Ri ro v phn thng trong Qun tr Chui Cung ng

Chui cung ng (Supply Chain) l s theo di hng ha thng qua vic thng k v iu khin t khu cung cp hng, b sung nguyn vt liu, n khu bn l, hay ni cch khc, n iu hnh v qun l s lu thng hng ha. y l s tip ni t nhin ca khi nim Kinh doanh, xut hin trong qu trnh thch ng ca cng ngh thng tin hin i vi thc t pht trin ca hot ng kinh doanh. Chui cung ng pht trin di hn v phc tp hn, khi cc cng ty y mnh hot ng nhng lnh th mi tm kim chi ph thp hn. Vy bn cn lm g kim sot ri ro ca chui cung ng? Kinh doanh m rng i i vi vic chui cung ng pht trin phc tp hn bao gi ht, nn cu hi ny cng tr nn kh tr li hn trc. Bn c nn gi hng tn sn phm tn kho, ri chng lng im i vo qun lng khng? C nn xy dng tht nhiu k hoch d phng, iu m hu ht cc nh qun l khng lm, hay khng? Hay c nn ngh v bc tranh ton cnh v rt lui khi nhng giao dch nhm tit kim chi ph, nhng buc bn phi di chuyn ti nhng vng t xa xi cha ngi khai ph? Mc d khng c cu tr li no l d dng, v trong hu ht cc trng hp, khng c cu tr li no l ng tuyt i, nhng d sao vn c nhng chic phao gip bn tm ra cch qun l hiu qu v t c trng thi cn bng v li nhun tim nng, tc l li nhun cho c nh qun l chui cung ng, nh lp k hoch chin lc v cc gim c iu hnh cp cao. Trc ht, iu quan trng l phi nghin cu chin lc c bn v cung ng cho th trng m bo rng bn ang theo ng tin trnh vch ra, nhm h tr tt nht cho doanh nghip ca mnh; tip theo l quyt nh cc chin thut ph hp thc hin chin lc ca bn. Qu trnh gm hai bc ny nghe c v n gin, nhng thc hin n sao cho hiu qu, bn phi nm vng cc chin lc quan trng ca cng ty, sn lng u t vo cc hnh thc phn tch ni lc mi, nh lp m hnh u t, v chun b sn sng ra cc quyt nh c th i ngc li cc tin l ca t chc. Bc 1: Chin lc xc nh chnh xc trng thi thng bng gia ri ro v c hi, cc nh sn xut, phn phi v bn l cn phi xem xt chin lc th trng sau mi khong thi gian nht nh. C hai cch hu hiu gii quyt bn cht ca ri ro: (1) rt ngn chui cung ng gim thi gian quay vng v ngn chn nguy c t gy chui cung cng, hoc (2) ti u ha danh mc cc ngun v v tr chui cung ng c c tnh linh hot thng qua s a dng ha. Nhiu cng ty i mi p dng phng thc u tin mt cch hiu qu, d gp phi mt s khuyt im l trn thc t, phng thc ny cn tr khng cho cng ty tn dng trit cc li ch kinh t ca vic m rng chui cung ng trn phm vi quc t. Vi cng ty t mc tiu a cc chui cung ng vo su hn ti nhng th trng mi, th chin lc th hai c th cung cp mt s u im khng th ph nhn. tng ti u ha cc ngun lc, v tr sp t v cc a im phn phi xut pht t gc ti chnh, ng thi xy dng khung l thuyt gip nh gi mi quan h gia ri ro v li nhun. Mc tiu t ra l to chin lc chui cung ng ph hp nht vi nhu cu tng th ca cng ty da trn s m hnh ha, qua th hin cc li ch v ri ro tim n ca cc chin thut khc nhau. Cui cng, cng ty c th phi kt hp cc chin thut khc nhau vi s b tr cc ngun lc, v tr sao cho kh nng h tr chin lc ca cng ty c ti a ha. Vic to ra mt danh mc nh th c bt u bng qu trnh xy dng mt tp hp cc d n chui cung ng h tr doanh nghip theo cc cch khc nhau. V d, mt d n c th tp trung vo tc tip cn th trng, d n khc li ch trng n cht lng sn xut, cn d n th ba nhn mnh vo mc tiu gim chi ph. Tng t nh vy, ri ro trong chui cung ng phi c gn lin vi mi d n c xc lp, xp loi v nh lng. Khi , cc li ch

v ri ro d on trc c th c m hnh ha v c th hin bng biu . Gii php ti u s nm trong khong hiu qu, tc l khong giao nhau gia cc s la chn mang li li ch cao nht, vi mt mc ri ro thp nht. Mu cht y l kt hp cc yu t ca chui cung ng, bao gm c cc ri ro khng c mi quan h trc tip vi nhau. Ni cch khc, bn ang tm cch gim thiu kh nng xy ra hiu ng -mi-n, trong trc trc mt im ca chui cung ng c th gy nguy him cho cc im khc. Bn c th chn mt chin lc ti u t mt s chin lc hiu qu, bng cch th nghim cc kt hp khc nhau ca ri ro v li ch. Vic m hnh ha danh mc ngun v v tr cung ng s to ra mt s u im. Trc tin, m hnh ny cho php cc gim c ti chnh v cc gim c ph trch chui cung ng hiu r vn ri ro ca cng ty. Th hai, m hnh ny tp trung vo gi tr kinh doanh m vic qun l chui cung ng c th mang li thng qua s hi lng ca khch hng, tnh hiu qu ca vn v chi ph iu hnh thp vi mt mc ri ro xc nh c. Khung l thuyt ny cn c th iu chnh theo thi gian, da trn c s nhng thay i ph hp vi mi tng quan vi chi ph v ri ro. Bc 2: Chin thut Mt khi xc nh c chin lc hot ng, bn s c kh nhiu cch hn ch ri ro. Sau y l nhng bin php m bt c mt cng ty no cng c th thc hin c: Qun l lng cu 1. Bn c th ci thin quy hoch lng cu vi cc nh phn phi v bn l bng cch lin h cht ch vi khch hng thng qua cc d on v cu, lng lu kho ca ngi bn hay cc h thng lin kt khc. Mc tiu ca bin php ny l gim ri ro do khng on c s thay i trong lng cu. Qun l cung ng 2. Hy lm vic vi cc nh cung ng vch ra nhng k hoch phng bt trc xy ra. Ngay sau s kin 11/9, Continental Teves, mt nh cung cp t chnh, kch hot cc mi quan h phng bt trc vi cc hng vn chuyn, chng hn nh Emery, b sung vic vn chuyn mt phn chu u. Sau khi nh gi ri ro, Continental Teves c th da vo vic vn chuyn ng bin v tng lng hng lu kho, nh cho php cc khch hng ca h, trong c c hng Toyota, tip tc hot ng m khng b gy chui cung ng trong cc tun tip theo. 3. Hy a dng ha cc ngun lc gim nguy c sp chui cung ng. Hy thit lp cc k hoch d phng bng cch tuyn chn thm cc nh cung ng m khng nht thit phi h cung cp mt s lng ln. Geberit, mt nh sn xut thit b v sinh Thy S, p dng chnh sch tm ngun cung ng kp. Chnh sch ny va duy tr nh cung cp nh ngun lc th nht, va pht trin mt ngun lc th hai chu . Cc cng ty c th tha mn 10 n 20% nhu cu ca mnh t nh cung ng th hai nh , nh cung ng ny lun c gng lm vic vi hy vng mt ngy no s thay th nh cung ng chnh. Cc hp ng ch mc dch v c th s b tnh gi cao hn. 4. Hy m rng cc chnh sch bo him bo v c cc nh cung ng nc ngoi, v d bo him gin on kinh doanh thng rt hn ch vi Hoa K v cc nc lng ging, v r rng l n c trin khai bo v cc nh cung ng chnh c tr s chu v cc vng lnh th c chi ph thp khc. Cng c hu cn

5. gii quyt cc vn ri ro, bn hy s dng mt nh cung cp hu cn th ba c ngun lc rng. Mt nh sn xut in gn y yu cu cng ty vn ti ca mnh cung cp thng tin mi nht v cc cng tt nht ca Hoa K cho dng hng tr v t chu sp ti. V c bn, nh cung cp hu cn s tr thnh mt nhn t lm gim thiu ri ro nh thay mt cng ty lin tc theo di bao qut cc vn lin quan n chui cung ng. 6. Hy m hnh ha v ti u ha s hng lu kho trn mi phn on ca chui cung ng, v cc b phn cung ng khng phi hon ton bnh ng vi nhau. Vic m hnh ha kh nng b chm tr cung ng s gip cng ty iu chnh s lu kho an ton tt hn. Mt sn phm in hnh (vi thi gian t lc bt u ti lc hon thnh mt qu trnh sn xut mi vo khong mt tun v kh nng thay i thi im giao hng khong mt ngy) s i hi phi d tr trong kho thm 15%, nu bin thin cung ng tng thm mt ngy v thm 175% nu bin thin tng thm mt tun. S hp nht chui cung ng 7. Bn nn tng cng tiu chun ha b phn cu thnh sn phm. Kh nng pha trn v rp ni cc mnh ghp t cc nh cung ng v nh my khc nhau v ang cho php cc nh sn xut ln nh Dell, IBM v Herman Miller tng linh hot cho chui cung ng ca h. Vic n gin ha sn phm s rt ngn thi gian sn xut trong iu kin n nh v gip tng tc phn ng khi cng ty phi i mt vi cc cuc khng hong v lng cung. 8. Hy to ra mt h thng qun l d liu sn phm tp trung. Nu nh cung ng l ngi duy nht bit c cc chi tit k thut thc s ca sn phm hoc cc b phn cu thnh, th vic chuyn sn phm cho mt cng ty khc ch to trong trng hp khn cp s mt rt nhiu thi gian, thm ch l khng th c. Cc d liu sn phm tp trung v c th tham kho ngay lp tc s gip gim nguy c gy chui. Trn thc t, vic ny c ngha l xy dng mt c s d liu v sn phm v cc thit k cu thnh sao cho cc nh cung ng thay th c th nhanh chng tip cn. Nhng cng ty ch cung cp mt b phn cu thnh chnh trong nhiu nm v khng c thi quen kim sot cc chi tit bn v hay thit k nn lu iu ny. 9. Hy lm tng tnh minh bch trong chui cung ng ko di. Khi hng lu kho c th c theo di t v tr t hng ti mt trung tm phn phi, hay t khch hng, th n c th tr thnh kho an ton ca cng ty. Vic bit r v tr ca cc bn thnh phm v thnh phm khi chng xut pht t nhng ngun xa chc chn khng phi vic d dng, nhng mt phn mm qun l thng mi c th gip theo di dng chy hng ha trn ton cu v chuyn hng phn phi hng khi cn thit. 10. Ch gim st mt s du hiu c th cnh bo s rc ri. Gi y, nu ch theo di cc mc dch v, khong thi gian t lc bt u ti lc hon thnh qu trnh sn xut, s lu kho v cc chi ph hu cn th vn cha . Vic theo di mt s ch s ri ro trong chui cung ng, chng hn nh tc tu trung bnh, cc tun c n t hng cha thc hin, bin thin ca vic giao bn thnh phm v cc bin ng ca t gi hi oi c th cho bn nhng cnh bo quan trng khi sp c rc ri v c th gy gin on chui cung ng. Thay i quan im Bng cch s dng ng thi mt cch kho lo nhng gi trn y, cc nh qun l c th tm thy nhng ci thin thc s trong hot ng ca chui cung ng cng ty mnh. Tt nhin, cn phi c s thay i trong np ngh v hnh vi ca cc t chc, m nhng nghin cu v ri ro ca h t trc n nay ch tp trung vo vic phn tch chi ph. ci tin phng trnh v ri ro/li nhun, th quyt nh phn on phi c thay th bng s phi hp gia cc b phn. Nhng ngi tham gia quyt nh c th l cc chuyn gia thuc lnh vc tip th, bn hng, tm ngun, sn xut, ti chnh v qun l ri ro. Trn ht, vic to ra quan h gn b thc s gia cc b phn i hi phi c s tham gia ca gim c iu hnh. Xu hng tin ti vic giao hng va-ng-lc, kt hp vi cc khuyn mi hp dn tip cn cc ngun cung ng

tt nht khin cho chui cung ng no cng cha y ri ro. Thng mi t cnh tranh gi y ch l m c ho huyn. Tuy nhin, bi cnh ny chnh l dp cc nh qun l chng t kh nng vt tri ca mnh bng cch xc nh, tin lng v chun b cho cc kh nng ri ro d xy ra ca chui cung ng. (Dch t The Supply Chain Strategy) Ngun : b