USE OF ENGLISH.

CLOZE EXERCISE In the following text, fill in the blanks with ONLY ONE WORD Sociology of sport Sociology (1) .. how human societies are structured and how the latter affect the way in (2) . humans organise and experience life. Mega-events (3) .. as the Olympic and Paralympic Games are interesting to question from a sociological (4) .... for many reasons. Sporting events, when (5) . as cultural events, can symbolise, reflect and indeed celebrate the dominant beliefs and values of a (6) society. Sociologists might (7) the following questions, among others:

Why are certain ethnic groups over-represented in some events and underrepresented in (8) ..? Which groups of people are most (9) to buy tickets to the Games? What (10) . the impact of the Games be on the people and the site where the event is (11) .? Do the Games become sites for disagreements between nations to be 'playedout' (12) sport? Why does the (13) .. nation/city strive to show the world their perfect image? Is this image to be (14) ....... on or should audiences worldwide dismiss it as artificial and a fake?

The history of the participation of minorities (namely women, certain ethnic groups and (15) .. athletes) can also be explored in the vast collection of books and journals at the British Library, (16) ..philatelic collections provide insight into the social 'legitimated stories'.

Earlier scientists had sought a single master-key to climate, (1) ................... now they were coming to understand that climate is an intricate system responding to a (2) ................... many influences. Volcanic eruptions and solar variations were (3) ................... plausible causes of change, and some argued that these would swamp any effects of human activities. (4) .................... subtle changes in the Earths orbit could (5) ................... a difference. To the surprise of many, studies of ancient climates showed that astronomical cycles had partly (6) ................... the timing of the ice ages. Apparently the climate was so delicately balanced that almost any small perturbation (7) ................... set off a great shift. According to the new chaos theories, in such a system a shift might even come all (8) ....................itself and suddenly. Support for the idea (9) ................... from ice cores arduously drilled (10) ................... the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets. They (11) ................... large and disconcertingly abrupt temperature jumps in the past. Greatly improved computer models began to (12) ................... how such jumps could happen, for example (13) ................... a reorganization of ocean currents. Experts (14) ................... droughts, storms, rising sea levels, and other disasters. A few politicians began to suspect there might be a public issue here. (15) ..................., the modellers had to make many arbitrary assumptions about clouds and the like, and reputable scientists disputed the reliability of the results.

Are there any (1) ...? Quite a few! To start (2) ., Facebook can give rise to harmful and (3) .. activities such as impersonation, identity theft, and cyberbullying. Secondly, users (4) .. believe that the information, pictures and content they post is visible only to (5) and to people they choose to have access to it. Indeed, public data can be (6) and it remains accessible for a long time -there or (7) ..... -, (8) being deleted by the user. Last but not (9) ., universities, employers, potential bosses, and recently the police increasingly (10) .. to look for information about individuals on social networks. This has (11) .. to Facebook being nicknamed Stalker.com. Data management and privacy issues have become key digital literacy and e-safety areas of course these arent (12) to social networking services, but these are the contexts within (13) we are talking to our friends and the world about what it was we got up to last night.

There seems to be a very close connection between violence and street gangs. The modern street gang takes many forms. Individual members or (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . gang organizations may traffic in drugs, operate car theft rings, (2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . shootings, assaults, robberies and other felonies. They often terrorize neighbourhoods. The most ambitious gangs spread (3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . from their home jurisdictions to other cities and states. Many are supported (4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . the sale of crack cocaine, heroin and other illegal drugs and they have (5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . easy access to high-powered guns and rifles. Furthermore, in many impoverished and transitional neighbourhoods, children are (6) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . into or must contend with second and third generation street gangs. Attempts to (7) . . . . . . . . . . . . data about gangs at the national level have been complicated by the (8) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . that definitions differ as to (9) . . . . . . . . . . . . constitutes a gang. The 2000 National Youth Gang Survey asked law enforcement officials about the characteristics they considered important (10) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . defining a youth gang. The characteristics (11) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . often named were that a gang commits crime together; they have a name; they usually hang (12) . . . . . . . together and claim a turf or territory of some (13) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gangs often display or wear common colours or (14) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . insignia and they all have a leader. Another important social factor is that gangs sometimes serve as families for children (15) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . own families are dysfunctional.

The tragedy that (1) Haiti in January is easy to measure in the lives lost, and the homes and infrastructure (2) . The paradox of the earthquake is equally evident: when a natural disaster so devastating hits, (3) . we have some way of predicting it? Hurricanes, blizzards, (4) . volcanoes can be forecast well before their arrival, (5) governments and people to (6) . lifesaving preparations. Earthquakes, (7) ., are stealth disasters, geological phenomena largely undetectable (8) . seconds before they occur. (9) . scientists have long wanted to know is why quakes are so sneaky and what, if (10) ., can be done to read warning signs. If any earthquake (11) . to have been predictable, it was the one that has just (12) . the region. Haiti sits over two clashing tectonic (13) . which form the Enriquillo-Plantain Garden Fault, studied (14) . by geologists for decades, though this quake, (15) . 7.0 on the Richter scale, is the worst in a century.

A little-noticed case from the early 1990s marked the beginning of neuroscience. The case (1) . Herbert Weinstein, a 65- (2) executive who was charged with (3) his wife, Barbara, to death and then, in an effort to (4) the murder look like a suicide, throwing her body out the window of their 12th-floor apartment in Manhattan. Before the trial began, Weinsteins lawyer (5) ...... that his client should not be held responsible for his actions because (6) .. a mental defect namely, an abnormal cyst in his arachnoid membrane, which (7) .. the brain like a spider web. Today, American law holds people criminally responsible (8) ...they act under duress, (e.g., with a gun (9) . at the head) or if they suffer from a serious defect in rationality like not being able to (10) .. right from wrong. But in the latter case, the law generally doesnt care (11) . whether its an unhappy childhood or an arachnoid cyst or (12) ...................... That criminals could be excused because their brains made them do it (13) anyone (14) .. brain isnt functioning properly could be excused. Is it the courts (15) . to define the normal brain?

Reality TV is a genre (1) presents purportedly unscripted dramatic or humorous situations, documents (2) events, and features ordinary people (3) .. of professional actors. Reality TV covers a (4) range of formats, from game shows (5) surveillanceor voyeurism-focused productions such as Big Brother. The term "reality television" is (6) .. to be somewhat of a misnomer. Shows portray a modified and highly influenced form of (7) .., with participants put in exotic (8) . or abnormal situations, often (9) to act in certain ways by off-screen handlers, and with events on screen manipulated (10) .. editing and other post-production techniques. (11) remains some controversy over whether talent-search shows such as the Idol series are truly reality television. In job-search shows such as The Apprentice, the competition (12) around a skill contestants were pre-screened for. Competitors (13) a variety of tasks based on that skill, are judged, and are then (14) or removed by a (15) . expert or a panel of experts.