:

, :
= 2 = , , 0
:
0

0 ( = = 0 ).

2 =

2 =

= , , 0

= , 0

( )

1 2 ... = 1 2 ... , 1 , 2 ,..., 0

9

=
, 0 > 0

2 =

( )

, 0

, 0

:
< < , , 0

:
-
, :

= = , , 0
= 1 1 = .
= 2 2 = .
:
0

0 ( = = 0 ).

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:
,

( )

= , 0

= , 0

= , , 0

1 2 ... = 1 2 ... , 1 , 2 ,..., 0

= , 0 > 0

( )

, 0

= , , 0

= , 0

= , 0

:
< < , , 0

:
> 0 , ,

, , , 0 = 0

x =

>0

<0

xv = x = v x = v

xv = x = v

x v = ,

xv = x = v

=0

xv = x = 0

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1. x :
3x + 2
i.
x 3
ii. 3 6 + 3x
iii.
2
4
iv.

( x + 2)

vii.

x 2 + 3 x

v.

4 x2

vi.

x 2 3

viii.

x+2
1 x

ix.

x 2x

:
H a ( ) a 0
x 3 x 3 0 x 3
3

6 + 3x 6 + 3x 0 3x 6 x 2

ii.

i.

3x + 2
2
4
3x + 2
3x + 2
20
2 3x + 2 8 3x 6 x 2
4
4

iii.

iv.

( x + 2 )
2

( x + 2 )2 0

( x + 2 ) 0 ( x + 2 ) 0 x + 2 = 0 x = 2
2

v.

4 x 2 4 x 2 0 4 x 2 4 x 2 x 2 x 2

vi.

x 2 3

x 2 3 0 x 2 3 x 2 3 x 2 3 x 1 x 5
vii. x 2 + 3 x
x 2 0 3 x 0 x 2 3 x 2 x 3

x+2

1 x
x + 2 0 1 x > 0 x 2 1 > x 2 x < 1

viii.

ix.

x 2 x

x 2 x , x 0
x 0 , x 0
x = 0
x 2x 0 x 2x

x0
x 2 x , x < 0
3 x 0 , x < 0
x < 0

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2. :
200 2 18 3 32 + 4 50
:
,


200 2 18 3 32 + 4 50 = 100 2 2 9 2 3 16 2 + 4 25 2 =

= 10 2 2 3 2 3 4 2 + 4 5 2 = 10 2 6 2 12 2 + 20 2 = 12 2
3. :
2
( x 3) , x < 3

x 2 2 x + 1 , x 1

iii.

x2 6x + 9
x2 + 6x + 9
, x < 2
+
x3
x+3

ii.

i.

:
,
a2 = a

i.
ii.

2
( x 3) = x 3 = x + 3 , x < 3

x2 2 x + 1 =

2
( x 1) = x 1 = x 1 , x 1

( x 3)
( x + 3)
x2 6 x + 9
x2 + 6 x + 9
=
+
=
+
iii.
x3
x+3
x 3
x+3
x 3 x + 3 ( x 3) x + 3
=
+
=
+
= 1 + 1 = 0 ,
x3 x+3
x3
x+3
x < 2 2 < x < 2 , x 3 < 0 x + 3 > 0 .
x 3 = ( x 3) x + 3 = x + 3
2

4. :
i.
:

3 3 3 3+ 3

ii.

4 3 5 2 3 5+ 2

3 3 3 3+ 3 = 3

i.

(3 3 )(3 + 3 ) =

3 32

( 3)

= 3 9 3 = 3 6 = 18 = 9 2 = 3 2
ii.

)(

4 3 5 2 3 5+ 2 = 3 4 3 5 2 5+ 2 =

= 3 4 3 52

( 2)

= 3 4 3 25 2 = 3 4 3 23 = 3 92

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5. :
i.
:

3 5 3

ii. 4 2 3 2 2

3 5 3 =

i.
4

ii.

353 =

iv. 3 32 4 33 3

iii. 3 2 3
5

v.

5:3 3

36 = 10 36 = 52 332 = 5 33 = 5 27

2 3 2 2 = 2 3 22 2 = 2 3 23 = 4 2 6 23 =
4 6

2 6 23 =

4 6

29 = 24 29 = 83 233 = 8 23 = 8 8

,
( .. )
3

2 3 = 32 22 23 33 = 6 22 6 33 = 6 22 33

iv.

iii.

32 4 33 3 = 34 324 43 333 26 36 = 12 38 12 39 12 36 =

= 12 38 39 36 = 12 323 = 12 312 311 = 3 12 311

v.

5 : 3 3 = 43 53 : 34 34 = 12 53 : 12 34 = 12

53
34

6. :
2
4
10
i.
ii.
iii.
7 4
3
2 1
5
:

, > ,

,
i.

2
2 3
2 3
2 3
=
=
=
2
3
3
3 3
3

( )

10 7 53
= 2 7 53
7 4
7 4 7 3
7 4 3
7 7
5
5
5 5
55
5

,

,

ii.

10

10 7 53

10 7 53

( + )( ) = 2 2
iii.

4
=
2 1

)(

2 +1

2 1

10 7 53

) ( 2)

2 +1

) = 4(

2 +1
2

12

)=4

2 +1
2 1

2 +1

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7. :
12
1
3
4
iv. 3
i.
ii.
iii. 3
3
5 2
3 +1
7+ 5
11 + 6 + 5
:

i.

7 5

12

7 5

( 6 + 5)
=
( 6 + 5 ) 11 ( 6 + 5 )
11 ( 6 + 5 )
11 ( 6 + 5 )
11 ( 6 + 5 )
=
=
=
=

2
30
11

6
+
2
30
+
5
(
)
( 11) ( 6 + 5 )
6 + 5 11 ( 6 + 5 11 ) 30
180 + 150 330
=
=
=
=
11

1
=
11 + 6 + 5 11 +

ii.

)
( 7 + 5 )( 7 5 ) ( 7 ) ( 5 )
12 ( 7 5 ) 12 ( 7 5 )
=
=
= 6( 7 5)
75
2
12

12
=
7+ 5

2 30
6 5 + 5 6 330
=
60

2 30 30

2 30

( ) ( 2 + + 2 ) = 3 3

( + ) ( 2 + 2 ) = 3 + 3

2 )
(
)
(
3

=
=

5 2
( 5 2 ) ( 5 ) + 5 2 + ( 2 )
3 ( 25 + 10 + 4 ) 3 ( 25 + 10 + 4 )
=
=
=
5
2

( 5) ( 2)
3 3 5 + 3 5 3 2 +
2

iii.

= 3 25 + 3 10 + 3 4

( )
4

=
=

3 +1
( 3 + 1) ( 3 ) 3 1 + 1
4 ( 9 3 + 1) 4 ( 9 3 + 1)
=
=
= 9
3
+
1
( 3 ) +1
4 3 3 3 3 1 + 12
2

iv.

3 +1

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8. :
i. 16 x 2 25 = 0
ii. 4 x 3 32 = 0
iii. 3 x 4 + 1 = 0
iv. 7 x 5 + 3 = 0
10
v. ( x 6 ) = 0
:
i. :

16 x 2 25 = 0 16 x 2 = 25 x 2 =

25
25
25
5
5
x=
x=
x= x=
16
16
16
4
4

4 x3 32 = 0 4 x 3 = 32 x 3 = 8 x = 3 8 x = 2

iii.

1
3 x 4 + 1 = 0 3 x 4 = 1 x 4 = ,
4

ii.

7 x5 + 3 = 0 7 x5 = 3 x5 =

iv.

( x 6)

10

v.

3
3
x = 5
7
7

= 0 x6 = 0 x = 6

9. :
2008
i. ( 3 x 2 )
= x 2008

ii.
iii.

( x 4)

+ 243 = 0

( x 5)

:
i. :

( 3x 2 )

2008

(2 x)

= 2, 2 x 5

= x 2008 3 x 2 = x 3 x 2 = x 2 x = 2 4 x = 2 x = 1 x =

1
2

ii. :
5
5
5
( x 4 ) + 243 = 0 ( x 4 ) = 243 ( x 4 ) = 35

x 4 = 5 35 x 4 = 3 x = 1
iii. :

( x 5)

(2 x)

2 x 5

= 2 x 5 2 x = 2 (5 x ) ( x 2) = 2

5 x x + 2 = 2 2 x = 5 x =

5
,
2

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10. :
i.
3+ 2 > 5
ii. 3 + 5 < 8 + 6

iii. 1 + 5 < 7 + 2 5
iv. 3 11 < 7
:
,
,
3+ 2 > 5

i.

3+ 2

) > ( 5)
2

3 + 2 6 + 2 > 5 2 6 > 0 ,

) <(
2

8+ 6

3+ 5 < 8 + 6 3+ 5

ii.

9 + 6 5 + 5 < 8 + 2 48 + 6 6 5 < 2 48 6 5 < 2 4 3

3 5<4 3 3 5

iii.

) < (4 3)
2

1+ 5 < 7 + 2 5 1+ 5

<

9 5 < 16 3 45 < 48 ,

7+2 5

)
2

1 + 2 5 + 5 < 7 + 2 5 6 < 7 ,

iv.

11.

( ) ( )

( )

3
11 < 7 11 < 7 3 11 <

112 < 73 121 < 343 ,
3

2 3

( 7 )

:
i. 1 3 5 2

7 + 3 21 + 1
ii.
:
i.
1 3 < 0 5 2 > 0 , 1 3 < 5 2
,
ii. :

(
(

7+ 3

= 7 + 2 21 + 3 = 10 + 2 21

21 + 1 = 21 + 2 21 + 1 = 22 + 2 21

10 + 2 21 < 22 + 2 21 ,

7 + 3 < 21 + 1

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12. i. :

(1 + 2 3 )

1 2 3

ii. :
A = 13 + 4 3 13 4 3

:
i. :

(1 + 2 3 )
(1 2 3 )

= 1 + 4 3 + 12 = 13 + 4 3
= 1 4 3 + 12 = 13 4 3

ii. :
(i )

= 13 + 4 3 13 4 3 =

= 1+ 2 3 1 2 3 = 1+ 2

13.

(1 + 2 3 ) (1 2 3 ) =
3 ) ( 2 3 1) = 1 + 2 3 2 3 + 1 = 2

:
14 + 6 5

i.

ii.
52 6
:
,

i.

ii.

14.

= + 2 +

14 + 6 5 = 9 + 2 3 5 + 5 =

(3 + 5 )

5 2 6 = 3 2 3 2 + 2 =

i. 4 5

3 2

= 2 +

= 3+ 5 = 3+ 5

3 2 = 3 2

= 21 8 5

ii. x 2 21 8 5
:
i.

(4 5 )

= 16 8 5 + 5 = 21 8 5

ii. :
(i )

x 2 21 8 5 x 2 4 5

x 4 5 x 4 5

4 5 x 4 5 5 4 x 4 5 x = 1 x = 0 x = 1

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15.

x 3 + 3 y 5x + ( 4x 2 y z ) = 0 .
2

x, y , z

x 3 + 3 y 5x + ( 4x 2 y z ) = 0
2

x 3 = 0 3 y 5 x = 0 4 x 2 y z = 0
x = 3 y = 5 z = 2

2 + 2 = +

16. i.

2 + 2 < 0 ,

i. - + < 0 ,

+ +

ii. , 0 ,
:

- A + 0 ,

2 + 2 = +

2 + 2

= ( + )
2

2 + 2 = 2 + 2 + 2 2 = 0 = 0 = 0

2 + 2 = + :

( = 0 0 )

ii. :

, 0

+ +

( = 0 0 )

) (
2

+ + 2 + 0 2 ,

17. x R x 2 + 1 > x .
:
- x < 0 , x 2 + 1 > x

x 0 ,

x2 + 1 > x

x2 + 1

> x 2 x 2 + 1 > x 2 1 > 0 ,

x 2 + 1 > x x R

10

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18. 0 < , :
+
i.
ii.

2
2
2
+
iii.

iv.

+
+
2
:

i.

+
2

+
2

. :

2 + ,

+ 2 ,

+
2

, >0

ii. 2 2 , 2
2 . :

2 2 0 ( ) 0 , > 0 0

2 2 0 ( ) 0 , > 0 0

, 2 2
iii.

2
2

. :
+
+

2 + > 0
( + ) 2 2 + 2 2 , (ii)
+

+ >0
2
2 ( + ) 2 + 2 2 , (ii)
+
2

,
+

iv.

2
+

. :
2
+

+ >0
> 0
2
2
2
2 ( + ) ( 2 ) ( + )
+
> 0

4 2 2 ( 2 + 2 + 2 ) 4 2 + 2 + 2
0 2 2 + 2 0 ( ) ,
2

+
2

, >0

2 + 2

( + )
2

4 2 + 2 + 2 0 2 2 + 2 0 ( ) ,
2

2
+

+
2

11

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19. i. x, y > 0 , : x + y 2 xy
ii. x, y, z > 0 , :

a.

(x

b.

1 1 1
1
1
1
+ +
+
+
x y z
xy
yz
xz

+ 1)( y 2 + 1) 4 xy

i.

x , y >0

x + y 2 xy ( x + y ) 2 xy
2

x 2 + 2 xy + y 2 4 xy

x 2 2 xy + y 2 0 ( x y ) 0 ,
2

ii. . (i) :

x >0

x 2 + 1 2 x 2 1 x 2 + 1 2 x (1)
y >0

y 2 + 1 2 y 2 1 y 2 + 1 2 y (2)
(1) (2) (
), :

(x

+ 1)( y 2 + 1) 4 xy

b. (i) :
1 1
1 1
1 1
1
+ 2 + 2

(3)
x y
x y
x y
xy

1 1
1 1
1 1
1
+ 2
+ 2
(4)
y z
y z
y z
yz

1 1
1 1
1 1
1
+ 2 + 2
(5)
x z
x z
x z
xz
(3), (4) (5), :
1
1 1 1
1
1
1 1 1
1
1
1
2 + + 2
+
+
+ +
+
+

xy
x y z
yz
xz
xy
yz
xz
x y z

1. :
2 10 1024 3 4 81 + 5 3 125
2.
a.
b.
c.

= 1 + 3 2 = 1 3 2 , :

2 + 2
3 + 3

12

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3. i. x = 21 + 13 + 7 + 4 ,

x.

ii. x = 3 + 2 + 1 , x 4 .
4. :
a. 3 + 2 11 + 6 2
b. + + 2 + ,
, 0
5. :
16
16

a.
2
2
3 2 3
3+ 2 3

c.

32 3 5

64

b.

(1 2 )

6. i. :

3 + 1

3 1

ii. :

A = 3 6 3 + 10 3 6 3 10

7.

1
1
+
=2 2.
2 1
2 +1

8. :
1+ 3 2
1 3 2
9. :
a. 2 x 3 + x = 0
b. x 5 16 x = 0
c. ( x 2 ) 4 81 = 0
10. i. x 3 25 x 2 = 0 .
ii. (i),
:
+2
2 8

=
2
+2 4

13

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11. i. x 3 + 27 = 0 .
3
ii. 3 ( + 1) x 2 8 = 0

(i), .

13.

:
a.

x 2 10 x + 25 = x 5

b.

49 14 x + x 2 = 7 x

:
a.
b.

(
(

)(
)(

)
) = , , 0

+3

2 3 3 + 3 2 = + , , 0

2 + 3 3 + 3 2

12.

14.

:
a. x 3 = a 6
b. x 3 = a 9
c. x 6 = a 5

15.

14 2 20 .

16.

2 2

3+ 3+ 2 6+ 2 3 3+ 2

6 + 11

17. a.

b. = 6 + 11 6 11 , :
i. 2 = 2

ii. + 2

2008

, 2

6 11 .

2008

18.

x, y , x 2 + y 2 2 x 3 2 y 5 + 8 = 0 .

19.

= x 2 2 x + 1 + x 2 + 4 x + 4 , :
a. = 7
b. 7

20.

:
a. x 5 x 3 + 27 x 2 27 = 0
b. x 7 + 8 x 4 81x 3 = 648

14

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21.

d ( x 2 ,3) 1 .

22.

= + 3 2 , 13 22 .
a. 2 3 .
b.
.

23.

:
a. = x 2 + 2 x + 1 + x 2 10 x + 25
b. = x 4 + 4 y 2 + y 4 + 4 x 2 , x 2 + y 2 = 1

25.

a.

54 + 14 5

b.

15 4 11

c.

39 432

24.

x =
x ;

2 x 5 +

2x

26.

:
x+ y
x+ y 2
, x, y 0
a.
2
b.
2006 + 2007 + 2009 + 2010 4 2008

27.

:
a.
, , 0
b.

+2

( 3x 5)

+ 2 4 4 = + 2 , 0
2

15

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