
ca Vit Nam giai on 2000-2012 ................................................................................. 99
Ph lc 4: Tnh hnh Ngn sch nh nc giai on 2000 - 2012 ................................. 100

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DANH MC BNG, BIU V HNH
Bng 2.1: nh gi hiu qu ca cc la chn trong chng trnh "S tha thun mi dnh
cho nhng lao ng tr" ca Vng Quc Anh .................................................................. 34
Hnh 2.1: Tm tt chng trnh "S tha thun mi dnh cho nhng lao ng tr" ca
Vng Quc Anh ................................................................................................................. 35
Bng 2.2: Kt qu iu tra s lng chng nhn TJTC trn ton nc M, phn loi theo
nhm lao ng mc tiu, nm 1988 ..................................................................................... 47
Bng 2.3: Kt qu iu tra mc lng khi im, phn loi theo nhm lao ng mc tiu,
nm 1988 .............................................................................................................................. 47
Bng 2.4 Mc lng trung bnh ca lao ng mi ti Australia trong giai on 1977 n
1981 ..................................................................................................................................... 55
Bng 2.5: Thu nhp trung bnh theo tun ca cc nhm lao ng ti Australia giai on
1981 - 1985 .......................................................................................................................... 58
Bng 3.1: S liu thng k lc lng lao ng v s ngi c vic lm t 15 tui tr ln
nm 2010, 2011, 2012 .......................................................................................................... 68
Bng 3.2: Thu nhp ca ngi lao ng t 15 tui tr ln nm 2010, 2011, 2012 ............. 69
Bng 3.3: Lc lng lao ng t 15 tui tr ln chia theo trnh chuyn mn k thut v
gii tnh t nm 2010 n ht qu 3 nm 2012 ................................................................... 71
Bng 3.4: T l thiu vic lm lm v tht nghip, giai on 2009 2012 ........................ 72
Bng 3.5: Gi tr ca Chng trnh h tr tin lng i vi ngi lao ng c vic lm
trong 1 nm .......................................................................................................................... 76
Bng 3.6: Tm tt tng chi ph ca Chng trnh h tr tin lng ................................... 78
Bng 3.7: Tnh hnh tng trng vic lm ti Vit Nam giai on 2000 2012 ................ 79
Biu 2.1: Tng trng GDP giai on Qu I 1980 Qu II 1998 ca cc nc G7 ..... 27
Biu 2.2: Lm pht giai on 1980 - 1998 ca cc nc G7 .......................................... 28
Biu 2. 3: Lm pht gi nh ti Anh giai on 1986 - 1997 ........................................ 29
Biu 2.4: T l tit kim c nhn ti Anh giai on 1980 1997 (%GDP) ................... 29
Biu 2.5: T l vay n trong Tng n phi tr ca cc doanh nghip t nhn phi ti
chnh Anh 1987 - 1997 ..................................................................................................... 29
Biu 2.6: Bin ng t gi hi oi ca cc nc G7 giai on thng 1/1980 - thng
10/1998 ................................................................................................................................ 30
Biu 2.7: S lng ngi tht nghip c hng tr cp ti Vng Quc Anh Tng v
S lng tht nghip di hn (trn mt nm) ...................................................................... 31
Biu 2.8: S lng ngi tht nghip t 18 n 24 tui c hng tr cp ti Vng
Quc Anh Tng, s lng tht nghip ngn v di hn (trn mt nm) .......................... 32
Biu 2.9: S lng lao ng tham gia chng trnh "S tha thun mi dnh cho nhng
lao ng tr" ca Vng Quc Anh tnh ti cui mi thng ............................................... 35
t 01/1998 n 10/2001 ....................................................................................................... 35
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Biu 2.10: S lng lao ng tham gia chng trnh "S tha thun mi dnh cho
nhng lao ng tr" ca Vng Quc Anh tnh theo s ln tham gia ................................. 36
(tnh n 10/2001) ................................................................................................................ 36
Biu 2.11: S lng lao ng tham gia chng trnh c vic lm ................................. 37
phn theo loi hnh vic lm ................................................................................................ 37
Biu 2.12: Thay i trong lao ng tht nghip di hn ................................................. 38
gia thng 4/1998 v thng 10/2001 ti Vng Quc Anh ................................................. 38
Biu 2.13: GDP thc ca M, tip cn theo phng php tnh chi ph, t nm 1970 n
1990, nm c s: 2005 (n v tnh: t USD) ...................................................................... 41
Biu 2.14: S liu CPI ca M t nm 1970 n 1990 (n v: %) ............................... 49
Biu 2.15: T l lm pht ca Australia trong giai on 1971 - 1979 ............................ 51
Biu 2.16: T l tht nghip ti Australia trong giai on 1960 2001 (n v: %) .... 52
Biu 2.17: Mc tng trng GDP bnh qun u ngi ti Australia giai on 1971 -
1979 ..................................................................................................................................... 52
Biu 2.18: Bin ng mc lng trung bnh ca cc nhm lao ng ti Australia trong
giai on 1981 - 1985 .......................................................................................................... 59
Biu 3.1: S lng doanh nghip ng k thnh lp mi mi nm, t 2001 - 2012 ...... 64
Biu 3.2: Thu nhp ca ngi lao ng t 15 tui tr ln nm 2010, 2011, 2012 ......... 70
Biu 3.3: Tnh trng Ngn sch Nh nc giai on 2000 - 2012 ................................. 84
Hnh 1. 1: M hnh h tr tin lng ca Dreze v Sneessens (1997) ................................ 21
Hnh 1.2: Tc ng ca h tr tin lng n lng lao ng c vic lm theo m hnh ca
Snower (1994) ...................................................................................................................... 26
Hnh 3.1: Kt qu hi quy h s ca Hm Cobb-Douglas i vi ton b nn kinh t Vit
Nam giai on 2000 - 2012 .................................................................................................. 81
Hnh 3.2: Kt qu hi quy h s ca Hm Cobb-Douglas i vi khu vc kinh t phi nh
nc giai on 2000 - 2012 ................................................................................................. 82
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LI M U
1. Tnh cp thit ca ti
Nhng tc ng tiu cc ca cuc khng hong ti chnh th gii bt u t
cui nm 2008 m u cho s tt dc nghim trng ca nn kinh t Vit Nam.
Sau gn 4 nm, tnh hnh suy thoi kinh t trong nc vn khng c ci thin.
c bit, t khong cui nm 2011 v trong sut c nm 2012, t l hng tn kho
tng cao v kh khn trong vic tip cn ngun vn vay t ngn hng u cng dn
n mt hu qu duy nht: l s thu hp sn xut, thm ch l dn n ph sn
ca hng lot cc doanh nghip va v nh. iu ny khin cho tnh trng tht
nghip ca Vit Nam tr nn rt nghim trng, nht l tnh trng tht nghip trong
b phn lao ng thanh nin 15-24 tui. Ngay c i vi nhng lao ng c vic
lm, c bit l cc lao ng ti nhng doanh nghip sn xut ngoi nh nc, th
tnh hnh lm pht cng vi ch s gi tiu dng khng ngng gia tng trong thi
gian qua, trong khi mc lng li qu thp khng trang tri cc chi ph bnh
qun ti thiu trong mt thng khin cho ngi lao ng c thu nhp thp lm vo
tnh trng tng qun. V vy, cc lao ng tht nghip v c thu nhp thp ti Vit
Nam rt cn c mt chng trnh h tr tin lng c th n nh cuc sng
trong giai on kinh t kh khn nh hin nay.
Chng trnh h tr tin lng (Wage Subsidies) nhm h tr nhng lao
ng nm trong mc tiu ca chng trnh, thng l cc lao ng ang tht
nghip, c thu nhp thp, hoc c hon cnh kh khn. Chng trnh ny v
ang c tin hnh nhiu quc gia trn th gii t nhng nm 70 ca th k
trc v mang li nhiu tc ng tch cc cho th trng lao ng ti cc quc
gia m chng trnh c tin hnh.
Ti Vit Nam khi m tnh trng tht nghip cn mc cao, trong khi mc
lng ph bin dnh cho ngi lao ng, c bit l cc lao ng tr hoc lao ng
ph thng cn thp, Chng trnh h tr tin lng c th l mt gii php vi chi
ph thp hn rt nhiu so vi hiu qu m chng trnh ha hn em li cho ngi
lao ng ni ring, v cho nn kinh t Vit Nam ni chung. Tuy nhin, trc khi
chng trnh ny c tin hnh Vit Nam, cn phi c mt nghin cu nh
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gi tng th v cc c im, loi hnh v cc xut thay i chng trnh h
tr tin lng ny c th hot ng hiu qu trong iu kin kinh t, x hi Vit
Nam. Xut pht t thc t , nhm nghin cu la chn vn Chng trnh
h tr tin lng: Kinh nghim th gii v xut cho Vit Nam lm ti cho
cng trnh nghin cu khoa hc ca mnh.
2. Tng quan tnh hnh nghin cu
Cc chng trnh h tr ca Chnh ph khng phi l mt chnh sch xa l,
thm ch c th hn l cc Chnh sch h tr tin lng c nhiu quc gia trn
th gii p dng t lu. Sm nht c th k n Chng trnh o to c bit dnh
cho ngi lao ng tr - mt chng trnh h tr tin lng nhng t ch trng vo
o to ca Chnh ph Australia trong giai on 1976-1985; hay gn y nht l
Chng trnh Apoyo Directo al Empleo (PADE) chng trnh h tr tin lng
cho cc doanh nghip va v nh ca Chnh ph Colombia trong giai on 2000-
2006. Cc c quan c lin quan tng quc gia v trn Th gii nh World Bank
hay Asia Development Bank u c nhng bo co nh gi mc hiu qu v
tc ng ca cc chng trnh ny.
Cch xy dng cc m hnh h tr tin lng ti u cng l ti ca nhiu
nghin cu. Tiu biu c th k n cc ti: Xy dng m hnh h tr tin lng
ti u cho mi cng nhn: By tht nghip, Tng trng vic lm v Thu xut ca
tc gi Pierre M. PICARD; Thit k h thng h tr cho cc gia nh: Tng hp v
nhng pht hin trong khi nghin cu chnh sch ca T chc The Urban Institute;
hay H tr tin lng trong chng trnh pht trin kinh t ca i hc Qun l
Singapore.
Ti Vit Nam, cc Chng trnh h tr ngi lao ng cng nhiu ln p
dng. Tuy nhin cc chng trnh ny mi ch dng mc h tr b ng cho lao
ng tht nghip (v khng khuyn khch c ngi lao ng tch cc t tm vic
lm) hoc h tr di dng chnh sch nh o to ngh, hay gii thiu vic lm.
Chnh v th, Vit Nam, hu nh cha c mt nghin cu no v tnh kh thi ca
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chng trnh h tr tin lng i vi th trng lao ng trong nc ni ring, v
tnh hnh kinh t ni chng.
3. Mc tiu nghin cu
Trn c s nghin cu cc chng trnh h tr tin lng ca mt s quc gia
trn th gii, mc tiu nghin cu ca ti l a ra mt s xut xy dng m
hnh chng trnh h tr tin lng ti Vit Nam trong iu kin pht trin kinh t
t nc hin nay v d kin nhng chi ph cng nh tc ng ca chng trnh.
4. Nhim v
t c mc tiu nghin cu trn, ti tp trung gii quyt 3 vn sau:
Lm r nhng vn l lun c bn v chng trnh h tr tin lng;
Phn tch, nh gi chng trnh h tr tin lng ca mt s quc gia trn
th gii l Anh, M v c;
xut xy dng m hnh chng trnh h tr tin lng ti Vit Nam v d
kin nhng chi ph cng nh tc ng ca chng trnh trn c s nghin
cu kinh nghim ca cc nc.
4. i tng v phm vi nghin cu
i tng nghin cu: Chng trnh h tr tin lng cho doanh nghip
Phm vi nghin cu: ti nghin cu kinh nghim xy dng v trin khai
chng trnh h tr tin lng ti Anh, M, c v ti Vit Nam
Mu kho st: h thng doanh nghip cp 2 theo Quyt nh s 10/2007/Q-
TTg ca Th tng Chnh ph ban hnh ngy 23/01/2007 v Ban hnh H
thng ngnh kinh t ca Vit Nam
5. Phng php nghin cu
Phn tch ti liu: nghin cu cc ngun thng tin, d liu c trong sch
v, cc bi bo, cng trnh khoa hc trc v thng tin trn mng Internet
lm c s cho l lun v chng minh cc lp lun.
Lin h vi mt s c quan doanh nghip (ti H Ni) tm hiu v ch
lng hin hnh.
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Phng php quan st thc tin t rt ra c im nn kinh t x hi
Vit Nam v so snh nhng c im vi cc nc khc trn th gii.
6. Kt qu nghin cu d kin
Lm r c nhng vn l lun c bn v chng trnh h tr tin lng
nh ni dung v cc iu kin hot ng ca chng trnh, phn loi v cc
m hnh hot ng ca chng trnh h tr tin lng;
nh gi nhng kt qu thc hin cc chng trnh h tr tin lng c p
dng ti Anh, M v c, ch ra tc ng tch cc v tiu cc ca cc chng
trnh ny;
a ra c nhng xut xy dng m hnh chng trnh h tr tin lng
ph hp vi c im kinh t x hi Vit Nam, ng thi d bo nhng chi
ph v tc ng ca chng trnh xut i vi Vit Nam.
7. Kt cu ca ti
Ngoi li m u, kt lun, ni dung chnh ca ti nghin cu gm 3 chng:
Chng 1: Nhng vn l lun c bn v chng trnh h tr tin lng
Chng 2: Kinh nghim v chng trnh h tr tin lng ti mt s quc
gia trn th gii
Chng 3: Mt s xut xy dng chng trnh h tr tin lng ti Vit
Nam

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CHNG 1: NHNG VN L LUN C BN V CHNG TRNH
H TR TIN LNG
1.1 Tng quan v chng trnh h tr tin lng (Wage Subsidy Scheme)
1.1.1 Khi nim
Chng trnh h tr tin lng (Wage Subsidies Scheme) hoc h tr lao
ng (Employment Subsidies) l mt trong hai hnh thc chnh ca Chng trnh
th trng lao ng (Labour Market Programs), hnh thc cn li l o to.
Chng trnh th trng lao ng l mt hnh thc can thip ca chnh ph vo th
trng lao ng vi mc ch to ra li ch cho nhng nhm ngi lao ng c
hng n.
C th, trong chng trnh h tr tin lng, Chnh ph s h tr chi tr mt
phn tin lng cho ngi lao ng hoc c cc hnh thc min gim thu hoc u
tin tng ng cho doanh nghip nu doanh nghip thu nhng ngi lao ng l
i tng c hng n trong chng trnh h tr. Theo , chng trnh h tr
tin lng thc cht l mt loi hnh khuyn khch tng mc to vic lm v
nng cao tnh trng lao ng c vic lm, thng qua vic gim chi ph lao ng cho
cc doanh nghip hoc tng mc lng m ngi lao ng nhn c.
Chng trnh h tr tin lng c coi l mt chnh sch "ch ng" v
"tch cc" hn so vi nhng loi hnh chnh sch khc trong vic to ra li ch v h
tr thu nhp cho ngi lao ng. Chng trnh h tr tin lng c mc ch cui
cng l to ra cng n vic lm cho ngi lao ng, khng ging nhng phng
thc gin tip khc, v d nh o to ch gip nng cao cht lng ca ngi lao
ng tham gia vo th trng lao ng hoc Tr cp tht nghip ch gip h tr thu
nhp trong ngn hn m khng nng cao kh nng tm c vic lm trong di hn.
Phn ln cc nc thuc T chc Hp tc v Pht trin Kinh t (OECD) nh
Php, c, Ty Ban Nha, v Anh u tng p dng cc hnh thc h tr tin
lng v coi y l mt chnh sch "ch ng" v "cn thit". Mt s quc gia c
thu nhp trung bnh nh Chile, Hn Quc, M-hi-c, Cng ha Slovakia v Th Nh
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K cng p dng mt s chng trnh h tr tin lng trong thi k suy thoi
kinh t ton cu do tht nghip tng cao.
1.1.2 Phn loi
Cc chng trnh h tr tin lng thng c nhiu hnh thc kh a dng
do mi quc gia khi p dng u c nhng thay i cho ph hp vi hon cnh v
iu kin kinh t ca nc mnh. Tuy nhin, c th phn loi cc chng trnh h
tr tin lng da trn mt s tiu ch chung sau y:
1.1.2.1 Da vo i tng c hng n
- Chng trnh h tr tin lng khng c i tng c th (cn c tn l
Wage Bill Subsidy): hnh thc h tr c p dng cho mi i tng, k c ngi
lao ng ang c vic lm hoc ang tht nghip. Hnh thc ny t c p dng v
chi ph qu ln trong khi hiu qu khng cao v ngun lc phn tn.
V d: Chng trnh h tr thu cho nhng vic lm mi (New Jobs Tax
Credit NJTC) l chng trnh h tr lao ng khng phn loi theo hnh thc cho
min gim thu c thc hin Hoa K trong giai on 1977 1978. Chng
trnh ny c nh gi l tng s lng vic lm trong ngnh bn l v xy
dng t 150,000 ln 670,000 (tng ng vi mc tng lng vic lm trong nn
kinh t t 0.2% ln 0.8%)
- Chng trnh h tr tin lng c i tng c th: Chng trnh ny
c th phn loi tip thnh:
+ Chng trnh h tr tin lng cho nhng ngi lao ng hin ti ca
doanh nghip: chng trnh ny thng c p dng vi nhng i tng lao
ng c vic lm nhng mc lng cn thp, hoc i sng cn nhiu kh khn.
Trong chng trnh ny, doanh nghip s chi tr mt phn tin lng, cn chnh
ph s tr mt phn cn li hoc c nhng hnh thc u tin tng ng i vi
doanh nghip m bo ngi lao ng nhn c mt mc lng ti thiu. V
vy, chng trnh ny cn c tn gi l Marginal Stock Subsidy.
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V d: Chng trnh Program de Apoyo Directo al Empleo (PADE) hng
n nhng i tng l cc cng nhn c hon cnh c bit nh: cc b m phi i
lm, ngi tn tt hoc cc cu chin binh, c thc hin trong giai on 2002
2006 ti Colombia. Chng trnh ny h tr tin lng cho cc doanh nghip va
v nh.
+ Chng trnh h tr tin lng cho nhng lao ng ang tht nghip
hay nhng ngi lao ng thu mi ca doanh nghip (cn c gi l
Recruitment Subsidy). Trong chng trnh ny, i tng mc tiu cng c th
c chia nh hn da vo tui hoc gii tnh, hoc cc tiu ch khc. Tng t
nh i vi chng trnh h tr tin lng cho nhng ngi lao ng hin ti ca
doanh nghip, doanh nghip s chi tr mt phn tin lng v chnh ph s chi tr
phn cn li m bo mc lng ti thiu ca ngi lao ng hoc c nhng
hnh thc u tin tng ng i vi doanh nghip. Tuy nhin, trong trng hp
ny th t l ng gp ca chnh ph s cao hn khuyn khch doanh nghip to
thm vic lm, t hn ch tnh trng tht nghip.
V d 1: Chng trnh Youth Practice cung cp tr cp vic lm cho nhng
ngi tht nghip di 25 tui c thc hin trong nm 1992 ti Thy in.
V d 2: Chng trnh Law 5763 h tr nhng ngi lao ng tht nghip
trong tui 19 24 v ph n, c thc hin trong nm 2008 ti Th Nh K.
Theo c tnh ban u, chng trnh to ra 166,000 vic lm mi cho ngi lao
ng tr, 43,000 vic lm mi cho ph n.
1.1.2.2 Da vo hnh thc h tr
- H tr bng tin mt: y l hnh thc h tr ph bin nht, trong
chnh ph h tr chi tr bng tin mt. S tin h tr c th c chnh ph tr trc
tip hng thng cho ngi lao ng sau khi h c vic lm hoc hon tr cho doanh
nghip sau khi h tr tin cng cho ngi lao ng
- H tr phi tin mt: y l hnh thc h tr trong chnh ph khng tr
tin mt, m cho php doanh nghip thu nhng ngi lao ng trong mc tiu
14

c hng nhng u i nh min hoc gim cc khon ng gp x hi hay khu
tr thu thu nhp doanh nghip.
V d 1: Chng trnh Intervention Works Programme hng ti i tng
l ton b nhng ngi lao ng tht nghip bng cch h tr tin lng v chi ph
bo him x hi, c tin hnh gia nhng nm 1990 ti Ba Lan.
V d 2: Chng trnh Targeted Jobs Tax Credit (TJTC) nhm h tr nhng
ngi tr tui c hon cnh kinh t kh khn bng vic cp cho nhng doanh
nghip thu cc lao ng ny mt khon tn dng thu, c tin hnh trong giai
on 1979 1994 ti Hoa K. Chng trnh ny gip cc doanh nghip tham gia
chng trnh gim c khong 15% chi ph trong nhng nm 1990.
1.2 Hot ng ca mt chng trnh h tr tin lng
Khi vn hnh mt chng trnh h tr tin lng, cc nh hoch nh lun
phi cn nhc nhng la chn lin quan n thi gian p dng chng trnh, lng
tin chi tr, cc iu kin tham gia, v cch thc kim tra. i vi bt k chng
trnh h tr tin lng, quy m, di v mc m cc khon tin s chi tr u
nh hng n tnh hiu qu ca chng trnh. Mt vn c bn i vi cc nh
hoch nh l liu vic dnh mt lng tin nht nh cho mt s lng ln ngi
lao ng tham gia trong mi ngi lao ng ch nhn c mt s tin tr gip
nh hoc trong thi gian ngn s hiu qu hn; hay vic gim s lng ngi lao
ng tham gia tng s tin hoc khong thi gian m mi ngi c tr gip s
hiu qu hn. Tuy nhin, d quyt nh c im ca chng trnh ra sao th vn
phi bo m ht mc c th rng nhng ngi lao ng c mc thu nhp thp hoc
ang tht nghip c th tham gia vo th trng lao ng trong mt thi gian cng
di cng tt.
1.2.1 di chng trnh
Mt trong nhng li ch c bn ca chng trnh h tr tin lng l ngi
lao ng c tham gia cng di th h cng c iu kin trau di k nng v kinh
15

nghim, tay ngh ca h cng c nng cao v v vy, c hi h c th tm c
vic lm di hn sau khi chng trnh kt thc cng s cng cao.
1.2.2 Mc h tr
Mc h tr ca mt chng trnh h tr tin lng thng c lin quan
vo cc yu t sau:
a. iu kin kinh t
C th t ra cc mc h tr cao hn ti nhng khu vc c t l tht nghip
cao so vi cc khu vc c t l tht nghip hn. Tuy nhin iu kin ny ch p
dng trong trng hp chng trnh h tr tin lng khng c i tng c th.
Thm vo , cc iu kin v th trng lao ng, t l i ngho, cc d liu lin
quan khc v liu cc bin php t mang tnh phn bit hn c th c p dng
khng cng cn c xem xt.
b. Khong thi gian tht nghip
Thi im tt nht can thip bng mt chng trnh h tr tin lng l
khi mt ngi va b tht nghip, bi v thi gian tht nghip cng di th cng kh
tham gia tr li vo th trng lao ng. Mt vn quan trng l liu lng tin h
tr c nn c gn vi thi gian tht nghip hay khng. Mt trong nhng nguy c
ca vic s dng khong thi gian tht nghip lm c s tnh ton lng tin h
tr l vic doanh nghip c th tr hon vic thu nhn cng c hng mc h
tr cao hn.
c. Cc yu t ri ro lin quan n ngi lao ng
Cc yu t ri ro lin quan n ngi lao ng c th bao gm trnh gio
dc, gii tnh, dn tc,.. Tuy nhin, vic tnh ton da trn nhng yu t ny s rt
phc tp v lm tng thm nhng kh khn hnh chnh.
1.2.3 Cc iu kin tham gia chng trnh
Cc iu kin tham gia chng trnh h tr tin lng khng nn qu kh
khn xc minh. V d, chnh ph Argentina phi i mt vi rt nhiu tr ngi
trong chng trnh Heads of Household Programme bi v rt kh kim tra liu
16

mt ngi c tht s tht nghip v l tr ct ca mt h gia nh hay khng.
Tng t, rt kh kim tra xem mt ngi c thc s lm vic trong nhng gi
quy nh trong chng trnh c t ra hay khng.
1.2.4 Kim tra vic tun th chng trnh
C mt mi lin h r rng gia cc iu kin tham gia ca mt chng trnh
h tr tin lng v cc yu cu v vic kim tra hiu qu. Cng d xc minh cc
iu kin tham gia th cng d kim tra vic tun th chng trnh. V d, cn
phi kim tra liu cc doanh nghip c thu ngi lao ng thuc ng nhm i
tng ca chng trnh h tr tin lng, iu kin lm vic, cht lng cng vic
v liu ngi lao ng c lm vic trong ng thi gian quy nh hay khng.
1.2.5 Cc yu t cn cn nhc khc
Mc d cha c nhng bng chng c th v tc ng ca chng, mt s
hiu ng khng mong mun nh khon mt trng (deadweight loss), hiu ng i
ch (displacement effect) hoc hiu ng thay th (substitution effect) trong mt s
ngnh c th s qu cao.
1.3 Nhng tc ng ca chng trnh h tr tin lng
1.3.1 Tc ng tch cc ca chng trnh h tr tin lng
a. Gim t l tht nghip
Mc tiu c bn ca phn ln cc chng trnh h tr tin lng l gim t
l tht nghip ca nn kinh t, c bit l t l tht nghip di hn.
Th nht, h tr tin lng s gip cc doanh nghip gim chi ph lao ng
tng i so vi cc yu t u vo khc. Theo m hnh c in, lao ng v vn s
cn bng ti a ha li nhun. Vic gim chi ph lao ng s to ra ng lc cho
mt doanh nghip ti a ha li nhun thay th vn bng lao ng. Sau , c kh
nng to ra thm hiu ng quy m do chi ph lao ng thp dn n tng cu hng
ha do gi gim, t m rng quy m sn xut ca doanh nghip, v quay li tng
s lng lao ng c thu.
17

Th hai, chng trnh h tr tin lng to c hi cho ngi lao ng, c
bit l nhng ngi lao ng tr tht nghip tip cn vi vic lm, t tch ly
thm kinh nghim lm vic. Mt trong nhng nguyn nhn khin cc doanh nghip
khng mun thu cc lao ng mi l do e ngi nhng ri ro lin quan n tay ngh
v s thiu kinh nghim ca h. V vy, thng qua vic lm do chng trnh h tr
tin lng to ra, ngi lao ng, c bit l nhng lao ng cha c kinh nghim,
c iu kin tch ly thm kinh nghim. Nh vy, k c khi h b sa thi sau khi
chng trnh kt thc, th kinh nghim thu thp c trong qu trnh i lm cng
gip h tng kh nng tm c vic lm mi sau . Chnh v l do nay m chng
trnh h tr tin lng c tc dng lm gim t l tht nghip trong di hn hn l
trong ngn hn.
b. Chnh sch an sinh x hi
Mc tiu th hai ca chng trnh h tr tin lng l thc hin chnh sch
an sinh x hi: tr gip nhng b phn ngi lao ng c hon cnh kh khn hoc
c iu kin bt li, c bit trong tnh trng nn kinh t suy thoi. Chng trnh
m bo nhng ngi lao ng thu nhp thp c mt mc lng ti thiu duy
tr mt mc sng bnh thng, v/hoc nhng lao ng tht nghip c th tm c
vic lm. c bit, do cc chng trnh thng hng n nhng nhm i tng
c th nn c th nng cao hiu qu ca cng tc h tr, ng thi trnh gy lng
ph. Hn na, chng trnh h tr tin lng cn c tc dng tng hp tt hn hai
hnh thc chnh sch x hi khc l o to v Tr cp tht nghip. Mt mt,
chng trnh cho php nhng ngi lao ng, c bit l lao ng tr cha c kinh
nghim c trc tip lm vic tch ly v trau di kinh nghim thc t. Mt
khc, chng trnh m bo mc lng ti thiu cho ngi lao ng, m khng
khin h li vo tin tr cp ging nh chng trnh Tr cp tht nghip v ngi
lao ng phi tm c vic lm mi c th c hng thm tr cp tin lng.
c. H tr doanh nghip
Mc tiu th ba ca chng trnh h tr tin lng l cung cp s h tr nht
nh cho cc doanh nghip, c bit l cc doanh nghip va v nh bng vic gip
18

h ct gim chi ph. Trong tnh trng suy thi kinh t, cc doanh nghip va v nh
chnh l nhng ch th chu nhiu tc ng tiu cc nht v t c kh nng chng
chu lu di i vi nhng bin ng v bt li kinh t - x hi. Nh cp trong
phn phn loi, s h tr ny c th trc tip bng tin mt, gip gim chi ph lao
ng; hoc gin tip thng qua vic cho doanh nghip hng cc khon cp tn
dng t vic gim cc khon ng gp bo him x hi hoc min hoc gim tin
thu thu nhp. Hnh thc h tr doanh nghip ny khng ch gip doanh nghip
gim chi ph sn xut, t h gi thnh sn phm v tng lng tiu th, m cn
gip doanh nghip m rng sn xut thng qua tng cu tiu th v thu thm cc
nhn cng nm trong din c h tr. V vy, chng trnh h tr tin lng c
bit c tc dng h tr i vi doanh nghip trong tnh trng kinh t suy thoi.
d. Mt s tc ng tch cc khc ca chng trnh h tr tin lng
Ngoi nhng tc ng nh cc mc tiu chnh nu trn, chng trnh h
tr tin lng cn c k vng, nu c s dng mt cch hp l v hiu qu, s
mang li nhng tc ng tch cc khc nh:
- Chng trnh h tr tin lng c th mang li hiu qu kinh t v m
thng qua vic gim lm pht bng vi mc tht nghip gim hoc thng qua
vic ci thin cn cn thanh ton nh gim chi ph sn xut cho cc doanh nghip
trong nc. Mt mc tiu kinh t v m khc c th t c l phn phi li ngun
lc cng nh tng cng bng trong thu nhp. Ni cch khc, h tr tin lng cho
nhng i tng gp hon cnh kh khn tng cng bng x hi bng cch thu hp
khong cch gia lao ng tay ngh cao v lao ng tay ngh thp trong th trng
lao ng.
- Chng trnh h tr tin lng,nu c s dng mt cch hp l cn c
th l mt cng c xa i gim ngho hu hiu. Mt m hnh c nhc n rng
ri l Tn dng Thu cho Thu nhp nhn c ca Hoa K - U.S Earned Income
Tax Credit, cung cp h tr cho nhng gia nh lao ng ngho c tham gia vo th
trng lao ng c tr lng.
19

- Chng trnh h tr tin lng cng c th t c hiu qu trong vic to
thm thi gian tin hnh nhng s thay i, gip cho nhng lao ng c h
tr c thm c hi v thi gian thch nghi vi nhng thay i trong iu kin ca
th trng lao ng. V vy, tc dng trong di hn ca h tr tin lng l ci thin
nng sut, vin cnh c vic lm v lng ca nhm lao ng mc tiu.
1.3.Tc ng tiu cc ngoi mun ca chng trnh h tr tin lng
Ni n nhng tc ng tiu cc ca chng trnh h tr tin lng, cc nh
nghin cu thng cp n 3 vn sau:
- S mt trng (deadweight loss): xy ra khi vic thu mt nhm lao ng
mc tiu vn s din ra k c khi chng trnh h tr tin lng khng c thc
hin. Nu thit hi ny trong mt chng trnh l qu ln, hiu qu ca n nh l
mt phng tin ci thin v tr trn th trng lao ng ca nhng ngi tht
nghip s gp phi hn ch. Trong mt vi trng hp, s mt trng ny l qu ln,
v d nh trong Chng trnh ng lc vic lm ca Ai Len Irish Employment
Incentive Scheme. Trong chng trnh ny, 91% s lao ng thu mi vn c th
c thu d c chng trnh hay khng, v trong , 23% s lao ng b y ln
trc thi hn. Ngoi ra, cc doanh nghip c th v li nhun m to ra nhng cng
vic km hoc khng quan trng nhn nhng lao ng c h tr, khin cho chi
ph mt trng cng tr nn nghim trng.
- Hiu ng i ch (displacement effect): l kh nng ct gim vic lm ti
mt khu vc no trong nn kinh t v s cnh tranh trn th trng hng ha.
Hiu ng ny sy ra khi mt doanh nghip c lao ng c h tr tng lng
thnh phm u ra, nhng li chim ch ca nhng thnh phm do nhng doanh
nghip khng c lao ng c h tr sn xut ra. Nh vy, chng trnh h tr
tin lng li c kt qu loi b vic lm; tc ng ny cn phi c tnh n khi
cn nhc cc chnh sch ca chng trnh.
- Hiu ng thay th (substitution effect): xy ra i vi cc chng trnh
h tr tin lng c i tng c th, khi m doanh nghip thay th nhng nhng
lao ng khng c h tr, nhng ngi khng thuc nhm i tng hng ti,
20

bng nhng lao ng c h tr. Tuy nhin, hiu ng thay th ph thuc vo mc
co dn ca cu lao ng c h tr v khng c h tr. Ngoi ra, tin h tr
thu lao ng tht nghip di hn c th dn n nhng hnh ng thu nhn
cng khng hiu qu v s phn bit i vi lao ng tht nghip ngn hn.
Ngoi ra, cc chng trnh h tr tin lng c th cn gy ra mt s tc
ng tiu cc khc nh sau:
- Chng trnh h tr tin lng c th gy ra s bi xch i vi mt b
phn lao dng mc tiu trong con mt ca cc doanh nghip. S bi xch ny c th
l mt du hiu tiu cc i vi nhng doanh nghip thu lao ng tim nng v
nng sut v ng lc lm vic ca nhng lao ng c iu kin kh khn. Mt
nghin cu Hoa K ch ra rng nhng ngi tham gia c phiu h tr thu trc
tip hoc tn dng thu xut trnh cho doanh nghip thu thng t tm c vic
lm hn nhng ngi khng c phiu. Trong trng hp ny, nhm i tng mc
tiu cn c m rng hn.
- Cc doanh nghip c th c tnh duy tr mc lng thp hng h tr.
Trong tnh hung ny, c ch ca chng trnh v quy trnh kim tra hiu qu s l
phng tin khc phc hu qu tiu cc ny. Ngoi ra, cc doanh nghip thu lao
ng c h tr cn phi chu gnh nng hnh chnh. C th, nhn c h tr,
doanh nghip thng phi t gi cc thng tin v iu kin tha mn ca ngi lao
ng n cc c quan lao ng a phng, m qu trnh ny thng kh mt thi
gian v tn km. V vy, cc nh hoch nh chnh sch nn cn nhc chng
trnh h tr tin lng c bao gm c khon chi ph ny gim bt gnh nng cho
cc doanh nghip v khuyn khch h tham gia.
- Mt tc ng tiu cc khc ca chng trnh h tr tin lng l chi ph ti
kha bi v chng trnh ny c v lm tng chi ph cng cng v to ra thm
ht. Hn na, h tr tin lng cn c cho l h tr vic s dng lao ng khng
hiu qu v n c xu hng khin cho cc doanh nghip nh gi thp ngi lao
ng v chi ph lao ng khng hon ton do doanh nghip tr. Cng cn phi cn
nhc v s cng bng trong chng trnh h tr tin lng v n di chuyn thu nhp
t nhm lao ng nguy c thp sang nhm lao ng nguy c cao.
21

1.4 Mt s m hnh hot ng ca chng trnh h tr tin lng
1.4.1 Cc m hnh theo l thuyt kinh t vi m
a. M hnh ca Dreze v Sneessensv tng cu lao ng
M hnh ca Dreze v Sneessens(1997) m t m hnh hot ng ca
chng trnh h tr tin lng, nhng ch yu da trn l thuyt kinh t vi m.
Theo m hnh ny, th trng lao ng c mt mc lng ti thiu v th trng c
phn mnh, ti nhng ngi lao ng tay ngh thp hot ng trong nhng th
trng khc nhau s c mc lng khc nhau. Chng trnh h tr tin lng do
m hnh ny minh ha hng n nhng ngi tht nghip tr tui v nhng ngi
lao ng c thu nhp thp. ng cu lao ng l LD, ng cung lao ng l LS,
trong th trng cnh tranh hai ng ny giao nhau cho kt qu l mc lng v
lng lao ng A (w*, L*). Mc lng ti thiu l w+, cho kt qu cu lao ng
B, vi lng cu lao ng l L+; trong khi kt qu cung lao ng l D, vi
lng cung lao ng l L#. Lng lao ng tht nghip l mc chnh lch (L# -
L+). Bng vic a ra mc tr cp (w+ - w*), ng cu lao ng s dch chuyn
thnh LD2, cho kt qu cu lao ng ti E vi mc lng l mc ti thiu w+, v
lng lao ng l L*
Hnh 1. 1: M hnh h tr tin lng ca Dreze v Sneessens (1997)
:
Ngun: Nhm tc gi
22

Ngoi ra, m hnh ca Dreze v Sneessens (1997) cn m t "hiu ng bc
thang" ni th trng lao ng tay ngh thp v tay ngh cao. Theo , nu mc
lng ca lao ng c tay ngh cao h thp kh nng c vic lm ca nhng lao
ng c tay ngh bc cao hn tip theo, th nhng ngi tht nghip th trng
lao ng tay ngh cao c th tr thnh mt b phn ca ngun cung ca th trng
lao ng tay ngh thp. Cu lao ng s c hiu ng thay th, khi m mc lng
ca lao ng tay ngh thp c lin h vi nhng mc lng khc. Chng trnh h
tr tin lng c th nng cao kh nng tm c vic ca mt ngi bng cch
gim chi ph doanh nghip phi b ra thu ngi .
b. M hnh ca Katz
Katz (1996) cng bn v ng lc cn bng ca chng trnh h tr tin
lng trong m hnh c minh ha ti Hnh 1.1. Trong m hnh ca Katz, th
trng lao ng l th trng ca ngi lao ng c thu nhp thp, thay v ca
ngi lao ng tay ngh thp. Katz cng cn nhc mt ng cung lao ng c
bit co dn hiu qu, ging nh trong trng hp tht nghip c cu khi m ng
LS trong Hnh 1.1 nm ngang. Trong trng hp ny, h tr tin lng khng lm
nh hng n lng nhng m rng vic lm theo t l so vi co dn ca cu
lao ng tay ngh thp (hoc c thu nhp thp). co dn hiu qu theo lng ca
c cung v cu lao ng l cha kha i vi nh hng ca tr cp. Tuy nhin,
Katz cng ch ra rng trong thc t, nhng vn trong thit k, hnh chnh, doanh
nghip cng u nh hng n tc dng ca tr cp.
1.4.1 Cc m hnh theo l thuyt kinh t v m
a. M hnh ca Layarad v mi quan h ca tin lng v lm pht
Layarad (1991, 1997) gn kt vic h tr tin lng vi khi nim "kh
nng c vic lm"("employability") trong mt m hnh ng xoy lng-gi. y
c xem nh mt m hnh tng qut hiu qu v n gn kt khi nim NAIRU (t
l tht nghip t nhin) vi ng cong Phillips, gn kt lm pht v tht nghip
vi chnh sch hn cht tht nghip. M hnh ny t ra mt nn tng kinh t v m
23

c bn cho nhng phn tch v cc tc ng ca h tr tin lng i vi cc bin
s kinh t v nhng qu trnh nh hng n t l c vic lm v t l tht nghip.
Theo nh ngha ca Layard (1997), "kh nng c vic lm" cp n nng lc
ca mt ngi c th ph hp vo mt cng vic cn trng, l s kt hp ca c qu
trnh tm vic v tay ngh lao ng. Cu lao ng trong mt giai on c dng:
(1) H = f (V, cU) vi (f1, f2>0)
Vi H l tng s lao ng tht nghip tht nghip c thu trong mt giai
on; V l s lng cng vic cn trng; U l s lng lao ng tht nghip; f l
hm s v f1, f2 l cc o hm bc nht v bc hai; v c l "kh nng c vic lm"
trung bnh ca mi ngi lao ng tht nghip, vi ci l "kh nng c vic lm" ca
mt c nhn. Cho rng logarith ca gi (p) l phn thm vo ca gi tr k vng ca
logarith ca lng (w
e
), to ra mt cng thc n gin: (2) p w
e
= 0
Logarith ca lng (w) cng c coi l phn thm vo ca gi tr k vng
ca logarith ca gi (p
e
), vi phn thm vo b nh hng bi sc p ca lm pht
c k hiu l (): (3) w - p
e
= y0 +
Thay th gi bi gi k vng t cng thc (2), gi thit rng lm pht n nh:
(4) w - w
e
= 0 + y0 +
Trong m hnh ny, i vi bt k mc gi no, lm pht n nh nu lng bng
lng k vng (w = w
e
).
M hnh ny cn c m rng thm bng vic a ra bng chng ch ra
rng p lc lm pht s tng ln cng vi c hi tm c vic lm ca mt ngi
tht nghip c mt "kh nng c vic lm" nht nh. "Kh nng c vic lm" c
gii thiu thng qua xc sut tm c vic ca mt ngi vi kh nng nht nh
(H/cU), thay v : (5) w - w
e
= 0 + y0 + y1(H/cU)
Mc lng thc t mc tiu tng cng vi t l ngi tht nghip tm c
vic lm. Gi thit t l tht nghip l khng i, trong trng thi cn bng, tng
s lao ng c thu (H) bng tng s lao ng thi vic (sN), trong s l t l
thi vic v N l s lao ng c vic lm, nh vy lng s bng lng k vng v
mc lng thc t ph thuc vo: (6) w = w
e
= 0 + y0 + y1 (sN/cU)
24

V vy, Layard kt lun rng i vi mt l trnh lm pht cho trc, tht
nghip t l nghch vi "kh nng c vic lm" trung bnh ca ngi tht nghip.
Tip theo, ng cho rng c hai loi tht nghip: tht nghip ngn hn v tht nghip
di hn, v tht nghip di hn khin cho lao ng gim "kh nng c vic lm",
cL< cS (7) cSUS+ cLUL = const
H tr tin lng c cho l lm tng "kh nng c vic lm" ca nhng
lao ng tht nghip di hn m chng trnh ny hng ti. Chi ph ca doanh
nghip thu nhng lao ng tht nghip di hn ny s c gim bt nh h
tr, v vy m doanh nghip thu nhng ngi ny. S lng tht nghip ngn hn
khng b nh hng, nhng s lng tht nghip di hn UL li c h thp vi
cng t l m "kh nng c vic lm" trung bnh di hn cL c nng ln. Yu t
thi gian l im mu cht ca m hnh ny, bi vic thu nhng lao ng tht
nghip tng ln khi chuyn sang im cn bng tip theo do c s tng ln trong t
l thu nhng lao ng tht nghip di hn. Vic h tr tin lng c s lin quan
n "kh nng c vic lm", v nhng ngi tht nghip di hn l mc tiu ca
chng trnh trc tip lp vo nhng cng vic cn trng, mc d ch l mt s
c vic lm c h tr. Vic lm c h tr lm tng "kh nng c vic lm" ca
nhng lao ng tht nghip di hn, sau h tip tc lm cng vic khi
chng trnh h tr kt thc hoc tm mt cng vic khc.
b. M hnh ca Millard v Mortenson
Millard v Mortenson (1997) cng pht trin mt m hnh khc v vic to
thnh v hy b ca vic lm. C mt qu trinh tng thch hai mt ti ngi lao
ng tm kim v doanh nghip thu nhn cng, nhng c mt ma st trong qu
trnh tng thch v tin lng c quyt nh thng qua tha thun, v tin lng
thc y tc ng ca chng trnh h tr tin lng khng c i tng c th.
Trong m hnh ny, mt khon h tr thu lao ng mi c thy l c th lm
gim im tht nghip cn bng, ch khi cc khon chi ph sa thi bng 0. iu ny
trn thc t l ph hp vi nhng th trng lao ng lng thp hoc tay ngh
thp, mc d iu ny khng c bn n.
25

c. M hnh ca Snower v s chuyn i gia cc loi chi ph
Snower (1994) m t vic h tr tin lng trong m hnh ca mnh nh
l mt s "chuyn giao li ch". y l do iu kin ng t ra rng mc h tr
c lin quan n mc ch li tht nghip m mt ngi tht nghip ng l s
c nhn thay v h tr vic lm. S h tr ny, mt ln na, c coi l c th
khc phc nhng s thiu hiu qu ca th trng lao ng, nh nhng h thng ch
li, tin lng hiu qu, qu trnh ngi bn trong-ngi bn ngoi hoc cng on.
Snower thit k gi tr h tr ph thuc dng vo khong thi gian tht nghip
v khi lng o to m doanh nghip cung cp trong chng trnh h tr. Nhng
c im ny c thm vo hn ch bt tc ng ca hiu ng i ch v s
mt trng, da vo kh nng nhng lao ng tht nghip di hn phi chu xc sut
tm c vic lm thp v nguy c sa thi nhng lao ng c o to ti mt
doanh nghip.
M hnh ca Snower tp trung vo cc doanh nghip ti a hoad li nhun.
Theo , s lng doanh nghip l c nh, sn xut u ra s dng cc u vo l
lao ng (L), vi hm doanh thu l hm ng bin ca L v chi ph sa thi (f) l
khng i: (8) R = aL ()cL
2

Mi doanh nghip thu mt s lng lao ng mi l Le, v tt c lao ng
c t l t vong l c t bng t l sinh, v nhng lao ng mi tr thnh lao
ng chnh thc sau mt khong thi gian c thu vi t l (1 ). Mc lng
thc t c xc nh trc khi doanh nghip cn nhc vic thu lao ng. Nhng
lao ng chnh thc nhn mc lng th trng w*. Nhng lao ng mi vo (Le)
khng c sc mnh th trng, v vy ch nhn c mc lng bng mc li ch
tht nghip di d (b). Mc h tr (v) tc l doanh nghip s tr cho nhng lao
ng mi mc lng l (b v). Mc chnh lch trong doanh thu cn bin v chi ph
cn bin vi yu t chit khu thi gian bng 0 l: (9) (a cL - w*) /
Nhng lao ng mi c thu cho ti khi gi tr hin ti ca mc chnh
lch bng 0: (10) [(a - cL) b + v] + (1 - ) (a cL - w*) / = 0
26

Mc lng th trng w* ca nhng lao ng chnh thc c t bng gi
tr hin ti ca mc chnh lch gia doanh thu cn bin v chi ph cn bin cng vi
chi ph sa thi (f) dng khng i: (11) (a cL - w*) / = - f
Mc c vic lm cn bng s l: (12) L* = (1/c)[a b + v - (1 - ) f]
Mc gii hn h tr c tnh ton m bo rng gi tr ca khon h tr
(vL*e) khng ln hn mc tit kim c t li ch tht nghip, l mt hm s ca
s thay i trong mc c vic lm do c h tr (bL), trong L l mc chnh
lch gia mc c vic lm cn bng khi khng c h tr (L) v c h tr (L*): bL
= L* - L (13) vLe* = vL* bL
Hnh 1.2: Tc ng ca h tr tin lng n lng lao ng c vic lm theo m
hnh ca Snower (1994)

Ngun: nhm tc gi
Hnh 1.2 th hin m hnh ca Snower v mc gii hn h tr vi LE l
ng vic lm cn bng, trong m hnh bao gm mc h tr (v) v lng lao ng
c vic lm (L). Li ch ca mc c vic lm do h tr (L) c ti a ha ti v*,
khi L
-
< (b/c), l khi ng th hin mc gii hn h tr dc hn so vi ng vic
lm cn bng.
27

CHNG 2: KINH NGHIM V CHNG TRNH H TR TIN
LNG TI MT S QUC GIA TRN TH GII
2.1 Chng trnh h tr tin lng ca Vng Quc Anh
2.1.1 Tng quan v tnh hnh kinh t, x hi ca Vng Quc Anh trc khi p
dng chng trnh h tr tin lng
2.1.1.1 Tnh hnh kinh t ca Vng Quc Anh giai on trc1998
Trong hai chu k kinh t: 1978 gia 1986 v gia 1986 gia 1997, tnh
hnh kinh t v m ca Vng Quc Anh l rt xu so vi cc nc khc trong
nhm G7. Trong giai on ny, Vng Quc Anh t l lm pht gn nh cao nht
trong nhm v tc tng trng di mc trung bnh; phi chu ng hai cuc suy
thoi kinh t su sc nht v ko di nht trong lch s sau chin tranh. Mc bin
ng ca sn lng sn xut v lm pht cao hn cc nc khc, vi tc tng
trng dao ng t -2.25% n 5.25%, lm pht dao ng trong khong 2% n
21%. Li sut v thm ht ti kha dao ng cao gp gn hai ln so vi Php, c
v Hoa K.
- Bt n trong tng trng, lm pht v tiu dng:
Biu 2.1: Tng trng GDP giai on Qu I 1980 Qu II 1998 ca cc nc G7

28

Ngun: www.hm-treasury.gov.uk
Biu 2.1 cho thy tc tng trng trong sn lng sn xut ca Vng
Quc Anh c mc bin ng cao hn so vi cc nc khc trong nhm G7, ngoi
tr Canada. iu ny gii thch ti sao GDP bnh qun u ngi ca nc ny
li ng mc thp nht trong G7, v ng mc th 9 trong khu vc EU.
Biu 2.2: Lm pht giai on 1980 - 1998 ca cc nc G7
Biu 2.2 cho thy t nm 1980, trong s cc nc G7, Vng Quc Anh
c t l lm pht trung bnh cao th hai v v th c mc bin ng mnh hn
cc nc khc, tr Php v Italia. Biu cng cho thy mi quan h thun chiu
gia mc lm pht v s bin ng ca n: lm pht bin ng lm tng s bt
n v v vy lm tng chi ph ca lm pht khng d on trc.
Lm pht gi nh do vic rt u t tiu dng tr thnh mt vn
ln trong giai on kinh t ny. Gi nh tng mc k lc l 35% vo thng
10/1988; sau bt u gim vo thi k suy thoi kinh t bt u t nm 1990 v
ko di cho n nm 1996 mi bt u tng tr li.
29

Biu 2. 3: Lm pht gi nh ti Anh giai on 1986 - 1997
.
Xu hng tiu dng ca ngi dn ti Vng Quc Anh cng thay i.
Trong nhng nm 1980, t l tit kim c nhn (% so vi GDP) lun gim mnh,
t y nm 1988; th bt u t cuc suy thoi kinh t 1990, t l ny li tng vt,
mc d c gim dn t nm 1992. Cc doanh nghip t nhn cng c xu hng
gim t l vay n trong Tng n phi tr ca mnh.
Biu 2.4: T l tit kim c nhn ti Anh
giai on 1980 1997 (%GDP)

Biu 2.5: T l vay n trong Tng n phi
tr ca cc doanh nghip t nhn phi ti
chnh Anh 1987 - 1997

- Bt n trong chnh sch:
Li sut dao ng mnh trong hai chu k kinh t c cp ti ny. Li
sut c bn bin ng ln xung trong giai oan 1980 mnh hn so vi giai on
30

1990. iu ny phn nh thc trng rng li sut thng c s dng nh
hng cc bin s ti chnh khc ngoi lm pht. iu ny cng c khng nh
sau khi Vng Quc Anh tham gia C ch T gi hi oi (ERM) v ch trng n
cc mc tiu trung hn. Ch sau khi Vng Quc Anh ri khi C ch ny th h
mi bt u tp trung vo nh hng lm pht mt cch trc tip. Tuy nhin, xt
v c bn, trong giai on trc 1998, li sut danh ngha ca Vng Quc Anh
vn c mc bin ng cao nht so vi cc nc khc trong nhm G7. S bin ng
trong chnh sch li sut v tin t tc ng tiu cc n kh nng ln k hoch
ti chnh ca cc doanh nghip v ngi tiu dng.
Biu 2.6: Bin ng t gi hi oi ca cc nc G7
giai on thng 1/1980 - thng 10/1998

Mc thm ht ti kha ca Vng Quc Anh cng bin ng mnh trong
thi k ny, phn nh nhng chnh sch ti kha khng n nh ca chnh ph.
Trong giai on ny, cn bng ti chnh so vi GDP ca Chnh ph Anh ch ng
sau Nht Bn v mc dao ng xt trong cc nc G7. S dao ng mnh trong
mc thm ht ca Anh mt phn th hin vic nc ny thiu nhng mc tiu
chnh sch ti kha r rng v nht qun. Trong hai chu k kinh t ny, cc mc tiu
chnh sch ti kha u b thay i da trn nhng tnh hung c th, cng c ngha
l cc chnh sch ny khng c tun th b p cho s trt gi. Thm vo ,
vic khng tnh n nhng tc ng ca chu k kinh t dn n nhng hiu bit
31

sai lch v sc mnh ca khu vc ti chnh cng, gy ra s thiu thn trng v
nhng quyt nh khng ph hp. Thiu cc chnh sch nht qun khin cho cc
khon n gia tng, tng gnh nng chi ph li vay i vi cc khon ti tr ca
chnh ph v to nn p lc tng li sut.
2.1.1.2 Tnh hnh th trng lao ng ca Vng Quc Anh trc nm 1998
Tnh hnh lao ng ca Vng Quc Anh trc nm 1998 c nhiu nt
tng ng vi cc nc Chu u. K t nm 1960, s lng ngi tht nghip
lin tc tng kh u n, c bit l giai on sau nm 1979. Cho n u nhng
nm 1990, y ca mi cuc suy thoi kinh t u i km vi s lng ngi tht
nghip cao hn so vi nhng ln kinh t tt dc trc . Hn na, k t sau nm
1980, bin ng trong s lng ngi tht nghip ti Anh cng tr nn mnh m
hn, vi hai ln bng n vo giai on 1980 1985 v 1990 1995, v ngay lp tc
theo sau l nhng t gim mnh
Biu 2.7: S lng ngi tht nghip c hng tr cp ti Vng Quc Anh
Tng v S lng tht nghip di hn (trn mt nm)

Ngun: http://www.statistics.gov.uk
Mt c im khc ca th trng lao ng tr ti Vng Quc Anh l s
nhy cm ca n i vi chu k kinh doanh. c bit, t l tht nghip ca nhm
i tng t 18 n 24 tui phn nh tng i chnh xc tnh hnh kinh t ca
nc Anh v rt nhy cm theo chu k. c im ny cng ng i vi t l lao
ng c vic lm (theo Bell, Blundell v Van Reenen 1999)
32

Biu 2.8: S lng ngi tht nghip t 18 n 24 tui c hng tr cp ti Vng
Quc Anh Tng, s lng tht nghip ngn v di hn (trn mt nm)

Ngun: http://www.statistics.gov.uk
V t l tin lng, k t nm 1979, s bt cng trong thu nhp Vng
Quc Anh cng ngy cng gia tng. S bt cng ny din ra gia cc cc nhm lao
ng cc tui khc nhau, thm ch ngay c khi gii tnh v k nng tng
ng.
2.1.2 Chng trnh h tr tin lng ca Vng Quc Anh - "S tha thun mi
dnh cho nhng lao ng tr" New Deal for Youth Employment (1998 2001)
2.1.2.1 Nhng c im chnh ca chng trnh h tr tin lng ti Anh
Chng trnh "S tha thun mi dnh cho nhng lao ng tr" c xy
dng hng ti mt s nhm i tng c th: nhng ngi lao ng trong tui
18 n 24 v nhng lao ng tht nghip di hn (trn 18 thng). Chng trnh ny
bt u vo thng 1/1998 v c nhn rng trn phm vi ton Vng Quc Anh
vo thng 4/1998. Mc ch chnh ca chng trnh l cung cp nhng vic lm ph
hp cho nhng lao ng sn sng hoc gn sn sng lm vic. i vi nhng i
tng lao ng khc, chng trnh nhm pht hin v tho d nhng ro cn khin
h khng tm c vic lm, bng cch pht trin nhng k nng cn thit h
thm li th cnh tranh trn th trng lao ng. B phn Dch v Vic lm, mt c
quan ca Cc Vic lm v Lng hu chu trch nhim chnh thc hin chng
trnh ny thng qua 142 n v cc a phng.
33

Chng trnh bao gm nhiu giai on khc nhau, vi nhng la chn khc
nhau cho tng nhm i tng tht nghip. Nhng lao ng tht nghip hng
tr cp tht nghip t 6 thng tr ln u c th tham gia chng trnh; c bit
nhng lao ng t 18 n 24 tui bt buc phi tham gia.
u tin, nhng i tng tht nghip s tham gia vo giai on "Ca ng"
("Gateway") thng ko di trong 4 thng. Trong thi gian ny, bn cnh khon tr
cp tht nghip, trong giai on ny, nhng ngi tham gia cn c phn cng
nhng t vn vin c nhn c bit h tr h tm vic lm.
Vo cui giai on "Ca ng", nu nhng lao ng vn phi sng nh tr
cp tht nghip th h s chuyn n giai on tip theo, vi bn la chn nh sau:
(1) Tham gia mt chng trnh gio dc hoc o to ton thi gian trong ti a
12 thng i vi nhng ngi lao ng khng c bng cp (trong thi gian ny h
vn c nhn tr cp tht nghip)
(2) Tham gia mt cng vic trong mt doanh nghip l thnh vin tnh nguyn ca
chng trnh, vi mc lng hng thng t nht bng mc tr cp tht nghip v
c hng thm mt khon h tr l 400 trong vng 6 thng
(3) Tham gia cng vic ca Lc lng nhim v mi trng, vi mc lng hng
thng t nht bng mc tr cp tht nghip v c hng thm mt khon h tr l
400 trong vng 6 thng.
(4) Nhn h tr vic lm cho mt doanh nghip tim nng trong vng 6 thng
(ngi lao ng ch c nhn tin h tr nu t tm c vic lm), c t nht 1
ngy o to trong 1 tun. Mc h tr l 60/tun, v thm 750 h tr o to
trong vng 6 thng.
Vic nh gi mc hiu qu ca cc la chn c th hin trong bng
di y nh sau:

34

Bng 2.1: nh gi hiu qu ca cc la chn trong chng trnh "S tha thun
mi dnh cho nhng lao ng tr" ca Vng Quc Anh
La chn
Kt qu thc t Kt qu d on nu thay i la chn
Kh nng c vic
lm trong vng 6
thng
(*)Kh nng c vic
lm trong vng 6
thng nu chn la
chn (4)
(*)Kh nng c vic
lm trong vng 6
thng nu chn la
chn (1)
(1) Gio dc, o to 27% 46% 27%
(2) Doanh nghip
tnh nguyn
22% 48% 30%
(3) Lc lng nhim
v mi trng
20% 48% 28%
(4) Doanh nghip
tim nng khc
50% 50% 32%
Giai on "Ca ng" 32% 49% 32%
(*) nh gi kh nng c vic lm trong vng 6 thng nu nhng c thm s
lng ln ngi lao ng tham gia vo cc la chn ny.
Ngun: Report by Comptroller and Auditor General HC 639 Session 1 2001-2002:
28/02/2002, National Audit Office
Nhng lao ng t chi tham gia mt trong s nhng la chn trn s b
ngng tr cp trong vng 2 tun. Sau , nu h tip tc khng tham gia th tr cp
tht nghip s tip tc b ngng. Nhng lao ng b quay tr lai tnh trng tht
nghip trong vng 13 tun sau khi tham gia mt la chn s c chuyn tip ln
mt chng trnh h tr vic lm m v c bn s ging nh giai on "Ca ng".
Quy trnh tham gia chng trnh c tm tt trong s sau:
35

Hnh 2.1: Tm tt chng trnh "S tha thun mi dnh cho nhng lao ng tr"
ca Vng Quc Anh
Ngun: Nhm tc gi
2.1.2.2 Kt qu chng trnh
nhng lao ng tr" ca Vng Quc Anh tnh ti cui mi thng
t 01/1998 n 10/2001

Ngun: Bo co ca C quan Qun l v Tng kim ton 2001-2002: 28/02/2002,
Kim ton Quc gia Anh
- S lng ngi tham gia:
Trong nhng nm u tin, s lng ngi tham gia lin tc tng do nhng
lao ng tht nghip di hn u tham gia vo chng trnh ny. S lng lao ng
tham gia chng trnh t mc cao nht l 150,000 ngi vo thng 7/1999, ri sau
36

gim dn nhng phn ln dao ng mc 130,000 trong sut nm 2000. T
nm 2001, s lng ngi tham gia tip tc gim dn xung di 100,000 v n
thng 10/2001 th ng mc 80,600 ngi.
Tnh n cui thng 10/2001, c tng cng khong hn 600,000 ngi lao
ng tham gia vo chng trnh. Trong , trn 80% s lng tiu chun ch
tham gia mt ln, khong 18% s ngi tham gia trn mt ln. Nhng ngi c
tip tc tham gia l nhng lao ng c t nht 6 thng lin tc hng tr cp tht
nghip sau ln tham gia trc .
nhng lao ng tr" ca Vng Quc Anh tnh theo s ln tham gia
(tnh n 10/2001)

Kim ton Quc gia Anh
- S lng ngi lao ng tm c vic lm:
c tnh l tm c vic lm, mt ngi lao ng t nht phi ngng
nhn tr cp tht nghip v bt u cng vic trong vng 2 tun sau khi ri khi
chng trnh. So vi mc tiu ca Chnh ph Anh l to thm vic lm cho 250,000
lao ng, tnh n thng 10/2001 c 339,000 lao ng c t nht mt giai on c
vic lm, k c trong qu trnh tham gia chng trnh hoc sau khi ri khi chng
trnh. Trong s , 244,000 lao ng (72%) tm c vic lm n nh khng
cn h tr tin lng. iu ny chng t chng trnh thu c kt qu ht sc
37

kh quan trong vic to ra c hi vic lm n nh cho nhng lao ng tht nghip.
Thm vo , c quan nh gi cho rng vic b quay tr li tnh trng tht nghip
khng phi l mt kt qu tiu cc nu ngi lao ng tch cc tham gia vo
cc hot ng tm vic, vn tip tc tm c vic lm khc k c l vic lm ngn
hn, hoc khng tr thnh tht nghip di hn.
Biu 2.11: S lng lao ng tham gia chng trnh c vic lm
phn theo loi hnh vic lm

Kim ton Quc gia Anh
2.1.3 nh gi v chng trnh h tr tin lng ca Anh
2.1.3.1 nh gi tc ng ca chng trnh i vi tnh hnh kinh t v m ca
Vng Quc Anh
- Tc ng i vi tnh hnh tht nghip ca lao ng trong tui 18 n 24
Vin Kinh t v Nghin cu x hi Quc gia ca Vng Quc Anh c
tnh rng tnh n cui thng 3/2000, hn 200,000 ngi lao ng trong tui 18
n 24 thot khi tnh trng tht nghip sm hn so vi trng hp khng c
chng trnh h tr. Trong s ny, 60,000 ngi trc tip c vic lm (tnh c
vic lm c h tr), mc d mt phn sau quay v tnh trng tht nghip.
Nhng phn tch ca Vin ch ra nh c chng trnh "S tha thun mi cho
cc lao ng tr":
38

Tng s lao ng tht nghip trong tui 18 n 24 gim 35,000 ngi, trong
tht nghip di hn gim 45,000 ngi, cn tht nghip ngn hn tng 10,000
ngi.
Tng s lao ng c vic lm tng 15,000 ngi (bao gm c nhng cng vic c
h tr theo chng trnh)
Tng s lao ng theo chng trnh vic lm v o to ca chnh ph (bao gm
c la chn lm vic trong cc doanh nghip l thnh vin tnh nguyn v Lc
lng nhim v mi trng) tng thm 20,000 ngi.
Tnh n thng 10/2001, tng s lao ng tht nghip di hn ti Vng Quc
Anh trong tui 18 n 24 l khong 34,000; tc l ch bng khong 30% so vi
con s ny vo thng 4/1998 (thi im bt u chng trnh h tr vic lm trn
phm vi ton quc). Vin Kinh t v Nghin cu x hi Quc gia kt lun rng
tng s lao ng tht nghip di hn ny c th tng gp i nu khng c
chng trnh h tr vic lm.
Biu 2.12: Thay i trong lao ng tht nghip di hn
gia thng 4/1998 v thng 10/2001 ti Vng Quc Anh

Kim ton Quc gia Anh
- Tc ng i vi thu nhp quc gia
Vin Kinh t v Nghin cu x hi Quc gia c lng rng vi khong
25,000 cng vic c to mi, nhng ch yu l nhng cng vic c mc lng
39

thp, thu nhp quc gia ti Anh tng thm khong 300 triu mt nm. Trn thc
t, vi khong c lng vic lm tng thm l 18,000 n 30,000 th mc tng ca
thu nhp quc gia cng s nm trong khong t 216 triu n 360 triu mt nm.
- Tc ng i vi chi tiu cng
Khi k hoch v chng trnh "S tha thun mi cho nhng ngi lao ng
tr" c a ra vo thng 7/1997, Chnh ph Anh c tnh s tn khong 1.6
t trong 2 nm u ca chng trnh. Tuy nhin, tnh n thng 3/2000, c tnh
chng trnh mi ch tn 668 triu v Chnh ph Anh d on tng chi ph ca
c chng trnh trong giai on 1997 2002 l 1.48 t, thay v 3.15 t.
Mc d vy, chi ph rng ca chng trnh kh c th c c tnh mt
cch chnh xc do cn nhiu tc ng khc n ngn sch Chnh ph khng th
c tnh ton c th nh vic gim chi ph tr cp tht nghip v cc phc li x
hi khc do gim s lao ng tht nghip, hay vic tng thu nhp t thu do tng
thm vic lm v thu nhp quc gia. Theo c tnh khng hon ton chnh xc ca
Vin Kinh t v Nghin cu x hi Quc gia th c 5 chi tiu cho chng trnh th
thu li c 3 nh gim chi phc li v tng thu nhp t thu, v vy m chi ph
rng ca chng trnh vo khong 140 triu mt nm.
2.1.3.2 nh gi chung v tnh hiu qu ca chng trnh
- u im
Chng trnh "S tha thun mi dnh cho nhng lao ng tr" ca Vng
Quc Anh c th c coi l mt v d thnh cng ca chng trnh h tr tin
lng. V c bn, chng trnh hon thnh mc tiu c ra l to mi hn
250,000 vic lm cho cc lao ng trong tui t 18 n 24, vi chi ph ch bng
50% so vi k hoch d tnh ban u. Trn 80% s lao ng tham gia ch phi tham
gia chng trnh mt ln, s lng cng vic n nh khng cn h tr cng chim
a s (72%). T l tht nghip di hn ca Vng Quc Anh trong tui 18 n
24 cng gim n 70% vo giai on cui chng trnh vo nm 2001 so vi khi
chng trnh mi bt u vo nm 1998. Chng trnh cng gp phn nng cao
cht lng lao ng thng qua gio dc, o to v c hi tch ly kinh nghim t
40

lm vic thc t, t tng kh nng cnh tranh v kh nng tm c vic lm ca
cc lao ng tr trn th trng lao ng. Hn na, mc d c kch thc kh nh
so vi quy m ca nn kinh t, song chng trnh cng em li nhng hiu qu
tch cc nht nh i vi tnh hnh kinh t v m ca Vng Quc Anh.
- Nhc im
Tuy nhin, chng trnh vn cn mt s nhc im khin cho tc ng tch
cc ca n b gim st. Th nht, nhng vic lm c to mi ch yu vn l
nhng vic lm c mc lng thp, v vy thu nhp quc gia mc d c tng do
nhiu vic lm c to thm nhng mc tng khng ln. Th hai, mc d s lao
ng tht nghip di hn c gim, nhng s lng lao ng tht nghip trong ngn
hn li c xu hng tng. iu ny chng t nhng cng vic mi cng khng thc
s n nh, v nhng lao ng khng duy tr cng vic ny lu di sau khi ri khi
chng trnh h tr.
2. 2 Chng trnh h tr tin lng ti M
2.2.1 Tnh hnh kinh t x hi ti M trong nhng nm 1970
Nm 1973, vic t chc xut khu du OPEC t ngt tng gi v lnh cm
nhp khu du t Iran mt trong nhng quc gia xut khu du ln nht cho th
trng M thi by gi - gy ra nhng c sc cung v y nn kinh t ln nht
th gii vo tnh cnh va suy thoi va lm pht. Ch trong cha y na nm, gi
du ca Rp gn nh tng gp 3 ln t 2.59 USD/thng ln 11.65 USD/thng v
tip tc leo thang sau , t nh im 90 USD/thng nm 1980. Cng lc ,
cuc chin tranh Vit Nam khin chnh ph M thm ht ngn sch trong
nhiu nm lin, do khng th tip tc duy tr h thng Bretton Wood. Gi tr
ng USD khng cn c gn vi vng nh trc khin ng tin ny b mt gi.
Trong sut thp nin 60, nng sut lao ng ti M tng vi tc trung
bnh khong 2.9%/nm nh s pht trin ca ngnh hng khng. Tuy nhin, bc
sang nhng nm 1970, tc ny gim xung cn 1.8%/nm do nn kinh t phi
i mt vi gi nhin liu tng vt, tnh trng thiu cc ngun nng lng, ct gim
chi tiu v s suy gim ca cc chng trnh nghin cu hng khng. Xu hng ny
41

tip tc din ra trong sut mt thp nin sau : nhng nm 1980 chng kin tc
tng trng nng sut lao ng ch t 1.5%/nm. Nguyn nhn chnh l do cc
khon chi ng k ca cc cng ty cho h thng my tnh cng nh cc ng dng
cng ngh v vic ti cu trc cc tp on ln.
Trong vng 20 nm t 1970 n 1980, GDP ca M tng vi tc trung
bnh khong 3.22%/nm. Giai on 1973 1975 chng kin s suy gim nh ca
GDP, y chnh l thi k nn kinh t b sc do gp suy thoi do gi du tng t
ngt. Khng hong kinh t din ra sut mt thp k (1973 1982): iu ny c th
thy r trn biu , chnh l giai on GDP tng trng khng u. Bt u t
nm 1983, tc tng GDP bt u tr nn tng i n nh.
Ngun: http://www.econstats.com/weo/CUSA.htm
Nc M tip tc ln su vo khng hong cho n nm 1982 vi s doanh
nghip ph sn tng 50% so vi nm trc. Lm pht tng nhanh v bin ng tht
thng: CPI t 11% nm 1974, gim mnh xung di 6% nm 1976, ri li tng
mnh v t nh cao nht gn 14% nm 1980. Nng dn gp kh khn do xut
khu nng sn v gi bn hng suy gim trong khi li sut tng.
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
Biu 2.13: GDP thc ca M, tip cn theo phng php tnh chi ph, t nm
1970 n 1990, nm c s: 2005 (n v tnh: t USD)

42

2.2.2 Chng trnh h tr thu cho nhng vic lm trong mc tiu ti M -
Targeted J obs Tax Credit (TJ TC)
2.2.2.1 Gii thiu chung v chng trnh h tr thu cho nhng vic lm trong mc
tiu ti M
Nm 1977, Quc hi M quyt nh tin hnh Chng trnh h tr thu
cho nhng vic lm trong mc tiu (Targeted Jobs Tax Credit - TJTC) h tr
nhng ngi thu lao ng, nhm thc y h to cng n vic lm cho mt s
nhm lao ng kh khn trong x hi. Chng trnh ny khuyn khch ch doanh
nghip u tin tuyn dng v duy tr nhng nhm lao ng ny thng qua vic tr
cp cho doanh nghip cc khon chi ph thc hoc chi ph b sung khi thu lao
ng. Nhng nhm lao ng mc tiu c cp chng nhn (eligibility
certification) C quan Lao ng M (US Employment Service ES). Kho Bc
M, thng qua Cc Doanh thu ni b (Internal Revenue Service), chu trch nhim
qun l khu tr thu cho cc doanh nghip tham gia chng trnh.
c quy nh ln u tin trong o lut Doanh thu (Revenue Act) nm
1978, TJTC h tr cho doanh nghip ti 50% tin lng 12 thng u tin tr cho
ngi lao ng (vi mc lng ti a l 6000 USD) v 25% chi ph lng cho 12
thng tip theo (vi cng mc lng ti a nh nm u tin). Do vy, mc khu
tr thu ln nht tnh trn mt lao ng l 4500 USD. Ban u, TJTC a ra 7
nhm lao ng mc tiu c tnh khu tr thu trong chng trnh, nhng sau
quy nh ny c sa i thng qua cc o lut Thu phc hi kinh t (The
Economic Recovery Tax Act, 1981), o lut Chng khon thu v Trch nhim ti
kha (The Tax Equity and Fiscal Responsibility Act, 1982), o lut Gim thm ht
(The Deficit Reduction Act, 1984). Thc t, chng trnh TJTC tng b dng
hot ng t ngy 31 thng 12 nm 1985, nhng sau l tip tc c cp php
di quy nh ca o lut Ti cu trc thu (The Tax Reform Act, 1986).
9 nhm lao ng mc tiu theo quy nh nm 1988:
- Lao ng thiu nin, 16 hoc 17 tui tnh vo ngy bt u c tuyn dng,
xut thn t cc gia nh ngho, cha tng c kinh nghim lm vic trc .
43

- Thanh nin trong tui t 18 n 24 tnh vo ngy bt u c tuyn dng,
xut thn t cc gia nh ngho (t sau nm 1988 nhng ngi t 23 tui tr ln
khng c tnh vo nhm ny).
- Hc sinh chng trnh gio dc hp tc (cooperative education) trong tui t
16 n 19, cha tt nghip trung hc hoc trng dy ngh v xut thn t cc
gia nh ngho.
- Nhng ngi hc ngh trong cc chng trnh dy ngh ti ha nhp ca bang
v cc chng trnh qun l cu binh chin tranh.
- Cc cu binh chin tranh Vit Nam ngho.
- Ngi tng c tin n hnh s ang sng trong tnh trng ngho kh v c
tuyn dng trong khong t nht nm sau khi ra t hoc sau ngy kt n, tnh
theo mc thi gian gn hn.
- Nhng ngi nhn tr cp gia nh c tr em ph thuc (Aid to Families With
Dependent Children) iu kin v ang nhn tr cp trong khong thi
gian 90 ngy trc khi c tuyn dng hoc cc c nhn c tuyn dng theo
chng trnh Vic lm ng lc (Work Incentive Program WIN).
- Nhng ngi nhn tr cp SSI (Supplemental Security Income) bt k thng no
trong vng 60 ngy trc ngy tuyn dng.
- Nhng ngi nhn tr cp chung (General Assistance) trong mt khong thi
gian ti thiu l 30 ngy trong vng 60 ngy trc ngy tuyn dng.
Nm 1990, mt ngi ch thu lao ng mun nhn c khu tr thu phi
tuyn dng ngi lao ng thuc mt trong chn nhm lao ng mc tiu trong t
nht 90 ngy hoc 120 gi lm vic. Khon khu tr c tnh bng 40% mc
lng trong nm u tin, vi mc lng ti a ln ti 6000 USD/ ngi lao ng
hoc khon khu tr thu ti a 2400 USD/ ngi lao ng. i vi lao ng thiu
nin ( tui t 16 n 17), cc quy nh yu cu ngi thu lao ng phi thu lao
ng trong vng 14 ngy hoc 20 gi lm vic. Khu tr ti a l 1200 USD/ ngi
lao ng (40% mc lng ti oa 3000 USD). Tri qua qu trnh 10 nm thc hin
chng trnh, nhng ngi ch doanh nghip nhn c khon khu tr thu ln
n khong 4.5 t USD
44

C 2 cch doanh nghip c nhn h tr t chng trnh. Cch th nht
l ch doanh nghip s dng nhng ng vin do ES gii thiu (nhng ngi ny
c ES cp chng nhn). Cch th hai, trong trng hp doanh nghip t tuyn
dng nhng ngi lao ng khng c chng nhn, tuy nhin h tin rng nhng
ngi ny tiu chun nm trong din lao ng kh khn c h tr. Khi , ch
doanh nghip s thng bo cho ES, sau ES xem xt v gi cho doanh nghip mt
giy chng thc. Doanh nghip phi in y cc thng tin c yu cu trong
giy chng thc, ri gi li cho ES cp chng nhn cho lao ng.
T khi bt u hot ng vo nm 1978, chng trnh TJTC c nhiu s
thay i v tr thnh ch gy nhiu tranh ci ti Quc hi. Tuy nhin, cc doanh
nghip v ngi lao ng tham gia chng trnh khng c bit nhiu v iu ny.
2.2.2.2 Nhng n lc ca doanh nghip trong vic tuyn dng, s dng v duy tr
lao ng thuc cc nhm lao ng mc tiu ca chng trnh h tr tin lng
TJTC
Nguyn l c s ca chng trnh TJTC l vic cho doanh nghip c
hng khu tr thu khi thu v s dng ngi lm vic thuc cc nhm i tng
mc tiu ca chng trnh s khuyn khch doanh nghip u tin nhng nhm lao
ng ny hn, t tng c hi vic lm cho ngi lao ng. C quan Chnh ph
ph trch chng trnh ny c trch nhim c th ha nhng nhm lao ng mc
tiu v cch tnh khu tr thu. Tuy nhin, khng c bt k c quan hay quy nh
no yu cu doanh nghip phi thay i chnh sch ca h v to iu kin cho cc
lao ng. Kt qu l ch doanh nghip ton quyn t quyt nh nhng n lc (nu
c) m h nn lm tuyn dng thm nhiu ngi lao ng thuc din u tin ca
chng trnh. Cuc kho st 60 ngi s dng lao ng ti 4 bang Georgia, Kansas,
Louisiana v Michigan nm 1990 cho thy ch c khong 45% (27 doanh nghip)
to nhng u i c bit v vic lm cho ngi lao ng trong chng trnh TJTC.
S cn li 55% khng thc hin thay i no trong chnh sch ca h.
C th, mt s t doanh nghip thu nhng ngi ph trch tuyn dng
tm kim nhng lao ng trong chng trnh TJTC lm vic trong cc ca hng
45

ca cng ty ti mt a phng c th. Nhng ngi ph trch tuyn dng s thit
lp quan h vi cc trung tm dy ngh ti ha nhp a phng (local vocational
rehabilitation agency). Khi doanh nghip cn tuyn mt v tr no , ngi ph
trch tuyn dng v trung tm dy ngh s xem xt nhng yu cu cng vic
chn ngi c nng lc thch hp. Thc t, c doanh nghip thu 100 cng nhn
t nhng chng trnh dy ngh ny ch trong vng 5 nm. Mt v d khc l khi
doanh nghip nhn ngi khuyt tt vo lm vic, Chnh ph s h tr cho doanh
nghip chi ph o to nhn vin c th hp tc vi nhng ngi khuyt tt trong
cng vic. Ngi s dng lao ng c tnh rng lao ng khuyt tt thng lm
cho doanh nghip trong khong thi gian gp t 4 n 5 ln so vi ngi bnh
thng. Trong 2 nm 1989 1990, mt doanh nghip s dng 20 lao ng l
nhng b m ang nhn tr cp Chnh ph.
Trong qu trnh tuyn dng, mt s doanh nghip c gng chn lc ra
nhng ng vin tim nng iu kin nhn h tr ca TJTC trc khi doanh
nghip a ra quyt nh cui cng. Nhng ngi lao ng thuc cc nhm lao
ng mc tiu ca TJTC s c u tin la chn hn so vi nhng ngi khc.
Bn cnh , mt s t ch doanh nghip cn a chnh sch tin thng khuyn
khch nhng trng b phn/ qun l s dng cc ng vin thuc chng trnh
TJTC. Ty iu kin mi doanh nghip, ngi qun l c th c thng 25
50 USD khi tuyn 1 lao ng c chng nhn ca TJTC.
Khng ch dng li qu trnh tuyn dng, nhiu doanh nghip cn n lc
duy tr lc lng lao ng ca minh. cng l mt cch tit kim chi ph v h
c tnh rng c mi mt cng nhn b vic, doanh nghip s tn t 600 n 1000
USD tm kim v o to mt ngi mi. Do , doanh nghip s ch trng vo
vic o to lc lng hin c ca mnh nng cao cht lng cng vic v ko
di thi gian ngi lao ng gn b vi cng ty. Ngoi ra, i vi nhm lao ng
mc tiu ca TJTC, cc doanh nghip thng gim st c bit v ni lng k lut
duy tr s ngy lm vic ca ngi lao ng t n mc ti thiu theo quy nh,
doanh nghip c khu tr thu. trnh tnh trng ngi lao ng b vic,
doanh nghip s yu cu h mt khong thi gian th vic. Ngi qun l doanh
46

nghip cng c th c nhn tri phiu tit kim (Savings Bond) tr gi 1000 USD
nu gi c t nht 50% cng nhn TJTC hoc c thng tnh trn mi cng
nhn TJTC lm vic ht khong thi gian ti thiu theo quy nh.
Nh vy, thng qua khon khu tr thu, Chnh ph M d nh tng c hi
lm vic cho mt s i tng lao ng bng cch a ra h tr ti chnh cho doanh
nghip khi tuyn dng v duy tr s dng cc nhm lao ng mc tiu. Trong khi
gn mt na s doanh nghip ch ng thay i chnh sch nhn s ca mnh
nhn c h tr ca Chnh ph, mt na cn li vn p dng quy trnh thng
thng v ch coi vic tuyn dng c lao ng thuc chng trnh TJTC l mt
iu ngu nhin.
2.2.2.3 M t nhng ngi lao ng v s dng lao ng tham gia chng trnh
TJ TC
Tham gia vo chng trnh TJTC phn ln l cc ca hng bn l v nh
hng. Trong khi , a s lao ng c cp chng nhn l thanh nin ngho v
ngi nhn tr cp x hi. Nhng ngi lao ng ny thng m nhn chc v
nh khng i hi nhiu kinh nghim v k nng. Mc lng bnh qun ca h l
3.76 USD/ gi. Tuy nhin, cng c mt s nhm lao ng nh cc cu binh chin
tranh Vit Nam v ngi tng c n hnh s kim c nhng cng vic i hi
trnh cao v c mc lng hp dn trong ngnh sn xut v xy dng.
Trong cuc iu tra vo nm 1988 ti 650 doanh nghip ti 13 bang tham
gia chng trnh th c n 59% l cc ca hng bn l v nh hng, cung cp vic
lm cho ti 68% lao ng c chng nhn TJTC. Bn cnh , s doanh nghip
thuc ngnh dch v ch chim 23% (vi 21% lao ng c chng nhn), cn doanh
nghip xy dng v cc nhm ngnh khc t khong 18%.
Trong khi , i vi ngi lao ng iu kin tham gia chng trnh,
chim t trng ln nht l nhm thanh thiu nin ngho. Kt qu iu tra trn ton
nc M ca C quan ph trch Lao ng nm 1988 cho kt qu nh sau:
47

Bng 2.2: Kt qu iu tra s lng chng nhn TJTC trn ton nc M, phn loi
theo nhm lao ng mc tiu, nm 1988
Nhm S chng nhn T l (%)
Thanh thiu nin ngho 300,409 61
Ngi nhn tr cp x hi 121,514 25
Dy ngh ti ha nhp 36,619 7
Ngi tng c tin n 22,404 4
Cu binh chin tranh Vit Nam 16,366 3
Tng 497,312 100
Ngun: Vn phng K ton M (United States General Accounting Office), Bo co trnh
Quc hi v Chng trnh h tr thu cho nhng vic lm trong mc tiu, thng 2/ 1992
Ngoi ra, nu phn loi theo tui, 70% ngi lao ng t 24 tui tr
xung v ch c di 11% t 36 tui tr ln. Nu xt theo trnh , khong 75%
ngi tham gia chng trnh l thanh nin v i tng nhn tr cp x hi, nn c
th thy c im chung ca nhm ny l thiu kinh nghim lm vic, t kin thc
v k nng nn mc lng nhn c cng thp. Cng vic ch yu ca h l cc
dch v, cng vic vn phng hoc nhn vin kinh doanh, nhn chung u l cc v
tr c vng quay lao ng cao.
Xt v thu nhp, mc lng khi im bnh qun ca tt c lao ng l 3.75
USD/gi (nm 1988), trong mc thu nhp thp nht: 3.35 USD/gi. a s ngi
lao ng (chim 70%) nhn lng thp hn 4 USD/gi.
Bng 2.3: Kt qu iu tra mc lng khi im, phn loi
theo nhm lao ng mc tiu, nm 1988
Nhm Mc lng trung bnh/ gi (USD)
Thanh thiu nin ngho 3.75
Ngi nhn tr cp x hi 3.65
Dy ngh ti ha nhp 3.95
Ngi tng c tin n 4.00
Cu binh chin tranh Vit Nam 4.50
Trung bnh 3.75
48

Ngun: Vn phng K ton M (United States General Accounting Office), Bo co
trnh Quc hi v Chng trnh h tr thu cho nhng vic lm trong mc tiu,
thng 2 nm 1991
2.2.3 nh gi v chng trnh h tr tin lng ca M
Bc sang nm 1983, lm pht gim v M bt u bc vo thi k phc
hi kinh t. Tc lm pht hng nm duy tr di 5% trong giai on nhng nm
1980 v 1990. Tng thng Ronald Reagan (1981 1989) theo ui chnh sch kinh
t ng h vic gim thu khuyn khch ngi dn lao ng chm ch v lu di
hn, tng mc tit kim v u t khuyn khch sn xut v tng trng kinh t.
Khng ch nhng ngi giu c, ngi thu nhp thp cng c hng li t chnh
sch trn bi vic tng u t s to thm nhiu vic lm v tng lng. Cng vi
ct gim thu, trong nhng nm u thp k 80, tng thng Reagan cn ct gim cc
chng trnh x hi v tin hnh chin dch gim hoc chm dt cc quy nh
Chnh ph tc ng n ngi tiu dng, cng s lm vic v mi trng. Bn cnh
, sau chin tranh Vit Nam, tng thng tng ngn sch chi cho qun i. Hu
qu ca vic gim thu v tng chi tiu l ngn sch quc gia cn t n mc thm
ht nng hn thi k kinh t suy thoi: t 74,000 triu USD nm 1980, thm ht
ngn sch tng ln 221,000 triu USD, ri tr v mc 150,000 triu USD nm 1987,
sau li tip tc tng. Nhiu chuyn gia kinh t lo ngi iu ny s li gy ra lm
pht, nhng Cc d tr Lin bang M lun duy tr kim sot s tng gi v sn sng
tng li sut ngay khi c nhng nguy c.
Nhng nm 1986 1988, nng dn M gp rt nhiu kh khn do thin tai.
H thng ngn hng tr nn suy yu do tht cht tin t v cho vay km hiu qu,
c bit l cc hip hi tit kim v cho vay. Thc t, nhiu nh ch ti chnh b
Chnh ph tm dng hot ng trong thi k ny. n cui thp k 80, nhiu thay
i xy ra trn khp th gii bao gm h thng x hi ch ngha ti Lin X v
cc nc ng u sp , s ni ln ca cc nn kinh t mi ti chu nh Nht
Bn. iu ny dn ti nhng mi quan h hp tc mi gia cc chnh ph, ngn
hng, tp on trn khp th gii, cng nh em li nhng m hnh tng trng
49

kinh t mi. Ti M, nhng k sn lng (corporate raiders) mua li hng lot cc
tp on c gi c phiu b suy gim, ti cu trc li v sau bn ly li. Li
nhun kim c ny ngay lp tc c ti u t vo cc cng ty c nng sut cao
hn.
Biu 2.14: S liu CPI ca M t nm 1970 n 1990 (n v: %)
Ngun: C quan Thng k Lao ng (Bureau of Labor Statistics),
http://www.bls.gov/data/archived.htm
Theo bo co ca Vn phng K ton M, khi thc hin kho st 300 lao
ng c kinh nghim thuc chng trnh TJTC ti Georgia v Louisiana, nhiu lao
ng c vic lm trc khi tham gia TJTC, thu nhp ca nhng ngi ny gn
nh tng ng vi thu nhp ca nhng lao ng c kinh nghim khc nhng
khng thuc TJTC. Tuy nhin, nu so snh mc lng theo qu ca ngi lao ng
trc v sau khi tham gia chng trnh TJTC th nhn chung, thu nhp tng ln
sau khi tham gia chng trnh.
Theo d liu thu thp c v thu nhp theo qu ca 300 cng nhn TJTC
trong vng 3 nm t 1/10/1986 n 30/9/1988, kinh nghim v trnh lm vic
phn ha nhiu mc khc nhau. Trong s 300 lao ng, c n 105 ngi
(34%) khng c vic lm (khng c thu nhp) trc khi tham gia chng trnh
TJTC; ngc li, 150 ngi (50%) c thu nhp trong khong 1 1000 USD/qu v
45 ngi cn li (16%) kim c hn 1000 USD.
i vi nhm khng c kinh nghim lm vic, mc lng trung bnh qu
sau khi tham gia TJTC tng ln mt cch ng kinh ngc: 830 USD. Trong ,
khong 9% c thu nhp trn 2000 USD/qu v 42% ch kim c khng qu 500
50

USD.Tip n l nhm c mt cht kinh nghim lm vic (150 ngi), mc lng
trung bnh ban u l 316 USD/qu. Sau khi tham gia chng trnh, thu nhp ca
ngi lao ng tng 153% ln 801 USD. Trong , 42% t c mc lng
nh hn hoc bng 600 USD v 19% c hn 2000 USD mi qu.i vi nhm
lao ng giu kinh nghim vi mc lng 1462 USD/qu trc TJTC, mc lng
sau khi vo TJTC ch tng 17% ln 1706 USD. Thm ch khong 1/3 s ngi lao
ng cn bo co thu nhp b suy gim.
Tm li, mc d xu hng chung ca ngi lao ng trong TJTC l tng thu
nhp sau khi tham gia chng trnh, nhng ch c thu nhp ca nhm cng nhn
khng c kinh nghim trc gia tng mnh m; trong khi i vi ngi lao ng
thuc nhm giu kinh nghim lm vic, thu nhp tng rt t.
Tuy nhin, mt cu hi c tip tc t ra l: liu s gia tng thu nhp ni
trn c phi l c trng ring ca TJTC hay ch l mt xu hng chung ca th
trng lao ng trong bi cnh kinh t M lc by gi? Cu tr li c l nghing v
v th hai nhiu hn, bi v theo quan st nhm ngi lao ng c iu kin
c cp chng nhn nhng thc t khng tham gia TJTC nm 1988, thu nhp ca
h nhn chung cng bin ng tng tng t nh trn.
2.3 Chng trnh h tr tin lng ti Australia
2.3.1 Tnh hnh kinh t - x hi ca Australia trc khi p dng chng trnh h
tr tin lng
Sau vi nm tng trng nhanh chng, nn kinh t Australia phi i din
vi nhng kh khn. T nm 1975 n 1979, mc tng trng bnh qun thp hn
hn so vi giai on 1971-1974 trc . Lm pht tng cao trong sut giai on
on ko di gia hai chu k kinh t vo nm 1974/75 v nm 1977. Ngay sau li
l t suy thoi kinh t vo nhng nm u thp k 80 khin nn kinh t
Australia lin tip i din vi nhng kh khn.
51

Biu 2.15: T l lm pht ca Australia trong giai on 1971 - 1979

Ngun: Ngn hng D Tr Australia The Australia Economy: Then and Now -
page 7
T v tr l mt quc gia c t l lm pht thp vo gia thp k 60, Australia
khng th kim sot c mc lm pht ca mnh trong thp k sau . Bt
u c du hiu xut hin vo u thp nin 70, lm pht tng nhanh chng ch
trong vi nm. Cho n cui nm 1979, mc tng CPI bnh qun ln ti 10.6%/
nm, ng ngha vi vic gi tr tin t gim n 60% trong cng giai on. nh
im ca lm pht trong giai on ny chm ti mc 17.6% khin sn xut nh
tr, lu thng hng ha chm li, t l tht nghip ra tng nhanh chng v mc sng
ngi dn suy gim ng k.
Nhng nm 1970 l nhng nm kh khn vi nn kinh t Australia. Mc
tng trng cao, lm pht v t l tht nghip thp vo nhng nm 1960 to tm
l ch quan cho nhng nh iu hnh chnh sch. H qu ca nhng chnh sch
cha thc s ng n, ca mt nn kinh t mang tnh kim sot cao c th cha
bc l r khi nhng iu kin kinh t quc t ni chung cn thun li, Nhng khi
nhng iu kin thun li ny khng cn, in hnh nh khi c nn kinh t phi i
din vi c shock gi du m u tin tn cng vo u thp k 70, nhng chi ph
ny tr nn thc s ng k. Lm pht v tht nghip tng cao.
H qu tt yu i km vi suy thoi kinh t l t l tht nghip tng cao. Vo
nhng nm 1960, t l tht nghip trung bnh ch mc di 2%; nhng bc sang
nhng nm u thp k 70, t l ny tng mnh m ch hi ngng mt cht trc
52

khi tng t bin tr li vo u thp k 80 cng vi s tr li ca suy thoi kinh t.
Biu 2.16: T l tht nghip ti Australia trong giai on 1960 2001 (n v: %)

Ngun: Dr Ken Henry, Address to the Committee for the Economic
Development of Australia (CEDA), Sydney (2001)
Xut pht im vi t l tht nghip trn 10%, chnh ph Australia lin
tc tin hnh cc n lc can thip th trng lao ng bng cc chng trnh h tr
lao ng, cho n na cui thp nin 80, t l tht nghip gim xung di
mc 6%. ng thi vi , mc lng thc t cng tng so vi nhng nm gia
thp k gip ci thin i sng ca b phn ng k ngi lao ng.
Biu 2.17: Mc tng trng GDP bnh qun u ngi ti Australia giai on
1971 - 1979

Ngun: Ngn hng D tr Australia The Australia Economy: Then and Now -
page 5
Sau nhng nm tng trng thp, thm ch l m, khi nn kinh t ri vo hai
im ri trong chu k kinh t vo nhng nm 1973/1975 v 1977, bng nhng n
53

lc ca chnh ph, mc tng trng thu nhp bnh qun u ngi dn i vo
phc hi. C nhng thi im mc tng trng ny gn bng bnh qun ca giai
on u thp k trc khi nn kinh t cn tng trng n nh.
2.3.2 Chng trnh o to v vic lm c bit dnh cho gii trti Australia
Vo nhng nm u thp nin 70, c cu lao ng ca Australia tng i
bt cn xng. Lao ng nam chim a s trong s lao ng lm vic ton thi gian
v l ngi lao ng duy nht trong mi h gia nh. Phn ln ngi lao ng cha
tt nghip chng trnh gio dc trung hc, v c n 1/3 lc lng lao ng lm
vic trong cc nhm ngnh nng nghip hoc trong cc ngnh sn xut.
Ra i vi mc ch ci thin tnh trng tht nghip gy ra bi cc t suy
thoi kinh t, ng thi thay i tnh trng bt cn bng trn th trng lao ng,
chnh ph Australia tin hnh cc chng trnh can thip vo th trng. Trong
, SYETP l mt trong nhng chng trnh can thip ch ng v u tin bt u
ngay t khi nn kinh t ang trong pha suy thoi u tin cui nm 1976 ko di
trong sut giai on kh khn ca nn kinh t v ch kt thc cho n thng 12 nm
1985.
Lao ng tr, va tham gia vo th trng lao ng hn ch v trnh tay
ngh v kinh nghim, l i tng chu nhiu tc ng nht khi nn kinh t suy
thoi v tnh trng ct gim lao ng din ra ph bin. Do , vic to cng n vic
lm ng thi nng cao trnh v kh nng ch ng tip cn th trng lao ng
cho i tng ny s l chnh sch mang li tc ng lu di v hng ti pht trin
bn vng.
T thi im i vo vn hnh t thng 10/1976 cho n thng 12/1985
thi im SYETP kt thc - gn nh tt c gi h tr trong phm vi chng trnh
u hng ti i tng l ngi tr. Tuy nhin, SYETP khng hot ng i tr
m phn bit r rng gia nhng khi doanh nghip t nhn c tham gia, i
tng v mc tr cp cng c da trn nhng yu cu nht nh, hn mc xc
nh trong mt khong thi gian xc nh.
54

Ban u chng trnh SYETP gn tng i cht ch vi nhng i tng
mc tiu c nh, nhng theo thi gian, chng trnh tin dn ti xu hng m
rng din p dng v a dng ha i tng tham gia theo tui v thi gian tht
nghip.
Trong ln gii thiu u tin ca chng trnh vo thng 10/1976, SYETP l
dnh cho i tng tui t 15-19 nhng ngi ri gh nh trng vo nm 1975.
Ngi tuyn dng lao ng s nhn c $58 mi tun trong sut 6 thng s
dng nhng lao ng thuc nhm ny. n thng 12/1976, i tng tham gia
chng trnh c m rng n ton b nhng ngi trong tui 15-19 ang
trong tnh trng tht nghip v khng theo hc bt c chng trnh o to ton
thi gian no trong t nht 6 thng gn nht.
Khng dng li ti , n thng 7 nm 1977, phm vi tui tc c m
rng ln 15-24 cho i tng tht nghip v khng cn tham gia bt c chng
trnh o to ton phn no trong t nht 6 thng, mc tr cp cng c nng ln
$63. Vo thng 10 cng nm, tiu ch li tip tc c ni lng, khi thi gian k t
khi ri gh cc c s o to ca i tng tham gia c rt xung cn 4 thng
thay v 6 thng v mc tr cp tng ln $66. Thng 7/1978, mc tr cp tng
ng vi 62% mc thu nhp trung bnh ca lao ng la tui ca i tng
tham gia.
Tuy nhin, s k h tr v mc h tr b ct gim vo thng 8/1978. K
tr cp gim t 6 thng xung cn 4 thng, trong khi, mc h tr gim xung cn
$45, t mc tng ng vi 45% thu nhp ca lao ng mi xung ch cn tng
ng 30% thu nhp.
i tng hng tr cp s c ngi s dng lao ng m bo khon
lng ti thiu, nhng vn c th c tr nhiu hn mc ny trong trng hp
lm tt cng vic. V bi s gi lao ng c th giao ng so vi mc lng trung
bnh tun, mc lng trung bnh theo gi c cho l thc o hu dng hn trong
vic nh gi v thng k mc sng ca ngi lao ng. Ngoi ra, theo quan st,
gia lao ng n v nam, mc lng theo gi cng c s khc bit nht nh v lao
55

ng tui trng thnh c xu hng c tr cho thi gian tng ca nhiu hn so
vi lao ng tui thiu nin.
Vic ni lng cc tiu ch v nng hn mc tr cp c cho l ng vai
tr ch ao gip cho SYETP to c nhiu cng n vic lm mi cao nhng ng
thi cng lm chi ph ca chnh ph cho chng trnh tng ng k. Kinh ph ca
chng trnh trong nm 1978/1979 so vi nm trc tng gp i trong khi
s lng vic lm mi c to ra thay i khng ng k gia hai nm.
Bng di y cung cp s liu v mc lng v thu nhp theo tun bin
ng theo tui, gii tnh, cng vic v lnh vc lm vic.
Bng 2.4 Mc lng trung bnh ca lao ng mi ti Australia trong giai on 1977
n 1981

Ngy
Mc lng
trung bnh
tun
Lao ng Nam Lao ng N
Mc lng
trung bnh
theo gi cho
nhn vin
ton thi
gian mi
($/gi)
Tng quan
so vi mc
lng trung
bnh theo
gi ca
nhn vin
nam ton
thi gian
lu nm (%)
Mc lng
trung bnh
theo gi cho
nhn vin
ton thi
gian mi
($/gi)
Tng
quan so
vi mc
lng
trung bnh
theo gi
ca nhn
vin n
ton thi
gian lu
nm (%)
1977
1.1.77 96.08
2.71 55.19 2.66 66.66
1.7.77 101.46
1978
1.1.78 105.82
2.89 54.84 2.83 66.24
1.7.78 108.82
1979
1.1.79 113.41
3.13 54.15 3.02 66.09
1.7.79 117.04
1980
1.1.80 119.97
3.52 54.15 3.38 64.68
1.7.80 125.96
1981
1.1.81 134.07
3.72 50.81 3.61 61.50
1.7.81 144.69
1982 1.1.82 156.11 4.43 51.73 4.31 62.92
Ngun: Labour Market Research (1984) Bng 4.14 Trang 160
Windshuttle (1985) Average hourly earnings for non-managerial fulltime employees in
private enterprise, all industry groups.
56

Theo , mc lng trung bnh lin tc tng n nh trong giai on cui
thp nin 70 n u thp nin 80 bt chp nhng din bin tiu cc ca cc chu k
kinh t tc ng ln nn kinh t Australia.
Trong tng nhm lao ng c th phn theo gii, mc lng trung bnh theo
gi ca ngi lao ng cng tng trng n inh qua tng nm. Mc lng ca lao
ng n cng dn tng ng vi mc thu nhp ca lao ng nam cho thy s bt
cn i v thnh phn lao ng gim dn v mt cht. Xt v tng quan thu nhp
gia lao ng mi v lao ng lu nm, th lao ng n c tng quan thu nhp cao
hn so vi nam, tuy nhin, mc lng ca lao ng lu nm bao gi cng cao hn
r rt so vi lao ng mi tham gia th trng.
Vo thng 2/1981, chng trnh SYETP m rng c a ra. Ngi s
dng lao ng s c tham gia chng trnh tr cp trong khong thi gian di gp
i trc y 34 tun v mc tr cp cng cao hn. i tng tham gia chng
trnh l nhng ngi ang tht nghip v khng cn tham gia chng trnh o to
ton thi gian no trong vng 8 thng gn nht. Ngi s dng lao ng nhn c
A$80/ tun trong 17 tun u tin v A$55/ tun cho 17 tip theo. Hai mc ny ln
lt tng ng vi 60% v 41% mc lng trung bnh ca lao ng mi.
Thng 8/1982, nhng lao ng tr c th trc tip lin h vi nh tuyn
dng, iu ny c xem nh vic t do ha cc th tc qun l, khi m ngi
lao ng c th nhn c chng nhn v kh nng lao ng ca h chng minh
kh nng vi nhng ngi s dng lao ng tim nng. Chng trnh SYETP kt
thc vo thng 12/1985.
2.3.3 nh gi tc ng ca chng trnh h tr tin lng ca Australia
SYETP l chng trnh tin lng ln nht ca chnh ph Australia khi n
chim gn 50% ngn sch dnh cho cc chng trnh h tr tin lng ca chnh
ph vo nhng nm cui ca thp k 70. Chng trnh ch yu nhm n i tng
l ngi tr tm t 15-17 tui v i tng lao ng n thuc nhm lao ng trnh
57

thp. Nhng nm u, chng trnh to cng n vic lm cho hn 30% s lao
ng tht nghip, sau gim dn xung cn 5-15% vo nhng nm tip theo.1
SYETP c nh gi l mang li nhng phn hi tch cc v mt nhn khu hc.
Chng trnh c xem l ci thin ng k tnh hnh th trng lao ng khi tp
trung vo vic trc tip tao cng n vic lm cho mt nhm ngi lao ng c th
t gip h nng cao c hi tm kim vic lm thay v ch o to kin thc
cho h.
Cc nghin cu ch ra rng chng trnh gp phn thay i c cu lao
ng ca cc nhm lao ng khc nhau. Trong s nhm lao ng c cho l t li
th cnh tranh nht, 72% nhng ngi tham gia chng trnh p ng c i
hi ca cc nh tuyn dng v c vic lm ton thi gian trong t nht l 18 thng
sau .
So snh i tng tham gia ca cc chng trnh tr cp lao ng khc nhau
ch ra rng: xt trn cc phng din tui tc, gii tnh, trnh gio dc, tnh
trng tht nghip trc , SYETP l chng trnh c tc ng hiu qu nht n
th trng lao ng.
SYETP h tr ngi lao ng tr:
- Nng cao k nng thng qua o to trc tip khi lm vic.
- Trong thi gian lm vic cho mt c s, ngi lao ng c to c hi tm kim
nhng trin vng ngh nghip khc.
- To thun li cho ngi lao ng tham gia chng trnh c tuyn dng bi
nhng doanh nghip tham gia chng trnh sau khi SYETP kt thc.
Vi t cch mt trong nhng chng trnh h tr tin lng ln nht ca
chnh ph Australia, SYETP tc ng rt ln n cc s liu thng k v th
trng lao ng nc ny trong giai on 1981-1985. Mc thu nhp trung bnh tun
ca ngi lao ng tng nhanh trong giai on 1981-1985. Mt trong nhng thc
o ph bin nht c s dng khi cp n th trng lao ng l mc lng
trung bnh. S liu thng k v mc lng trung bnh c cng b hng qu bi

1
Alan Stretton and Bruce J.Chapman, An analysis of Australian Labour Marker Programs, December 1990
58

Cc thng k Australia ch r s bin ng tch cc trong thu nhp ca tt c cc
nhm lao ng.
Bng 2.5: Thu nhp trung bnh theo tun ca cc nhm lao ng ti Australia giai
on 1981 - 1985
Lao ng Nam Lao ng N Trung bnh chung
Mc
lng
tun cho
gi lm
vic thng
thng
Tng mc
lng trung
bnh tun
(gi lm
vic thng
thng v
lm ngoi
gi)

Mc
lng
tun cho
gi lm
vic thng
thng
Tng mc
lng trung
bnh tun
(gi lm
vic thng
thng v
lm ngoi
gi)
Mc
lng
tun cho
gi lm
vic thng
thng
Tng mc
lng trung
bnh tun (gi
lm vic
thng thng
v lm ngoi
gi)
1981 289.55 314.80 234.85 241.30 272.75 291.9
1982 327.58 352.90 261.40 267.65 306.68 325.9
1983 357.48 379.80 285.98 292.05 334.73 351.73
1984 388.60 415.73 316.38 323.85 365.65 386.55
1985 404.63 435.37 333.83 341.93 382.73 406.50
Ngun: Tng cc thng k Australia, Labour Market Statistic Bng 610.1, Trang 161
Mc lng trung bnh ca nhm lao ng theo gii tnh bin ng theo
hng n nh v tch cc trong sut nhng nm u ca thp k 80. Tuy nhin,
vn c s chnh lch tng i ng k trong thu nhp gia hai gii. Lao ng nam
vn c nh gi cao v hng mc lng trung bnh cao hn cho cng s gi h
b ra nh lao ng n.
59

Biu 2.18: Bin ng mc lng trung bnh ca cc nhm lao ng ti Australia
trong giai on 1981 - 1985

Ngun: Tng cc thng k Australia, Labour Market Statistic Bng 610.3, Trang 170
Song song vi vic nhiu cng n vic lm mi c to ra v mc sng
trung bnh ca ngi lao ng c nng cao l nng sut chung ca x hi c
ci thin. Khi ngi lao ng tr dn c tip cn vi cc c hi vic lm, h c
iu kin c o to trc tip trong qu trnh lm vic. Qua thi gian k nng
c ci thin dn, khin nng sut chung ca ton lc lng lao ng cng tng
dn. Nng sut lao ng (tnh bng GDP trung bnh c to ra trong mi gi lm
vic) tng trung bnh 1.2% trong sut nhng nm 70.
Ngi lao ng cng dn kim cho mnh nhng cng vic mang tnh n nh
lu di. Thi gian trung bnh lm mt cng vic nht nh ca h l tng i n
nh trong nhng nm ny. T l lao ng nam lm vic trong thi gian ngn hn
mt nm ti mt v tr ch xp x 20% v t l ny lao ng n l 25%. c bit l
t l lao ng n gn b vi mt cng vic trong hn 10 nm tng gp i, ln
ti gn 20%. Vic ngi lao ng gn b lu di vi mt loi cng vic nht nh
cho thy xu hng n nh v chuyn mn ha ang dn xut hin trn th trng
lao ng Australia.
60

Cho n nhng nm cui ca th k 20, c nhng thay i ng k trn th
trng lao ng Australia. Cng vic dn c xu hng chia u cho c lao ng
nam v n, vic trong mt h gia nh c n ng v ph n cng i lm thay th
dn cho vic ch n ng lao ng. T ch phn ln l nhng ngi cha tt nghip
trung hc, gi y, hn 2/3 s ngi lm cng hon tt bc hc ny, thm ch l
nhng bc hc cao hn. Thay v phn ln lao ng lm vic trong lnh vc sn xut
v nng nghip, gi y cc nhm ngnh nh ti chnh, bt ng sn, cung cp
dch v li i u trong vic to cng n vic lm. 2
R rng, nhng chng trnh h tr th trng lao ng ca chnh ph
Australia, c bit l SYETP chng minh hiu qu ca mnh trong vic khng
ch to cng n vic lm cho ngi lao ng trong thi gian chng trnh din ra,
m cn to ra trin vng ngh nghip lu di cho ngi lao ng, gp phn thay i
tnh bt cn xng trong lao ng v hng ti tng trng bn vng cho nn kinh
t.

2
Jeff Borland, Labour Market and industrial relations, Department of Economics, University of
Melbourne, page 2
61

CHNG 3: MT S XUT XY DNG CHNG TRNH H TR
TIN LNG TI VIT NAM
3.1 iu kin pht trin kinh t, hot ng ca doanh nghip v th trng lao
ng Vit Nam hin nay
3.1.1 Tnh hnh pht trin nn kinh t Vit Nam
S ra i ca sn giao dch chng khon thnh ph H Ch Minh v H Ni
vo nm 2000 v 2005 cung cp cho th trng ti chnh Vit Nam knh dn vn
trung v di hn quan trng. Trong giai on t nm 2000 n nm 2005, t l vn
ha th trng ch t trn di 1% GDP. Hai nm tip theo, qui m th trng c
s tng trng mnh m ln 22.7% GDP (2006) v t trn mc 43% (2007)
3
. i
vi kinh t VN, nm 2006 2007 cng l nhng nm nn kinh t tng trng ton
din, "ng vo hng cc quc gia c tc tng trng kinh t cao trong khu vc
theo nh gi ca Ngn hng pht trin chu (ADB). GDP nm 2007 c tnh
tng 8.48% so vi 2006, khi lng vn u t ton x hi thc hin nm 2007
theo gi thc t c t 461.9 nghn t VN, bng 40.4% GDP (t k hoch ra
40% GDP) v tng 15.8% so vi nm 2006
4
.
Tuy nhin, sang n 2008 th li l mt nm khng vui vi kinh t Vit
Nam khi tc tng trng GDP ch t xp x 6.3%, thp nht k t nm 1999.
Nguyn nhn chnh cho s st gim ny l nh hng t khng hong ti chnh M.
Su thng u nm 2008, lm pht tng cao (ch s CPI t 14.11% thng 1 ln ti
26.8% thng 6 v inh im l 28.32% vo thng 8), trong khi nhng thng cui
nm, tnh trng li l gim pht suy thoi (ch s CPI thng 12 gim xung cn
19.89%). i vi th trng chng khon th 2008 cng l mt nm st gim k lc,
vi ch s VN-Index v HASTC-Index c mc gim ln lt l 65,95% v 67,51%

3
Nguyn Sn ,10 nm hot ng th trng chng khon VN v nh hng chin lc giai on 2010 -2020, tp ch
Kinh t v d bo, chuyn san Tng quan kinh t - x hi VN, s 2 thng 6/2010.
4
Website y ban nhn dn tnh Lm ng,ngy 10/4/2012, ng dn: http://w3.lamdong.gov.vn/vi-
VN/a/damrong/tinhhinhktxh/Pages/nam-2007-ktvn-phat-trien-toan-dien.aspx
62

so vi cui nm trc , mt mc st gim cha tng c trong lch s hn 8 nm
hot ng
5
.
Nm 2009, kinh t Vit Nam dn dn phc hi nh nhng n lc Chnh ph
thng qua gi kch cu, c bit l h tr li sut 4%, cng nh chnh sch gim,
gin thu i vi doanh nghip. im ni bt trong vic iu hnh nn kinh t v
m l chnh sch ti kha m rng v chnh sch tin t ni lng. Nh c Nh
nc h tr 4% li sut cho vay v mt s bin php ca Ngn hng nh nc nh:
khng ch trn li sut cho vay, cung ng thanh khon cho cc ngn hng c kh
khn thanh khon, kim sot t gi, cc khon vay n vi cc doanh nghip va
v nh, gip phc hi sn xut kinh doanh v lm cho tng trng tn dng t gn
38%.
Nm 2010, kinh t vn phi i mt vi nhng kh khn nh: lm pht cao
vi mc tng trng CPI c nm ln ti 11.75%. VN lin tc mt gi; c th l
trong vng 10 thng k t 11/2009 n 08/2010, sau 3 ln iu chnh, t gi
USD/VND lin ngn hng tng 11.17%. Trong nm ny, hot ng ca cc ngn
hng nhn chung cng b sit cht hn bi mt s qui nh nh: qui nh vn iu l
ti thiu 3000 t ng (141/2006/N-CP), qui nh tng t l vn an ton ti thiu
t 8% ln 9% (13/2010/TT-NHNN)c bit trong nhng thng cui nm, li sut
tng mnh, cc ngn hng u lao vo cuc chin li sut vi li sut huy ng
mc 14-16%, li sut cho vay ln ti 19-20%. Trn th trng chng khon, VN
Index gim 6.26%, HNX Index gim 36.5%
6
.
Nm 2011, thc hin s ch o ca Chnh ph, chnh sch tin t c Ngn
hng Nh nc iu hnh theo hng cht ch ngay t u nm. Nh , li sut
huy ng t 1 thng tr ln u mc 14%/nm; tc tng trng tn dng t
15%. Khi li sut huy ng vn gim, li sut cho vay i vi nn kinh t cng c
xu hng gim dn, t to hiu ng tch cc t pha nn kinh t, t cc khch
hng vay vn, ng thi cng gip cc t chc tn dng hn ch n xu do tc ng

5
Cng ty c phn chng khon Eurocapital ,Bo co phn tch kinh t VN nm 2008, Website cng ty ngy
11/4/2012:eurocapital.vn/Modules/CMS/Upload/108/Nam_2009/ECC%20REPORT%202008%20vietnamese%20ver.pdf
6
Phng Nghin cu Phn tch, Cng ty c phn chng khon Ph Wall, Bo co phn tch ngnh: Din bin nm 2010
& Trin vng nm 2011.
63

hai mt ca c ch li sut cao. T gi hi oi lin ngn hng tng ln 10,15% (t
mc 18.932 ln mc 20.803), ng thi h bin giao dch xung cn +/-1%, iu
chnh gim li sut tin gi USD ca doanh nghip v dn c xung cn 0,5% v
2%. Bin php ny cho php cc t chc tn dng mua c ngoi t, th trng
c tnh thanh khon tt hn, p ng nhu cu ngoi t hp l cho khch hng,
ng thi c d bn v Ngn hng nh nc, gp phn tng c d tr ngoi hi
quc gia.Tuy nhin, th trng chng khon vn tip tc trm lng v i mt vi
nhiu kh khn
7
.
Bc sang nm 2012, nn kinh t th gii gp nhiu kh khn: tng trng
kinh t chm li, tht nghip tng cao, sc mua hn ch, n cng nhiu hn. Trong
bi cnh , mc tiu kim ch lm pht c thc hin tt, mc 6.81%, gim
mnh so vi 2011. T gi hi oi USD/VN n nh v mt bng li sut tip tc
gim xung cn 8%/nm i vi li sut tin gi tit kim t 1 n 12 thng, li
sut cho vay ngn hn dnh cho mt s khu vc u tin l 12%/nm. Tuy nhin,
tng trng GDP nm 2012 c tnh tng 5.03% so vi nm 2011, thp hn mc d
kin l 5.2%. Bn cnh l con s n xu 202,000 t VN ca cc ngn hng. Ch
tnh ring H Ni v thnh ph H Ch Minh, tn kho bt ng sn vo khong
70,000 t VN. Ngoi ra, mt im ng ch ca kinh t 2012 l xut siu vi
mc 284 triu USD, nguyn nhn chnh l nhp khu tng thp do sc sn xut v
tiu dng trong nc u gim. Xut siu tp trung khu vc c vn u t nc
ngoi (gn 12 t USD), trong khi , khu vc kinh t trong nc vn nhp siu 11.7
t USD.
8

3.1.2 Tnh hnh hot ng kinh doanh ca doanh nghip Vit Nam
Trong sut giai on 12 nm (2001 2012), trung bnh mi nm c khong
hn 53,000 doanh nghip ng k thnh lp mi. T nm 2001 n 2010, s lng

7
Trng Trit, Bc tranh th trng ti chnh 2011 k vng nm 2012, Website Vin chin lc v chnh sch ti chnh,
B Ti chnh, ngy 11/4/2012, ng dn:
http://nif.mof.gov.vn/portal/page/portal/nif/Newdetail?p_page_id=1&pers_id=42972397&item_id=54855429&p_details
=1
8
Bc tranh ton cnh kinh t x hi Vit Nam nm 2012, Website B Ti chnh, ngy 23/3/2013, ng dn:
http://www.mof.gov.vn/portal/page/portal/mof_vn/1539781?pers_id=2177014&item_id=80619834&p_details=1
64

doanh nghip ng k mi lin tc tng qua cc nm, tuy nhin trong 2 nm sau ,
con s ny ang c nguy c gim mnh.
Biu 3.1: S lng doanh nghip ng k thnh lp mi mi nm, t 2001 - 2012

Ngun: Phng Thng mi v Cng nghip Vit Nam, Bo co thng nin doanh nghip
Vit Nam cc nm 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012
Sau khi tri qua nm 2008 vi nhng nh hng t cuc khng hong ti
chnh M, bc sang nm 2009, cc doanh nghip Vit Nam vn vng vng vt
qua kh khn bng nhng ci tin v i mi trong sn xut, kinh doanh. Theo Bo
co thng nin Doanh nghip Vit Nam 2009 do Phng Thng mi v Cng
nghip Vit Nam (VCCI) thc hin, c 86,487 n vmi c thnh lp v tng
s vn ng k mi l 515,000 t VN (mc cao hn rt nhiu so vi cc nm
trc ). Hai nguyn nhn chnh l gii hin tng ny l do trong iu kin kinh
t khng hong, s lng tht nghip tng, nhiu ngi quyt nh t kinh doanh
to vic lm v thu nhp cho mnh; ngoi ra y cng l kt qu ci cch hnh chnh
trong cc c quan Nh nc. Bn cnh , doanh nghip tch cc gii quyt kh
khn thng qua hai bin php chnh l cng c quan h, trao i thng tin vi nh
cung ng v cung ng s h tr tin cy ti khch hng. Do , 34.2% s doanh
nghip thuc din iu tra vn tip tc m rng quy m sn xut kinh doanh v
78.1% doanh nghip vn gi nguyn hoc tng s lng lao ng. Nh gi kch cu
ca Chnh ph, gim p lc li sut, kh nng tip cn ngun ti chnh c ci
65

thin: khong 62% doanh nghip vay vn, nhng 80% doanh nghip vn c nhu
cu vay trong thi gian tip theo
9
.
Nm 2010, s doanh nghip ng k mi t gn 90,000 vi tng vn ng
k l 545,000 t VN. Mc d lng ng k tng mnh, nhng theo kt qu
nghin cu trong 5 nm (2004 2009), s lng doanh nghip hot ng ti thi
im 31/12 hng nm thng ch bng 50% s lng ng k trong nm. Nguyn
nhn l do cc doanh nghip phi chu nhiu sc p t iu kin kinh t nn hot
ng sn xut kinh doanh b nh tr. Nh phn tch phn trc, nm 2010 l
nm chng kin th trng chng khon tip tc suy gim, bn cnh l cuc cnh
tranh li sut huy ng vn gia cc ngn hng, khin cho li sut cho vay cng
tng theo. Hu qu l cc doanh nghip v cng kh khn trong vic tm ngun vn
ti tr. 85% doanh nghip phi vay vn ngn hng vi li sut t 12 13% tr ln;
trong khi ch c 19% cho rng y l mc li sut hp l, cn 33% khng th chu
c li sut ny trong di hn
10
.
Nm 2011, do tc ng ca khng hong kinh t nn s lng doanh nghip
ra i gim i ng k: 77,548 doanh nghip mi ng k, gim 13% v s
lng v 5.7% v vn so vi nm 2010. Nh vy, tnh n ngy 31/12/2011, tng
s doanh nghip ng k ti Vit Nam l 622,977 doanh nghip. Trong nm 2011
v c bit l qu I nm 2012, cc ch s v hot ng sn xut kinh doanh ca
doanh nghip c chiu hng xu i, c bit l ch s v li nhun, doanh s, hng
tn kho, hiu sut s dng my mc v s lng lao ng. T l cc doanh nghip
tm ngng sn xut v gii th trong nm 2011 v qu I nm 2012 chim 8.4%
(trong ngng sn xut chim 4.3% v gii th l 4.1%)
11
. Nguyn nhn chnh l
do kinh doanh thua l, ngoi ra cn do thiu vn, khng tiu th c sn phm
hoc ch ng gii th ti cu trc. T l doanh nghip ngoi quc doanh trong
nc ngng hot ng hoc gii th chim ti trn 9.2%, khu vc c vn u t

9 Phng Thng mi v Cng nghip Vit Nam, Bo co thng nin Doanh nghip Vit Nam 2009, Nh xut bn
chnh tr quc gia, 2010
10
Nht Minh, Ch mt na s doanh nghip ra i c th sng st, Bo in t VnExpress, ngy 22/3/2013: vnex
press.net/gl/k inh-doanh/2011/03/chi-mot-nua-so-doanh-nghiep-ra-doi-co-the-song-sot/?q=1
11 Phng Thng mi v Cng nghip Vit Nam, Cng vn s 0846 /PTM VP Bo co tnh hnh doanh nghip v
kin ngh, ngy 2/5/2012
66

nc ngoi ch c gn 2.6%. Mt vn c t ra cho doanh nghip trong nm
2011 l lin kt kinh doanh, c bit l s h tr hp tc gia doanh nghip c vn
u t nc ngoi vi doanh nghip cung ng trong nc. Hin nay s lin kt mi
dng li vic nng cao cht lng sn phm v hiu qu quy trnh sn xut, m
cha t n chuyn giao cng ngh.
Trong nm 2012, khong 65,000 doanh nghip ng k thnh lp mi (s
vn ng k gn 420,000 t VN), tuy nhin li c 55,000 doanh nghip gii th.
S doanh nghip ng k thnh lp mi c xu hng gim dn qua cc thng v
dch chuyn t cc ngnh kh khn nh bt ng sn, xy dng, ti chnh sang gio
dc, y t, vn ha, du lch. Tuy nhin, sc khe doanh nghip vn l mt cu hi
ln v nhiu doanh nghip do gnh n xu cao nn ch doanh nghip quyt nh
gii th, thnh lp doanh nghip mi lch lut, tip tc vay vn ngn hng. 97%
doanh nghip trong nn kinh t c quy m va v nh kh tip cn vi ngun vn
vay, trong khi s n xu ca cc ngn hng l t doanh nghip Nh nc
12
.
Theo Kt qu iu tra thc trng v tnh hnh kh khn ca doanh nghip
do Tng cc Thng k thc hin, 6 nhn t gy tr ngi ln nht n doanh nghip
ln lt l li sut vn qu cao, lm pht cao v bin ng tht thng, tip cn vn
kh khn, chi ph vn ti cao v in cung cp khng n nh. Gn 50% doanh
nghip va v nh khng bit n nhng chnh sch vay vn vi li sut u i. V
lao ng, 13.8% doanh nghip Nh nc d tha lao ng, trong khi con s ny
khu vc ngoi Nh nc l 8.2% v khu vc u t nc ngoi l 3.9%. Ngc li,
c n 23.2% doanh nghip c vn u t nc ngoi thiu lao ng, tip n l
khu vc Nh nc vi 14.4% doanh nghip, thp nht l doanh nghip ngoi Nh
nc 10.7%
13
.

12 Bch Dip, Khong 55,000 doanh nghip gii th nm 2012, Bo in t Dn tr, 12/12/2012, ng dn: dantri.com.v
n/k inh-doanh/k hoang-55000-doanh-nghiep-giai-the-nam-2012-672972.htm
13 Bch Dip, Nhng con s git mnh v tnh hnh sc khe doanh nghip, Bo in t Dn tr, 8/5/2012, ng
dn: http://dantri.com.vn/kinh-doanh/nhung-con-so-giat-minh-ve-tinh-hinh-suc-khoe-cua-doanh-nghiep-593619.htm
67

3.1.3 Tnh hnh th trng lao ng ti Vit Nam
3.1.3.1 H thng cc vn bn php l v ch tin lng, thu nhp ca ngi lao
ng ti Vit Nam
Ti Vit Nam, i vi ngi lao ng thuc cc c quan, doanh nghip, t
chc chnh tr x hi thuc Nh nc, ch lng c quy nh cng khai v r
rng trong cc vn bn quy phm php lut. Mc lng v ph cp lng ca cn
b, cng chc, vin chc c tnh vo h thng bc lng, ch yu ph thuc vo
chc v nm gi v s nm cng tc. Ngc li, mc lng ca nhng ngi lm
vic trong cc cng ty, doanh nghip ngoi Nh nc c quyt nh thng qua s
tha thun gia ngi lao ng v ngi s dng lao ng cng nh chnh sch tin
lng ca ty tng doanh nghip. Chnh sch ny thng c bo mt trong phm
vi t chc, tuy nhin c th thy ngi lao ng ti cc c quan ngoi Nh nc
c tr lng da trn nng sut lao ng, hay ni ng hn l da trn mc li
nhun m h em li cho cng ty.
Sau y l mt s vn bn php lut ca Nh nc lin quan n ch
lng i vi cn b, cng chc, vin chc Nh nc:
- Ngh nh s 204/2004/N-CP ban hnh ngy 14 thng 12 nm 2004 quy nh ch
tin lng i vi cn b, cng chc, vin chc v lc lng v trang: ngh nh
quy nh cc nguyn tc xp lng v ph cp lng theo cp bc, ch tr lng
v ch nng bc lng i vi cn b, cng chc, vin chc.
- Ngh nh s 205/2004/N-CP ban hnh ngy 14 thng 12 nm 2004 quy nh h
thng thang lng, bng lng v ch ph cp lng trong cc cng ty Nh
nc: ngh nh a ra bng lng chi tit i vi cn b, cng nhn vin chc
tng chc v trong cc ngnh kinh t; km theo l 5 ch ph cp lng dnh
cho ngi lao ng.
- Ngh nh s 31/2012/N-CP ban hnh ngy 12 thng 04 nm 2012 quy nh v
mc lng ti thiu chung: theo , t thng 5 nm 2012, mc lng ti thiu ca
ngi lao ng lm vic ti cc c quan Nh nc, lc lng v trang, t chc
chnh tr, t chc chnh tr - x hi; n v s nghip ca Nh nc, ca t chc
68

chnh tr, ca t chc chnh tr - x hi v cng ty trch nhim hu hn mt thnh
vin do Nh nc lm ch s hu l 1.050.000 ng/thng.
3.1.3.2 Tnh hnh thu nhp ca ngi lao ng ti Vit Nam trong thi gian gn y
Theo s liu t Bo co iu tra lao ng v vic lm Vit Nam trong vng 3
nm, t nm 2010 n ht qu 3 nm 2012, s lng ngi c vic lm t 15 tui
tr ln c xu hng tng nh t 49.5 triu ngi nm 2010 n hn 52 triu ngi
vo cui qu 3 nm 2012. Tc tng ny gn nh ngang bng vi tc tng ca
lc lng lao ng t 15 tui tr ln. Bng chng l trong 2 nm 2011 v 2012, t
l ngi c vic lm lun t mc xp x 98% so vi tng lc lng lao ng. Mc
d t l ny l kh cao, nhng n khng th hin c cht lng lao ng, tnh
cht cng vic v mc tha mn ca ngi lao ng i vi cng vic.
Bng 3.1: S liu thng k lc lng lao ng v s ngi c vic lm t 15 tui tr
ln nm 2010, 2011, 2012
n v: Nghn ngi

S ngi c vic lm t
15 tui tr ln
Lc lng lao ng t 15
tui tr ln
T l
Nm
2010
49,494 65,710 75.32%
Q1/2011 49,966 51,286 97.43%
Q2/2011 50,352 51,394 97.97%
Q3/2011 51,521 52,471 98.19%
Q4/2011 51,685 52,539 98.37%
Q1/2012 50,998 51,978 98.11%
Q2/2012 51,699 52,581 98.32%
Q3/2012 52,115 53,099 98.15%
Ngun: Tng cc thng k, Bo co iu tra lao ng v vic lm Vit Nam cc
nm 2010, 2011, 2012 (website: http://www.gso.gov.vn)
Xt v tng th, mc thu nhp trung bnh ca ngi lm cng n lng t 15
tui tr ln cng c xu hng tng, tuy nhin din bin khng n nh. Mc lng
thay i t 2.5 triu VN nm 2010 n khong 3.9 triu VN vo nm 2012
69

Bng 3.2: Thu nhp ca ngi lao ng t 15 tui tr ln nm 2010, 2011, 2012
n v: Nghn ng
Khu vc Nh
nc
Khu vc ngoi
Nh nc
Khu vc c vn
u t nc ngoi
Trung
bnh Nm
2010
2,519
Q1/2011 3,957 1,901 3,941 3,144
Q2/2011 3,426 2,000 3,527 2,927
Q3/2011 3,600 2,138 3,844 3,127
Q4/2011 3,706 2,876 4,049 3,244
Q1/2012 4,772 3,313 4,812 3,905
Q2/2012 4,238 3,148 4,219 3,573
Q3/2012 4,525 3,302 4,356 3,766
Ngi lao ng c chia thnh 3 nhm chnh da theo loi hnh kinh t
gm: khu vc Nh nc, khu vc c vn u t nc ngoi v khu vc ngoi Nh
nc (bao gm khu vc c nhn/ h gia nh, tp th v t nhn). Ngi lao ng
ti khu vc Nh nc v khu vc vn u t nc ngoi c thu nhp khong gn 4
triu VN vo nm 2010, nhng sau li b suy gim mt cht xung 3.5 triu
vo u nm 2011. Thu nhp tng nh cho n ht nm 2011 v t 4.8 triu vo
qu 1 nm 2012. Tuy nhin, thu nhp trong nm 2012 khng n nh v ch dao
ng xung quanh 4.5 triu VN.
So vi ngi lm vic ti c quan Nh nc v c vn nc ngoi, thu nhp
ca ngi lao ng trong khu vc ngoi Nh nc lun lun thp hn, mc d
khong cch ang c xu hng thu hp dn. u nm 2011, thu nhp trung bnh
ca ngi lao ng ti khu vc ngoi Nh nc ch bng thu nhp 2 khu vc
cn li (chnh lch gn 2 triu VN). n qu 3 nm 2012, mc chnh lch ny
gim xung ch cn t 1 n 1.2 triu VN

70

Biu 3.2: Thu nhp ca ngi lao ng t 15 tui tr ln nm 2010, 2011, 2012
n v: Nghn ng

3.1.3.3 Cht lng lao ng ti Vit Nam hin nay
Theo T chc Lao ng th gii, Vit Nam tuy c ngun lao ng di do
nhng nng sut lao ng li thp v gim lin tc trong giai on t nm 2008 n
nm 2012. Nu so snh vi cc nc trong khu vc th mc tng trng nng sut
lao ng ti Singapore, Nht Bn v Hn Quc ln lt cao hn gp 15, 11 v 10
ln so vi nng sut lao ng trong nc. Ngay c trong khu vc cc quc gia ang
pht trin ASEAN, cht lng lao ng ca Malaysia hoc Thi Lan cng cao gp 5
ln v gp i so vi Vit Nam.
Trnh chuyn mn k thut l mt thng s phn nh tng i chnh xc
v cht lng lao ng. Theo thng k ca Tng cc thng k trong mt vi nm
gn y, t l lao ng khng c trnh chuyn mn k thut vn cn kh cao,
chim khong trn 80% lc lng lao ng. Thm vo , t l ny c xu hng
cao hn khu vc nng thn (khong 90% hoc hn) so vi thnh th (t 60% n
71

70%) v cao hn gii tnh n so vi gii tnh nam. S liu c th c th theo di
qua bng s liu di y.
Bng 3.3: Lc lng lao ng t 15 tui tr ln chia theo trnh chuyn mn k
thut v gii tnh t nm 2010 n ht qu 3 nm 2012
n v: %
Trnh chuyn mn k thut Chung Nam N
Nm 2010
Khng c trnh chuyn mn k thut 85.0 83.4 86.8
Dy ngh v trung cp 7.4 8.8 5.8
Cao ng, i hc tr ln 7.4 7.5 7.2
Khng xc nh 0.3 0.3 0.3
Nm 2011
3 qu u nm 2012
Khng xc nh 0.1 0.1 0.1

Ngun: Tng cc thng k, Bo co iu tra lao ng v vic lm Vit Nam cc nm 2010,
2011, 2012 (website: http://www.gso.gov.vn)
Chng ta c th phn tch nhiu nguyn nhn dn n tnh trng ny. Th
nht, ti nhiu vng trn c nc, c bit ti cc vng su, vng xa, iu kin kinh
t ca ngi dn cn nhiu kh khn, do vy, h cha thc c tm quan trng
ca gio dc v khng cho con em i hc. Th hai, ngi Vit Nam ni chung vn
c t tng coi trng gio dc i hc hn l hc ngh v cao ng. V vy, s
lng sinh vin tt nghip t cc trng i hc dn lp v cc chng trnh lin
kt o to hng nm rt nhiu nhng trnh cn yu km, thiu k nng lm vic.
Trong khi , cc trng trung cp v cao ng ngh phi rt vt v mi tuyn
ch tiu. Ngoi ra, chng trnh o to trong cc trng i hc v cao ng hin
nay ca nc ta vn b coi l cn nhiu hn ch v xa ri thc t v mang tnh hc
thut cao. Sinh vin trong qu trnh hc tp t c iu kin tip cn vi mi trng
thc t.
72

Tnh trng ny nu tip tc ko di s dn ti hu qu l ngi lao ng Vit
Nam b mt c hi trn th trng lao ng. Nhu cu nhn lc ti cc doanh nghip
hin nay rt ln, c bit l lao ng c tay ngh. Tuy nhin, do lc lng lao ng
mi ch p ng v mt s lng m cha t n cht lng yu cu, nn trong
khi t l tht nghip cao th cc doanh nghip vn b thiu lao ng gii. Hin ti
cht lng vic lm cn thp v trong tng vic lm ca c nc, chim ti 40% l
nhng cng vic n gin, khng cn k nng. khu vc thnh th, t l ny ch
chim 18.1% nhng cc vng nng thn, gn 50% cng vic l lao ng gin n.
Bng 3.4: T l thiu vic lm lm v tht nghip, giai on 2009 2012
n v: %
Thi im
T l thiu vic T l tht nghip
Tng s
Thnh
th
Nng
thn
Tng s
Thnh
th
Nng
thn
Nm 2009 5.41 3.19 6.30 2.90 4.60 2.25
Nm 2010 3.57 1.82 4.26 2.88 4.29 2.30
Nm 2011 2.96 1.58 3.56 2.22 3.60 1.60
9 thng u nm
2012
2.74 1.60 3.26 2.01 3.30 1.42

Ngun: Tng cc thng k, Bo co iu tra lao ng v vic lm Vit Nam cc nm 2010,
2011, 2012 (website: http://www.gso.gov.vn)
Nhn chung, t l lao ng thiu vic lm v tht nghip u c xu hng
gim theo nm. Ngoi ra, nu xt theo vng min, ta c th thy s phn bit rt ln
gia hai khu vc thnh th v nng thn. Tuy nhin, nh phn tch trn, t l
tht nghip gim khng ng ngha vi cht lng lao ng c nng cao. V d,
t l thiu vic lm thnh th thp hn rt nhiu (ch bng khong 50%) so vi
khu vc nng thn, nhng nu quan st s dch chuyn lao ng t nng thn ra
thnh th hin nay, nhng ngi ny thng ch lm cng vic bun bn mang tnh
thi v m khng h c o to trnh hay ngh nghip. Bn cnh , mc d
t l tht nghip gim, nhng s thay i ny cng c th do iu kin kinh t
Vit Nam cn nhiu hn ch, h thng an sinh x hi, tr cp tht nghip cha pht
trin, nn ngi lao ng sau mt thi gian tht nghip phi chp nhn nhng cng
73

vic tm thi, khng chnh thc vi thu nhp bp bnh nui sng bn thn v gia
nh.
3.2 xut M hnh chng trnh h tr tin lng ti Vit Nam
3.2.1 M hnh chng trnh h tr tin lng ti Vit Nam
3.2.1.1 Phm vi ngnh c h tr
Da theo Quyt nh s 10/2007/Q-TTg ca Th tng Chnh ph ban
hnh ngy 23/01/2007 v Ban hnh H thng ngnh kinh t ca Vit Nam, nn kinh
t Vit Nam c chia lm 21 ngnh cp 1 c m ho theo bng ch ci ln lt
t A n U; trong 21 ngnh ny c chia tip thnh 88 ngnh cp 2, mi ngnh
c m ho bng hai s theo tng ngnh cp 1 tng ng. Chng trnh ch gii
hn trong nhm cc ngnh sn xut, tc l la chn nhm ngnh t A n N bao
gm 14 ngnh cp 1, trong li chia thnh 73 ngnh cp 2
14

3.2.1.2 Xc nh s tin c h tr
Theo Ngh nh s 31/2012/N-CP ban hnh ngy 12 thng 04 nm 2012
quy nh v mc lng ti thiu chung, t thng 5 nm 2012, mc lng ti thiu
ca ngi lao ng lm vic ti cc c quan Nh nc, lc lng v trang, t chc
chnh tr, t chc chnh tr - x hi; n v s nghip ca Nh nc, ca t chc
chnh tr, ca t chc chnh tr - x hi v cng ty trch nhim hu hn mt thnh
vin do Nh nc lm ch s hu l 1,050,000 ng/thng. Tuy nhin, khi tnh ton
mc chi tiu bnh qun cho i sng mt ngi mt thng da trn s liu ca Kho
st mc sng h gia nh Vit Nam nm 2004 do Tng cc thng k tin hnh, c
iu chnh theo mc bin ng ca ch s gi tiu dng CPI hng nm th mc chi
tiu bnh qun cho i sng mt ngi mt thng vo nm 2012 l khong 930,000
ng
15
. V vy, nu ly 1,050,000 ng/thng lm mc lng mc tiu s l mt
con s khng ph hp v qu thp. Thay vo , nghin cu sut s dng mc
tin lng mc tiu l 1,300,000 ng/thng. y l mc lng cao hn so vi
khong 30% cc mc lng trong phm vi ngnh c h tr.

14
Chi tit v phm vi cc ngnh c h tr v mc lng trung bnh trong tng ngnh xem trong Ph lc 1
15 Chi tit v tnh ton chi tiu bnh qun cho i sng mt ngi mt thng trong Ph lc 2
74

3.2.1.3 Nhm i tng mc tiu
Do ch mi l m hnh xut ti Vit Nam, v do tnh trng thm ht ngn
sch din ra trong nhiu nm, nhm i tng m m hnh ny hng n l nhng
ngi lao ng c mc tin lng di 1,300,000ng/thng (i vi nhng ngi
lao ng c vic lm) v nhng ngi lao ng tr ngi Vit Nam trong tui
15 24 c mc tin lng di 1,300,000ng/thng (i vi nhng ngi lao
ng mi cha c vic lm). Chng trnh h tr ny cng ch gii hn i vi
nhng lao ng v s lm vic trong cc doanh nghip ng k tham gia
chng trnh.
- i vi cc lao ng c vic lm c mc lng di 1,300,000
ng/thng, h s c nhn mc h tr sao cho mc lng ca h t c mc
1,300,000 ng/thng. Tuy nhin mc h tr ti a s khng vt qu 50%, tc l
khng vt qu 650,000 ng/thng. Ngi lao ng s c nhn h tr ny trong
vng 1 nm
- i vi cc lao ng mi c mc lng di 1,300,000 ng/thng, h s
c nhn mc h tr sao cho mc lng ca h t c mc 1,300,000
ng/thng. Tuy nhin mc h tr ti a s khng vt qu 75%, tc l khng vt
qu 975,000 ng/thng. Ngi lao ng s c nhn h tr ny trong vng 1 nm
u tin. n nm th hai, nu mc lng ca cc lao ng ny vn di 1,300,000
ng/thng, h s tip tc c hng mc h tr theo ch cho lao ng c
vic lm trnh by trn cho 1 nm tip theo.
3.2.1.2 Hnh thc h tr
C hai hnh thc h tr c th p dng nh sau:
- Tr tin h tr trc tip cho ngi lao ng
Mi ngi lao ng s c cp mt th h tr, tng t nh mt th rt tin
ngn hng. Trn th s lu cc thng tin v i tng lao ng nh tn, s chng
minh nhn dn, doanh nghip lm vic, mc tin lng, m tham gia chng trnh.
Hng thng, ngi lao ng s c php rt s tin tng ng vi mc h tr m
mnh c hng. Hnh thc h tr ny s linh hot v tin li hn cho ngi lao
75

ng v h c th ch ng rt s tin h tr hng thng theo nhu cu ca mnh
hoc gi li trong th tit kim. Tuy nhin, loi th ca chng trnh c th
khng ging vi loi th ca doanh nghip, khin mt ngi lao ng li c n hai
loi ti khon th, gy ra lng ph khng cn thit. Hn na, hnh thc ny vn cn
c s kt hp cht ch vi cc doanh nghip lin tc cp nht tnh hnh tin
lng ca ngi lao ng trnh xy ra sai st. c bit, khi ngi lao ng thi
vic, v chuyn sang ni lm mi th cc doanh nghip c ni i v ni nhn u
phi cp nht s thay i trong lao ng ny. Cc doanh nghip khng thc hin
ng nhim v ca mnh s phi chu mc pht quy nh.
- Tr thng qua doanh nghip
Doanh nghip c ngi lao ng tham gia chng trnh h tr tr ton b
mc lng cam kt ca doanh nghip cng vi mc h tr cho ngi lao ng. Sau
, doanh nghip xin hon li tin h tr t cc c quan nh nc. Hnh thc ny c
th thun tin hn cho ngi lao ng v h c nhn ton b tin lng mt ln.
Tuy nhin, do trnh t hnh chnh Vit Nam cn kh nhiu th tc nn hnh thc
h tr ny c th khng c doanh nghip la chn, nht l vi nhng doanh
nghip c quy m va v nh bi v s tin khng ng k. Vi hnh thc ny, c
quan ph trch cng cn thng xuyn cp nht thng tin t ngi lao ng
trnh tnh trng cc doanh nghip gian ln tin lng hoc tip tc nhn tin h tr
trong khi ngi lao ng ri doanh nghip.
S tin h tr rt linh hot. Nu ngi lao ng ri khi doanh nghip hin
ti trong thi gian h tr, s tin h tr s vn c chuyn sang khi ngi tm
c vic lm mi sao cho tng thi gian h tr vn s l 1 hoc 2 nm, ty vo i
tng. Tuy nhin, trong khong thi gian gia hai ln tm vic, ngi lao ng s
khng c nhn h tr v chng trnh h tr nay khng phi l chng trnh tr
cp tht nghip, m l mt chng trnh nhm khuyn khch ngi lao ng tch
cc tham gia vo qu trnh tm vic.
76

3.2.2 D kin s b chi ph ca Chng trnh h tr tin lng xut ti Vit
Nam
3.2.2.1 i vi cc lao ng c vic lm
Do nhng hn ch v s liu thng k tnh hnh ca doanh nghip, tnh ton
v mc gi tr ca chng trnh i vi nhng lao ng c vic lm s s dng
s liu ca nm 2011 theo ngun ca Tng cc thng k. Tnh n nm 2011, c
7,637 doanh nghip c ngi lao ng vi mc tin lng di 1,300,000
ng/thng, vi tng s lao ng l 218,836 ngi. Tng gi tr khon h tr trong
vng 1 nm c tnh s l 925,064,315,544 ng. Cc khon tnh ton c th nh
sau:
Bng 3.5: Gi tr ca Chng trnh h tr tin lng i vi ngi lao ng c
vic lm trong 1 nm
Tn ngnh
Tng s
doanh
nghip
S lng lao
ng cui
nm (ngi)
Mc
lng/ngi/
thng (ng)
Mc h
tr/ngi/
thng (ng)
Tng mc h
tr/thng (ng)
Hot ng th y 3 40 10,086 650,000 26,000,000
X l nhim v
hot ng qun l
cht thi khc
29 948 46,926 650,000 616,200,000
Nghin cu khoa
hc v pht trin
191 2,182 130,582 650,000 1,418,300,000
Hot ng dch v
thng tin
151 4,494 270,963 650,000 2,921,100,000
Thot nc v x
l nc thi
153 6,940 373,758 650,000 4,511,000,000
Vn ti hng
khng
9 13,096 416,117 650,000 8,512,400,000
Hot ng dch v
h tr khai thc
m v qung
30 2,621 438,682 650,000 1,703,650,000
Lm nghip v
hot dng dch v
c lin quan
476 15,714 487,603 650,000 10,214,100,000
Bu chnh v
chuyn pht
288 7,653 494,533 650,000 4,974,450,000
Cho thu my
mc, thit b
(khng km ngi
1,481 14,012 614,937 650,000 9,107,800,000
77

iu khin)
Khai thc qung
kim loi
207 16,482 640,776 650,000 10,713,300,000
Sn xut than cc,
sn phm du m
tinh ch
76 5,518 733,892 566,108 3,123,783,944
Hot ng chuyn
mn, khoa hc v
cng ngh khc
1,944 16,810 1,031,641 268,359 4,511,114,790
Khai thc, nui
trng thu sn
1,348 43,245 1,102,341 197,659 8,547,763,455
Sa cha, bo
dng v lp t
my mc v thit
b
754 21,637 1,167,321 132,679 2,870,775,523
Sn xut sn phm
thuc l
26 13,586 1,169,107 130,893 1,778,312,298
Hot ng thu
gom, x l v tiu
hu rc thi
471 33,858 1,254,556 45,444 1,538,642,952

Tng (thng) 7,637 218,836 10,383,821 8,491,142 77,088,692,962
Tng (nm) 925,064,315,544
Ngun: S liu iu tra doanh nghip nm 2011, Tng cc thng k
3.2.2.2 i vi cc lao ng cha c vic lm
Theo s liu ca Cc thng k thuc T chc Lao ng Quc t
(International Labour Organization ILO), tnh n qu IV nm 2012, Vit Nam c
khong 457,000 lao ng tht nghip trong tui 15-24. V vy, vi mc h tr
ti a l 975,000 ng/thng hay 11,700,000 ng/nm, tng gi tr ti a mt nm
ca khon h tr cho cc lao ng tht nghip mi i lm s l 5,346,900,000,000
ng. Tuy nhin, do khng phi ton b nhng lao ng tht nghip ny s tham gia
vo chng trnh, cng nh cc mc h tr cho mi lao ng cng s khng th l
mc ti a, nn gi tr ca khon h tr cng khng th t ti con s nh tnh
ton. Trn thc t, trong phn ln cc chng trnh h tr tin lng, cc c quan
Chnh ph ch c th k vng khong 20% s lao ng tht nghip c th tm c
vic lm trong khun kh chng trnh. Tc l trong iu kin Vit Nam, ch c th
78

k vng khong 91,400 vic lm mi c to ra, vi mc h tr thc t ti a c
th ch l 1,069,380,000,000 ng.
3.2.2.3 Ph pht hnh th ngn hng tr tin h tr trc tip cho ngi lao ng
Trong 2 hnh thc h tr c ra, hnh thc h tr trc tip cho ngi
lao ng thng qua m th c th l c coi l u vit hn so vi hnh thc h tr
thng qua doanh nghip. Hnh thc m th gip cho khon h tr n c tn tay
ngi lao ng, hn ch nguy c thiu minh bch t pha doanh nghip, ng thi
thun tin cho cng tc theo di, thng k v nh gi hiu qu ca chng trnh.
Do c im ca chng trnh h tr tin lng, cc chi ph s dng th ca
ngi lao ng trong vng 1 nm s do Chnh ph chi tr v khng c php tr
vo s tin h tr. Theo tnh ton, mc ph s dng th ngn hng Vit Nam hin
ti nh sau: Ph m th: 50,000-100,000 ng, ph thng nin 50,000 ng, ph
truy vn s d 12 ln/nm: 20,000 ng, ph rt tin 12 ln/nm: 12,000-36,000
ng, ph chuyn khon 12 ln/nm: 36,000 ng. Cng li, s ph ti thiu l
192,000 ng s dng mt chic th mi nm ti Vit Nam.
16

Nh vy, vi khong 310,236 th mi (218,836 th ca lao ng c thu nhp
thp v 91,400 th ca lao ng mi), chi ph s dng th mt nm s l
59,565,312,000 ng.
3.2.2.4 Tng chi ph d kin ca Chng trnh h tr tin lng
Tng chi ph c tnh ca Chng trnh h tr tin lng l khong hn
2,054 t ng, c th nh sau:
Bng 3.6: Tm tt tng chi ph ca Chng trnh h tr tin lng
Tn chi ph S lng
lao ng
(ngi)
Chi ph trung
bnh cho mi lao
ng/nm (ng)
Tng chi ph/nm
(ng)
H tr cho lao ng thu nhp
thp
218,836 4,227,204 925,064,315,544
H tr cho lao ng tht nghip
mi c vic lm
91,400 11,700,000 1,069,380,000,000
Chi ph s dng th 310,236 192,000 59,565,312,000
Tng 2,054,009,627,544
Ngun: Nhm tc gi

16
Thng tin tham kho trn website ca i Truyn hnh Vit Nam, truy cp lc 22h20 ngy 01/05/2013,
ng dn: http://vtv.vn/Tai-chinh/Phi-the-o-Viet-Nam-cao-hon-chau-Au-nhieu-lan/57528.vtv
79

3.2.3 Kt qu d kin ca Chng trnh h tr tin lng xut ti Vit Nam
3.2.3.1 D kin tc ng ca Chng trnh h tr tin lng i vi tnh hnh lao
ng Vit Nam
Trong giai on 2000 2012, trung bnh mi nm c nc c khong 1.2
triu vic lm mi c to ra, tng ng vi tc tng trung bnh l
2.73%/nm. Ring i vi khu vc kinh t phi nh nc, s lng vic lm mi
c to ra trung bnh mi nm ln ti 1.1 triu vic lm, vi tc tng trng
l 2.94%.
Bng 3.7: Tnh hnh tng trng vic lm ti Vit Nam giai on 2000 2012
Nm
C nc Khu vc kinh t phi nh nc
S lng
vic lm
(nghn)
Vic lm
to mi
(nghn)
Tc
tng
trng
S lng
vic lm
(nghn)
Vic lm
to mi
(nghn)
Tc
tng
trng
2000 37,075 - - 32,717 - -
2001 38,180 1,105 2.89% 33,706 989 3.02%
2002 39,276 1,096 2.79% 34,642 937 2.78%
2003 40,404 1,128 2.79% 35,485 842 2.43%
2004 41,579 1,175 2.83% 36,548 1,063 3.00%
2005 42,775 1,196 2.80% 37,808 1,260 3.45%
2006 43,980 1,205 2.74% 39,064 1,257 3.32%
2007 45,208 1,228 2.72% 40,220 1,155 2.96%
2008 46,461 1,253 2.70% 41,402 1,182 2.94%
2009 47,744 1,283 2.69% 42,703 1,302 3.14%
2010 49,049 1,305 2.66% 43,941 1,238 2.90%
2011 50,352 1,304 2.59% 45,101 1,160 2.64%
2012 51,690 1,338 2.59% 46,314 1,213 2.69%
Trung
bnh
1,218 2.73% 1,133 2.94%
Ngun: Thng k s lao ng c vic lm qua cc nm 2000 2012 ca Tng cc thng
k, ng dn: http://www.gso.gov.vn/default.aspx?tabid=387&idmid=3&ItemID=12848
V vy, vi 91,400 vic lm d tnh c to mi, Chng trnh h tr tin
lng c k vng s ng gp khong 7.5% vo tng s vic lm c to mi
mi nm. Thm vo , theo s liu ca Cc thng k thuc T chc Lao ng
Quc t (International Labour Organization ILO), tnh n qu IV nm 2012, Vit
80

Nam c khong 984,000 lao ng tht nghip. Nh vy, Chng trnh h tr tin
lng c th gip gim 9.3% tng s lao ng tht nghip ti Vit Nam.
3.2.3.2 D kin tc ng ca Chng trnh h tr tin lng i vi nn kinh t s
dng hm sn xut Cobb-Douglas
Hm sn xut Cobb-Douglas c hai nh ton hc l Paul Douglas v
Charles Cobb a ra vo nm 1927. Ban u, hm s c dng: Y = L
K
1-
, trc
c Knut Wicksell s dng. Hm s c lng s ph thuc ca nng sut
lao ng (Y) vo cc yu t u vo l lao ng (L) v vn (K). c lng hm s
ny s dng phng php bnh phng nh nht, Paul Douglas tm c kt qu
= 0.75, sau ny c Cc nghin cu kinh t Quc gia xc nhn t gi tr l
0.741. Sau cc nghin cu sau vo nm 1940, hai nh ton hc quyt nh
cho s m ca L v K c th thay i ty , tc l hm c dng Y = L
gip cho
c lng ny c kt qu rt gn vi nhng kt qu o lng c v nng sut vo
thi im . Khong hai thp k sau, hm sn xut Cobb-Douglas c nhiu nh
kinh t hc ni ting nh Paul Samuelson v Robert Solow s dng rng ri.
Gi thit ban u ca hm Cobb-Douglas cho rng ch c hai yu t l lao
ng v vn nh hng n nng sut lao ng ca doanh nghip. Ngy nay, gi
thit ny thng b ch trch l qu n gin v khng phn nh c tnh hnh sn
xut trong iu kin hin i. V vy, hm sn xut Cobb-Douglas c th c m
rng ra cho nhiu hn hai yu t, v d nh lao ng, vn, t ai, nguyn vt liu
th: Y = X1
X2
Xn

Da trn s liu ca Tng cc thng k, nghin cu xut xy dng hm
sn xut Cobb-Douglas cho ton b nn kinh t v khu vc kinh t phi nh nc
(bao gm khu vc kinh t ngoi nh nc v khu vc c vn u t nc ngoi)
trong giai on 2000 2012. Do iu kin s liu, hm Cobb-Douglas c s
dng s l hm c in gm hai yu t u vo l lao ng v vn:
Y = L

Trong :
Y: GDP (tng nn kinh t hoc theo khu vc kinh t)
81

L: S lao ng c vic lm (tng nn kinh t hoc theo khu vc kinh
t)
K: Lng vn u t (tng nn kinh t hoc theo khu vc kinh t)
Ly Logarith t nhin ca hai v ta c hm:
log(Y) = log() + log(L) + log(K) +
y cng l hm s s c hi quy trong chng trnh Eviews.
Ton b nn kinh t
Kt qu hi quy i vi s liu ca ton b nn kinh t nh sau:
Hnh 3.1: Kt qu hi quy h s ca Hm Cobb-Douglas i vi ton b nn kinh t
Vit Nam giai on 2000 - 2012
Dependent Variable: LOG(Y)
Method: Least Squares
Date: 05/03/13 Time: 10:35
Sample: 2000 2012
Included observations: 13

Variable Coefficient Std. Error t-Statistic Prob.

LOG(L) 6.165432 1.622631 3.799651 0.0035
LOG(K) -0.065257 0.274088 -0.238088 0.8166
C -51.21664 13.83441 -3.702120 0.0041

R-squared 0.990537 Mean dependent var 13.85504
Adjusted R-squared 0.988644 S.D. dependent var 0.640088
S.E. of regression 0.068210 Akaike info criterion -2.333288
Sum squared resid 0.046526 Schwarz criterion -2.202915
Log likelihood 18.16637 Hannan-Quinn criter. -2.360086
F-statistic 523.3718 Durbin-Watson stat 0.999408
Prob(F-statistic) 0.000000

A
Ngun: Kt qu hi quy s dng phn mm Eviews vi s liu t Tng cc Thng k
Theo , hm sn xut ca ton b nn kinh t Vit Nam c dng:
Y =e
-51.21664
L
6.165432
K
-0.065257

M hnh gii thch c 99% s bin i ca Tng sn phm quc ni
(GDP) do hai yu t u vo l Lao ng v Vn gy ra. Cc h s hi quy cng
phn nh kh chnh xc tnh hnh sn xut ca th trng Vit Nam. Theo , nng
sut lao ng ch yu vn ph thuc vo yu t Lao ng hn l yu t Vn. GDP
ca Vit Nam c nhy cm vi Lao ng l 6.165432, tc l 1% tng ln ca s
82

lao ng s lm GDP tng khong 6.1%. iu ny chng t s cn thit phi tng
lng lao ng c vic lm v iu ny s c tc ng tch cc n GDP. Hn na,
do + >1, hm sn xut c li ch tng theo quy m, tc l khuyn khch m rng
quy m sn xut hn na, cng tc l s cn thm nhiu lao ng hn na.
91,400 vic lm mi c to thm tng ng vi mc tng 0.17% ca lao
ng, s dn n GDP tng khong 1.037%. Vi mc GDP ca ton nn kinh t
Vit Nam nm 2012 l 2,950,684 t ng, t l tng ny s tng ng vi mc
tng theo s thc t khong 30,599 t ng. So vi gi tr 2,054 t ng c tnh
b ra, th mc tng GDP c th thu c nh tng t l lao ng l ln hn rt
nhiu (gp hn 15 ln). K c khi phi tnh thm cc chi ph hnh chnh v qun l
khc th li ch do chng trnh ny mang li cho nn kinh t vn l rt ln.
Khu vc kinh t phi nh nc
Hnh 3.2: Kt qu hi quy h s ca Hm Cobb-Douglas i vi khu vc kinh t phi
nh nc giai on 2000 - 2012
Dependent Variable: LOG(Y)
Method: Least Squares
Date: 05/04/13 Time: 03:08
Sample: 2000 2012
Included observations: 13

Variable Coefficient Std. Error t-Statistic Prob.

LOG(L) 1.094847 0.943701 1.160163 0.2729
LOG(K) 1.106724 0.122850 9.008743 0.0000
C -9.866390 6.734961 -1.464951 0.1737

R-squared 0.979737 Mean dependent var 12.85655
Adjusted R-squared 0.975684 S.D. dependent var 0.594728
S.E. of regression 0.092740 Akaike info criterion -1.718868
Sum squared resid 0.086006 Schwarz criterion -1.588495
Log likelihood 14.17264 Hannan-Quinn criter. -1.745666
F-statistic 241.7499 Durbin-Watson stat 1.565409
Prob(F-statistic) 0.000000

Ngun: Kt qu hi quy s dng phn mm Eviews vi s liu t Tng cc Thng k
Theo , hm sn xut ca khu vc kinh t phi nh nc c dng:
Y =e
-52.41546
L
6.336125
K
-0.095579

83

M hnh gii thch c hn 99% s bin i ca Tng sn phm quc ni
(GDP) trong khu vc kinh t phi nh nc do hai yu t u vo l Lao ng v
Vn gy ra. So vi ton b nn kinh t, nng sut lao ng trong khu vc ny cn
ph thuc vo yu t Lao ng manh hn. GDP ca khu vc kinh t phi nh nc
Vit Nam c nhy cm vi Lao ng l 6.336125, tc l 1% tng ln ca s lao
ng s lm GDP tng khong 6.3%. iu ny chng t s cn thit phi tng
lng lao ng c vic lm v iu ny s c tc ng tch cc n GDP. Hn na,
do + >1, hm sn xut c li ch tng theo quy m, tc l khuyn khch m rng
quy m sn xut hn na, cng tc l s cn thm nhiu lao ng hn na.
Chng trnh h tr tin lng c th t c hiu qu ln hn nu c
tp trung vo khu vc kinh t phi nh nc. Th nht, ngi lao ng trong khu vc
kinh t nh nc c m bo v mc lng ti thiu. V vy,nhng ngi lao
ng c vic lm khu vc kinh t nh nc khng cn chng trnh h tr.
Cn i vi nhng ngi lao ng mi, do mc nhy cm ca GDP ca khu vc
ny i vi lao ng l 1.094847 thp hn nhiu so vi nn kinh t v khu vc kinh
t phi nh nc. Th hai, do khu vc kinh t phi nh nc c mc nhy cm vi
lao ng cao hn nn kinh t, nn nu chng trnh h tr tin lng c tp trung
vo khu vc ny th hiu qu s cao hn. C th, 91,400 vic lm mi c to
thm tng ng vi mc tng 0.19% ca lao ng, s dn n GDP ca khu vc
tng khong 1.197%. Vi mc GDP ca khu vc kinh t phi nh nc nm 2012 l
1,861,949 t ng, t l tng ny s tng ng vi mc tng theo s thc t
khong 22,288 t ng, cng l mt s rt ln so vi chi ph 2,054 t ng b ra.
3.2.3.2 D kin tc ng ca Chng trnh h tr tin lng i vi Ngn sch Nh
nc
Tc ng ca Chng trnh h tr tin lng i vi Ngn sch Nh nc c
l l tc ng gy kh nhiu tranh ci, bi l tnh trng bi chi ngn sch ca Vit
Nam ang ngy cng din ra vi chiu hng xu i, v vy vic chi thm mt
khon tin cho Chng trnh h tr tin lng l iu cn phi cn nhc.
84

Biu 3.3: Tnh trng Ngn sch Nh nc giai on 2000 - 2012

Ngun: Bo co Ngn sch Nh nc trong cc nm 2000 2012 ly t Cng thng tin
B Ti chnh, ng dn:
http://www.mof.gov.vn/portal/page/portal/mof_vn/1351583/2126549/2115685
Tuy nhin, sau khi xem xt tnh hnh thu, chi Ngn sch Nh nc qua cc
nm, c th nhn thy con s 2,054 t ng khng phi l mt con s ln so vi cc
khon thu, chi bnh thng ca ngn sch. So vi cn i ngn sch nm 2012, chi
ph 2,054 t ng ch chim 0.31% tng thu ngn sch, 0.25 tng chi ngn sch, hay
1.26% bi chi ngn sch. y l t l thp hn nhiu so vi nhng li ch tch cc
m chng trnh ny c th mang li cho i sng ngi lao ng, t l tht nghip
v tnh hnh kinh t Vit Nam.
Tm li, xt v mt l thuyt, Chng trnh h tr tin lng s mang li rt
nhiu li ch cho v mt kinh t ni ring, v cho cht lng cuc sng ca ngi
lao ng ni chung, c bit l nhng lao ng c hon cnh kh khn. Li ch ny
c bit c khuch i i vi nhng nn kinh t ang pht trin, c mc ph
thuc vo lao ng cao v tc gia tng dn s nhanh nh Vit Nam. Mc d cc
tnh ton v chi ph ca chng trnh cn kh n gin, nhng v c bn c th thy
l chi ph ca chng trnh l rt thp so vi mc thu, chi Ngn sch ca Nh nc,
c bit l khi cn nhc n nhng li ch tim nng m chng trnh c th mang
li cho nn kinh t.
85

Tuy nhin, rt nhiu tnh ton trn mang tnh gi nh. Cht lng v hiu
qu ca chng trnh ph thuc rt nhiu vo phn ng thc t ca ngi lao ng
i vi cc mc h tr. y l c coi l yu t quyt nh i vi s thnh cng
ca mt chng trnh h tr tin lng, v cng l yu t rt kh xc nh trong qu
trnh ln k hoch. Thm vo , s cng khai, minh bch v su st trong qun l
cng ng mt vai tr quan trng trong vic tit kim chi ph v nng cao s hiu
qu ca chng trnh. y chnh l im yu kh khc phc v gy tr ngi nht
khi p dng Chng trnh h tr tin lng Vit Nam.
Mc d vy, Chng trnh h tr tin lng vn c coi l mt trong nhng
bin php hu hiu nht i ph vi tnh trng tht nghip v ci thin i sng
cho ngi lao ng nhiu quc gia, c bit l nhng quc gia ang pht trin. V
vy, Vit Nam thc s nn cn nhc xy dng mt Chng trnh h tr tin lng
ph hp vi iu kin kinh t v hon cnh x hi ca mnh i ph vi t l tht
nghip ang tng cao hin nay v nng cao cht lng cuc sng cho ngi lao
ng c thu nhp thp.
86

KT LUN
Qua qu trnh nghin cu nhm tc gi rt ra mt s kt lun nh sau:
Chng trnh h tr tin lng dnh cho doanh nghip l mt hnh thc can
thip ca chnh ph vo th trng lao ng vi mc ch to vic lm v nng cao
tnh trng lao ng c vic lm cho nhng nhm ngi lao ng c hng n,
thng qua hai cch: gim chi ph lao ng cho doanh nghip hoc tng mc lng
m ngi lao ng nhn c. i vi bt k mt chng trnh no, quy m, di
v mc m cc khon tin s chi tr u nh hng n tnh hiu qu. Mc tiu
c bn khi tin hnh chng trnh h tr tin lng l gim t l tht nghip ca
nn kinh t, c bit l t l tht nghip di hn. Ngoi ra, y cn l mt phn ca
chnh sch an sinh x hi m cc chnh ph thc hin gip cc i tng c
hon cnh kh khn, iu kin bt li v lao ng tr thiu kinh nghim. Cc doanh
nghip cng c hng li ch nh ct gim chi ph lao ng. Tuy nhin, trong
mt s hon cnh nht nh, mt s tc ng tiu cc ngoi mun c th pht
sinh, nh s mt trng, hiu ng i ch, hiu ng thay th.
Qua nghin cu kinh nghim thc hin chng trnh h tr tin lng ca
chnh ph Anh, M, c c th thy rng. Thng 1 nm 1998, chng trnh "S tha
thun mi dnh cho nhng lao ng tr" c chnh thc bt u ti Vng quc
Anh, vi hai mc ch: th nht l cung cp nhng vic lm ph hp cho nhng lao
ng sn sng hoc gn sn sng lm vic, v th hai l gip ngi lao ng pht
trin k nng, to thm li th cnh tranh trn th trng lao ng. Ti M, bt u
t nm 1977, Quc hi quyt nh tin hnh Chng trnh h tr thu cho nhng
vic lm trong mc tiu. Nguyn l c s ca chng trnh l vic cho doanh
nghip c hng khu tr thu khi thu v s dng ngi lm vic thuc cc
nhm i tng mc tiu ca chng trnh s khuyn khch doanh nghip u tin
nhng nhm lao ng ny hn, t tng c hi vic lm cho ngi lao ng.
Trong khi , chng trnh o to v vic lm c bit dnh cho gii tr l mt
trong nhng chng trnh can thip ch ng v u tin nht ca chnh ph
Australia bt u t cui nm 1976 cho n thng 12 nm 1985. Ban u, chng
trnh ch hng n h tr vic lm cho nhng ngi tr trong tnh trng tht
87

nghip, nhng sau n m rng din p dng v a dng ha i tng tham
gia theo tui v thi gian tht nghip.
T kinh nghim ca cc nc Anh, M c v phn tch nhng iu kin
kinh t, tnh hnh doanh nghip, thc trng th trng lao ng Vit Nam hin nay
c th khng nh Vit Nam ang rt cn xy dng mt chng trnh h tr tin
lng cho doanh nghip. Nhm nghin cu xut m hnh h tr tin lng
dnh cho i tng lao ng tr t 15 n 24 tui vi mc tiu gip h t c
mc lng ti thiu l 1,300,000 VND/ thng. Vic trin khai chng trnh ny d
kin khng ch h tr ti chnh cho lao ng, khuyn khch h gn b hn vi cng
vic m cn thc y tng trng kinh t, khuyn khch m rng quy m sn xut
hn na. Cc tc ng ny c tnh ton da trn hm sn xut Cobb-Douglas.

88

DANH MC TI LIU THAM KHO
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8. John Van Reenen (2010), Active Labor Market Policies and the British New
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9. HM Treasury (2008), The UK economy: Analysis of long-term performance and
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89

10. D.E. Baines (2012), Economic history in the 20th century, EC2096, 2790096,
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Young People: National Survey of Participants: Stage 1, Policy Studies Institute
12. The New Deal for Young People, Report by the Comptroller and Auditor
General (2002), HC 639 Session 2001-2002, National Audit Office
13. Kevin Hollenbeck, Richard J. Willke (1991), The Employment and Earnings
Impacts of the Targeted Jobs Tax Credit, Upjohn Institute Working Paper No.
91-07, Upjohn Institute for Employment Research
14. Targeted Job Tax Credit Employer Actions to Recruit, Hire, and Retain
Eligible Workers Vary, United States General Accounting Office, Report to
Congressional Requesters (1991)
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16. Dr Ken Henry (2001), Address to the Committee for the Economic
Development of Australia (CEDA), Sydney
17. Windshuttle (1985) Average hourly earnings for non-managerial fulltime
employees in private enterprise, all industry groups, Labour Market Research
18. Alan Stretton and Bruce J.Chapman (1990) An analysis of Australian Labour
Marker Programs
19. Labour Martket Statistics, Australia Bureau of Statistics
20. Jeff Borland, Labour Market and industrial relations, Department of Economics,
University of Melbourne
21. Nguyn Sn ,10 nm hot ng th trng chng khon VN v nh hng
chin lc giai on 2010 -2020, tp ch Kinh t v d bo, chuyn san Tng
quan kinh t - x hi VN, s 2 thng 6/2010
22. Cng ty c phn chng khon Eurocapital ,Bo co phn tch kinh t VN nm
2008
23. Phng Nghin cu Phn tch, Cng ty c phn chng khon Ph Wall, Bo
co phn tch ngnh: Din bin nm 2010 & Trin vng nm 2011
90

24. Phng Thng mi v Cng nghip Vit Nam, Bo co thng nin doanh
nghip Vit Nam cc nm 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012
25. Phng Thng mi v Cng nghip Vit Nam, Bo co thng nin Doanh
nghip Vit Nam 2009, Nh xut bn chnh tr quc gia, 2010
26. Phng Thng mi v Cng nghip Vit Nam, Cng vn s 0846 /PTM VP
Bo co tnh hnh doanh nghip v kin ngh, ngy 2/5/2012
27. Ngh nh s 205/2004/N-CP ban hnh ngy 14 thng 12 nm 2004 quy nh
h thng thang lng, bng lng v ch ph cp lng trong cc cng ty
Nh nc
28. Ngh nh s 31/2012/N-CP ban hnh ngy 12 thng 04 nm 2012 quy nh v
mc lng ti thiu chung
29. Tng cc thng k, Bo co iu tra lao ng v vic lm Vit Nam cc nm
2010, 2011, 2012
30. S liu iu tra doanh nghip nm 2011, Tng cc thng k
31. Thng k s lao ng c vic lm qua cc nm 2000 2012 ca Tng cc thng
k
32. Bo co Ngn sch Nh nc trong cc nm 2000 2012 ly t Cng thng tin
B Ti chnh
33. www.hm-treasury.gov.uk
34. http://www.statistics.gov.uk
35. http://www.econstats.com/weo/CUSA.htm
36. http://www.bls.gov/data/archived.htm
37. http://www.gso.gov.vn
38. http://w3.lamdong.gov.vn/vi-VN/a/damrong/tinhhinhktxh/Pages/nam-2007-
ktvn-phat-trien-toan-dien.aspx
39. http://nif.mof.gov.vn/portal/page/portal/nif/Newdetail?p_page_id=1&pers_id=4
2972397&item_id=54855429&p_details=1
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item_id=80619834&p_details=1
91

41. http://vnex press.net/gl/kinh-doanh/2011/03/chi-mot-nua-so-doanh-nghiep-ra-
doi-co-the-song-sot/?q=1
42. http://dantri.com.vn/kinh-doanh/kinhhoang-55000-doanh-nghiep-giai-the-nam-
2012-672972.htm
43. http://dantri.com.vn/kinh-doanh/nhung-con-so-giat-minh-ve-tinh-hinh-suc-khoe-
cua-doanh-nghiep-593619.htm
44. http://vtv.vn/Tai-chinh/Phi-the-o-Viet-Nam-cao-hon-chau-Au-nhieu-
lan/57528.vtv
45. http://www.mof.gov.vn/portal/page/portal/mof_vn/1351583/2126549/2115685
92

PH LC
Ph lc 1: Phm vi cc ngnh trong Chng trnh h tr tin lng
Ngnh
VSIC
2007
Cp 1
Ngnh
VSIC
2007
Cp 2
Tn ngnh
Tng
s
doanh
nghip
Tng s
lao ng
cui
nm
(ngi)
Tin lng,
thng,
ph cp
/thng
(ng)
A 2 Lm nghip v hot dng dch v
c lin quan
476 15,714 487,603
A 3 Khai thc, nui trng thu sn 1,348 43,245 1,102,341
A 1 Nng nghip v hot ng dch v
c lin quan
7,050 298,600 15,618,324
B 9 Hot ng dch v h tr khai thc
m v qung
30 2,621 438,682
B 7 Khai thc qung kim loi 207 16,482 640,776
B 8 Khai khong khc 2,204 76,840 2,951,623
B 6 Khai thc du th v kh t t
nhin
8 7,643 3,159,410
B 5 Khai thc than cng v than non 116 95,630 8,546,702
C 19 Sn xut than cc, sn phm du
m tinh ch
76 5,518 733,892
C 33 Sa cha, bo dng v lp t
my mc v thit b
754 21,637 1,167,321
C 12 Sn xut sn phm thuc l 26 13,586 1,169,107
C 21 Sn xut thuc, ho dc v dc
liu
290 35,552 2,115,732
93

C 11 Sn xut ung 1,738 47,038 2,498,468
C 18 In, sao chp bn ghi cc loi 3,366 57,647 2,543,781
C 28 Sn xut my mc, thit b cha
c phn vo u
1,016 54,798 2,655,274
C 16 Ch bin g v sn xut sn phm
t g, tre, na
3,624 124,704 3,218,588
C 29 Sn xut xe c ng c 319 69,431 3,241,676
C 24 Sn xut kim loi 871 71,332 3,257,467
C 32 Cng nghip ch bin, ch to khc 1,255 107,949 3,472,448
C 17 Sn xut giy v sn phm t giy 1,714 89,760 4,029,911
C 30 Sn xut phng tin vn ti khc 656 112,788 5,032,412
C 27 Sn xut thit b in 929 132,390 5,112,533
C 20 Sn xut ho cht v sn phm ho
cht
1,748 86,393 5,386,262
C 13 Dt 1,943 179,739 6,132,783
C 26 Sn xut sn phm in t, my vi
tnh v sn phm
611 167,129 6,900,471
C 22 Sn xut sn phm t cao su v
plastic
2,893 200,282 7,644,667
C 31 Sn xut ging, t, bn, gh 2,718 278,245 9,225,493
C 25 Sn xut sn phm t kim loi c
sn (tr my mc
6,651 222,633 9,511,932
C 23 Sn xut sn phm t khong phi
kim loi khc
3,108 292,240 11,554,613
C 10 Sn xut ch bin thc phm 5,096 497,891 17,345,629
94

C 15 Sn xut da v cc sn phm c
lin quan
1,103 710,802 20,566,803
C 14 Sn xut trang phc 4,027 858,505 27,434,978
D 35 Sn xut v phn phi in, kh
t, nc nng, h
1,781 126,346 1,933,495
E 39 X l nhim v hot ng qun
l cht thi khc
29 948 46,926
E 37 Thot nc v x l nc thi 153 6,940 373,758
E 38 Hot ng thu gom, x l v tiu
hu rc thi; ti
471 33,858 1,254,556
E 36 Khai thc, x l v cung cp nc 329 29,900 1,942,781
F 43 Hot ng xy dng chuyn dng 7,534 173,815 7,274,065
F 41 Xy dng nh cc loi 20,963 699,966 26,174,157
F 42 Xy dng cng trnh k thut dn
dng
14,751 713,078 28,578,132
G 45 Bn, sa cha t, m t, xe my
v xe c ng c
8,670 98,561 3,783,303
G 47 Bn l (tr t, m t, xe my v
xe c ng c k
36,614 331,347 12,166,047
G 46 Bn bun (tr t, m t, xe my
v xe c ng c
68,021 957,207 49,771,575
H 51 Vn ti hng khng 9 13,096 416,117
H 53 Bu chnh v chuyn pht 288 7,653 494,533
H 50 Vn ti ng thy 1,262 47,738 3,662,468
H 49 Vn ti ng st, ng b v vn
ti ng ng
9,550 296,465 9,385,026
95

H 52 Kho bi v cc hot ng h tr
cho vn ti
4,130 122,590 18,843,788
I 56 Dch v n ung 4,488 98,478 3,100,830
I 55 Dch v lu tr 5,768 102,826 4,517,698
J 63 Hot ng dch v thng tin 151 4,494 270,963
J 59 Hot ng in nh, sn xut
chng trnh truyn hnh
382 5,462 360,891
J 60 Hot ng pht thanh, truyn hnh 78 5,865 572,205
J 58 Hot ng xut bn 459 10,591 746,314
J 61 Vin thng 866 111,516 1,648,542
J 62 Lp trnh my vi tnh, dch v t
vn v cc hot
2,631 39,315 3,385,723
K 66 Hot ng ti chnh khc 598 12,721 1,448,548
K 65 Bo him, ti bo him v bo
him x hi (tr bo him nhn
th)
119 22,568 2,938,677
K 64 Hot ng dch v ti chnh (tr
bo him v bo him)
1,953 186,461 12,695,200
L 68 Hot ng kinh doanh bt ng sn 5,466 81,027 5,905,858
M 75 Hot ng th y 3 40 10,086
M 72 Nghin cu khoa hc v pht trin 191 2,182 130,582
M 74 Hot ng chuyn mn, khoa hc
v cng ngh khc
1,944 16,810 1,031,641
M 70 Hot ng ca tr s vn phng;
hot ng t vn
1,890 15,818 1,222,137
96

M 69 Hot ng php lut, k ton v
kim ton
1,920 17,006 2,030,763
M 73 Qung co v nghin cu th
trng
5,628 53,391 3,361,013
M 71 Hot ng kin trc; kim tra v
phn tch k thu
9,205 161,414 10,901,791
N 77 Cho thu my mc, thit b (khng
km ngi iu k
1,481 14,012 614,937
N 79 Hot ng ca cc i l du lch,
kinh doanh tua d
2,319 23,116 1,041,369
N 82 Hot ng hnh chnh, h tr vn
phng v cc hot
2,625 23,314 1,308,576
N 78 Hot ng dch v lao ng v vic
lm
533 26,896 1,348,055
N 81 Hot ng dch v lin quan n
khu nh,cng trnh
760 41,514 1,739,301
N 80 Hot ng iu tra bo m an ton 689 74,337 2,266,390
N Hot ng hnh chnh v dch v
h tr
8,407 203,189 8,318,628

Ngun: Tnh ton theo s liu iu tra doanh nghip nm 2011 ca Tng cc thng
k

97

Ph lc 2: Tnh ton chi tiu bnh qun/thng ca ngi dn Vit Nam

Ngun: Tnh ton t s liu CPI ca Tng cc thng k v Kho st mc sng h gia nh
Vit Nam nm 2004 do Tng cc thng k tin hnh

Nm Ch s CPI (gc nm 2000 l 100) Chi tiu bnh qun/thng (ng)
2000 100.00 343,866
2001 100.80 346,617
2002 104.30 358,652
2003 107.60 370,000
2004 115.90 398,541
2005 125.50 431,552
2006 134.90 463,875
2007 146.30 503,076
2008 179.64 617,721
2009 192.00 660,223
2010 209.64 720,881
2011 248.60 854,851
2012 271.50 933,583
98

99

Ph lc 3: S liu v tnh hnh GDP, Lao ng v Vn u t theo thnh phn kinh t ca Vit Nam giai on 2000-2012
Nm
Ton b nn kinh t Khu vc kinh t nh nc Khu vc kinh t phi nh nc
GDP (t
ng)
Lao ng
(nghn
ngi)
Vn u
t (t
ng)
GDP (t
ng)
Lao ng
(nghn
ngi)
Vn u
t (t
ng)
GDP (t
ng)
Lao ng
(nghn
ngi)
Vn u
t (t
ng)
2000 441,646 37,075 151,183 170,141 4,358 89,417 271,505 32,717 61,766
2001 472,075 38,180 170,496 182,221 4,474 101,973 289,854 33,706 68,523
2002 535,762 39,276 200,145 205,652 4,634 114,738 330,110 34,642 85,407
2003 613,443 40,404 239,246 239,736 4,919 126,558 373,707 35,485 112,688
2004 715,307 41,579 290,927 279,704 5,031 139,831 435,603 36,548 151,096
2005 839,211 42,775 343,135 322,241 4,967 161,635 516,970 37,808 181,500
2006 973,790 43,980 404,712 363,449 4,916 185,102 610,341 39,064 219,610
2007 1,143,715 45,208 532,093 410,883 4,988 197,989 732,832 40,220 334,104
2008 1,485,038 46,461 616,735 527,732 5,059 209,031 957,306 41,402 407,704
2009 1,658,389 47,744 708,826 582,674 5,041 287,534 1,075,715 42,703 421,292
2010 1,980,914 49,049 830,278 668,300 5,107 316,285 1,312,614 43,941 513,993
2011 2,535,008 50,352 877,850 837,197 5,251 341,555 1,697,811 45,101 536,295
2012 2,950,684 52,580 989,300 1,088,735 5,468 374,300 1,861,949 47,112 615,000
Ngun: S liu thng k v Dn s v Lao ng, Ti khon quc gia v u t v Xy dng trong giai on 2000 2012 ca Tng cc
thng k
100

Ph lc 4: Tnh hnh Ngn sch nh nc giai on 2000 - 2012

Nm
Quyt ton thu
(t ng)
Quyt ton chi
(t ng)
Bi chi ngn sch
(t ng)
2000 90,749 108,961 18,212
2001 103,888 129,773 25,885
2002 123,860 148,208 24,348
2003 152,274 181,183 28,909
2004 190,928 248,615 57,687
2005 228,287 262,697 34,410
2006 279,472 294,400 14,928
2007 315,915 399,402 83,487
2008 416,783 494,600 77,817
2009 442,340 584,695 142,355
2010 558,158 661,370 103,212
2011 674,500 796,000 121,500
2012 658,600 821,200 162,600

Ngun: Bo co Ngn sch Nh nc trong cc nm 2000 2012 ly t Cng thng tin
B Ti chnh, ng dn:
http://www.mof.gov.vn/portal/page/portal/mof_vn/1351583/2126549/2115685

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