Hng dn p dng UCP600

UCP l vit tt ca The Uniform Custom and Practice for Documentary Credits (Quy tc thc hnh thng nht v tn dng chng t). Tn dng th (Letter of Credit) l phng thc thanh ton ph bin v hiu qu trong cc giao dch thng mi quc t. Trong hn 70 nm qua, phng thc thanh ton ny c cc doanh nghip trn ton cu p dng theo cc quy nh ti Quy tc Thc hnh thng nht v Tn dng th chng t (UCP) do Phng Thng mi Quc t (ICC) ban hnh. Do vy, UCP c coi l cm nang cho cc doanh nghip trong hot ng thanh ton quc t.Sau 03 nm son tho v chnh l, ngy 25 thng 10 nm 2006, Phng Thng mi Quc t (ICC) thng qua Bn Quy tc Thc hnh thng nht v tn dng chng t mi (UCP600), phin bn th 7, thay th cho Bn Quy tc thc hnh thng nht v tn dng chng t c (UCP 500) v c hiu lc t ngy 01 thng 7 nm 2007. Qui tc thc hnh thng nht v tn dng chng t UCP 600

Chng t chuyn ch hng ha bng ng bin v nhng vn cn quan tm theo quy nh ca UCP 600 Thng 5 nm 2003, Phng Thng mi quc t y quyn cho y ban K thut v Tp qun ngn hng trin khai vic sa i bn quy tc v thc hnh thng nht v tn dng chng t, n phm ICC s 500 (gi tt l UCP 500). Mc ch ca vic sa i UCP 500 l phn nh c nhng thay i v pht trin cc hot ng trong lnh vc ngn hng, vn ti v bo him. Bn cnh l r sot li ngn t, hnh vn trong UCP nhm trnh nhng tranh chp pht sinh khi ng dng v gii thch trn thc t.

Sau hn 3 nm kho st, phn tch, r sot, tranh lun v dung ha gia cc thnh vin ca nhm son tho y ban Ngn hng v cc y ban quc gia c lin quan ca ICC, n phm mi ICC s 600 ra i UCP 600. Ni dung UCP 600 cp ti nhiu vn , bi vit ny cp ti chng t chuyn ch hng ha bng ng bin v nhng vn cn quan tm theo

quy nh ca UCP 600.

Theo quy nh ca UCP 600, nhng vn cn quan tm ti chng t chuyn ch hng ha bng ng bin c th nh sau:

Cc loi chng t chuyn ch hng ha bng ng bin

UCP 600 chia chng t chuyn ch hng ha bng ng bin thnh 3 loi:

- Vn n ng bin (Bill of Lading)

- Giy gi hng bng ng bin khng lu thng (Non-Negotiable Seawaybill)

- Vn n theo hp ng thu tu (Charter Pary Bill of Lading)

Nh vy khi gi hng bng ng bin, ty theo yu cu ca tn dng chng t, cc loi chng t trn y u c ngn hng coi l chng t chuyn ch hng ha bng ng bin v chp nhn thanh ton.

Hnh thc ca chng t chuyn ch hng ha bng ng bin

Chng t chuyn ch hng ha bng ng bin c th pht hnh di hai hnh thc:

- Chng t giy: i vi chng t giy th bao gm 2 mt: mt 1 s cha ng nhng ni dung theo quy nh, mt 2 cha ng cc iu kin v iu khon chuyn ch.

- Chng t in t: i vi chng t in t, UCP 600 khng cp trong ni dung, m s c bn ph trng hng dn c th km theo. Nu pht hnh di dng in t th khng bao gm 2 mt m bao gm 2 b phn hp thnh: b phn th nht gi l chng t vn n in t (Electronic Bill of Lading text) v b phn th hai gi l trang ng k chuyn i.

Song pht hnh di hnh thc no cng phi m bo nhng ni dung c quy nh trong UCP 600.

Ni dung ca chng t chuyn ch hng ha bng ng bin

Tn gi ca chng t

Chng t chuyn ch hng ha bng ng bin cho d c gi nh th no, UCP 600 khng quan tm, min l ni dung ca chng t p ng nhng quy nh ca UCP.

V d: Mt chng t khi xut trnh ti ngn hng c tiu : Bill of Lading or Seawaybill for Combined transport Shipment or port to port Shipment cha phi l c s ngn hng chp nhn hay t chi, m vic chp nhn hay t chi s ph thuc vo ni dung chng t th hin theo quy nh.

Ngi pht hnh v ngi k chng t

+ Ngi pht hnh chng t: i vi vn n ng bin v giy gi hng bng ng bin, phi ch r tn ngi chuyn ch (indicate the name of the carrier), nhng khng c th hin v ghi l ph thuc vo hp ng thu tu (contain no indication that it is subject to a charter party).

i vi vn n theo hp ng thu tu, khng cn ch r tn ngi chuyn ch, nhng c ghi l ph thuc vo hp ng thu tu (containing an indication that it is subject to charter party).

+ Ngi k chng t: Theo UCP 600, ngi k cc chng t chuyn ch hng ha bng ng bin c th nh sau:

i vi vn n ng bin v giy gi hng bng ng bin, ngi k chng t c th l

ngi chuyn ch hay i l hoc ngi thay mt ngi chuyn ch; thuyn trng hay i l hoc ngi thay mt thuyn trng.

i vi vn n theo hp ng thu tu, ngi k chng t c khc i cht so vi ngi k chng t trn vn n ng bin v giy gi hng bng ng bin. C th, ngi k vn n theo hp ng thu tu c th l thuyn trng hay i l hoc ngi thay mt thuyn trng; ch tu hay i l hoc ngi thay mt ch tu; ngi thu tu hay i l hoc ngi thay mt ngi thu tu (ngi thu tu thng gi l ngi chuyn ch).

Ngi k chng t, khi k phi th hin r t cch php l ca mnh. Ring i vi i l, khi k, ngoi vic th hin l i l, cn phi ghi r i l cho ai, ngha l phi ghi r tn ca ngi m mnh l i l cho h.

Xp hng ln tu

Trn cc chng t chuyn ch hng ha bng ng bin, UCP 600 quy nh rt c th v hng xp ln tu. Chng t vn chuyn phi ch r hng ha c xp ln con tu ch nh ti cng giao hng quy nh trong th tn dng (indicate that the goods have been shipped on board a name vessel at the port of loading stated in the credit). Ni dung ny trn chng t c th c th hin bng hai cch, hoc l mt cm t in sn (pre-printed wording) hoc l mt ghi ch l hng c xp ln tu v c ghi ngy xp hng ln tu (an onboard notation indicating the date on wich the goods have been shipped in board).

Ngy giao hng

Theo quy nh ca UCP 600 th ngy pht hnh vn n s c coi l ngy giao hng (the date of issuance of the Bill of Lading will be deemed to be the date of shipment), tr khi trn chng t vn chuyn c ghi ch ngy xp hng ln tu th ngy xp hng ln tu s c coi l ngy giao hng (the date stated in the on board notation will be deemed to be the date of shipment).

Nh vy, theo quy nh ca UCP 600, ngy xp hng ln tu chnh l ngy giao hng. Cn ngy pht hnh chng t vn chuyn s c coi nh ngy giao hng nu trn chng t khng c ghi ch khc v ngy xp hng ln tu. Trn thc t cng c nhng trng hp ngy pht hnh chng t vn chuyn c th trc hoc sau ngy xp hng ln tu Trong nhng trng hp ny khng c coi ngy pht hnh chng t vn chuyn l ngy giao hng.

Hnh trnh ca hng ha

Theo UCP 600, hnh trnh ca hng ha phi c th hin c th trn chng t chuyn ch hng ha bng ng bin. Ngha l trn chng t vn chuyn phi ch r chuyn hng c giao t cng xp hng ti cng d hng c quy nh trong th tn dng (indicate shipment from the port of loading to the port of discharge state in the credit). Cn trng hp trn chng t vn chuyn cha xc nh r c cng xp hoc ghi cng d nh xp hng th khi xp hng ln tu phi ghi ch r tn cng xp nh quy nh trong tn dng, ngy xp hng ln tu v tn tu hng xp ln.

Chuyn ti

Vn chuyn ti c UCP 600 cp i vi vn n ng bin v giy gi hng bng ng bin, cn khng cp i vi vn n theo hp ng thu tu.

iu 20 v 21 ca UCP 600, khon b v c sau khi a ra khi nim v chuyn ti, quy nh l trn chng t vn chuyn c th ghi hng ha s hoc c th chuyn ti min l ton b hnh trnh vn chuyn ch s dng mt v cng mt chng t.

Nu hng ha c giao bng container, xe moc hoc s lan tu LASH ghi trn chng t, th ngay c khi tn dng th cm chuyn ti (even if the credit prohibits transhipment) cc ngn hng vn c th chp nhn mt chng t vn chuyn ghi vic chuyn ti s hoc c th xy ra (transhipment will of may take place).

Chng t vn chuyn gc

Trong chuyn ch hng ha bng ng bin, khi nhn hng ch, ngi nhn hng ch thng pht hnh cho ngi gi hng 01 hoc 01 b chng t vn chuyn gc - ni dung ny, UCP 600 cng quy nh c th: Khi xut trnh chng t vn chuyn gc ti ngn hng c th xut trnh mt bn gc duy nht nu pht hnh mt bn gc, cn pht hnh mt b th phi xut trnh trn b chng t gc pht hnh.

iu kin v iu khon chuyn ch

Vi iu kin v iu khon chuyn ch, UCP 600 ch cp i vi vn n ng bin v giy gi hng bng ng bin, cn khng cp i vi vn n theo hp ng thu tu:

+ i vi vn n ng bin v giy gi hng bng ng bin, UCP 600 quy nh khng th hin ph thuc vo hp ng thu tu. V vy, trong ni dung ca hai chng t ny phi cha ng cc iu kin v iu khon chuyn ch hoc phi dn chiu ti cc ngun khc cha ng nhng iu kin v iu khon chuyn ch (trng hp vn n hay giy gi hng mt sau trng). V ni dung ca cc iu kin v iu khon chuyn ch, theo quy nh ca UCP 600, th cc ngn hng khng c trch nhim kim tra, xem xt.

+ i vi vn n theo hp ng thu tu, UCP 600 quy nh c ghi trn l ph thuc vo hp ng thu tu, m hp ng thu tu y cc iu kin v iu khon chuyn ch, cho nn UCP 600 khng cp ti iu kin v iu khon chuyn ch trn vn n. V ni dung ca hp ng thu tu, cc ngn hng cng khng c trch nhim kim tra v xem xt ngay c khi hp ng thu tu phi xut trnh theo yu cu ca th tn dng

Trn y l nhng quy nh v chng t chuyn ch hng ha bng ng bin v nhng ni dung c bn cn quan tm trong chng t vn chuyn ng bin khi xut trnh ti ngn hng theo UCP 600.

PGS.TS. Nguyn Nh Tin i hc Ngoi thng