Journal of ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING, VOL. 59, NO.

4, 2008, 210215

DIRECT TORQUE NEURO FUZZY SPEED CONTROL OF AN INDUCTION MACHINE DRIVE BASED ON A NEW VARIABLE GAIN PI CONTROLLER
Eid Al-radadi

This paper presents an original variable gain PI (VGPI) controller for speed control of a simplied direct torque neuro fuzzy controlled (DTNFC) induction motor drive. First, a simplied direct torque neuro fuzzy control (DTNFC) for a voltage source PWM inverter fed induction motor drive is presented. This control scheme uses the stator ux amplitude and the electromagnetic torque errors through a four rules adaptive NF inference system (ANFIS) to generate a voltage space vector (reference voltage). This voltage is used by a space vector modulator to generate the inverter switching states. Then a VGPI controller is designed in order to be used as the speed controller in the simplied DTNFC induction motor drive. Simulation of the simplied DTNFC induction motor drive using VGPI for speed control shows promising results. The motor reaches the reference speed rapidly and without overshoot, load disturbances are rapidly rejected and the detuning problem caused by the stator resistance variation is fairly well dealt with. K e y w o r d s: induction motor, direct torque control, direct torque neuro fuzzy control, adaptive NF inference system, variable gain PI controller, space vector modulation

1 INTRODUCTION

The apparition of the eld oriented control (FOC) made induction machine drives a major candidate in high performance motion control applications. However, the complexity of eld oriented algorithms led to the development in recent years of many studies to nd out dierent solutions for the induction motor control having the features of precise and quick torque response. The direct torque control technique (DTC) proposed by I. Takahashi [1] and M. Depenbrock [2] in the mid eighties has been recognised to be a viable solution to achieve these requirements [13], [79], [1117]. In the DTC scheme [1] (Fig. 1), the electromagnetic torque and ux signals are delivered to two hysteresis comparators. The corresponding output variables and the stator ux position sector are used to select the appropriate voltage vector from a switching table which generates pulses to control the power switches in the inverter. This scheme presents many disadvantages (variable switching frequency - violence of polarity consistency rules - current and torque distortion caused by sector changes start and low-speed operation problems - high sampling frequency needed for digital implementation of hysteresis comparators) [8], [11], [1315], [17]. To eliminate the above diculties, a Direct Torque Neuro Fuzzy Control scheme (DTNFC) has been proposed [17]. This scheme uses a controller based on an adaptive NF inference system (ANFIS) [5], [6], [10] together with a space voltage modulator to replace both the hysteresis comparators and the switching table.

The ANFIS controller combines fuzzy logic and articial neural networks to evaluate the reference voltage required to drive the ux and torque to the demanded values within a xed time period. This evaluation is performed using the electromagnetic torque and stator ux magnitude errors together with the stator ux angle. This calculated voltage is then synthesised using Space Vector Modulation (SVM). To generate the desired reference voltage using this scheme, the ANFIS controller acts only on the amplitude of the reference voltage components whereas the angle is chosen from a table. A proposed modication of this scheme is to design an ANFIS controller in order to act on both the amplitude and the angle of the reference voltage components. All the schemes cited above use a PI controller for speed control. The use of PI controllers to command a high performance direct torque controlled induction motor drive is often characterised by an overshoot during start up. This is mainly caused by the fact that the high value of the PI gains needed for rapid load disturbance rejection generates a positive high torque error. This will let the DTC scheme take control of the motor speed driving it to a value corresponding to the reference stator ux. At start up, the PI controller acts only on the error torque value by driving it to the zero border. When this border is crossed, the PI controller takes control of the motor speed and drives it to the reference value. To overcome this problem, we propose the use of a variable gains PI controller (VGPI) [18]. A VGPI controller is a generalization of a classical PI controller where the proportional and integrator gains vary along a tuning curve. In this

Department of Industrial Electronics and Control, Madina College of Technology, P.O.Box 15389, Madinah, Saudi Arabia; alradadi2000@yahoo.com

ISSN 1335-3632 c 2008 FEI STU

Journal of ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING 59, NO. 4, 2008

211

Fig. 1. Two-input NF controller structure

Fig. 2. Direct Torque Neuro Fuzzy Controller scheme

paper, a variable gain PI controller is used to replace the classical PI controller in the speed control of a modied direct torque neuro fuzzy controlled induction machine drive where the ANFIS of the DTNFC acts on both the amplitude and the angle of space vector components.

2 SIMPLIFIED DIRECT TORQUE NEURO FUZZY CONTROLLER

Fuzzy logic and articial neural networks can be combined to design a direct torque neuro fuzzy controller.

Human expert knowledge can be used to build an initial articial neural network structure whose parameters could be obtained using online or oine learning processes. The adaptive NF inference system (ANFIS) [5], [6], [10] is one of the proposed methods to combine fuzzy logic and articial neural networks. Figure 1 shows the adaptive NF inference system structure proposed in [5], [6], [10]. It is composed of ve functional blocks (rule base, database, a decision making unit, a fuzzycation interface and a defuzzycation interface) which are generated using ve network layers :

212 E. Al-radadi: DIRECT TORQUE NEURO FUZZY SPEED CONTROL OF AN INDUCTION MACHINE DRIVE BASED ON A NEW . . . The block of the proposed self-tuned direct torque neuro-fuzzy controller (DTNFC) for a voltage source PWM inverter fed induction motor is presented in Fig. 2. The internal structure of the NFC is shown in Fig. 3. In the rst layer of the proposed NF structure, sampled ux error and torque error T , multiplied by respective weights w and wT , are each mapped through two fuzzy logic membership functions which are chosen to be triangular shaped as shown in Fig. 4. The second layer calculates the minimum of the input signals. The output values are normalised in the third layer, to satisfy the following relation : i =
Fig. 3. Proposed Neuro Fuzzy Controller Structure

wi k wk

(1)

where wi and i ( i = 1, . . . , 4 ) are the ith output signal of the second and third layer respectively. i is considered to be the weight of the ith component amplitude of the desired reference voltage , so that: VSi = i Udc VSi = S + i (2) (3)

Fig. 4. Triangular membership function sets.

Table 1. Reference Voltage Increment Angle Table.

T i

P P + 3 N 3 P + 23

N N 23

Layer 1. This layer is composed of a number of computing nodes whose activation functions are fuzzy logic membership functions (usually, triangular or bell- shaped functions). Layer 2. This layer chooses the minimum value of the inputs. Layer 3. This layer normalises each input with respect to the others (The ith node output is the ith input divided the sum of all the other inputs). Layer 4. This layers ith node output is a linear function of the third layers ith node output and the ANFIS input signals. Layer 5. This layer sums all the incoming signals. The ANFIS structure can be tuned automatically by a least-square estimation (for output membership functions) and a back propagation algorithm (for output and input membership functions).

where VSi is the ith component amplitude of the desired reference voltage, VSi is the ith component angle of the desired reference voltage, S is the actual angle of the stator ux vector and i is the increment angle (from Table 1). The components of the desired reference voltage vector are added to each other and the result, is delivered to the space vector modulator which calculates the switching states Sa , Sb and Sc according to the well known algorithm [4], [8], [15]. The proposed NF structure is a simplication of the structure used in [17] and [19] where the rst layer is composed of three membership functions (NEGATIVE, ZERO and POSITIVE) and was then governed by nine fuzzy rules. To decrease the number of rules used by the NF structure, we had the idea of merging the zero membership function into both the positive and negative membership functions. This will result in only two membership functions as shown in Fig. 4. The proposed NF structure is then governed by only four fuzzy rules. This will result in decreasing the calculation time by more than a half.

3 VGPI CONTROLLER IN SPEED CONTROL OF THE SIMPLIFIED DTNFC MOTOR DRIVE

The use of PI controllers to command an induction motor speed is often characterised by an overshoot in tracking mode and a poor load disturbance rejection. This is mainly caused by the fact that the gains of the

Journal of ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING 59, NO. 4, 2008

213 Figure 5 shows a simulation of the settling performance and the disturbance rejection capability of the simplied DTNFC motor drive with the VGPI speed controller gains given by equations 4 and 5. The VGPI controller is tuned using the method given in [18]. The parameters of the motor used in the simulation are given in Table 2. Kp = Ki = 0.5 + 49.5t3 50 500t3 500 if t < 1 , if t 1 , (4) (5)

controller cannot be set to solve the overshoot and load disturbance rejection problems simultaneously. Overshoot elimination setting will cause a poor load disturbance rejection, and rapid load disturbance rejection setting will cause important overshoot.
Table 2. Induction Machine Parameters.

Number of pairs of poles Rated power Rated frequency Rated speed Rated voltage Rated current Stator resistance Rotor resistance Stator inductance Rotor inductance Mutual inductance Moment of inertia Viscous friction coecient

p=2 2 hp 50 Hz 1420 rpm 220/380 V 6.4/3.7 A Rs = 4.85 W Rr = 3.805 W Ls = 274 mH Lr = 274 mH Lm = 258 mH J = 0.031 kg.m2 f = 0.0114 kg.m2 /s

if t < 1 , if t 1 .

To overcome this problem, we propose the use of variable gains PI controllers. A variable gain PI (VGPI) controller is a generalisation of a classical PI controller where the proportional and integrator gains are not xed values but increases gradually from an initial value to a terminal value along a polynomial curve [18]. The initial value of the gains can be chosen to attenuate the step response in the transient region [18]. A VGPI controller could then be used to eliminate start up overshoot of the high performance DTNFC induction motor drive. In this section a simulation study of the performances of the simplied direct torque neuro fuzzy controlled induction motor drive is performed by using a VGPI controller. Tuning the modied DTNFC system comes to tuning the weights and T so as to minimize the ux and torque errors. These weights are the scaling factors of the ux and torque errors and their tuning corresponds to the two ANFIS structure membership functions width. Since the proposed DTNFC is a high order non linear system, a simple way of tuning it is the successive trials method. It has been shown in [17] that for nonzero synchronous angular speed, the changes of the ux inuences the output torque, while the changes in the torque does not inuence the ux. That is why the proposed method searches rst the ux error minimum, before searching the torque error minimum. The tuning method proposed searches by successive trials method in a grid of values of the value that gives the minimum stator ux error, then by using this value, searches in a grid of values of T the value that gives the minimum torque error. Using this method the tuning values of the DTNFC are given by = 100 and T = 10 .

Initially the machine is started up with a load of 10 Nm. At 1 s, a 2 Nm load disturbance is applied during a period of 1 s. The sampling time used is 50 s. The space vector modulator switching frequency used is 20 kHz, that is the space vector modulator generates the desired reference vector after one sampling time. The speed of the motor reaches the 1000 rpm reference speed at 0.53 s without overshoot. The VGPI controller compensates the 2 Nm disturbance by increasing the mean value of the torque command from 10.8 Nm to 12.8 Nm. The controller rejects the 2 Nm load disturbance in less than 0.25 s with a maximum speed dip of 0.6 rpm (0.06 %). One can note that the current waveform is almost a sinusoidal waveform as expected using space vector modulator with a 20 KHz switching frequency. Figure 6 shows the speed tracking performance of the system under no load. The slope of the trapezoidal command speed is 2000 rpm/s. The motor speed tracks the trapezoidal commands with zero steady state error and no overshoot Figure 7 shows the reaction of the proposed VGPI controller to stator resistance variation. The motor is started up with a load of 10 Nm. The rotor resistance is supposed to double at 1 sec. Stator resistance variation is shown to aect the mean value of the estimated electromagnetic torque which changes from 10.15 Nm to 12.35 Nm. The VGPI controller compensates the torque estimator detuning problem by increasing the mean value of the torque command to about 30 % of its rated value. The VGPI controller rejects the stator resistance disturbance in less than 0.25 s with a maximum speed dip of 0.6 rpm ( 0.06 %).
4 CONCLUSION

In this paper a simplied direct torque neuro fuzzy controlled induction motor drive is presented. This control scheme uses the stator ux amplitude and the electromagnetic torque errors through a four rules adaptive NF inference system (ANFIS) to generate the desired reference voltage. This vector is used by a space vector modulator to generate the inverter switching states.

214 E. Al-radadi: DIRECT TORQUE NEURO FUZZY SPEED CONTROL OF AN INDUCTION MACHINE DRIVE BASED ON A NEW . . .

Fig. 5. Settling performance of the proposed DTNFC motor drive using a VGPI speed controller

Fig. 6. Speed tracking performance of the proposed DTNFC motor drive using a VGPI speed controller

Fig. 7. Variation of the stator resistance.

Journal of ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING 59, NO. 4, 2008

215
[11] KAZMIERKOWSKI, M. P.KASPROWICZ, A. : Improved Direct Torque and Flux Vector Control of PWM Inverter-Fed Induction Motor Drives, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron. 45 (Aug 1995), 344-350. [12] NASH, J. N. : Direct Torque Control, Induction Motor Vector Control without an Encoder, IEEE Trans. Ind. Applicat. 33 (Mar/Apr 1997), 333-341. [13] DAMIANO, A.VAS, P. et al : Comparison of Speed-Sensorless DTC Induction Motor Drives, in Proc. PCIM, Nuremberg, Germany, 1997, pp. 1-11. [14] BUJA, G. : A new Control Strategy of the Induction Motor Drives: The Direct Flux and Torque Control, IEEE Ind. Electron. Soc. Newslett. 45 (Dec 1998), 14-16.

A VGPI controller has been designed and used as a speed controller in the DTNFC control scheme. Simulation of the simplied DTNFC induction motor drive using VGPI for speed control shows promising results. The motor reaches the reference speed rapidly and without overshoot, trapezoidal commands under no load are tracked with zero steady state error and no overshoot, load disturbances are rapidly rejected and the detuning problem caused by the stator resistance variation is fairly well dealt with.

Acknowledgement [15] VAS, P. : Sensorless Vector and Direct Torque Control, Oxford The author wishes to thank sincerely Mr. A. Draou Univ. Press, Oxford, U.K., 1998. and Mr. A. Miloudi for the help in preparing this manu[16] CASADEI, D.SERRA, G.TANI, A. : Implementation of a script as well as for fructuous discussions. Direct Torque Control Algorithm for Induction Motors based on References
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[17] GRABOWSKI, P. Z.BOSE, B. K.BLAABJERG, F. : A Simple Direct Torque Neuro Fuzzy Control of PWM Inverter TAKAHASHINOGUCHI, T. : A New Quick Response and Fed Induction Motor Drive, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron. 47 No. High Eciency Control Strategy of an Induction Motor, IEEE 4 (Aug 2000), 863870. Trans. Ind. Applicat. IA-22 (Sept/Oct 1986), 820-827. [18] MILOUDI, A.DRAOU, A. : Variable Gain PI Controller DeDEPENBROK, M. : Direct Self-Control (DSC) of Inverter Fed sign For Speed Control and Rotor Resistance Estimation of an Induction Machine, IEEE Trans. Power Electron. PE-3 (Oct Indirect Vector Controlled Induction Machine Drive, in Proc. 1988), 420-429. IECON02, Sevilla, Spain, Nov.58, 2002, pp. 323328. BOLDEA, I.NASAR, S. A. : Torque Vector Control (TVC) [19] MILOUDI, A.Al RADADI, E. A.DRAOU, A.MILOUD, A Class of Fast and Robust Torque Speed and Position Digital Y. : Simulation and Modelling of a Variable Gain PI Controller Controller for Electric Drives, Proc. EMPS 15 (1988), 135-148. For Speed Control of a Direct Torque Neuro Fuzzy Controlled HABLETER, T. G.PROFUMO, F.PASTORELLI, M. Induction Machine Drive, in Proc. PESC04, Aachen, Germany, TOLBERT, L. M. : Direct Torque Control of Induction MaJune. 20-25, 2004, pp. 34933498. chines using Space Vector Modulation, IEEE Trans. Ind. Appli-

[20] MILOUDI, A.Al RADADI, E. A.DRAOU, A. : A Variable cat. 28 (Sept/Oct 1992), 1045-1053. Gain PI Controller Used for Speed Control of a Direct Torque [5] JANG, J.-S. R. : Self-Learning Fuzzy Controllers Based on TemNeuro Fuzzy Controlled Induction Machine Drive, Turkish Jourporal Back Propagation, IEEE Trans. Neural Networks 3 (Sept nal of Electrical Engineering 15 No. 1 (2007). 1992), 714-723. [6] JANG, J.-S. R. : ANFIS: Adaptive-Network-Based Fuzzy InReceived 20 March 2007 ference System, IEEE Trans. Syst., Man, Cybern. 23 (May/June 1993), 665-684. [7] CASADEI, D.GRANDI, G.SERRA, G. : Study and ImEid Al-radadi was born in Madinah, Saudi Arabia in plementation of a Simplied and Ecient Digital Vector Con1967. He received the BEng degree from Detroit Mercy Unitroller for Induction Motors, in Proc. EMD93, Oxford, U.K., versity, USA in 1994, the MSc and PhD degrees from Wayne Sept. 8-10, 1993, pp. 196-201. [8] KAZMIERKOWSKI, M. P.TUNIA, H. : Automatic Control State University, USA in 2002 all in Electrical Engineering. He was the vice dean for education and training aairs, Medina of Converter-Fed Drives, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1994. [9] TIITINEN, P.POHKALAINEN, P.LALU, J. : EPE J. 5 college of technology in 2004. His main research interests are in the eld of Power Electronics and Intelligent Control of AC (Mar 1995), 14-18. [10] JANG, J.-S. R.SUN, C.-T. : Neuro-Fuzzy Modeling and Con- drives. He is now the dean of Medina technical college, and trol, Proc. IEEE 83 (Mar 1995), 378-406. President of technical vocational training council.

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