i H c Qu c Gia Thnh Ph H Ch Minh

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ng i H c Cng Ngh Thng Tin

T ng Quan V Ontology
K Thu t L p Trnh Trnh Tr Tu Nhn T o
L p: CNTN02 GVHD: TS. Nguy n Tu n ng SVTH: Nguy n H u Nh t MSSV: 07520437

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1. T ng quan v Ontology .................................................................................... .......2 2. Thnh ph n c a m t Ontology ................................................................... .............2 2.1 Cc c th .................................................................................... .....................3 2.2 Cc l p .................................... ................................................ .......................... 3 2.3 Cc thu c tnh .................................................................................... ...............4 2.4 Cc m i quan h .................................................................................... ...........4 3. Phn lo i Ontology .............................................................................................. ...4 4. Ph ng php xy d ng Ontology ................................................................ ...........5 4.1 Xc nh mi n quan tm v ph m vi c a Ontology ............................. .............6 4.2 Xem xt vi c k th a cc Ontology c s n ............................. ..........................6 4.3 Li t k cc thu t ng quan tr ng trong Ontology ............................. ...............7 4.4 Xy d ng cc l p v c u trc l p phn c p ............................. .........................7 4.5 nh ngha cc thu c tnh v quan h cho l p ............................. ....................8 4.6 nh ngha cc rng bu c v thu c tnh v quan h c a l p ....................... .....8 4.7 T o cc th c th cho l p ............................. ................................... ..................9 5. Ngn ng Ontology ........................................................................... .....................9 5.1 RDF .............................................................................................. .....................9 5.2 RDFS .............................................................................................. .................10 5.3 OWL .............................................................................................. ..................14 5.4 DAML+OIL .............................................................................................. .........16 6. Cng c pht tri n Ontology ......................................................................... ........16 6.1 Protg .............................................................................. ..............................16 6.2 Chimaera ..................................................................... .......................... ..........18 6.3 KAON .............................................................................................. .................18 7. Ti li u tham kh o ................................................................................................. 20

1. Tng quan v Ontology:

Thut ng Ontology xut hin t rt sm. Trong cun sch Siu hnh (Metaphysics) ca mnh, Aristotle nh ngha: Ontology l mt nhnh ca trit hc, lin quan n s tn ti v bn cht cc s vt trong thc t. Hay ni cch khc, i tng nghin cu ch yu ca Ontology xoay quanh vic phn loi cc s vt da trn cc c im mang tnh bn cht ca n. Ontology l mt thut ng mn t trit hc c tm dch l bn th hc, nhm ch khoa hc m t cc loi thc th trong th gii thc v cch chng lin kt vi nhau. Trong ngnh khoa hc my tnh v khoa hc thng tin, Ontology mang ngha l cc loi vt v quan h gia chng trong mt h thng hay ng cnh cn quan tm. Cc loi vt ny cn c gi l khi nim, thut ng hay t vng c th c s dng trong mt lnh vc chuyn mn no . Ontology cng c th hiu l mt ngn ng hay mt tp cc quy tc c dng xy dng mt h thng Ontology. Mt h thng Ontology nh ngha mt tp cc t vng mang tnh ph bin trong lnh vc chuyn mn no v quan h gia chng. S nh ngha ny c th c hiu bi c con ngi ln my tnh. Mt cch khi qut, c th hiu Ontology l "mt biu din ca s khi nim ho chung c chia s" ca mt min hay lnh vc nht nh. N cung cp mt b t vng chung bao gm cc khi nim, cc thuc tnh quan trng v cc nh ngha v cc khi nim v cc thuc tnh ny. Ngoi b t vng, Ontology cn cung cp cc rng buc, i khi cc rng buc ny c coi nh cc gi nh c s v ngha mong mun ca b t vng, n c s dng trong mt lnh vc m c th c giao tip gia ngi v cc h thng ng dng phn tn khc. Ontology c s dng trong tr tu nhn to, cng ngh Web ng ngha (Semantic Web), cc h thng k thut, k thut phn mm, tin hc y sinh v kin trc thng tin nh l mt hnh thc biu din tri thc v th gii hoc mt s lnh vc c th. Vic to ra cc lnh vc v Ontology cng l c s nh ngha v s dng ca c cu mt t chc kin trc(an enterprise architecture framework).

2. Thnh phn ca mt Ontology:

Cc thnh phn thng gp ca Ontology bao gm:
    

  

Cc c th(individuals): cc thc th hoc cc i tng (cc i tng c bn hoc cp nn). Cc lp(classes): cc tp hp, cc b su tp, cc khi nim, cc loi i tng, hoc cc loi khc. Cc thuc tnh(attributes): cc kha cnh, c tnh, tnh nng, c im, hoc cc thng s m cc i tng (v cc lp) c th c. Cc quan h(relations): cch thc m cc lp v cc c th c th lin kt vi nhau. Cc thut ng chc nng(function terms): cu trc phc tp c hnh thnh t cc mi quan h nht nh c th c s dng thay cho mt thut ng c th trong mt bo co(statement). Cc s hn ch(restrictions): nhng m t chnh thc c tuyn b v nhng iu phi chnh xc cho mt s khng nh c chp nhn u vo. Cc quy tc(rules): tuyn b c hnh thc nh mt cp nu-th (if-then) m t suy lun logic c th c rt ra t mt s khng nh trong tng hnh thc ring. Cc tin (axioms): cc khng nh (bao gm cc quy tc) trong mt hnh thc hp l vi nhau bao gm cc l thuyt tng th m ontology m t trong lnh vc ca ng dng.

C t

i t t t t

t : i

t t it t i t

t t t

i t t t t l l i t t l t t t t

2.1 Cc c th (Individuals):
C t l t t l t t t i t l t t l t t l C i t M t t l t t l t t t

tt l

2.2 Cc lp (Classes):
C l l l
    

t i

it iM t

C l

t :

Ngi (person), cc l ca t t c mi ngi hay i t ng t tng c th c m t bi cc ti ch t thnh mt con ngi Phng tin xe c (vehicle), cc l ca t t c cc phng ti n xe c, hay i t ng t tng c th c m t bi cc ti ch c mt phng ti n xe c. Xe hi (cars), cc lp ca t t c cc xe t, hoc i t ng t tng c th c m t bi cc ti ch c mt chi c xe hi. Lp hc (class), i di n cho lp ca t t c cc lp hc, hay i tng t tng c th c m t bi cc ti ch c mt lp hc. tng c vt (Thing), i di n cho lp ca t t c mi vt, hoc i tng t th c m t bi cc ti ch c vt.

Cc ontology bi n i t thuc vo cu t c v ni dung ca n: Mt lp c th cha cc lp con, c th l mt lp tng quan (cha tt c mi th), c th l lp ch cha nhng c th ri ng l , Mt lp c th xp gp vo hoc b xp gp vo bi cc lp khc. Mi quan h xp gp ny c s dng to ra mt cu trc c th bc cc lp, thng l vi mt lp thng dng nht trn nh v cc lp c kiu r rng c th pha di cng. V d m hnh phn lp xe hi nh hnh sau:

Hnh

hnh phn l p xe h i

Nu quy t c phn vng m bo rng mt xe duy nht khng th c hai lp, cc phn vng ny c gi l mt phn vng phn chia. Nu cc quy t c phn vng m bo rng mi i tng c th trong siu lp l mt th hin ca t nht mt trong cc lp phn vng, cc phn vng ny c gi l mt phn vng ton b.

2.3 Cc thuc tnh (Attributes):

Cc i tng trong ontology c th c m t thng qua vic khai bo cc thuc tnh ca chng. Mi mt thuc tnh u c t n v gi tr ca thuc tnh . Cc thuc tnh c s dng lu tr cc thng tin m i t ng c th c. V d, i vi mt c nhn c th c cc thuc tnh: H tn, ngy sinh, qu qun, s CMND Gi tr ca mt thuc tnh c th l mt kiu d liu phc tp.

2.4 Cc mi quan h (Relationships):

Mi quan h (cn gi l quan h) gia cc i tng trong ontology nh r nh th no cc i t ng ny c lin quan n cc i tng khc. c trng l mt mi quan h loi ring bit (hay lp) m quy nh c th trong chiu hng cc i tng ny c lin quan n cc i t ng khc trong ontology. Ch yu sc mnh ca ontology n t kh nng m t cc mi quan h. Cng vi nhau, tp hp cc mi quan h m t ng ngha trong mt lnh vc no . Cc thit lp ca cc loi quan h c s dng(cc lp ca cc quan h) v h thng phn cp ca n m t sc mnh biu hin ca ngn ng trong ontology c th hin. Mt kiu quan h quan trng l kiu quan h xp gp (subsumption). Kiu quan h ny m t cc i t ng no l cc thnh vin ca cc lp no ca cc i tng. Ontology c th phn bit gia cc loi khc nhau ca cc quan h. V d:
    

loi quan h dnh cho cc quan h gia cc lp loi quan h dnh cho cc quan h gia cc c th loi quan h dnh cho cc quan h gia mt c th v mtlp loi quan h dnh cho cc quan h gia mt i tng n l v mt b su tp (collection) loi quan h dnh cho cc quan h gia cc b su tp

Loi quan h i khi l mt lnh c trng v sau c dng lu tr cc loi c trng ca s kin hoc tr li t ng loi cu hi ring bit. Nu cc nh ngha ca cc loi quan h c bao gm trong mt ontology, sau ontology nh ngha ring ngn ng ontology ca n.

3. Phn l i Ont l
T khi bt u nghin cu v Ontology trong Khoa hc my tnh, Ontology c quan tm vi mong mun tng cng vic s dng li h thng c s tri thc bn trong, v n cng a ra nhiu dng Ontology m t kh nng khc nhau cho vic ti s dng h thng c s tri thc. S phn loi Ontology c th c to ra theo ch
Hnh h n lo i nloto

ca s khi nim ha.Trong kha cnh ny, phn ct li nht c tng kt theo hnh bn cnh.  Top-ll Otology: cn gi l Ontology lp cao, nhm din t nhng khi nim tng quan v tru tng c th c chia s qua nhiu lnh vc v ng dng. N mn cc nim trit hc m t nhng khi nim lp cao cho mi vt v s tn ti ca chng, nh i tng vt cht hay i tng tru tng nh l cc nim c c im chung v tri thc nhn thc thng thng v hin tng nh thi gian, khng gian, cc tin trnh ... Do s tng quan ca , n khng s dng trc tip trong cc ng dng, m thng qua cc Ontology khc.  Domai Otology v task Otology: cc loi Ontology ny ly tri thc t trong nhng lnh vc xc nh, nh trong y khoa, a l hay tri thc v mt tc v ring bit nh s chn hoc s cu hnh. V mt tng th Ontology loi ny thu hp hn v xc nh hn so vi Top-level Ontology. S khi nim ha trong mt Domain Ontology l gi cc tc v c lp, khi nhng nim trong mt tc v Ontology c miu t khng c tnh cht r rt vi chi tit c th n mt lnh vc. S pht trin ca Domain Ontology c thc hin nhiu cc lnh vc: y hc, di truyn, a l, du lch, thng tin mi trng. Cn Task Ontology c pht minh cho cc tc v xy dng, sp xp k hoch lm vic, gim st trong mt lnh vc khoa hc, c s tri thc my tnh dy hc, s theo di phng tn la, cc tc v hng dn iu tr bnh ...  Appli ation Ontology: cng thu hp v phm vi, Application Ontology cung cp mt b t vng xc nh c yu cu m t s ban hnh cc tc v chc chn trong mt ng cnh ng dng c th. c bit, n s dng c Domain Ontology v Task Ontology v m t vai tr ca chng trong mt tc c th. Chng ta c th thy h thng phn cp ca Ontology thng qua s trnh by trn: Ontology lp thp hn k tha v chuyn mn ha cc khi nim v mi quan h t Ontology lp trn. Ontology lp thp c th hn v phm vi ng dng thu hp hn, cn Ontology lp cao c kh nng rng hn, ch yu dnh cho vic k tha v s dng li.

4. Phng thc xy dng Ontology:

C nhiu phng php khc nhau xy dng mt Ontology, nhng nhn chung cc phng php u thc hin hai bc c bn l: xy dng cu trc lp phn cp v nh ngha cc thuc tnh cho lp. Trong thc t, vic pht trin mt Ontology m t lnh vc cn quan tm l mt cng vic khng n gin, ph thuc rt nhiu vo cng c s dng, tnh cht, quy m, s thng xuyn bin i ca min cng nh cc quan h phc tp trong . Nhng kh khn ny i hi cng vic xy dng Ontology phi l mt qu trnh lp i lp li, mi ln lp ci thin, tinh ch v pht trin dn sn phm ch khng phi l mt quy trnh khung vi cc cng on tch ri nhau. Cng vic xy dng Ontology cng cn phi tnh n kh nng m rng lnh vc quan tm trong tng lai, kh nng k tha cc h thng Ontology c sn, cng nh tnhlinh ng Ontology c kh nng m t tt nht cc quan h phc tp trong th gii thc. Mt s nguyn tc c bn ca vic xy dng Ontology thng qua cc cng on sau y:
y y y y

Xc nh min quan tm v phm vi ca Ontology. Xem xt vic k tha cc Ontology c sn. Lit k cc thut ng quan trng trong Ontology. Xy dng cc lp v cu trc lp phn cp.

y y y

nh ngha cc thuc tnh v quan h cho lp. nh ngha cc rng buc v thuc tnh v quan h ca lp. To cc thc th cho lp.

4.1 Xc nh lnh vc quan tm v phm vi ca Ontology:

Thng thng, cc yu cu i vi mt h thng Ontology l m t lnh vc quan tm nhm phc v c s tri thc trong vic gii quyt nhng mc ch chuyn bit. Cng vic c t xc nh, phn tch, nhn din chnh xc yu cu c thc hin bng cch tr li nhng cu hi sau:      Ontology cn m t lnh vc no? Ontology phc v cho mc ch chuyn bit g? C s tri thc trong Ontology s gii quyt nhng cu hi g? Ontology nhm vc v i tng no? Ai l ngi s xy dng, qun tr Ontology?

Nhn chung, cu tr li cho cc cu hi dng ny c th s thng xuyn thay i trong sut qu trnh xy dng mt Ontology. Nht l khi c s thay i v mc ch hoc cn b sung tnh nng trong vic s dng c s tri thc. Tuy nhin, vic tr li chnh xc cc cu hi trn ti mi bc lp s gip gii hn phm vi ca m hnh cn m t v d tr cc k thut s s dng trong qu trnh pht trin. Ly v d, nu d tr kh nng xy ra s khc bit v ngn ng gia ngi pht trin v ngi s dng th Ontology phi c b sung c ch nh x (mapping)qua li cc thut ng gia cc ngn ng khc nhau. Hoc gi s Ontology cn xy dng c chc nng x l ngn ng t nhin, ng dng dch ti liu t ng th cng cn thit phi c k thut xc nh t ng ngha... Sau khi pht tho phm vi Ontology da trn vic tr li nhng cu hi trn, ngi thit k s tr li cc cu hi mang tnh nh gi, qua tip tc tinh chnh li phm vi ca h thng cn xy dng. Cc cu hi dng ny thng da trn c s tri thc ca Ontology v c gi l cu hi kim chng kh nng (competency question):    Ontology c thng tin tr li cho cc cu hi c quan tm trn c s tri thc hay khng? Cu tr li ca c s tri thc p ng c mc , yu cu no ca ngi s dng? Cc rng buc v quan h phc tp trong min quan tm c biu din hp l cha

4.2 Xem xt vi c k tha cc Ontology c sn:

y l mt cng on thng hay s dng gim thiu cng sc xy dng mt Ontology. Bng cch k tha cc Ontology tng t c sn, ngi xy dng c th thm hoc bt cc lp, quan h gia cc lp, thc th... tinh chnh ty theo mc ch ca mnh. Vic s dng li cc Ontology c sn cng rt quan trng khi cn s tng tc gia cc ng dng khc nhau, cc ng dng s cn phi hiu cc lp, thc th, quan h... ca nhau thun tin trong vic trao i hoc thng nht thng tin. Vn xy dng mt Ontology mi bng cch k tha cc h thng c sn lin quan n mt bi ton rt phc tp l trn (merging)cc Ontology. V d trong trng hp tn cc khi nim c nh ngha trong cc Ontology ny c th ging nhau trong khi chng c dng m t cc loi vt hon ton khc nhau, v cng c th xy ra trng hp ngc li, khi tn cc khi nim khc nhau nhng cng m t mt s vt, vmt vn na l lm th no b sung cc quan h, thuc tnh c sn vo mt h thng mi. Tuy nhin, hu ht cc Ontology s dng trong ngnh khoa hc my tnh ni chung v Web ng ngha ni ring u

c xy dng trn cc h thng xy dng v qun tr Ontology. Tn mt s cng c nh: Sesame, Prot g, Ontolingua, Chimaera, OntoEdit, OidEd... Hin nay, a s cc phn mm ny u h tr chc nng t ng trn cc Ontology cng hoc thm ch khc nh dng vi nhau. Mc d vy, mc no , ngi xy dng cng cn phi kim tra li mt cch th cng, nhng y khng phi l mt cng vic phc tp. Hin c rt nhiu Ontology c chia s trn Web ni ting nh: UNSPSC (www.unspsc.org)do chng trnh pht trin ca Lin Hip Quc hp tc vi t chc Dun & Bradstreet nhm cung cp cc thut ng ca cc sn phm v dch v thng mi. Cc Ontology trong lnh vc thng mi khc nh: RosettaNet (www.rosettanet.org), DMOZ (www.dmoz.org), eClassOwl... Open Biological, BioPax trong lnh vc sinh vt hc, UMLS trong lnh vc mng ng ngha, GO (Gene Ontology), WordNet (i hc Princeton)...

4.3 Lit k cc thut ng quan trng trong Ontology:

y l bc rt hu ch, lm tin cho hai bc tip theo l xy dng cu trc lp phn cp v nh ngha cc thuc tnh cho lp. Cng on ny bt u bng vic lit k tt c cc thut ng xut hin trong min quan tm (c th ng ngha hoc chng nhau)nh tn khi nim, quan h, thuc tnh... Thng thng, cc thut ng l danh t s tr thnh cc lp, tnh t s tr thnh thuc tnh, cn ng t s l quan h gia cc lp.

4.4 Xy dng cc lp v cu trc lp phn cp:

y l mt trong hai bc quan trng nht ca cng vic xy dng mt Ontology. Nhim v ca bc ny l nh ngha cc lp t mt s thut ng lit k trong bc trn, sau xy dng cu trc lp phn cp theo quan h lp cha-lp con. Lp v tr cng cao s c mc tng qut cng cao. V tr u tin thuc v lp gc, tip theo l cc lp trung gian, v cui cng l lp l. Lp l l lp khng th trin khai c na v ch c biu hin bng cc thc th.

Hnh - C u t l p ph n



 p

Quan h gia thc th ca lp con vi lp cha l quan h is-a, ngha l mt thc th ca lp con cng l-mt thc th ca lp cha. C nhiu hng tip cn khc nhau cho vn xy dng cu trc lp phn cp. C th k ra ba hng nh sau:

  

Hng xy dng t trn xung (top-down): bt u bng cc lp c mc tng qut cao nht, sau trin khai dn n lp l. Hng xy dng t di ln (bottom-up): ngc vi hng xy dng cu trc lp phn cp t trn xung, hng ny bt u bng vic xc nh cc lp c cho l c th nht, sau tng qut ha n khi c lp gc. Cch kt hp (combination): cch ny kt hp c hai hng xy dng trn. u tin chn cc lp ni bt nht trong lnh vc quan tm, sau tng qut ha v c th ha cho n khi c cu trc mong mun.

4.5 nh ngha cc thuc tnh v quan h cho lp:

Bn thn cc lp nhn c bc trn ch mi l nhng thut ng phn bit vi nhau bng tn gi. V c bn, chng cha phc v cho vic biu di n tri thc. Mun nh vy, cc thuc tnh ca lp cn c nh ngha. Thuc tnh ca lp l cc thng tin bn trong ca lp, m t mt kha cnh no ca lp v c dng phn bit vi cc lp khc. Thuc tnh c chia lm nhiu loi khc nhau:  V mt ngha, cc thuc tnh c th c chia lm hai loi: thuc tnh bn trong (intrinsic property)v thuc tnh bn ngoi (extrinsic property). Thuc tnh bn trong m t cc tnh cht ni t i bn trong s vt, v d: cht, l ng, cu to... Trong khi , thuc tnh bn ngoi m t phn biu hin ca s vt, v d: mu sc, hnh dng... V mt gi tr, cc thuc tnh cng c chia lm hai loi: thuc tnh n (simple property)v thuc tnh phc (complex property). Thuc tnh n l cc gi tr n v d: chui, s... cn thuc tnh phc c th cha hoc tham kho n mt i t ng khc.

Mt ch quan trng na trong bc ny l vic mt lp s k tha ton b cc thuc tnh ca tt c cc cha n. Do cn phi xem xt mt thuc tnh c nh ngha cc lp thuc mc cao hn hay cha. Thuc tnh ch nn c nh ngha khi n l tnh cht ring ca lp ang xt m khng c biu hin cc lp cao hn.

4.6 nh ngha cc thuc tnh v quan h cho lp:

Cc rng buc gii hn gi tr m mt thuc tnh c th nhn. Hai rng buc quan trng nht i vi mt thuc tnh l s yu t (cardinality)v kiu (type). Rng buc s yu t quy nh s gi tr m mt thuc tnh c th nhn. Hai gi tr thng thy ca rng buc ny l n tr (single)v a tr (multiple). Nhng mt s phn mm cn cho php nh ngha chnh xc khong gi tr ca s yu t. Rng buc th hai l v kiu. V c bn, cc kiu m mt thuc tnh c th nhn l: chui, s, boolean, lit k v kiu thc th. Ring kiu thc th c lin quan n hai khi nim gi l: min (domain)v khong (range). Kh i nim min c dng ch lp (hay cc lp)m mt thuc tnh thuc v. Trong khi , khong chnh l lp (hay cc lp)lm kiu cho gi tr thuc tnh kiu thc th. Ly v d, lp ng vt trong hnh sau c thuc tnh loi thc n thuc kiu thc th (c cy, cn trng...). Lc ny, min ca loi

Hnh R n bu



thc n l ng vt, sinh vt... Cn khong ca n chnh l lp c, cy...

4.7 To cc thc th cho lp:

y l bc cui cng khp li mt vng lp xy dng Ontology. Cng vic chnh lc ny l to thc th cho mi lp v gn gi tr cho cc thuc tnh. Nhn chung, cc thc th s to nn ni dung ca mt c s tri thc.

5. Ngn ng Ont l gy:

Ngn ng Ontology (Ontology languages)l ngn ng hnh thc c s dng xy dng Ontology. N cho php vic m ha tri thc trong mt lnh vc c th v thng bao gm cc quy tc suy lun cung cp cho vic x l cc yu cu da trn tri thc . Ngn ng Ontology thng l ngn ng kha i bo, v hu ht l nhng s tng hp ca ngn ng cu trc, v thng c xy dng da trn Logic th tc (First-Order Logic)hoc da trn Logic m t (Description Logic). C rt nhiu ngn ng Ontology c thit k v a ra tun theo s tiu chun ha, ta s tm hiu mt s ngn ng Ontology thng dng nht trong ng cnh ca Web ng ngha v biu di n tri thc hin nay. 5.1 RDF (Resource Description Framework): 5.1.1 Tng quan RDF: RDF l nn tng cho vic biu di n d liu trong lnh vc Web ng ngha. Thng tin biu di n theo m hnh RDF l mt pht biu (statemen t) dng cu trc b ba gm ba thnh phn c bn l: subject, predicate, object. Trong :    V d: Subject ch i tng ang c m t ng vai tr l ch th. Predicate (cn c gi l property)l kiu thuc tnh hay quan h. Object l gi tr thuc tnh hay i tng ca ch th nu. Object c th l mt gi tr nguyn thy nh s nguyn, chui...hoc cng c th l mt ti nguyn.

Hnh - bje t th l t i n u n i t n u n th , nh n ho subje t v p edi te th b t bu ph i l t i n u n

" # %# & $ & $ % &% % # ' # $ ' %#(& # $# # $ )

y l pht biu m t mt ch th person-1 c kiu thuc tnh name vi gi tr l An. Pht biu c th c tm hiu l: person-1 c tn An. C th lit k mt s u im ca vic lu tr d liu RDF so vi d liu truyn thng l:    T chc d liu n gin, ng nht nn thng tin d dng thm bt chnh sa. Cu trc b ba gip cho thng tin d truy xut bi cc h thng suy lun, tm kim ng ngha. Cng nh vy m nhng b x l RDF c th suy lun ra nhng thng tin mi khng c trong h d liu. Chia s d liu trn mng d dng nh s ng nht...

! 5.1. Chia s d liu RDF:

M hnh RDF th hin c nhiu u im trong vic biu din thng tin. Chnh v vy cn phi c mt cch thc chung truyn ti d liu RDF trn internet. l RDF/XML syntax do W3C a ra nm 1999. y l mt ngn ng da trn XML, n bao gm mt tp cc quy tc v t vng h tr cho biu din thng tin RDF. R F/XML syntax: RDF/XML c th gy kh khn cho ngi hc bi v n c th c nhiu cch khi cng biu din mt pht biu, v mt phn l do URI (Uniform Resource Identifier)dng nh danh cho mt ti nguyn th tng i di v kh c, kh vit. Tuy nhin vn ny c th c x l bng cch dng XML namespace. Khai bo namespace: vic s dng namespace gip cho ti liu RDF ngn gn v d c hn i vi ngi thit k. Chng hn nh ta c mt a ch l http://www.semantic.vn/2009/01/rdf-syntax-ns#. Nu ta gn n cho mt namespace, v d nh xmlns: rdf, th t nay v sau ta ch vic dng rdf: phone thay cho http://www.semantic.vn/2009/01/rdf-syntax-ns#phone. nh danh mt ch th: Chng ta dng c php sau biu din mt b ba {subject,predicate,object}, v d: {person-1, name, An} {person-1, phone, 0909213456} V biu din v d trn trong ti li u RDF :

<rdf :RDF xmlns:rdf=http://www.semanti2.vn/2009/01/rdf-syntax-ns# > <rdf :Description rdf:about= #person-1 > <rdf :Name rdf:literal= An > <rdf :Phone rdf:literal= 0909213456 > </rdf :Description> </rdf :RDF> Thuc tnh rdf : about dng ch nh URI ca mt resource, cn #person-1 cho ta bit rng person-1 c khai bo trong cng ti liu ny (trong v d trn chng ta khng ch ra person-1 c khai bo u). Nu person-1 khng c khai bo th chng ta phi a URI ca n vo s dng hoc l dng namespace i din cho URI . Chng ta dng thuc tnh rdf :ID gn nh danh cho mt ti nguyn : <rdf :Description rdf :ID= person-1> <rdf :type rdf :resource= http://www.semantic.vn/2009/01/rdf-syntax-ns#person-1/> </rdf :Description> y, ti nguyn http://www.semantic.vn/2009/01/rdf-syntax-ns#person-1 c nh danh bi person-1. Thuc tnh ID gip cho chng ta s dng ti nguyn person-1 m khng phi dng li URI ca n di dng m phc tp. 5.2 RDFS (RDF-Schema): RDF-Schema l mt ngn ng Ontology c bn. N c pht trin tng trn ca RDF cho nn bn thn RDF-Schema cng chnh l RDF, n c m rng t RDF v b sung thm cc tp t vng h tr cho vic xy dng cc Ontology c d dng. Nh chng ta bit, ngn ng RDF ch gip cho thng tin c th hin dng b ba theo ng m hnh RDF ch thng tin vn cha th hin g v mt ng ngha. Do , xy dng RDFS l iu cn thit hnh thnh nn ng ngha cho thng tin, l c s xy dng cc cng c tm kim

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ng ngha. RDFS v RDF c mi lin h tng i gn gi nn i lc ta gi ngn ng ny l RDF/RDFS.

Hnh o snh i

A B R CF vD R CF@

Trong hnh v chng ta thy, tng RDF ch biu din c thng tin dng b ba. n tng RDFS, thng tin c phn loi r rng. Chng hn nh Quan Thanh Tho c kiu l Lecturer v Lecturer l lp con ca Academic Staff 5. .1 Cc l4 v thuc tnh tr5ng RDF/RDFS:  RDF/RDFS nh ngha 13 lp c bn: rdfs :Class (Dng khi to mt lp)

rdfs :Reso6rce (Ch nh y l mt ti ng6yn)

rdfs :Literal (L p cc gi tr ng6yn thy: chui, s nguyn) rdfs :XMLLiteral rdfs :Container rdfs :ContainerMembershipProperty rdf :Property (Cho bit ti nguyn thuc lp ny l mt thuc tnh - property) rdf :Statement (Cho bit ti nguyn thuc lp ny l mt pht bi u - statement) rdf :Bag rdf :Seq rdf :Alt rdf :list (Lp danh sch RDF) rdf :Container  V mt s thuc tnh : rdf :type (Xc nh ki u cho mt ti nguyn) rdfs :subClass 9f (Cho bit l l p con ca) rdfs:subProperty 9f (Thuc tnh con ca thuc tnh)

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rdfs:domain (Ch nh vng) rdfs :range (Ch nh tm vc) rdfs:label (Gn nhn cho mt ti nguyn) rdfs:comment (Ch thch) rdf :member (Thnh vin ca mt lp cha - container) rdf :rest (Danh sch cc phn t cn lEi) rdfs :seeAlso (Cc thng tin b sung) rdfs :isDefinedBy ( c nh ngha bi) rdf :value (Gn mt gi tr no cho ch th) rdf :subject (Ch th ca mt pht biu) rdf :predicate (Thuc tnh ca mt pht biu) rdf :object (Gi tr thuc tnh ca mt pht biu) Vi nhng lp v thuc tnh c lit k trn y, RDF/RDFS mnh xy dng cc Ontology. Tuy nhin bn thn n cn cha ng nhiu hn ch nh l cha h tr tt v mt suy lun, cng nh cha c rng buc v kiu v s yu t... m cc ngn ng th h sau s khc phc (chng ta s bn v iu ny trong phn OWL). Cc lp v thuc tnh thng dng trong RDF/RDFS ch yu l: Resource, Class, Property, type, label, subClassOf, subPropertyOf, domain, v range. Trong domain l min ti nguyn s dng thuc tnh , cn range l phm vi gi tr c th gn cho thuc tnh . V d ta c lp thuc tnh l hasChild th domain ca hasChild l lp Person, cn range l lp s nguyn dng chng hn(s con t 1 tr ln). 5.2.2 V d xy dng Ontology vi R F : Chng ta s dng c php c bn sau biu din cho mt pht biu: {subject, predicate, object} Nu c nhiu hn mt thuc tnh cho mt ch th th: {subject, {predicate1, object1} {predicate2, object2} } Nu c nt trng th biu din nh sau: {subject, predicate, {predicate-of-bnode,object-of-bnode} } Mt ti nguyn bt u bi du # chng hn #resource_1 th c ngha l ti nguyn c khai bo trong cng mt ti liu m chng ta ang xy dng ontology. Sau ny mun s dng ti nguyn th ta dng #resource _1 ch khng cn phi ly URI ca n cho phc tp, kh nhn. rdf :first (Phn t u tin trong mt danh sch RDF)

FG

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By gi chng ta s i vo xy dng mt Ontology n gin, Ontology ny s xy dng tm gn s nh hnh so snh gia RDF v RDFS trn: {rdfs:Class {rdf:ID,"StaffMember"} {rdf:resource, http://www.semantic.vn/2009/01/rdf-schema#StaffMember"} } {rdfs:Class {rdf:about,"AcademicStaff"} {rdfs:subClassOf, "# StaffMember"} } {rdfs:Class {rdf:about,"Lecturer"} {rdfs:subClassOf, #AcademicStaff} } {rdfs:Class {rdf:ID,"Course"} {rdf:resource, http://www.semantic.vn/2009/01/rdf-schema#Course"} } {rdf:Property { rdf:ID,"phone"} {rdfs:domain, #staffMember} {rdfs:range ,"http://www.semantic.vn/ 2009/01/rdf-schema#Literal"} } {rdf:Property { rdf:ID,"ID"} {rdfs:domain, #staffMember} {rdfs:range ,"http://www.semantic.vn/ 2009/01/rdf-schema#Literal"} }

{rdf:Property { rdf:ID,"involve"} {rdfs:domain, #Course} {rdfs:range ,#AcademicStaff} } {rdf:Property { rdf:ID,"isTaughtBy"} {rdfs:domain, #Course} {rdfs:range ,#AcademicStaff} {rdf:subPropertyOf, involve} } T Ontology c xy dng nh trn ta c th v ra s phn cp cc ti nguyn nh sau: Staff Member Academic Staff Lecturer Course Nhn s ta thy c hai ti nguyn l StaffMember v Course. Cc lp AcademicStaff v Lecturer ch l tha k t StaffMember. 5.3 OWL (Ontology Web Language): OWL l ngn ng ontology kh mnh, n ra i sau RDFS nn bit k tha nhng li th ca ngn ng ny ng thi b sung thm nhiu yu t gip khc phc c nhng hn ch ca RDFS. OWL gip tng thm yu t logic cho thng tin v kh nng phn loi, rng buc kiu cng nh s yu t tng i mnh. Ta hy tm hiu s qua cc lp v thuc tnh ca OWL thy c nhng u im ca OWL so vi RDFS. Classes owl:AllDifferent owl:Class owl:DataRange owl:DataTypeProperty owl:DeprecatedProperty owl:DeprecatedClass owl:FunctionalProperty Properties owl:allValuesFrom owl:backwardCompatibleWith owl:cardinality owl:complementOf owl:distinctMembers owl:differentFrom owl:disjointWith owl:equivalentClass owl:TransitiveProperty owl:inverseOf owl:maxCardinality owl:minCardinality owl:oneOf owl:onProperty owl:priorVersion owl:sameAs

owl:InverseFunctionalProperty

owl:Nothing owl:ObjectProperty owl:someValuesFrom owl:Ontology owl:Restriction owl:SymmetricProperty

owl:equivalentProperty owl:hasValue owl:imports owl:incompatiblewith owl:intersectionOf

owl:sameIndividualAs

owl:subClassOf owl:unionOf owl:versionInfo

Trong OWL c thm mt s thuc tnh h tr suy lun v rng buc.  H tr suy lun: y Tnh cht bt cu: Nu nh chng ta c mt lp thuc tnh contain v gn cho n thuc tnh owl:transitivePropertive th thuc tnh contain ny s c tnh cht bt cu. Gi s ta c thng tin A contain B v B contain C, th h thng s t suy lun ra mt thng tin khc l A contain C, v y l biu din thuc tnh contain trong OWL: {owl:TransitiveProperty {rdf:ID,"contain"} }
y Tnh cht o ngc:

Nu A c thuc tnh hasParent l B, th suy ra B c thuc tnh hasChild l A. {owl:OjectProperty {Rdf:ID, hasChild} {owl:inverseOf, #hasParent} }  H tr rng buc: y Rng buc kiu: Gi s ta c lp Human, tha k t hai lp ny l Man v Woman. Ta mun mt i tng thuc lp Man th khng th thuc lp Woman v ngc li. {owl :Class {rdf :about, #Man} {owl :disjointWith, #Woman} }
y

Rng buc s yu t:

Ta mun mt ngi th ch c mt cha v mt m. Tc thuc tnh hasParent lun c gn s yu t l 2. {owl :Restriction {owl :onProperty, #hasParent} {owl :cardinality, 2}

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} Trn y l mt vi v d m trong RDFS khng th lm c. R rng OWL c nhiu u im hn trong vic xy dng h thng ontology thng minh v c phn loi tt. Vi nhng c im , OWL ngy nay tr thnh ngn ng ontology chnh thc cho vic xy dng v pht trin cc h thng Semantic Web. 5.4 DAML + OIL (DARPA Agent Markup Language + Ontology Inference Layer): DAML + OIL l kt qu t hai d n nghin cu c lp vi nhau l DAML v OIL nhm khc phc nhng hn ch v kiu d liu trong cc ngn ng Ontology trc l RDF, RDFS. DAML + OIL (gi tt l DAML)l ngn ng nh du cho cc ti nguyn trn Web, c h tr suy lun. Ngn ng ny c xy dng c k tha t cc chun ca W3C nh XML, RDF, RDFS... Mt s im ng ch ca ngn ng ny l:    Cho php gii hn cc kiu d liu c nh ngha trong XML Schema hay bi ngi dng. Trong DAML, mt thuc tnh c th nhn gi tr trn nhiu khong khc nhau, to nn tnh uyn chuyn trong vic m t d liu. Cho php nh ngha thuc tnh unique xc nh cc i tng. Cho php m t cc quan h nh hon i v bc cu.

DAML sau tip tc tr thnh nn tng cho mt ngn ng Ontology khc l OWL. DAML v c bn rt ging vi OWL (ngoi tr tn mt s t thut ng, c php c sa i), tuy nhin kh nng m t cc rng buc km hn. Theo thng k, c khong 5 triu pht biu DAML t hn 20.000 Website trn Internet vo nm 2002.

6. C ng c pht t in Ontology:
V l thuyt, ngi xy dng v pht trin Ontology c th khng cn cc cng c h tr, c th thc hin trc tip bng cc ngn ng. Tuy nhin, s khng kh thi khi Ontology c kch thc ln v cu trc phc tp. Thm vo , vic xy dng v pht trin Ontology khng ch i hi vic to cu trc lp phn cp, nh ngha cc thuc tnh, rng buc... m cn bao hm vic gii quyt cc bi ton lin quan trn n. C rt nhiu bi ton lin quan n mt h thng Ontology nh:         Trn hai hay nhiu Ontology. Chun on v pht hin li. Kim tra tnh ng n v y . nh x qua li gia cc Ontology. Suy lun trn Ontology. Sao lu v phc hi mt Ontology. Xa, sa v tinh chnh cc thnh phn bn trong Ontology. Tch bit Ontology vi ngn ng s dng (DAML, OWL...).

Nhng kh khn trn khin cc cng c tr thnh mt thnh phn khng th thiu, quyt nh n cht lng ca mt h thng Ontology. Hin c rt nhiu cng c c kh nng h tr ngi thit k gii quyt nhng bi ton lin quan. C th k ra mt s nh: Sesame , Protg , Ontolingua , Chimaera , OntoEdit , OidEd , Apollo , RDFedt , WebODE , KAON , ICOM , DOE , WebOnto... Chng ta s tm hiu mt s cng c ph bin nht.

6.1 Protg:
Protg l b phn mm m ngun m Java ni ting. Protg c nghin cu v pht trin t nm 1998 bi nhm nghin cu ca Mark Musen, H. Stanford nhm qun l cc thng

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tin trong lnh vc sinh y hc. y l d n c nhn c s quan tm v ti tr t rt nhiu t chc, trong c B Quc Phng M . M ngun Protg c th c tm thy ti website: http://smi-protege.stanford.edu/repos/protege/owl/trunk/src/edu/stanford/smi/ . Cc u im ca Protg l:       H tr y ba phin bn ca ngn ng OWL l OWL-Full, OWL-Lite v OWLDL. Nh s dng m hnh hng i tng ca ngn ng Java, Protg t ra rt hiu qu trong vic m hnh cc lp, thc th, quan h... Giao din thit k trc quan c tnh tng tc cao. Ngi s dng c th nh ngha cc thnh phn ca Ontology trc tip t cc form. Cho php biu din trc quan Ontology di dng cc s . Cho php xy dng Ontology t nhiu ngun khc nhau. Prot g t ng lu mt bn tm ca Ontology. Nu c li pht sinh trong qu trnh thao tc th Ontology c s t ng c phc hi. Ngi thit k cng c th chuyn qua li gia hai bn Ontology ny bng chc nng Revert to a Previous Version v Active Current Version. Cung cp chc nng tm kim li, kim tra tnh nht qun v y ca Ontology. s dng, ngi thi t k chn chc nng Run Ontology Test v Check Consistency. Cho php cc lp v thuc tnh ca Ontology ny c th c s dng trong mt Namespace khc m ch cn s dng cc URL tham kho. s dng, chn chc nng Move Resource to Namespace. H tr suy lun trc tip trn Ontology da trn nterface chun DL mplementation Group (DIG). H tr sinh m t ng. Protg cho php chuyn Ontology thnh m ngun RDF/XML, OWL, DIG, Java, EMF Java Interfaces, Java Schema Classes... Cc m ny c th c nhng trc tip vo ng dng v l u vo cho cc thao tc trn Ontology khi cn. Cung cp y chun giao tip cho cc Plug-in.

   

Tuy nhin, Protg cng th hin mt s hn ch nh khng cho php truy vn tng phn mt c s tri thc dn ti vic khng qun l hiu qu cc c s tri thc c kch thc ln, hoc cha h tr kt ni trc tip vi mt s h qun tr c s tri thc ph bin nh Sesame.

Hnh Giao din Protg 3.4

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6.2 Chimaera:
Chimaera cng l mt ng dng khc c pht trin bi i hc Stanford, vi mc ch ban u nhm gii quyt hai vn l: trn cc Ontology v chun on li, phn tch tnh nht qun gia cc Ontology phn tn. C th tm cc thng tin lin quan n Chimaera ti a ch: http://www.ksl.stanford.edu/software/chimaera/. Mt s im ng ch ca Chimaera l:    Chimaera l ng dng chy trn nn Web, h tr thao tc vi hn 15 nh dng Ontology bao gm: ANSI KIF, Ontolingua, Protg, CLASSIC, iXOL, OKBC... Ring hai chun RDF v DAML s c h tr trong thi gian ti. Chimaera tch hp sn chc nng chnh sa Ontology, c bit c thm chc nng ko th v phm tt nh s dng cc on m Javascript nhng vo cc trnh duyt. Tuy nhin, so vi cc ng dng GUI trn Windows/UNIX th vn cn nhiu hn ch. Chimaera c chc nng phn tch, h tr ngi dng chun on v kim tra cc Ontology. Vic kim tra ny bao gm kim tra tnh y (thuc tnh hoc thc th tham kho n mt lp hoc quan h cha c nh ngha trong c s tri thc), kim tra c php, kim tra ng ngha, pht hin chu trnh (cc lp tham kho ln nhau theo mt chu trnh)... Kt qu s c th hin di dng cc test log. Hin Chimaera ang c gng tch hp thm lp ngn ng di dng lut cho php ngi dng c t cc phng thc kim tra theo mun.

Hnh Chimaera h tr hu ht cc nh dng Ontology

6.3 KAON:
KAON l mt h thng qun l Ontology m ngun m nhm cho cc ng dng thng mi. N l mt b cng c y cho php d dng to mi v qun l mt Ontology, v n cung cp mt nn tng (framework)cho vic xy dng cc ng dng Ontology c s. KAON cung cp ng dng cho ha i cp ngi dng (user-level): OiModeler v KAON PORTAL, tt c mun KAON khc dnh cho vic pht trin phn mm. OiModeler l mt chng trnh tinh chnh Ontology v h tr cho vic to mi cng nh bo tr Ontology. KAON PORTAL cung cp mt nn tng n gin cho vic truy cp v tm kim ca Ontology trn trnh duyt web. KAON ch yu l mt nn tng cho s pht trin cc ng dng Ontology c s. N c cc Mun sau:

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Ngoi vi (front-end): phn ln c trnh by bi hai ng dng: OI-modeler v KAON Portal. Li ca KAON (core of KAON): l hai APIs cho RDF v ngn ng Ontology KAON. Th vin (libraries): cung cp chc nng ca KAON. Nhp/xut vi nh dng RDFS. Khng h tr quan st ha. Kim tra tnh thay i. H tr Web thng qua KAON PORTAL. H tr a ngi dng. Khng h tr vic trn cc Ontology. Vic suy lun lun hiu qu vi cc Ontology. M rng RDFS vi cc quan h i xng, b sung v nghch o.

Cc c tnh ca KAON: y y y y y y y y

Hnh Giao din ca cng c KAON

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7. Ti li u tham kho:
 Wikipedia:  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontology_(information_science)  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontology_components  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontology_engineering  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontology_language  Blog v Forum:  http://my.opera.com/Alibobo/blog/index.dml/tag/WEB%20SEMANTIC  http://ngo2uochung.blogspot.com/2009/04/quy-trinh-xay-dung-ontology.html  http://www.aiti-aptech.edu.vn/forums/showthread.php?t=1934&goto=nextnewest  Ti liu, gio trnh, tiu lun, lun vn:  GII THIU SEMANTIC WEB & ONTOLOGY - V Hong Nguyn, Hong L Qun Thng 5/2009.  Knowledge Representation and Ontologies - Logic, Ontologies and Semantic Web Languages - FZI Research Center for Information Technologies, University of Karlsruhe, Germany & Institute AIFB, University of Karlsruhe, Germany.  Survey about Ontology Development Tools for Ontology-based Knowledge Management - Seongwook Youn, Anchit Arora, Preetham Chandrasekhar, Paavany Jayanty, Ashish Mestry and Shikha Sethi - University of Southern California.  Building Ontology from Knowledge Base Systems - Faten Kharbat, Zarqa Private University - Haya El-Ghalayini, Petra University, Jordan.  A software engineering approach to ontology building - Antonio De Nicola, Michele Missikoff, Roberto Navigli.  Slide: Ontologies in the Semantic Web TS. Hong Hu Hnh, H Khoa Hc Hu.  Slide: OWL W3Cs Web Ontology Language - TS. Hong Hu Hnh, H Khoa Hc Hu.

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