Hng dn kho st hin trng ca cc h thng thng tin qun l

MC LC
MC LC..........................................................................................................1
LI NI U....................................................................................................4
CHNG 1 I CNG V CC H THNG THNG TIN QUN L6
1. KHI NIM V H THNG, H THNG TIN QUN L.......................6
2. VAI TR, NHIM V CA H THNG THNG TIN..............................7
2.1. Vai tr..........................................................................................................7
2.2.Nhim v......................................................................................................7
3. CC B PHN HP THNH H THNG THNG TIN..........................7
4. CC PHNG PHP PHN TCH V THIT K H THNG THNG
TIN.....................................................................................................................8
4.1. Phng php thit k h thng c in ( thit k phi cu trc) ..................8
4.2. Phng php phn tch thit k h thng bn cu trc..............................10
4.3. Phng php phn tch thit k h thng c cu trc................................10
5. CC GIAI ON PHN TCH THIT K...............................................11
CHNG 2 KHO ST HIN TRNG V XC LP D N.................13
1. MC CH..................................................................................................13
2. TM HIU V NH GI HIN TRNG................................................13
2.1. Quan st, tm hiu h thng hin ti..........................................................13
2.2. Tp hp phn loi thng tin.......................................................................15
2. 3. Pht hin cc yu km cu hin trng v cc yu cu trong tng lai.....16
3. XC NH PHM VI KH NNG MC TIU D N.........................17
4. PHC HO CC GII PHP CN NHC TNH KH THI..................18
5. LP D TR V K HOCH TRIN KHAI D N.............................21
5. 1. H s v iu tra v xc lp gii php......................................................21
5. 2. D tr v thit b.......................................................................................21
5. 3. K hoch trin khai d n.........................................................................22
CHNG 3 PHN TCH CHC NNG CA H THNG.....................23
1. M HNH PHN R CHC NNG.........................................................23
1.1. nh ngha.................................................................................................23
1.2.Cc thnh phn ..........................................................................................23
1.3. c im v mc ch ca m hnh..........................................................25
1.4. Xy dng m hnh....................................................................................25
1.5. Cc dng m hnh phn r chc nng.......................................................28
1

2. M HNH LUNG D LIU.....................................................................29

2.1. Khi qut...................................................................................................29
2.2. nh ngha ................................................................................................29
2.4. Mt s quy tc v biu lung d liu...................................................32
2.5. Xy dng m hnh lung d liu...............................................................33
2.6. Chuyn t m hnh lung d liu vt l sang m hnh lung d liu logic
..........................................................................................................................35
2.7. Chuyn t DFD ca h thng c sang DFD ca h thng mi.................36
2.8. Hon chnh m hnh DFD.........................................................................37
Tc dng...........................................................................................................38
2.9.Phn mc ...................................................................................................39
2.10. Hn ch ca m hnh lung d liu.........................................................39
3.Bi tp ng dng...........................................................................................39
CHNG 4 PHN TCH V THIT K D LIU...................................42
1. TNG QUAN..............................................................................................42
1.1. Cc khi nim............................................................................................42
1.2. Cc bc tin hnh phn tch v thit k CSDL.......................................42
2. M HNH THC TH LIN KT ............................................................43
2.1. Mc ch....................................................................................................43
2.2. Cc thnh phn .........................................................................................44
2.3. Xy dng m hnh thc th lin kt ca h thng.....................................47
3. M HNH QUAN H..................................................................................51
3.1. Khi nim..................................................................................................51
3.2. Cc dng chun .........................................................................................54
4. THIT K LOGIC CSDL............................................................................56
4.1. Chuyn i t m hnh thc th lin kt thnh cc bn ghi logic.............57
4.2. Chun ho quan h....................................................................................60
4.3. Hon thin m hnh CSDL logic...............................................................63
5. THIT K VT L CSDL..........................................................................65
5.1. Cc vn lin quan khi thit k vt l CSDL.........................................65
5.2. Xem xt hiu sut thc thi CSDL..............................................................66
5.3. iu chnh thc thi CSDL.........................................................................68
5.4. V d mt mu thit k .............................................................................68
CHNG 5 THIT K GIAO DIN GIA NGI V MY..............71
1 TNG QUAN...............................................................................................71
2

1.1. Mc ch ...................................................................................................71
1. 2. Cc loi giao din.....................................................................................71
1.3. Cc nguyn tc chung khi thit k giao din ............................................71
2. THIT K CC MU THU THP THNG TIN......................................72
2.1. Yu cu .....................................................................................................72
2.2. Phng php thu thp thng tin................................................................72
2.3. Xc nh khun mu thu thp thng tin....................................................72
4.4.M ho........................................................................................................73
3. THIT K CC TI LIU RA, CC BO CO......................................75
4. THIT K MN HNH V N CHN..................................................76
4.1. Yu cu thit k:........................................................................................76
4.2. Hnh thc thit k......................................................................................76
CHNG 6 THIT K KIM SOT V CHNG TRNH.................87
1. THIT K KIM SOT..............................................................................87
1. 1.Mc ch....................................................................................................87
1.2. Kim sot cc thng tin thu thp v cc thng tin xut.............................88
1.3. Kim sot cc s c lm gin on chng trnh......................................88
1.4. Kim sot cc xm phm t pha con ngi.............................................89
2.THIT K CHNG TRNH......................................................................91
2.1. Mc ch....................................................................................................92
2.2. Lp lc chng trnh .........................................................................93
a. Module chng trnh....................................................................................93
b. Cng c din t LCT................................................................................93
2.3. c t cc module.....................................................................................97
2.4. ng gi thnh module ti........................................................................97
2.5. Thit k cc mu th.................................................................................97
CHNG 7 LP TRNH CHY TH BO DNG............................93
1. LP TRNH..................................................................................................93
1.1. Thnh lp t lp trnh................................................................................93
1.2. Chn ngn ng lp trnh............................................................................93
1.3. Ci t cc tp, vit cc on chng trnh chung....................................93
1.4. Son tho chng trnh cho tng n v x l..........................................93
2. CHY TH V GHP NI.......................................................................93
3.THNH LP CC TI LIU HNG DN S DNG..........................93
3.1. i cng..................................................................................................94
3

3.2. Hng dn chung......................................................................................94

3.3. Gii thiu chng trnh, trnh t khai thc................................................95
3.4. c trng cc u vo: a ra cc mu.....................................................95
3.5. c trng ca cc tp................................................................................95
3.6. c trng ca cc u ra...........................................................................95
3.7. Hng dn cho cc nhn vin iu hnh h thng ...................................95
4. BO TR H THNG ................................................................................95
CHNG 8 BI TP TNG HP................................................................97
1: Hot ng nhp v xut sn phm ca mt cng ty sn xut bnh ko 97
2: Hot ng nhp v xut qut my ca x nghip in c thng nht H
Ni ...................................................................................................................98
3: HOT NG CA CNG TY C PHN H LINH CHUYN CHO
THU XE T...............................................................................................99
4: Hot ng ca mt trung tm th vin................................................102
5: Hot ng ca khch sn Hong H c thc hin nh sau:............104
6: Hot ng ca mt cng ty pht hnh sch ........................................106
7: Hot ng kinh doanh ca cng ty thit b gia nh ..........................107
8: H thng hot ng cho thu bng a................................................109
9: Hot ng ca cng ty sn xut nc gii kht ABC nh sau:............112
10: Hot ng bn hng ca cng ty Tomato nh sau:............................114
TI LIU THAM KHO..............................................................................116

LI NI U
Ngy nay trong thi k ca cng ngh thng tin, my tnh tham gia h tr
hu ht cc hot ng ca con ngi nh nghin cu khoa hc, kinh doanh,
qun l ng dng cng ngh thng tin cho vic xy dng cc h thng
thng tin qun l i hi phi c qui trnh, phng php p dng. Chnh v
vy mt trong nhng yu cu quan trng ca nhng ngi lm tin hc l phi
c tri thc v phn tch thit k h thng mi c th v pht trin c cc ng
dng tin hc c tnh kh thi.
Phn tch thit k h thng c pht trin theo nhiu giai on vi cc
phwong php xy dng h thng khc nhau. Ngoi phng php phn tch thit
k c in cn c cc phng php phn tch thit k c cu trc. Hin nay
phng php phn tch thit k theo hng c cu trc c s dng ph bin.
Hin nay, nc ta c rt nhiu sch vit v phn tch thit k c cu trc,
c th c phn theo hai khuynh hng l: phn tch thit k theo hng chc
nng v phn tch thit k theo hng i tng. Nhng nhng cun sch ny
thng c vit chung cho cc i tng, c bit l thng dng cho cc sinh
vin i hc, cao ng v cao hn. Chng ti bin son cun cng ny vi
mc ch tm lc nhng khi nim c bn nht trong l thuyt, k thut p
dng xy dng c mt h thng c th nhm gip sinh vin i hc, cao
ng c th nm bt c kin thc ca mn hc.
Trong cun cng ny ngoi vic trnh by nhng kin thc c bn
chng ti cn a ra cc v d c th trong cuc sng v h thng bi tp ng
dng cc em d hiu v bit cch vn dng kin thc vo thc t.
Ni dung cun sch c chia thnh 8 chng, cui mi chng c cc cu
hi v bi tp.
Chng 1- i cng v cc h thng thng tin qun l: Gii thiu cc
khi nim c bn v h thng, h thng thng tin, cc thnh phn ca h thng
thng tin, cc phng php phn tch thit k h thng.
Chng 2- Kho st hin trng v xc lp d: Gii thiu cc bc v
phng php thc hin trong giai on kho st h thng nh: tm hiu hin
trng, xc nh mc tiu, phm vi, cc gii php.
Chng 3- Phn tch v thit k chc nng nghip v: Gii thiu cc m

hnh: m hnh phn cp chc nng, m hnh lung d liu.

Chng 4- Phn tch v thit k c s d liu nghip v: Gii thiu cc m
hnh: m hnh lin kt thc th, m hnh quan h.
Chng 5- Thit k giao din gia ngi v my tnh: Gii thiu cch thit
k giao din, bo co, thc n cho h thng.
Chng 6- Thit k kim sot v chng: Gii thiu cch thit k kim
sot, bo mt h thng, cc modul chng trnh.
Chng 7- Lp trnh- chy th v bo dng: Gii thiu cc la chn ngn
ng, h qun tr CSDL lp trnh v vit cc ti liu cho h thng.
Chng 8- Bi tp tng hp: Cc h thng c th.
Mc d c gng tham kho cc ti liu v cc kin tham gia ca cc thy
cng nh cc bn ng nghip dy v nghin cu mn C s d liu, Phn
tch thit k h thng song cun cng c th vn cn thiu st. Rt mong
nhn c kin ng gp ca bn c.

CHNG 1

I CNG V CC H THNG THNG TIN QUN

L

Trc y, cc phn mm thng mang c tnh tnh ton khoa hc k thut

v c thc hin trn cc my tnh ln (mainframe). Nhng phn mm kiu
ny t i hi lao ng tp th ca nhng ngi lp trnh. Do nhu cu phn
tch v thit k khng c t mt cch tch bit vi cng vic lp trnh, cha
c s chuyn mn ho trong vic phn tch thit k v lp trnh.
Ngy nay vi s thm nhp ca tin hc vo nhiu lnh vc khc nhau, c
bit trong cc ng dng qun l sn xut, xut hin nhu cu xy dng cc h
thng thng tin ln vi khi lng thng tin khng l v cc quan h phc tp.
Nu khng c nhng cch tip cn thch hp, vic xy dng cc h thng tin
nh vy mang nhiu ri ro dn n tht bi. V th xut hin s phn cng lao
ng trong lnh vc xy dng cc h thng thng tin tin hc ho. Vic phn tch
thit k h thng c tch khi vic lp trnh
1. KHI NIM V H THNG, H THNG TIN QUN L
- H thng: L tp hp cc phn t c nhng mi quan h rng buc ln
nhau cng hot ng chung cho mt s mc tiu no . Trong hot ng c
trao i vo ra vi mi trng ngoi.
- H thng qun l: L mt h thng c mt mc ch mang li li nhun
hoc li ch no . c im ca h thng l c s tham gia ca con ngi v
c trao i thng tin.
H thng qun l chia thnh hai h thng con:
+ H tc nghip (trc tip sn xut): gm con ngi, phng tin, phng
php trc tip thc hin mc tiu ra.
+ H qun l (gin tip sn xut): Gm con ngi, phng tin, phng php
cho php iu khin hot ng ca h thng.
H ny li chia thnh hai h con:
- H quyt nh : a ra cc quyt nh
- H x l thng tin : X l thng tin
- H thng thng tin (information system) : L mt h thng s dng cng
ngh thng tin thu thp, truyn, lu tr, x l v biu din thng tin trong
mt hay nhiu qu trnh kinh doanh.

H thng tin pht trin qua bn loi hnh :

+ H x l d liu :lu tr v cp nht d liu hng ngy, ra cc bo co theo
nh k (V d: Cc h thng tnh lng).
+ H thng tin qun l (Management Information System - MIS): Mt h
thng tin gm c s d liu hp nht v cc dng thng tin gip con ngi trong
sn xut, qun l v ra quyt nh.
+ H tr gip quyt nh: H tr cho vic ra quyt nh (cho php nh phn
tch ra quyt nh chn cc phng n m khng phi thu thp v phn tch d
liu).
+ H chuyn gia: H tr nh qun l gii quyt cc vn v lm quyt nh
mt cch thng minh.
2. VAI TR, NHIM V CA H THNG THNG TIN
2.1. Vai tr
H thng tin ng vai tr trung gian gia h quyt nh v h tc nghip
trong h thng qun l.
2.2.Nhim v
- Trao i thng tin vi mi trng ngoi
- Thc hin vic lin lc gia cc b phn v cung cp thng tin cho cc h
tc nghip v h quyt nh.
3. CC B PHN HP THNH H THNG THNG TIN
- D liu: l nguyn liu ca h thng tin c biu din di nhiu dng :
vn bn, truyn khu, hnh v,... v nhng vt mang tin :Giy, bng t, a t...
- Cc x l: Thng tin u vo qua cc x l thnh thng tin u ra.
C th din t mi lin h gia cc b phn cu thnh h thng thng tin theo
hnh 1.1 sau:

Hnh nh cu trc ni b c

Cc s kin
tin ho

quan
Cc x l :
Cc tham s

Cc quy tc x l

Kt qu ra

Cc th tc quy trnh
Lu chu chuyn
Hnh nh v hot ng kinh
doanh ca c quan

Cc s kin
hnh ng.

Hnh 1.1. Cc thnh phn ca h thng thng tin

4. CC PHNG PHP PHN TCH V THIT K H THNG
THNG TIN
4.1. Phng php thit k h thng c in ( thit k phi cu trc)
c im:
- Gm cc pha (phase) : Kho st, thit k, vit lnh, kim th n l, kim
th trong h con, kim th trong ton h thng.
- Vic hon thin h thng c thc hin theo hng bottom-up (t di
ln) v theo nguyn tc tin hnh tun t t pha ny ti pha khc.

Nhc im:
- G ri, sa cha rt kh khn v phc tp.
V d trong giai on kim th (test) nu c li no xut hin giai on
cui pha kim th. Lc , tu theo mc nghim trng ca li, c th buc
phi sa i hng lot cc moun. Khi mt li c pht hin, kh chn on
moun no (trong s hng trm, hng ngn m un) cha li.
- V thc hin theo nguyn tc tun t cc pha nn sau khi kt thc mt
pha, ngi ta c th khng cn phi bn tm n n na Nu pha trc cn
li th cc pha sau s phi tip tc chu nh hng ca li . Mt khc hu ht

cc d n thng phi tun th theo mt k hoch chung n nh t trc =>

kt qu s kh m c nh vi mt thi gian quy nh.
4.2. Phng php phn tch thit k h thng bn cu trc
c im:
- Mt lot cc bc bottom-up nh vit lnh v kim th c thay th
bng giai on hon thin top-down. Ngha l cc modun mc cao c vit
lnh v kim th trc ri n cc modun chi tit mc thp hn.
- Pha thit k c in c thay bng thit k c cu trc.
Nhc im:
Ngi thit k ni chung lin lc rt t vi phn tch vin h thng v c hai
chng c lin h no vi ngi s dng => Qu trnh phn tch v thit k gn
nhl tch ra thnh hai pha c lp.
4.3. Phng php phn tch thit k h thng c cu trc
c im
- Phng php ny bao gm 9 hot ng: Kho st, phn tch, thit k, b
sung, to sinh, kim th xc nhn, bo m cht lng, m t th tc, bin i
c s d liu, ci t.
- Cc hot ng c th thc hin song song. Chnh kha cnh khng tun t
ny m thut ng pha c thay th bi thut ng hot ng (pha ch mt
khong thi gian trong mt d n trong ch c mt hot ng c tin
hnh). Mi hot ng c th cung cp nhng sa i ph hp cho mt hoc
nhiu hot ng trc .
Mt s phng php phn tch c cu trc:
Cc phng php hng chc nng
- Phng php SADT (Structured Analysis and Design Technie) ca M da
theo phng php phn r mt h thng ln thnh cc h thng con n gin
hn.
- N c h thng tr gip theo kiu ho biu din cc h thng v vic
trao i thng tin gia cc h con. K thut ch yu ca SADT l da trn s
lung d liu, t in d liu (Data Dictionnary), ngn ng m t c cu
trc, ma trn chc nng. Nhng SADT cha quan tm mt cch thch ng i
vi m hnh chc nng ca h thng.
- Phng php MERISE (MEthod pour Rassembler les Idees Sans Effort)

ca Php da trn cc mc bt bin (cn gi l mc tru tng ho) ca h

thng thng tin nh mc quan nim, mc t chc, mc vt l v c s kt hp
vi m hnh.
- CASE (Computer-Aided System Engineering) - phng php phn tch v
thit k t ng nh s tr gip ca my tnh.
T kinh nghim v nghin cu trong qu trnh xy dng h thng, hng
Oracle a ra mt tip cn cng ngh mi - Phng php lun phn tch v
thit k h thng CASE*Method. y l mt cch tip cn theo hng
"topdown" v rt ph hp vi yu cu xy dng mt h thng thng tin trong
cc doanh nghip sn xut kinh doanh thng mi.
Cc phng php hng i tng
- Phng php HOOD (Hierarchical Object Oriented Design) l mt phng
php c la chn thit k cc h thng thi gian thc.
Nhng phng php ny li yu cu cc phn mm phi c m ho bng
ngn ng lp trnh ADA. Do vy phng php ny ch h tr cho vic thit k
cc i tng m khng h tr cho cc tnh nng k tha v phn lp.
- Phng php RDD (Responsibility Driven Design) da trn vic m hnh
ho h thng thnh cc lp.
Cc cng vic m h thng phi thc hin c phn tch v chia ra cho cc
lp ca h thng. Cc i tng trong cc lp ca h thng trao i cc thng
bo vi nhau nhm thc hin cng vic t ra. Phng php RDD h tr cho cc
khi nim v lp, i tng v k tha trong cch tip cn hng i tng.
- Phng php OMT (Object Modelling Technique) l mt phng php
c xem l mi nht trong cch tip cn hng i tng.
Phng php ny khc phc c mt s nhc im ca cc phng
php tip cn hng i tng trc mc phi.
Trn mt l thuyt ta thy cch tip cn hng i tng c cc bc pht
trin hn so vi tip cn hng chc nng. Nhng trong thc t vic phn tch
v thit k h thng theo cch tip cn hng i tng gp rt nhiu kh khn
v cha c nhiu cc cng c pht trin h tr cho vic thit k hng i tng.
Chnh v vy cch tip cn ny vn cha c pht trin rng ri.
5. CC GIAI ON PHN TCH THIT K

Cc phng php phn tch v thit k h thng d c pht trin bi nhiu

tc gi khc nhau, c nhiu im, thut ng, quy c khc nhau, nhng tu
trung li cc phng php lun ny u nh ra cc giai on c bn cho qu
trnh pht trin d n:
1.Kho st hin trng v xc lp d n.
2.Phn tch h thng : Phn tch cc chc nng v d liu ca h thng c
a ra m t ca h thng mi.
3.Thit k h thng
4.Xy dng h thng