yHEk ydS rf w

S w
f rf;
pmrlciG jhf yKcsut
f rSwf
rsufESmzHk;cGifhjyKcsuftrSwf
xkwfa0jcif;
tkyfa&
rsufESmzHk;'DZdkif;
rsufESmzHk;ESifhtwGif;yHkESdyf

xkwfa0ol

pDpOfol
wefzdk;
jzefUcsad &;

3201450309
3203530709
yxrtBudrf? 2009 ckESpf - Mo*kwfv?
5000
yef;csD - pdk;&JOD;
OD;aZmfjrifh0if; (umvmZHkatmzfhquf)
184 bD? 31 vrf;? yef;bJwef;NrdKUe,f? &efukefNrdKU/
OD;EdkifrsKd;xGef; (tifyg,mpmay)
trSwf 21^11? pD;yGm;ul;oef;0efxrf;tdrf&m?
OD;0dpm&vrf;? ajrmuf'*Hk? &efukefNrdKU/
OD;pdk;wifh? OD;qef;xGef;
1000 usyf
a&Tjynfompmay
rEav;ausmif; OygoumtzGJU
6^10 &yfuGuf? csif;wGif;vrf;
a&TjynfomNrdKUe,f? &efukefwdkif;/
zkef; - 611622? 611457

rmwdum
rdwfquf
ajrapmifhewfom; jyem
ravQmhrwif; apmif;BudK;nif; jyem
psmefysHvQif &[Emxifaomjyem
yvifvk^rvk jyem
qifcHjrif;cHbk&m; jyem
Ak'\t,l0g'ppfwrf; (0dbZ0g')
'udPomcg jyem
&,fjyaomkyfyGm;awmf
ZrKywdcRwfcef;yHkawmf
ausmufqif;wk jyem
tokbjrifwm r*Fvm
ul;wkdUc jyem
omoemyGJ jyem
&ufvnf jyem
vlav;rsKd;
edAmef jyem
Nidrf;at;rIcsrf;om
vGwfajrmufrIcsrf;om
N*dK[fqdk; jyem
vuPm jyem
Vif;w jyem
rsKd;aphrrSef yifroef
wpfoHo&mvHk; rarSmufapcsif
q&maumif;t*Fg 7 csuf
omoemjyK[lonf
azmifa';&Sif;raumif; wkdufNydKjcif;
"mwfvHk; jyem
Ak'a[mMum; BuD;yGm;csrf;omaMumif;av;yg;
xkwfwef;ay:u q&mawmf
tarQmftaMumuf jyem
aumif;usKd;ay;wm apwem

5
9
9
10
12
12
15
16
18
20
22
25
27
30
32
38
38
46
48
53
57
60
61
63
64
67
68
73
75
77
78
81

ckwaf jymif;&Si;f vif;MuygpUkd

d

bk&m;omoem? "GefU&SnfMumzdkU
bmomAk'? ax&f0g'wdkU
PpifjzL? t,lrapmif;
uHvrf;aMumif;ud?k rajymif;vdEk iS hf
aMumif;xdkxdkjy? ESpfumvwkdU
rsmpGmhMum&Snf? trdkufaAGrSm
ra*vrf;ay:? ra&mufavQmfvQif
tMuifoo
H &m? oufq;kd Mumvdrhf
PmP? orK'wdkU
a[mMuaxGaxG? jrwf"arudk
rawGpw
d af umif;? vrf;aMumif;trSef
tjrifoefzUkd ? &nfoefpw
d &f nf
a&;om;NyD;wnfh . . /

rsupf u
d zkd iG ?hf em;udpk iG
hf
PfEiS chf sichf sed ?f r*fyq
k ed jf zifh
wuf&SdefMumanmif;? t,la[mif;udk
vrf;aMumif;&Si;f vif;MuygpdUk /
wynf&h [ef;awmfwpfyg;

rdwfquf
]]q&mawmf t&SifZ0e (arwm&Sif-a&Tjynfom) a&;om;xkwfa0cJhaom pmtkyfrsm;udk
zwf&ojzif?h q&mawmfa[mMum;awmfral om w&m;awmfrsm;udk emMum;rSwo
f m;&onft
h wGuf wynfh
awmfwdkUonf vGefpGmwefzkd;&SdNyD; rnfonfhenf;ESifhrQ wefzdk;jzwfr&aom todynmrsm;ESifh tawG;
tac:A[kokwrsm; &&Sdjcif;aMumifh q&mawmfudk aus;Zl;txl;wif&Sdygonf/ }}
]]q&mawmfonf w&m;a[mMum;&mwGif w&m;emy&dowfrsm; pdwf0ifpm;p&maumif;
atmif? w&m;em,lorl sm; em;vnfv,
G af tmif a[mMum;Edik o
f vd?k pma&;om;&mwGiv
f nf; &oajrmuf
aom 0wKwpfyk'fudk zwfI&ouJhodkU Ak'pmayrsm;udk okwvnf;&ap? &ovnf;ajrmufap&ef txl;
BudK;pm;NyD; *kpdkuftyifyef;cHa&;om;ojzifh q&mawmfa&;om;aom pmrsm;onf "rpmayrsm;jzpfap
umrl pmzwfy&dowftay:xm;&Sad om q&mawmf\ arwmapwemaMumifh zwfrI o
d w
l ikd ;f udk qGaJ qmif
Edkifaom pGrf;tif? rysif;r&dESifhzwfIvdkaom pdwfqE&Sdap&ef uRrf;usifvdrmaom ta&;tom;rsm;
aMumifh bmoma&;pmayudk pdwrf 0ifpm;olrsm;yif zwfv
I mMuum xdu
k o
f ifah omw&m;tod? "row
k
rsm;udk &&SdcJhMuojzifh q&mawmfudk txl;aus;Zl;wif&Sdygonf/}} ponfjzihf q&mawmfxH te,fe,f
t&yf&yf&Sd pmzwfy&dowfrsm;? w&m;emy&dowfrsm;omru EkdifiH&yfjcm;rS pmzwfy&dowfrsm;uyg
pmESifhwpfzHk? w,fvDzkef;jzifhwpfoG,f? vludk,fwdkifvma&mufwpfenf; avQmufxm;vmMuygonf/
q&mawmfa[mMum;aom w&m;awmfrsm;? a&;om;aom "rpmayrsm;udk taMumif;jyKNy;D
w&m;todrsm; "rokwrsm; xdkufoifhovdk &oGm;onfhtwGuf te,fe,ft&yf&yfodkU tyifyef;cH<u
a&mufNyD; w&m;a[maeol q&mawmftaeESifhvnf;aumif;? q&mawmfa&;om;aom "rpmayrsm;udk
pDpOfxkwfa0aeonfholrsm;taeESifhvnf;aumif; rsm;pGm0rf;ajrmuf0rf;omjzpf&ygonf/
xdkUaMumifh q&mawmf\ pmtkyfrsm;udk zwfINyD; "rokw? w&m;todrsm;&&SdNyD;ol pmzwf
y&dwo
f wfrsm; bmom? omoemESio
hf ufqikd af om avmuDavmukw& mtod ynmA[kow
k rsm; ydrk &kd &Sd
ap&efvnf;aumif;? q&mawmfa&;om;aom pmtkyfrsm;udk rzwfIzl;ao;ojzihf jzpfrIysufrItpkpkudk
,xmblwusus oHk;oyfwwfaom pGrf;tm;Pfenf;yg;um tawG;tac:t,ltqrsm; vGJrSm;ae
olrsm;taejzifh t&m&mudk ,xmblwusus oHk;oyfodjrifEdkifap&ef &nf&G,fNyD; obm0,kwd tm*r
,kww
d Udk jzihf wifjyxm;aom ]] ax&0g'rSwaf usmuf }} trnf&dS q&mawmf\ (31) tkyaf jrmufpmtkyu
f kd
xkwfa0vdkufygNyD/
rSwfausmufqdkonfrSm a&Txnfypnf;wpfckudk a&Tppf^rppf a&Tt&nftaoG; prf;oyf
ppfaq;onfhtaeESifh rSwfausmufwifMunfhjcif;udk qdkvdkygonf/ a&Txnfypnf;wpfckudk a&Ttppf
[kwf^r[kwfodEdkif&ef rSwfausmufay:wGif yGwfwkdufMunfhNyD; rSwfausmufay:wGif usef&Sdaeonfh
a&T0ga&mifrIefuav;rsm;udk i&JrD;ESifhwdkUMunfhygu a&TtppfjzpfvQif xdkt0ga&mifrIefuav;rsm;onf
rSwaf usmufwiG f wifuse&f pfum a&Trppfygu i&Jr;D pm;onf'h Pfurkd cHEikd b
f J cd;k taiGUtjzpfajymif;vJum
rSwfausmufay:rS aysmufuG,foGm;ygonf/

Oyrmudk erlem,lNyD; bk&m;a[m w&m;a'oemrsm;udk rSwfwrf;wif jyKpkxm;aom

usrf;*efrsm;wGifryg? pmayusrf;*efESHUpyfaom u0dtausmfa&S;q&mawmf ax&fBuD;0gBuD;rsm;\ tqdk
trdeUf a[mMum;csurf sm;vnf; r&So
d nfjh yif obm0,kw?d tm*r,kwd uif;rJah om tawG;tac:t,l
tqrsm;udk rSefonf^rSm;onf uGJjym;jcm;em;pGm rodMuaom "rokwtm; enf;yg;onfh Ak'bmom
EG,0f ifqo
kd rl sm; acwfvil ,frsm;twGuf ]] ax&0g'rSwaf usmuf }} trnf&dS pmtkyu
f kd pDpOfxw
k af 0
vdkufygonf/
ax&0g'rSwaf usmuftrnfjzifh xkwaf 0vdu
k af om pmtkyu
f kd aus;Zl;&Siq
f &mawmfonf
&nf&,
G cf sujf zifh a&;om;cJjh cif;jzpfNy;D q&mawmf\ &nf&,
G cf surf sm;udk pmtkyu
f zkd wf&I if; pmzwfol
oabmayguf odjrifvmygvdrhfrnf/ ,aeU Ak'bmomEG,f0ifqdkolrsm;ESifh acwfvli,ftawmfrsm;rsm;
onf Ak'bmom0if trnfcHxm;aomfjim;vnf; Ak'0g'jzpfaom ]uruwm orm'd|d} ac: rdrd
jyKaomuH\ taMumif;tusKd;w&m;wdkUudk tav;teuf pOf;pm;vufcHjcif;rjyKbJ vGJrSm;aom tawG;
tac:t,ltqrsm;udk obm0usrus ,kwd&Sdr&Sd? jzpfEdkifrjzpfEdkif csifhcsdefawG;awmjcif;r&SdbJ trsm;
rd;k cg;a&aomuf&mwGif rdryd ga&maESmaomufovdjk zpfae&m? pmzwfy&dowfrsm;ESihf Ak'b
mom0iftrsm;
w&m;aovufcx
H m;Muaom tawG;tac:rSm;rsm;? tvGt
J ,ltqrsm; yaysmufapvdak om apwemjzifh
pmtkyfudk a&;om;jcif;jzpfygonf/
obm0,kwd tm*r,kwu
d if;rJNh y;D ,xmblwrusaom t,ltqrsm;udk ykxZk Ofvo
l m;
rsm; qkyu
f ikd pf v
JG ef;onfux
kd m;? omoemhE,
G 0f if &[ef;&Sit
f csKUd yif vGrJ mS ;aom tawG;tac:rsm;udk
vufc,
H MkH unfaeMuonfukd q&mawmfu,
kd af wGUBuKH &aom atmufygjzpf&yfuav;udak xmufNy;D od&EdS ikd f
ayonf/ q&mawmfu,
kd af wGUBuKH c&hJ aom jzpf&yfav;onf {&m0wDwikd ;f ? armfuRe;f NrKd Ue,f? 0Jpak us;&GmodUk
w&m;a[m<upOfu BuHKcJh&jcif;yg/
tcsed u
f m; n (11)em&DcefU&SNd y;D ? w&m;yGNJ y;D NyjD zpfojzifh q&mawmf tem;,lused ;f pufaeNy/D
uRefawmfESifh 0Jpkq&mawmfwdkUom rtdyfMuao;bJ pum;pNrDajymaeMuonf/ xdktcdkuf "rpMum0wf
toif;rS trsKd;orD;wpfOD; ausmif;ay:odkU a&;BuD;okwfjym wufvmNyD; ]]OD;Zif;bk&m; wjcm;&Gmu w&m;emvmwJh udk,f0efaqmifwpfa,muf AdkufemNyD; ausmif;
0if;xJrSm rD;zGm;rvdkUwJh bk&m;}}
]][ - ausmif;0if;xJ arG;vdkU b,fjzpfrvJ? ausmif;jyifrSm&SdwJh teD;qHk;tdrf wpftdrfudk
jrefjrefac:oGm;NyD; arG;ay;vdkufaygh}}
ausmif;y&0kPw
f iG ;f wGif arG;rSmudk pd;k &draf om 0Jpq
k &mawmfu uAsmu,m [efUwm;tBuH
ay;vdkufonf/
]]rvG,fbl; bk&m;? tajctaeqdk;aew,f? tcsdefr&Sdbl;}}
ajymajymqdkqdk a,m*DtrsKd;orD; ausmif;ay:rS cyfokwfokwf qif;oGm;onf/ qif;oGm;
aom a,m*DtrsK;d orD;udMk unf&h if; ud,
k 0f efaqmiftrsK;d orD;qD pdwaf &mufomG ;onf/ olUcrsm vG,v
f ,
G f
ulul acsmacsmarmarmrS arG;Ekdifyghrvm;/ ]a,mufsm; azmifpD;? rdef;r rD;ae} qdkonfh pum;&Sdonf?
opfqGJazmif tvkyform;rsm;ESifh tdrfaxmif&Sifrdef;rrsm; rD;zGm;&mwGif BuHKawGU&wwfaom tE&m,f
rsm;udk EIdif;,SOfwifjyxm;onfh tqdktrdefUjzpfonf/ wu,fawmh ...

]a,mufsm;azmifp;D } [k qdak omfvnf; a,mufsm;wdik ;f opfazmifvyk o

f m; r[kwyf g? avqef
vIid ;f Bu;D touftE&m,fEiS ehf ;D aom azmifvyk o
f m;tvkyu
f kd a,mufsm;jzpfwikd ;f vkyrf pm;yg/ xdUk aMumifh
a,mufsm;trsm;pkonf tE&m,fqdk;ESifh BuHK&cJygonf/ odkUaomf ]rdef;r rD;ae} qdkaom pum;rSmrl
rdef;rom;trsm;pkESifh oufqdkiftusKH;0ifaeonf/
ykxkZOfwdkUobm0 t&G,fa&mufonfESifh tdrfaxmifom;arG; jyKMuonfjzpf&m vlrI'ku
toD;oD; &SdMuonfhteuf trsKd;orD;rsm;u a,mufsm;rsm;xuf 'kuBuD;wpfckydkonfrSm udk,f0efaqmif
jcif;ESifh rD;zGm;jcif;yif jzpfonf/ tdrfaxmifonfrdef;rwdkif; rvGJra&SmifomBuHK&onfh tma0edu
'kuo
nf touftE&m,fEiS ehf ;D ojzifh ]ud,
k 0f efonfred ;f rrsm; wpfaeUvQio
f ;kH Burd f ocFsKid ;f udrk suaf pmif;
xd;k onf} [k vnf;aumif;? ]rde;f rrD;ae? a,mufsm;azmifp;D } [k vnf;aumif; qdk ;kd &Scd ahJ yonf/ ]a,mufsm;
azmifpD; rdef;rrD;ae} [k qdkdk;pum;&Sdaomfvnf;? a,mufsm;jzpfNyD; azmifrpD;vQif &apumrl rdef;rb0
&vmNyD; tdrfaxmifusonfESifh udk,f0efaqmifjcif;? rD;zGm;jcif;'kuudkrl rdef;rwdkif; rvGJraoGBuHKawGU
&rnf/
,ckyifMunfhyg tjcm;&GmrS w&m;em&efvmaom trsKd;orD;? rdrda&SUwGifyif tdrfaxmif
&SifrwdkU awGUBuHK&rnfh'kuudk awGUae&NyD/ aus;vufwGifaexdkifMuaom awmolawmifom;wdkUobm0
NrKd UjyESiahf 0;orQ use;f rma&;A[kow
k jynfph rkH t
I m;enf;Muonf/ rdru
d av;arG;rnf&h ufuykd if wdwu
d sus
od&Sd[efrwl/ xdkUaMumifhvnf; vrf;yef;qufoG,frI tqifrajy racsmarGUojzifh awmfHk"ruxdursm;
rvma&mufaom vdka'orsKd;odkU wul;wu<ua&mufw&m;a[monfh q&mawmfaMumifh BuHKawmifh
BuHKcJw&m;yGJudk tm;cJvma&mufw&m;em&mrS rarQmfvifhyJ urZavvIyf&Sm;NyD; arG;zGm;csdefBuHKcJhjcif;
jzpfonf/
udk,f0efaqmiftrsKd;orD;taMumif; pOf;pm;rd&mrS awmifawG;ajrmufawG;awG;&if; tdyf
raysmfawmhbJ tkPfwufcsdefwdkifcJhonf/ q&mawmfudk tkPfqGrf;uyf&if;rS nOfhOD;ydkif;u BuHKawGUcJh
&aom tjzpftysufudk q&mawmftm; jyefvnfavQmufxm;vdkufonf/
]]q&mawmf? nuw&m;yGJtNyD; udk,f0efaqmifwpfOD; AdkufemvmvdkU ausmif;0if;xJrSm
uav;arG;cGifhvmavQmufw,f bk&m;}}
]][m 'grsm; ausmif;xJac:NyD; rarG;ckdif;vdkufbl;vm;? 'DrSm ouFef;awGumNyD; tcef;vkyf
ay;vdkuf&if NyD;wmyJ[m}}
]]0Jpkq&mawmfu ausmif;0if;xJ rarG;eJUvdkU ajymwmeJU? jyefqif;oGm;wmyJ? b,frSmoGm;
arG;vJawmh rodygbl;}}
q&mawmfonf 0Jpkausmif;q&mawmfbufodkUvSnfhNyD;
]]'Dudk,fawmfvnf; rD;aecef;qdkwm a,mufsm;awGudk bkef;edrfhapwwfwJhae&mvdkU vufcH
,HkMunfxm;yHk&w,f}} [kajymNyD; pum;qufonf/
]]'Dr,f udk,fawmf? rD;aecef;qdkwm vlawG? txl;ojzifh a,mufsm;awG bkef;edrfhwwfw,f
qdw
k hJ t,ltq[m obm0rusovdk ,kwv
d nf;r&Syd gbl;? ud,
k af wmf pOf;pm;Munfah v? wynfah wmfwUkd
udk,fawmfwdkU[m 'Dtcef;xJu xGufvmMuwmyJ r[kwfvm;? 'gqdk bkef;edrfhNyDaygh/ ajymvufpESifh
ajymOD;r,f}}

]]vleJU wd&pmef b,foljrwfovJ}}

]]vlu jrwfygw,f bk&m;}}
]] [kwNf y?D 'Dawmh avmurSm acG;? aMumif? Muuf? 0uf? qdw?f EGm; pwJh wd&pmefawG&w
dS ,f?
acG;awGaMumifawG om;usuav;arG;Nyq
D &kd if tdraf tmufrmS arG;wm&So
d vd?k tdraf y:rSm? tdrcf ef;xJrmS ?
ukwifatmufrSm arG;Muw,f? 'Dtdrfom;awG bkef;edrfhukefa&maygh? aemufNyD; 0uf? qdwf? EGm;? Muuf
pwJh w&dpmefarG;wJholawG 0ufawG? EGm;awG? qdwfawG uav;arG;NyDqdk&if NcHxJudk udk,fwdkif*kwpdkuf
qif;Munfh&w,f? tdyf&mae&moefU&Sif;atmif jyKjyifay;&w,f? 'gqdk 'DvlawGvnf; bkef;edrfhMurSmyJ}}
]]'Dtjyif aq;ynm&Siaf wGjzpfwhJ a,mufsm;q&m0efawG aq;ausmif;om;awG[m bke;f uH
edro
hf al wGvUkd owfrw
S &f rSmvm;? aq;ausmif;om; aemufq;kH ESpaf wG[m q&m0efbUJG &zdUk twGuf ud,
k 0f ef
aqmifawGukd uav;ta,mufEpS q
f ,f rzdwrf pif arG;ay;&w,f? aq;cef;wdUk aq;Hw
k Ukd rSm wm0efuswhJ
q&m0efawG? rD;,yfeUJ oGm;zGm;yg&*lawG[m arG;cef;eJUruif;ygbl;? rD;aecef;[m a,mufsm;awGukd bke;f edrhf
apwmrSef&if 'Dq&m0efawG? aq;ausmif;om;awG[m wpfa,mufrS bkef;&SdwJhol r[kwfawmhbl;?
'gayr,fh olwUkd [m bke;f redrw
hf jhJ yif 0ifaiGaumif;vdu
k Mf uwm rajymeJUawmh? yg&*lawGq&kd if ydNk y;D 0ifaiG
aumif;ao;w,f/
]]uav;arG;cef;? wpfenf;qdk&&if rD;aecef;xJudk a&mufvmwJh arG;vlem[m arG;cef;xJ
a&mufwmeJU ]igarG;vmrnfh &ifaoG;av;[m usef;usef;rmrmjzpfygap? temrsKd; udk;q,fhajcmufyg;
uif;pifNyD; ajcvuft*FgjynfhpHkum xGm;usKdif;oefrmwJh uav;jzpfygap} pojzifh qkawmif;arwmydkUwJh
oefU&Sif;jzLpifaom rdcifarwmawG ysHUESHUaewJhtcef;[m bmtaMumif;aMumifh vludk bkef;edrfhapwmvJ
wu,fawmh --]]vlwpfa,muf bke;f uHerd w
hf ,f jrifw
h ,fqw
kd m oljyKcw
hJ hJ tukov
kd w
f &m;? ukov
kd w
f &m;
awG&JU taMumif;&if;cHawGay:rSm rlwnfwmyg/ 'gaMumifh rD;aecef;qdkwm roefUvdkU a,mufsm;awG
bkef;edrhfw,fqdkwm ,kwdr&Sd? odyHenf;rus ,xmblwrqefwJh tawG;tac:awGyg? 'gawGudk azsmuf
zsufzdkU Ak'w&m;awmfawGeJU csdefudkufppfaq;MunfhzdkU odyfta&;BuD;w,f}}
q&mawmf trdefU&SdrSyJ 'DaeU uRefawmfwkdUawG[m ,kwdr&Sd? obm0ruswJh t,ltq
awGudk vufcHxm;wmawG trsm;tjym; &Sdygao;vm;qdkwm awG;rdygawmhw,f/ 'gaMumifh bk&m;a[m
usrf;*efrSmvnf; ryg? a&S;ynm&Sdu0dtausmf ax&fBuD;0gBuD; q&mawmfBuD;rsm;&JU rdefUMum;xm;jcif;
vnf;r&Sw
d hJ tawG;tac:rSm;awG t,ltq tpGt
J vef;rSm;awGukd pGeUf vTwzf Ukd &nf&,
G af &;om;xm;wJh
]]ax&0g'rSwaf usmuf}} pmtkyu
f zkd wfNI y;D bd;k pOfabmifquf vufccH MhJ uwJh Ak't
vdu
k sr[kwaf om
tpGJtvef; ,HkMunfrIrsm;udk pGefUvTwfum avmuDavmukw&m ESpfjzmaomtusKd;rsm; &GufaqmifEdkif
apjcif;iSm pmtkyfudk pDpOfxkwfa0vdkufygonf/
arwm&nfvsuf
pdk;wifh (a&Tjynfompmay)

ajrapmifhewfom; jyem
atmifjcif;&Spfyg;yg rm&fewfudk atmifjrifcef; yef;csDum;rsm;wGif ajrapmifhewfu qHrS
a&rsm;udk npfcsvdkufojzifh rm&fewfESifhol\ppfwyfonf a&vIdif;rsm;aemufodkU arsmygoGm;onfh yHkudk
trsm;qHk; a&;qGJavh&Sd\/ xdkyHkum; trSm;yifjzpf\/ trSefum; - rm&fewfESifhwuG ol\ppfwyfBuD;
vma&mufaESmuf,Sufaomtcg bk&m;&Sifonf ]]igjyKcJhaom yg&rDukodkvfrsm;udk a[m'D r[myx0D
ajrBuD;u odygonf}} [k ajymqdkNyD; ajrBuD;udkvufawmfjzifh oHk;oyfvdkuf\/
xdktcg ajrBuD;onf rSefuefaMumif; axmufcHonfhtvm; awmfvJoHBuD; jrnf[D;NyD;
tdk;xdef;pufyrm oGufoGufcgatmif vIyfav\/ xdktcg rm&fewfESifhwuG ol\toif;tyif;rsm;onf
aMumufvefUwMum; xGufajy; aysmufuG,foGm;Mujcif; jzpf\/ trSefudk jyefa&mufatmif yef;csDq&m
rsm;u jyKjyifa&;qGJoifhyg\/

ravQmhrwif; apmif;BudK;nif;jyem
jrwfpmG bk&m;onf 'ku& p&d,m tusirhf mS ;Bu;D udk ajcmufEpS cf efUusi&hf mwGif raoHw
k r,f
td;k ESit
hf a&omuse\
f / a*gwrjrwfpmG bk&m; EkpOfb0 aZmwdygvykPm ;jzpfpOftcgu uyjrwfpmG
bk&m;tm; ]]olu ajcmuf&uf 'ku&p&d,m usifh&if? igu ajcmufESpf 'ku&p&d,m usifhr,f}} [laom
0pDuHjzifh jypfrSm;cJhzl;aom 0#fa<u;udk jyefvnfay;qyf&jcif; jzpf\/
ajcmufEpS jf ynf
h 0#fa<u;ukeo
f nfEiS hf tv,ftvwfusiphf Of rZrd y#dy'gvrf;udk tvdv
k kd
xdk;xGif;odNyD; oaAnKwPfawmfudk &&SdoGm;\/ um; bk&m;a[m usrf;*efvmtwdkif; twdtus
jzpf\/ odkUaomf ,cktcg rnfonfhyef;csDq&mu &rf;orf;a&;qGJvdkufonf rod? 'ku&p&d,musifhae
aom jrwfpGmbk&m;avmif;a&SUwGif apmif;udkwD;cwfjyaeaom ewfom;wpfa,mufyHkygvm\/
xdek wfom;u apmif;BuKd ;rsm;udk wtm;avQm
h wD;\/ toHxu
G rf vm/ wzef apmif;BuKd ;udk
wtm;wif; wD;jyefaomf jywfxu
G u
f ek \
f / apmif;BuKd ;udk tv,ftvwfxm;wD;rS okwd om,maom
apmif;oH xGuv
f m\/ xdt
k cgusrS bk&m;avmif;onf rdrt
d rSm;udo
k jd rifNy;D tv,ftvwf rZrd y#dy'g
vrf;udk jyefvnfusifhrS bk&m;jzpfoGm;onf[k yef;csDum;u Tefjyae\/
ormorK'*kPfawmf\ t"dyg,frSm ]opmav;yg;udk q&mr&SdbJ udk,fawmfwdkif odawmf
rljcif;} [k t"dyg,f&\/ xdkormorK'*kPfawmfBuD;\ rsufESmudkaxmufxm;NyD; ewfu apmif;wD;jyrS
bk&m;&Sifonf tusifhrSefudk &oGm;onf[laom t,ltqBuD;udk Ak'bmom omoemavmurS tjref
z,f&Sm;ypf&rnfjzpf\/

tdk;uGif;qufcsdwfquf jyem
]bk&m;&Sif\ tdk;awmfonf uGif;quf? &[Em\ tdk;awmfonf csdwfquf? ykxkZOf\
tdk;onf awhquf} [l Ak'bmom0if wpf&mvQif udk;q,fhudk;a,mufu twdkif;yif rSwf,lxm;
Mu\/ pum;&yfonf r[my&deAd m eokwt
f zGirhf S vmjcif;jzpf\/ xdo
k w
k t
f zGiu
hf kd aocsmpGm avhvm
Munfhaomtcg -

bk&m;&Sif\ tdk;awmfonf ]uGif;quf}/

yapuAk'g\ tdk;awmfonf ]csdwfquf}/
usefyk*dKvfwdkU\ tdk;onf ]awhquf}/ [k yg&Sd\/
xdUk aMumifh td;k csw
d q
f uf[o
l nf ]&[Em} r[kw/f yapuAk'g om jzpfaMumif; ajymif;vJ
rSwfom;&rnf/

psmefysHvQif &[Emxifaom jyem

Ak'bmom0if trsm;pkonf aumif;uifrS ysHvmaom &[ef;awmfwdkif;udk ]&[Em} csnf;
xifwwf\/ tusOf;csKyf rSwfom;&rnfrSm ]aumif;uifrSmysHEdkifwdkif; &[Emr[kwf? &[Emwdkif;vnf;
aumif;uifrSm rysHEdkif} [laom tcsufyifjzpf\/ aumif;uifwGif ysHEkdifaomolonf oHk;OD;&Sd\/ aq;?
tif;? "mwf ponf atmifjrifojzifh 0dZmaZmf*sD? wyoDtcsKdU aumif;uifwGif ysHEdkif\/
psmeftbdnmOf&aom &[ef;tcsKUd aumif;uifwiG yf sEH ikd \
f / ,cktcg t0Dpid &J uscaH e&
aom ]a'0'wf&[ef;}onf oHCmoif;cGaJ omuHukd rjyKr?D bk&m;&Sit
f m; aoG;pdr;f wnfatmif rvkyrf u
D
aumif;uifysEH ikd af om psmeftbdOf& &[ef;wpfyg;yifjzpf\/ bke;f Bu;D csiaf om avmb (pdw,
f w
k rf m)
aMumifh r[kww
f mawG avQmufvyk rf o
d jzifh psmefavQmNy;D ajrrsKu
d m t0Dpid &JoUkd usa&mufaejcif;jzpf\/
psmeftbdnmOf&aom &[Emrsm; aumif;uifwGif ysHEdkifMu\/ psmeftbdnmOf r&aom
]oku0dyu&[Em} rsm;um; &[Emjzpfaomfvnf; aumif;uifwGifysHEdkifjcif; r&Sdacs/ qufrSwf&
rnfrSm aumif;uifysHEdkifjcif;onf psmef\wefcdk;r[kwf? tbdnmOf\ wefcdk;omjzpfonf/ psmefESifh
tbdnmOfonf rwlay/ psmefonf wd[dwfyk*dKvfwdkif; &Edkifaomfvnf; tbdnmOfum; wd[dwfyk*dKvf
jzpfHkESifh r&/ tm[m&"mwf tm;aumif;NyD; udk,fcEmawmifhwif;cdkifrmzdkUvnf; vdktyf\/
psmeft*Fgig;yg; &Sdaom yxrpsmef/
psmeft*Fgav;yg; &Sdaom 'kwd,psmef/
psmeft*FgoHk;yg; &Sdaom wwd,psmef/
psmeft*FgESpfyg; &Sdaom pwkwpsmef/
psmeft*Fgwpfyg; &Sdaom yrpsmef/ [k ig;rsKd;&Sdonf/
]arwm'a,m wa,m pwkwZ medum} [laom tbd"rwo
*F[usr;f tzGit
hf & arwm?
ukPm? rk'w
d moH;k yg;wGif wpfyg;yg;udk yGm;rsm;vQif yxrpsmefrS pwkwp smeftxd &Edik o
f nf[k od&\/
psmef\t"dyg,frSm ]udavomwdkUudk avmifNrdKufjcif;? udavomwdkUudk Nidrf;apjcif;}[k jzpfonf/
orxur|mef; (40)wGif arwmbm0emonf psmefw&m;udk tjrefqHk;&\/ pmawGU?
vufawGU ESpfckvHk;jyygtHh/ rZdryPmoygVdawmf? "emeDokwftzGifh "emeDykPm;BuD;onf aocgeD;
umvwGif t&Sio
f m&dyw
k & mudyk ifNh y;D w&m;em\/ t&Sio
f m&dyw
k & mu arwmyGm;rsm;enf;udk a[mMum;
ay;awmfrl\/
w&m;em&if;yif arwmbm0emudk yGm;rsm;av&m yxrpsmefudk &\/ xdkyxrpsmefESifh
aoaomaMumifh yxrpsmefjA[mb
h o
kH Ukd a&muf&\/ xdt
k aMumif;udk Ak'o
ad wmfral omtcg ]r*fzv
kd &f Edik f

oludk psmef&aMumif;w&m;udkom a[m&rnfavm} [k tjypfwifawmfrlum jA[mhjynftxd vdkufNyD;

0dyemw&m;udk a[mcdkif;awmfrl\/
t&Sio
f m&dyw
k & muvnf; vdu
k af [m\/ xdUk aMumifh jA[mjynfa&mufrS "emeDyP
k m ;onf
r*fzdkvfudk &oGm;\/ xdktcgrSaemuf t&Sifom&dykw&monf w&m;a[monfhtcgwdkif; opmav;yg;?
0dyemw&m;udk xnfhoGif;a[mMum;awmhonf/
jzpf&yf arwmw&m;a[maepOf cPwmtcsdeftwGif;rSmyif psmef&oGm;onfudk
axmufaomtm;jzifh udavomNidrf;aeHk psmef&zdkUtwGufavmufum; rcJ,Of;[k odEdkif\/
psmef&yHkudk tvkyfESifhnd vufawGUjytHh/
arwmbm0emudk psmef&atmif yGm;rsm;vdkolonf rdrdudk,fup yGm;rsm;&\/ NyD;vQif
rdrdtay:wGif aus;Zl;trsm;qHk;? rdrdtcspfjrwfEdk;qHk;yk*dKvf? NyD;vQif rcspfrrkef; tv,ftvwfyk*dKvf?
Ny;D vQif &efojl zpfow
l Ukd tay: yGm;rsm;&rnf/ um; 0do'k rd *f t|uxmvmtwdik ;f jzpf\/ xdt
k pOfukd
rSwfrd&ef oDxm;aom vuFmwpfyk'fum; ]] rdrdudk,fu? tOD;p
yd,rZ? a0&Dusatmif
wpfpwpfp? oHk;0yk*dKvf
udk,fESifhtwl? trQrl }}
yGm;rsm;rI tm;aumif;vmonfEiS fh yxrpsmefukd &&S\
d / yxrpsmef&yHu
k m; - rdrad rwmydUk vdk
oludk tmHk,lvdkufvQif csufcsif;&\/ onfudk ]yxrpsmef\ yxrt*Fgjzpfaom 0dwuf} [k ac:\/
xdkol\ oGm;yHk? vmyHk? usef;rm? csrf;omyHkudk vdktyfovdk oHk;oyfqifjcif&\/ onfudk ]0dpm&}[k
ac:\/
arwmyGm;aecsdefwGif bmESifhrSrwlatmif tvGefESpfouf\/ onfudk ]yDwd}[k ac:\/
arwmyGm;aecsdefwGif tvGefcsrf;om\/ onfudk ]okc}[k ac:\/ arwmyGm;aecsdefwGif pdwfonf
arwmcH,o
l t
l ay: wnfMunfae\/ onfukd ]{u*wm}[k ac:\/ xd{k u*wm apwoduu
f ykd if
]orm"d}[kvnf; ac:Mu\/
qdt
k yfcNhJ y;D aom psmeft*Fgig;yg;ESihf jynfph akH ecsed u
f kd ]yxrpsmef&onf}[k ac:\/ xdyk xr
psmef&Hrk Qjzifh ajrvQK;d rd;k ysH ud,
k af ,mifazsmufjcif;rsm; rvkyEf idk af y/ xdyk xrpsmefrS yrpsmeftxd a&muf
atmif tpOftwdik ;f tpkeyf mG ;rsm;Edik \
f / wpfzef yrpsmefrS yxrpsmeftxda&mufatmif tqefvnf;
yGm;rsm;Edkif\/
xdu
k o
hJ Ukd psmefig;yg;udk tpket
f qefymG ;rsm;Edik Nf y;D 0oDabmfEikd af omtcg tbdnmOfu&kd \/
xdktbdnmOfudk &aomtcgwGifrS 0ga,muodkPf; 0ifpm;NyD; rdrdudk,fudk ayghyg;apum aumif;uifodkU
ysHEdkifjcif;jzpf\/
pum;&yfwdkUudk axmuf psmef&HkrQESifh aumif;uifrysHEdkif? tbdnmOftxd&rSom
aumif;uifysHEdkifonf[k cGJjcm;rSwfom;&rnf/

yvifvk^rvk jyem
bk&m;jzpfcgeD; rm&fewf&efukd atmifEikd o
f nft
h cef;udk a&;Mu? ajymMuaomtcg rsm;aom
tm;jzifh rm&fewfu bk&m;avmif;\yvifudk vma&mufvkonf[kom a&;Mu? ajymMu\/ trSefum;
yvifudkvmvkonf r[kwf? bk&m;rjzpforQ zGJUacGxm;aom wifyvifudk rzsuftHh/ (tbd-|1?77)
[laom t"d|mefudk ysufpD;ap&ef vma&mufaESmuf,Sufjcif;om jzpf\/
Ak'0Hot|uxm? ESm-337 ]aAm"doawm ww pk'o[aw wdPoEa& wdoEd
yvu tmbkZw
d mG }[k zGi\
hf / t"dyg ,fum;- (bk&m;avmif;onf 14-awmif tjyefUus,af om jrufcif;
jyif wdoEdyvif (wifyvif)udk zGJUacGum xdkifaeawmfrl\)[k jzpf\/
rSwfcsuf/ / wdoEyd vu? oH;k yg;aom tquftpyf&adS om xuf0,fzUJG acG aexdik af wmf
rljcif; - [lonfrSm aygifESifh'l;wdkU\ tquftpyf ESpfyg;? aygif&if;ESifhcg;wdkU\ tquftpyf wpfyg;?
aygif; (3)yg; jzpf\/
wdPoEa& - jruftcif;[kqdkaomaMumifh &wempDjc,faom yvifr[kwfaMumif;rSm
xif&mS ;\/ yGiahf wmfrw
l ikd ;f aom bk&m;&Siw
f Ukd \ wlnaD omjzpfpOf ("rwm) 30 &S\
d / xd"k rwm (30)wdUk
wGif eHygwf (9) "rwmrSm ]wdPoEa& edo'D w
d mG oAnKwPm"d*arm} (bk&m;avmif;awmfreS o
f rQ jruftcif;rSm
xdik &f if; oaAnKw Pfawmfukd &Muonf)[l jzpf\/ xd"k rwmt& a*gwrAk't
avmif;awmfonf
jruftcif; xkdifaeawmfrljcif;om jzpf\/ oD;jcm;yvifac: (xdkifcHk) jzpfay:vmcJhjcif; r[kwfay/
tu,f Ak'a *gwrrSmrS wpfq,fah v;awmif tjrifah qmifaom yviBf u;D ay:ayguf
vmonfqykd gu qdck NhJ y;D aom bk&m;avmif;vsmwdUk \ "rwmESihf qefUusiaf eayrnf/ xdUk aMumifh rm&fewf
yvifvkonf qdkjcif;rSm r[kwfyg[l (6-2-2003)aeUxkwf jrefrmhtvif; owif;pmwGif uxdu
&[ef;u ]oHk;yg;&wem tbdPfzGifh "ruxm} aqmif;yg;wGif ajz&Sif;a&;om;xm;\/

qifcH? jrif;cHbk&m; jyem

bmoma&;ESiyfh wfoufaom tjyKtrlaqmif&u
G cf surf sm;udk ax&0g'Ak't
vdu
k s [kw^f
r[kwf wdkufqdkifMunfhaom rSwfausmufwpfck&Sd\/ xdkrSwfausmufum; - ,if;tjyKtrlonf avmb? a'go? arm[ paom udavom ukefaMumif;jzpfvQif
ax&0g' ppfrSef\/
- avmb paom udavom wdk;yGm;aMumif;jzpfvQif ax&0g'r[kwf?
jA[P0g' (r[m,me0g')[k rSwf&rnf/
,ckacwfwiG f *dP
k ;f q&mESib
hf ;kd awmfrsm;\ topftqef;xGirf aI Mumifh qifcb
H &k m;? jrif;cH
bk&m;rsm; ay:aygufvm\/ xdkUxufydkNyD; bufpHkBuD;yGm;csrf;omvdkolrsm;um; qifpD;? jrif;&Hbk&m;rsm;
txd xkvyk u
f ;kd uG,v
f mMu\/ MunfnKd aomo'gpdwjf zifh xkvyk jf cif;jzpfaomfvnf; oifah wmf\^roifh
awmfudk EIdif;csdef pOf;pm;oifh\/

ax&0g'ESifh nD\^rnD\udkvnf; qef;ppfoifh\/ xdkyHkudk xkvkyfudk;uG,folrsm;onf

oufawmfxif&Sm; bk&m;&Sifudk wd&pmefjzpfaom qifay:jrif;ay:odkU wufxdkifcdkif;0Hhonftxd *g&0
ed0gw enf;yg;Edik Mf urnfavm/ odUk qef;ppfMunfv
h u
kd v
f Qif wd&pmefawGtay:xdik af eaom Ak' yk yf mG ;
awmfrsm;udk rxkvkyfoifhaMumif; xif&Sm;\/
xdkkyfxkudk xkjcif;onf olwpfyg;xuf pD;yGm;wufzdkUjzpf\/ pD;yGm;wufvdkaom pdwfonf
avmbpdwf jzpf\/ pD;yGm;a&;vkyf&if; avmbjzpfonfrSm obm0us\/ odkUaomf Ak'kyfyGm;awmfudk
taMumif;jyKNyD; avmbjzpfaeonfum; obm0rusyg/ Ak'onf vlom;rsm; avmb? a'go? arm[
ukef&m edAmefodkUa&mufap&eftwGuf yGifhawmfrlvmjcif; jzpf\/
odkU qef;ppfMunfhvdkufvQif qifcH? jrif;cHpaom bk&m;yHkrsm; xkvkyfjcif;onf avmb
yGm;pD;zdUk twGuo
f m jzpfaomaMumifh ax&0g'ESirhf nD[v
k nf; odoif\
h / o&ufawmwdu
k ?f zsmyHw
k u
kd o
f pf
q&mawmfonf txufygjyemrsK;d udk obm0usus &Si;f vif;ay;awmfrzl ;l \/ q&mawmf jyKpak &;om;
aom ]okawoe ormr**FoOmusrf;}wGif tus,fzwfIEkdifyg\/ um; tusOf;udkom a&;om;
ygrnf/
wpfaeUwGif ql;avbk&m;odkU xl;jcm;aom kyfyGm;awmfwpfqludk ukvm;vlrsKd;wpfOD;u
vmvSL\/ kyfyGm;yHkum; Oa'gif;ay:wGif Ak'&Sifawmfjrwf pHawmfrlaeyHk jzpf\/ ql;avbk&m; a*gyu
tzGJU0if vlBuD;rsm;onf xdkyHkawmfrsKd;udk wpfcgrSrawGUzl;ojzifh bk&m;ay:wGif tylaZmfcHxm;oifh^
rxm;oifh rqHk;jzwfEdkif jzpfMu\/ xdkUaMumifh ql;avapwDawmf Mo0g'gp&d, q&mawmfBuD;rsm;udk
yifhzdwf xdktaMumif;udk ar;jref;avQmufxm;Mu\/
zsmyHw
k u
kd o
f pf q&mawmfBu;D onfvnf; xdt
k csed u
f ql;avapwDawmf Mo0g'gp&d,q&m
awmfwpfyg;yif jzpf\/ usefq&mawmfrsm;u ]tylaZmfcHxm;vdkufyg? wjcm; qifcHbk&m;? jrif;cHbk&m;
wdkUawmif &SdaeNyD[myJ? tck Oa'gif;cHbk&m;qdkwmvnf; txl;tqef; r[kwfawmhygbl;}[k rdefUawmfrl
Mu\/
zsmyHkwdkufopfq&mawmfu usef;*efESHUpyfawmfrlvSonfhtjyif pma&;q&mwdkif; vufr
vTwfwrf; toHk;jyKae&onfh ]okawoe okyfjytbd"mef} usrf;jyK zsmyHkwdkufopfq&mawmf t&Sif
Mobmombd00d o
H xHoUkd &[ef;y&dowf? vly&dowftm;vH;k \ rsuv
f ;kH rsm;u wpfNyKd ief ufvkd a&mufomG ;
Mu\/
q&mawmfBuD;xHrS av;eufMunfvifaom pum;rsm;onf wpfcGef;csif; xGufay:vm\/
]]&[ef;yk*Kd v?f vly*k Kd vt
f m;vH;k twGuf awG;qp&mwpfcu
k akd wmh wifjycsiyf gw,f? yd#uwf
oHk;yHk? edum,fig;&yfudk avQmufMunfhvdkufwJhtcg jrwfpGmbk&m;&Sif udk,fawmfjrwf wd&pmefwpfaumif
aumifpD;NyD; c&D;oGm;w,fqdkwm b,fae&mrSmrS rawGUrdygbl;/
jrwfpmG bk&m;[m c&D;b,favmufyifa0;a0; acscRw&f r,fh a0ae,stwGuf tcsed rf w
D ,f
qdk&if ajcvQif<uwmyJ rsm;ygw,f? a0ae,stwGuf ajcvQif<uvdkU tcsdefrrDavmufbl; qdk&ifawmh
tbdnmOfwefcdk;eJU <uygw,f/ wd&pmefay:udk wufpD;zdkUrajymeJU? wd&pmef uxm;wJh,mOfudkawmif
rpD;zdkU tmywfynwf xm;ygw,f/ rusef;rmjcif;qdkwJh taMumif;&SdrSom pD;cGifh&Sdygw,f/

'Dvkd tmywfynwfNy;D wm;awmfr&l wmu ow0gtm;vH;k ay:rSm tnDtrQxm;awmfrw

l hJ
]r[mukPmawmf} aMumifhyJ jzpfygw,f/ dk;dk;ukPm r[kwfygbl;/ r[mwyfxm;wJh ]BuD;us,fwJh
ukPm} yg/ 'D r[mukPmBuD;aMumifhyJ av;oacsFurmwpfodef;Mumatmif tqif;&J tyifyef;cHNyD;
yg&rDawmfawGudk jznfhqnf;awmfrlcJhwmyg/
'Dr[mukPmawmfBuD;udk tav;*krjyKvdkU r&ygbl;/ wd&pmefpD;aewJh yHkawmfawGudk
xkvkyfa&;qGJjcif;tm;jzifh jrwfpGmbk&m;&JU ow0gwdkif;tay:xm;wJh r[mukPmawmfudk xdcdkuf
apmfum;&m a&mufygw,f/
bmomjcm;rsm;uvnf; 'DvdkyHkrsKd;awGudk MunfhNyD; ]Ak'[m ow0gtm;vHk;tay:rSm oem;
ukPm&Sw
d ,fvnf; ajymao;w,f? wd&pmefay: wufp;D wmyJvm;}qdw
k hJ ar;cGe;f rsK;d eJU axmufjyvmEdik f
ygw,f/
'DOa'gif;cHyk u
f kd vufoifch NH y;D xm;vdu
k rf ,fq&kd if aemiftcgrSm usm;cHwhJ kyyf mG ;rsK;d awG?
orifcHwJh kyfyGm;rsKd;awG tawmrowfatmif ay:vmEdkifygw,f/ 'DtcsufawGaMumifh Oa'gif;cHwJh
kyfyGm;udk 'Dtwdkif; tylaZmfcHrxm;zdkU ajymMum;vdkygw,f}}
q&mawmf\ obm0usvaS om Mo0g'aMumifh a*gyuvlBu;D rsm;onf Oa'gif;udzk ,fxm;
NyD; kyfyGm;awmfcsnf;oufoufomvQif ,ckxufwdkif tylaZmfcHxm;ygonf/
F

bmom0g'? rwlMu
avmutwGif;? jiif;ckefjcif;jzihf
qif;&Ju 'ku? a&mufukefMu\/
0g't,l? rSm;cJhrlum;
qlqlAk'? u,fr&onfh
av;0yg,fbHk? ab;awGUBuHKvdrfh/
aphpHkPfjzifh? arQmfaxmufcsifhum
wpfqifhMum;od? rddk;zvm
aumvm[v? usrf;pmrQESifh
BuHqenf;rSD? qDavQmfoHk;oyf
,lcsif;xyf? ,HktyfolyJ
q&mpGJjzifh? vTJyHkpdwfcs
r,lMuvifh/
'd|usifhBuH? udk,fydkifPfjzifh
rSm;rSefaumif;qdk;? odatmifBudK;[k
rsKd;umvmr? a[mTefjy
0g't,lppfwrf;ay/ /
(t&SifZeumbd0Ho)

Ak'\
0g'onf a0befyikd ;f jcm;Ny;D rS vufc&H aom 0g'jzpf\/ ]0dbZ0g'}[k ac:\/ auo
rkwdt&yf aeMuaom umvmrtEG,f0ifwdkUonf udk,fhbufudk,ufaom t,l0g'&SifawG aygrsm;vS
ojzifh rnfonfht,l0g'udk ,l&rnf[k rqHk;jzwfEdkif jzpfaeaMumif; Ak'udk avQmufxm;Mu\/ xdktcg
Ak'u -

Ak'\ t,l0g'ppfwrf; (0dbZ0g')

umvmrtEG,f0if trsKd;om;wdkU ...
oifwkdUonf t,l0g'wpfckudk (1) wpfqifhMum;odHkrQjzifhvnf; trSefvdkU r,lMueJU/
(2) rddk;zvmvufcHaom t,ljzpfHkeJUvnf; trSefvdkU r,lMueJU/
(3) aumvm[vtMum;eJUvnf; trSefvdkU r,lMueJU/
(4) usrf;pmeJU udkufnDHkrQeJUvnf; trSefvdkU r,lMueJU/
(5) BuHq odjcif;rsKd;eJUvnf; trSefvdkU r,lMueJU/
(6) enf;rSD ,ljcif;rsKd;jzifhvnf; trSefvdkU r,lMueJU/
(7) qDavQmfonf[k oHk;oyfrdHkrQjzifhvnf; trSefvdkU r,lMueJU/
(8) t,lcsif; xyfrdHkrQjzifhvnf; trSefvdkU r,lMueJU/
(9) ,Hktyfol&JUpum; jzpfHkrQjzifhvnf; trSefvdkU r,lMueJU/
(10) q&mpGJeJUvnf; trSefvdkU r,lMueJU/
vufawGUusio
hf ;kH vdUk aumif;usK;d awGvnf; &r,f? ynm&Sd olawmfaumif;awGvnf; cs;D rGr;f
r,fq&kd if 'Dt,l0g'rsK;d udk aumif;w,fvUkd owfrw
S yf g/ usio
hf ;kH Munfv
h Ukd raumif;usK;d awGvnf; &r,f?
ynm&So
d al wmfaumif;awGuvnf; uJ&h UJ r,fq&kd if 'Dt,l0g'rsK;d udk raumif;bl;vdUk owfrw
S Nf y;D y,fyg[k
rdrdt,l0g'buf? olwpfyg; t,l0g'buf b,fbufrS rvdkufbJ ajzmifhrwfrSefuefpGm
a[mMum;awmfrcl \
hJ / xdUk aMumifh Ak'\
wynfo
h m0ujzpfaom Ak'b
mom0ifrsm;onfvnf; ajymwkid ;f
r,HkbJ qef;ppfa0befaom0g'udk vufudkifxm;Mu&rnf jzpf\/ wjcm;0g'rsm;ESifh rwlaom Ak'\0g'
onfum; MunfnKd ,MkH unfaomo'gESihf a0befqef;ppfaomynmudk tcsK;d usepGm aygif;pyfxm;jcif;yif
jzpf\/
useb
f momrsm;wGif ,HMk unfr(I o'g)udo
k m vufc\
H / a0befqef;ppfr(I ynm)udk vufrcH
acs/ Ak'u
o'gwpfcw
k nf;jzifh &rf;r,H&k ? a0befqef;ppfaom ynmudk toH;k jyK&rnf[k a[mMum;\/
tjcm;bmomrsm;um; a0befqef;ppfjcif;rjyK? o'gwpfcw
k nf;jzifh rsupf rd w
Sd ,
f MkH unf&rnf[k qH;k rxm;
Mu\/ tcsKdUEdkifiHrsm;rSm bmoma&;udk a0befqef;ppfvQif xdkoltm; ao'Pfyif ay;Mu\/
26-12-2002 aeU? eHeuf 6;45 rdepfcefUu bDbpD rD v
S iT ahf om owif;wpfy'k u
f kd em;axmif
vdu
k &f \/ owif;rSm ]]tD&ef ordik ;f ygarmuwpfa,mufonf vli,frsm; tpvmrfbmomudk rsupf rd w
dS f
r,HMk unfoifb
h J qef;ppfa0befoifah Mumif; a[mMum;ojzifh w&m;H;k u ao'Pfcsrw
S af Mumif;? ao'Pf
csrSwfavmufaom tjypfr[kwfojzifh wuodkvfausmif;om;rsm;u 0dkif;0ef;qEjyMuojzifh ao'Pf
ay;jcif;udk jyefvnfqef;ppfaeaMumif;}} owif;yif jzpf\/

Ak't,l0g'ESifh uGmjcm;aypG/
Ak'0 g'onf ]0dbZ0g'}jzpfaomfvnf; xd0k b
d Z0g'udk vufuikd x
f m;olum; tawmfenf;\/
xdkenf;onfhtxJrS wpfa,mufaomoludkum; xl;xl;jcm;jcm; awGUvdkuf&\/ xdkolum; a&Tjynfom
NrdKUe,f? 5^5 &yfuGufrS OD;odef;a&Tqdkaom trsKd;om;BuD;wpfa,mufyif jzpf\/
kycf Em BuUH cdik af wmifw
h if;&ef tm[m&aumif;rsK;d pHu
k kd pm;aomufay;&ouJo
h Ukd pdwcf Em
BuHUcdkifawmifhwif;&ef pmtkyfaumif;rsKd;pHkudk zwfIay;&rnf/ pmzwfzdkU pmoifcJhjcif;jzpfonf/ pmwwf
vsuf pmrzwfolonf pmrwwfolESifh twlwlomjzpf\/ qif;&J'kutaygif; jzpf&onfh taMumif;&if;
onf rodrI (t0dZm )aMumifh jzpfojzif?h pmiwf? ayiwf? todiwfonfh rwfwwfajcmufaom opfyifvkd
jzpfae&aom vlrsm;pktwGuf cdkudk;&m vlxkwuodkvf? odkUr[kwf ]jynfolUpmMunfhwdkufrsm;} ay:xGef;
&SifoefvmzdkU BudK;pm;MuygpdkU/
(trsKd;om;pmMunfhwdkufrSL;? OD;cifarmifwif)
12^8^94 xkwf? aMu;rHkowif;pm-rS

'udPomcg jyem
azmfjyyg 'epmydk'fav;rsm;\ wGef;tm;aMumifh OD;odef;a&Tonf &orQtm;vyfcsdefrsm;
wGif pmayrsKd;pHkudk zwfI\/ toufig;q,feD;vmNyD jzpfaomaMumifh bmoma&;pmayudk t"duxm;
zwf\/ bmoma&;r*Zif;rsm;u ay;aom ax&0g'tvif;tm;aMumifh MunfndKp&m wpfuGufrSr&SdbJ
yHkysufyef;ysufjzpfaeaom 'udPomcgbk&m;qif;wkawmftaMumif;udk awG;ac:pOf;pm;rdvm\/
tdrfodkU qGrf;cH<uvmaom ausmif;xdkifq&mawmfBuD;wpfyg;tm; xdktaMumif;udk ar;
avQmuf\/ pmaywwfuRrf;jcif;? avhvmjcif; r&Sdaom q&mawmfBuD;um; bmrQ rajzEkdifcJh/ xdkurS
wpfqifh OD;odef;a&Tonf uREkfyfoDwif;oHk;aexdkif&mausmif;odkU a&mufvmcJhNyD; atmufygar;cGef;wdkUudk
ar;jref;av\/
ar;/ / q&mawmf? 'udPomcgqdkwJh trnf[m b,fuaeNyD; pjzpfvmwmvJ bk&m;? 'dudP
omcg&JU t"dyg,fua&m bmygvJbk&m;/
ajz/ / 'udP - u awmifbuft&yfudk a[mw,f/ omcg - uawmh tudkif;udk a[mw,f/
ESpcf ak ygif;awmh ]'uP
d omcg} qdw
k m awmifbufutudik ;f yJaygh/ 'Dtrnf[m oD&"d rmaomurif;Bu;D
vufxufu pjzpfcJhw,f/ aemifwpfcsdef tdEd,rSm Ak'omoemuG,faysmufNyD; wjcm;EkdifiHawGrSm
omoemwnfrmS udk jrifawmfrw
l hJ &[Emrsm;u oD&"d rmaomurif;Bu;D udk ud;k wkid ;f ud;k Xme omoemjyK
apvTwfzdkU wdkufwGef;awmfrlMuw,f/
omoemjyK <uawmfrl&mrSm oD[dkVfuRef;udk<uzdkU oD&d"rmaomurif;BuD;&JU om;awmf
t&Sirf [mr[dEr ax&feUJ orD;awmfoCFrw
d a x&DwUkd u wm0ef,Ml uw,f/ t&Sirf [mr[dE& UJ wlawmf
udk&ifwpfyg;vnf; ygoGm;ygw,f/ oD[dkVfudk omoema&mufoGm;wJhtcsdefrSm oD[dkVfbk&ifu aAm"dyif
ylaZmfyg&apvdkU awmif;yefwJhtwGufaMumifh t&d|trwfu aAm"dyifyifhzdkU tdEd,udkoGm;w,f/

&[Emrax&frsm;&JU TefMum;csuft& oD&"rmaomurif;BuD;u aAm"dyif&JU awmif

bufu tudik ;f jywfapvdw
k ahJ e&mrSm a&TunpfeUJ a&;jcpfvu
kd yf gw,f/ a&;jcpfvu
kd w
f meJU aAm"duikd ;f [m
tvdkvdkjywfusNyD; toifhpD&ifxm;wJh a&Tzsif;tdk;xJrSm wnfygw,f/
tJ'v
D kd aAm"dyif&UJ awmifbufu tudik ;f ud,
k Nl y;D wqifph u
kd yf sK;d cJw
h t
hJ wGuaf Mumifh oD[Vkd u
f
aAm"dyifudk ]'udPomcg}vdkU ac:w,f/ aemifESpfaygif;rsm;pGmMumvdkU oD[dkVfuaAm"dyif aowJhtcg
trSww
f & ylaZmfMu&atmif bk&m;yHak wmf xkvyk Mf u&muae ]'uP
d omcgbk&m;}qdNk y;D jzpfvmwmygyJ/
ar;/ / 'guawmh &Sif;ygNyD bk&m;/ qufar;csifwmu yg&rDoHk;q,fudk toufygtaocHNyD;
jznhq
f nf;cJw
h t
hJ wGuf tavmif;awmfrsm; bk&m;jzpfwt
hJ cg jyKvyk cf w
hJ hJ ukov
kd af wGu tpGr;f uket
f usK;d
ay;MuvdUk vlUavmu rajymeJU? ewfawG jA[mawGxufawmif bk&m;&Siu
f toyg,fq;kH vdUk pmawGxrJ mS
zwfzl;ygw,f bk&m;/
ajz/ / [kwfygw,f? yg&rDukodkvfawGu aemufxyf tusKd;ay;p&m b0r&SdawmhwJhtwGuf
'Dbk&m;jzpfwJh aemufqHk;b0rSm pkNyHKtusKd;ay;wJh oabmyg/
ar;/ / toyg,fqHk; qdkwmuawmh &[ef;oHk;aygh bk&m;/ vloHk;uawmh jrwfpGmbk&m;[m
wpfavmuvH;k rSm tvSq;kH yJb&k m;/ 'Dvt
kd oyg,fq;kH ? tvSq;kH jzpfwhJ bk&m;&Siyf akH wmf[m 'uP
d omcg
usrS bmhaMumifh *kwfwdkwdk? cg;ukef;ukef; yHkysufyef;ysufBuD; jzpfoGm;&wmvJ bk&m;/ 'DMum;xJ rIdudk;csuf
qdkwmuvnf; ygvdkufao;w,f/ NyD;awmh acgif;rSmvnf; Mumyef;BuD; tkyfxm;ao;w,f/ 'DvdkrsKd;BuD;
xkvkyfoifhygovm; bk&m;/
ajz/ / rxkvkyfoifhygbl;/ bk&m;yHkawmfqdk&if MunfndKp&mtaumif;qHk; yHkawmfudkom xkvkyf
oifhygw,f/ rIdudk;csufwdkU? Mumyef;wdkUuvnf; avmuD*dkPf;q&mawG&JU TefMum;csufawGyg/ bk&m;
yHkawmf bmyHkaygufoGm;oGm; udk,fhavmbtvdk jynfh&ifNyD;wmyJqdkwJh ]twpdwf} aMumifh jzpfay:vmwJh
yHkawmfawGygyJ/
ar;/ / Ak'&JU lyum,awmfudk xdckdufapwJh 'DvdkyHkawmfrsKd;awGudk xkvkyfolawG? udk;uG,fol
awGrSm tjypfr&Sdbl;vm; bk&m;/
ajz/ / tjypfr&Sdbl;vm;qdkwm tukodkvfrjzpfbl;vm;vdkU ar;wmeJU twlwlygyJ/ 'DyHkpHBuD;
xkvdkuf&if? xkckdif;vdkuf&if Ak'&JU lyum,awmfBuD; ysufpD;oGm;NyDvdkU rodwJhtwGuf xkvkyfwJholawG?
xkvkyfcdkif;NyD; udk;uG,fwJholawGrSm tjypfr&Sdygbl;/
tckvo
kd Nd y;D wJah emuf 'Dyq
kH ;kd yef;qd;k yHBk u;D udk qufvufxv
k yk af eMur,f? qufvuf xkvyk f
cdik ;f aeMur,fq&kd ifawmh tjypf&ydS gw,f/ tukov
kd f jzpfygw,f/ wjcm;bmom0ifawG jrifomG ;&ifvnf;
]Ak'bmombk&m;[m 'Dvdk yHkqdk;qdk;BuD;yJvm;}vdkU ar;vmEdkifygw,f/
aumhaomif;NrdKUrSm w&m;a[maewkef;u yef;ykq&mwpfa,muf vmajymwJh pum;wpf
cGef;udk Mum;vdkuf&wm &ifxJraumif;bJ jzpfoGm;w,f/ kyfyGm;vmtyfwJholu ]cg;ukef;ukef; bk&m;
xkay;yg}vdkU ajymowJh/ yef;ykq&mvnf; bmyHkqdkwm rawG;rdwmeJU 'udPomcgbk&m;yHkudk udkifjyNyD;
]'DyHkrsKd;vm;}qdkawmh ][kwfw,f}vdkU ajymowJh/

aemufrsKd;qufopf vli,fawGudk ]wdkUAk'bmombk&m;[m cg;ukef;ukef;BuD;yJ}qdkwJh t,l

0g'qdk;BuD; pGJroGm;atmif tckuwnf;u jyKjyifoifhygw,f/

&,fjyaom kyfyGm;awmf
1998 ckESpfcefUu tarNidrf;trnf&Sdaom om;zGm;q&mrBuD;wpfOD;onf todrdwfaqG
tdrfwpftdrfwGif &,fvnf;&,f rsufpdvnf;zGifhjyaom kyfyGm;awmfwpfql yifhxm;onf/ ,if;kyfyGm;
awmftm; q&mawmf zl;ajrmf&efvdkufcJhyg[k yifhojzifh A[kokw&atmif vdkufoGm;cJh\/ yifhxm;aom
tdrfum; olaX;tdrfyif jzpf\/ bk&m;yHkawmfudk Munfhvdkufaomtcg 'udPomcgyHkyif jzpfae\/ a&T?
aiG? ausmuf? oH? ywjrm;wdUk jzifh pDjc,fxm;vdu
k o
f nfrmS vnf; bk&m;yHak wmfyif aysmufvck ref; jzpfae\/
yifholrsm;uvnf; xdkodkU tzdk;wefypnf;rsm;rsm;ygrS *kPf,l0ifh<um;pGm olUxufig yifhMu\/
xdkUaMumifh vlyifhrsm;aom kyfyGm;rSeforQwGif &wemrsm; Gwfaeatmif qifxm;jcif;
jzpf\/ tjrif&tqdk;qHk;um; Ak'kyfyGm;awmfudk qGJBudK;rsm; xyfaeatmif qGJay;xm;jcif; jzpf\/ a&T?
aiG? ausmuf? oH? ywjrm;wdkUudk bk&m;&Sifudk,fawmfwdkifyif roHk;pGJovdk wynfh&[ef;rsm;vnf; roHk;pGJ
&yg/
xdkodkU a&T? aiGudk y,fxm;aom Ak'kyfyGm;tm; a&T? aiGrsm; Gwfaeatmif qifjcif;onf
rnfodkUrQ roifhawmfEdkifay/ ,ckuJhodkU odygvsuf &wemrsm;udk qufvufqifjref;aeMuOD;rnfqdkvQif
]Ak'* ku - bk&m;udk tav;xm;jcif;} r[kwaf wmh/ ]vmb*ku- vmbfvmbudk tav;xm;jcif;} om
jzpf\/
Ak'*kuonf bk&m;udkMunfndKaom o'g"mwf (ukodkvfw&m;)om jzpf\/ vmb*ku
um; vmbfudkvdkcsifaom avmb"mwf (tukodkvf)om jzpf\/ kyfyGm;ydkif&Sifrsm;onf avmbpaom
udavomuif;aom bk&m;udk taMumif;jyKNy;D rdru
d ,
kd w
f ikd f avmbuif;atmif BuKd ;pm;oif\
h / avmb
yGm;atmifum; rjyKvkyfoifhay/
pma&;olwdkUonf kyfyGm;awmfudk oHk;em&DcefUMumatmif xdkifzl;aomfvnf; kyfyGm;um;
&,fvnf; r&,f? NyHK;vnf; rjyay/ xdkUaMumifh kyfyGm;ESifhtwlygvmaom Oygoumudk ar;&\/
]]'umBuD;wdkU kyfyGm;u bmrSvnf; vkyfrjyygvm;}}
]]'Dvkd &,fwm? rsupf zd iG w
hf mu tdrw
f ikd ;f rSmawmh rjzpfb;l bk&m;? wcsKUd tdrrf mS yJ jzpfwmyg
bk&m;}}
]]'umBuD;a&? OD;yif;wdkU Mum;zl;xm;wmu ]]

oHCmGefnpf? uRHepf[d'*l
om;cspf&m[k? arQmfIyHkwl
Munf;ukef;xufodkU? qGJvsufwifol
uRefUxdyfOD;? uGefUjrL;pHawmfrl ...wJh/

}}

bk&m;&Sif[m a0ae,sow0g rSeforQudk &ifaoG;&m[kvm uJhodkU wpfwef;wpfpm;wnf;

arwmxm;awmfrlwmyg/ Ak'udk oHk;Budrfwdkifwkdif aoaMumif;BuHcJhwJh a'0'wftay:rSmawmif arwm
ysufawmf rrlygbl;/
'Dvdk pdwfxm;rQwawmfrlwJh bk&m;&Sifu [dktdrfusawmh rsufvHk;zGifhjy? 'Dtdrfusawmh
zGifhrjyqdk&if rsufESmvdkufovdk jzpfraebl;vm;}}
pum;tqHk;wGif xkdolonf pma&;oludk csKdMunfhvSrf;Munfhvdkuf\/ pma&;olu rjrif[ef
aqmifNyD; onf;cHaevdkuf\/ xdkolonf csKdMunfhMunfhNyD;onfESifh tjyifudk csufcsif;xGufoGm;\/ cP
MumvQif AD'D,dkwpfacGudkifNyD; jyefa&mufvm\/ &ifaumhum ppfatmifEdkifol\ avoHrsKd;jzifh ]]&,fjywm? rsufpdrdSwfjywmawGudk AD'D,dkdkufxm;wm &Sdygw,f? t&ifyifhwJhtdrfu Munfh
rNyD;ao;bl;qdkvdkU csufcsif;,lrvmwmyg? tck ,lcJhygNyD? Munfhyg}}
[kqNkd y;D tacGux
kd nfv
h u
kd \
f / cPMumvQif xl;rjcm;em;oDcsi;f oHEiS t
fh wl bk&m;bGUJ awmf?
tylaZmfc&H mNrKd U? &yfuu
G ?f tdref yH gwfEiS t
hf wl &,faeaom bk&m;yHak wmf ay:vm\/ Ak'& iS af wmfjrwfonf
NyHK;Hkom NyHK;awmfrlavh&Sd\/ atmf[pf&,farmjcif;? rsuf&nfxGufatmif &,fjcif;? a&SUxdk;aemufvef
&,fjcif; [laom vlnHh&,fjcif;rsKd;udk rnfonfhtcgrQ &,fawmfrrlay/
Ak'\ tma0Pdu*kPfawmf (18)yg;wGif ]ewd&0g - jrL;wl;&,farmjcif; r&Sd} [l jyqdk
xm;\/ ,ck&,faeaom kyfyGm;awmf\yg;pyfonfum; OD;wnfbGm;yg;pyfxufyif us,fOD;rnfxif
onf/ oGm;Bu;D rsm;yif ay:aeonfuakd wGU&\/ AD',
D u
kd kd vSnphf m;Ny;D du
k x
f m;jcif;omjzpfonf/ vdraf om
olonf rydr,d jzpfaeawmhonf/ jrwfpGmbk&m; NyHK;Hkom NyHK;onfqdkonfudk olwdkUwawG rMum;zl;
aomaMumifh yg;pyfNyJNyD; &,faomyHkudk dkufjyxm;jcif; jzpf\/
rdepftawmfMumaomtcg rsufpdzGifhaomyHk ay:vmjyef\/ wu,fqdkvQif a`E&&jzpf
atmif ESpfzufpvHk; zGifhaomyHk jzpfoifh\/ ,ckum; bk&m;yHkjzpfvsuf rsufvHk;wpfzufom zGifhxm;NyD;
wpfzufu rSdwfvsufomjzpf\/ rsufvHk;wpfzuf rSdwf&aomtvkyfrSm rnfolurnfolUudk vkyfjyjcif;
jzpfaMumif; t&G,fa&mufolwdkif; odEdkif\/
rsufpdwpfzuf zGifhjyaomyHkudk dkufjyvdkufvQif rsufpdwpfzufrSdwfjyaom uav;uvm;
qefaomyHk jzpfoGm;rnfudk rkom0g'D AD'D,dkq&mu owdxm;rd[ef rwlay/ uREkfyfwdkU ausmif;odkUjyef
a&mufaomtcg yifhoGm;ol tarNidrf;u ]]q&mawmf tHhMop&m raumif;bl;vm; bk&m;}}
]]tHhMop&m raumif;ygbl;? pdwfysufzdkUyJ aumif;ygw,f}}
]]bmjzpfvdkUvJ bk&m;}}
]]'umrBu;D pOf;pm;Munfah ygh? wu,ftppftrSeq
f &kd if OD;yi;f wkUd a&SUrSmwif &,fjy? rsuv
f ;kH
zGijhf y&rSmaygh? tckawmh vkyBf uH u
kd x
f m;wJh AD',
D ykd jJ yw,f? 'Duwnf;u vdraf ew,fqw
kd m txift&Sm;yJ?
'Dvdkvdrfwmuvnf; tvG,fav;yg? kyfyGm;awmfacgif;awmfudk t&SifoHk;rsKd;vkyfxm;&w,f/
]]wpfrsKd;u dk;dk;acgif;? wpfrsKd;u &,faewJhacgif;? aemufwpfrsKd;u rsufvHk;yGifhaewJh
acgif;aygh? 'ghaMumifh wpftdrfwpfrsKd; jzpfwmaygh}}

]]'gqdv
k nf; q&mawmf? tdr&f iS af wGukd vdraf ewmjzpfaMumif; wpfcgwnf; &Si;f jycJah &maygh}}
]]vdrfpm;aewJholom tukodkvf jzpfwmyg? tvdrfcH&wJh olawGuawmh o'g"mwfawG
Edk;Mum;wuf<uaeMuawmh ukodkvfawGyJ jzpfaewmyg? olwdkU&JU jzpfyGm;aewJh ukodkvfav;awG csufcsif;
ysufoGm;rSmpdk;vdkU rajymcJhao;wmyg? aemufawmh 'DtaMumif;udk aqmif;yg;a&;OD;rSmyg? aemufwjznf;
jznf;rS 'umrBuD; udk,fwdkifuvnf; &Sif;jyvdkufOD;aygh}}

ZrKywdcRwfcef;yHkawmf
wpfaeUwGif tawG;tac:&Sdaom 'umav;wpfa,mufu ar;cGef;wpfck ar;vm\/
]]q&mawmf? jrwfpGmbk&m;[m &wemrsKd;pHk pDcs,fxm;wJh rif;0wfwefqm rudk#fpvG,f
awGudk 0wfqifavh&Sdovm; bk&m;}}
]][- bk&m;ygqdkrS 'Drudk#fpvG,fawGudk 0wfyghrvm;? bmvJ? rif;u ZrKywdcRwfcef;qdkwJh
yHkawmfudkMunfhNyD; vmar;wmxifw,f}}
]][kwfygw,f bk&m;? wynfhawmfvnf; bmoma&;pmayawG zwfygw,f? jrwfpGmbk&m;
rif;ajrmufwefqm 0wfw,fqdkwm wpfae&mrS rawGUzl;bl;bk&m;? 'Dvdkr&SdbJeJU ZrKywdcRwfcef;qdkwJh
yHak wmfu b,fvv
kd yk Nf y;D jrefrmjynfa&mufvmwmvJ bk&m;? 'Drif;ajrmufwefqmawGukd taMumif;jyKNy;D
wynfhawmfudk bmomjcm;oli,fcsif;wpfa,muf ceJUwJhwJh ar;cGef;wpfck ar;zl;w,f bk&m;}}
]]b,fvdkar;wmvJuG}}
]]rif;wdkU bk&m;[m ykxkZOfvlom;awGvdkyJ tvStyBudKufovm;wJh? wynfhawmfuvnf;
cwfoGufoGuf ajzvdkufwmaygh? udavomtm;vHk; ukefcef;NyD;jzpfwJh bk&m;yJuG? tvSty b,frSm
BuKd uyf ghrvJaygh? 'DawmhrS oluqufar;w,f? 'gqd&k if rif;ajrmufwefqm 0wfqifxm;wJh bk&m;yHBk u;D u
bmvdkU &SdaewmvJwJh? wynfhawmf awmfawmftajz&MuyfoGm;w,f bk&m;}}
]]rif;u 'Dae&mrS b,ftajzudk t"du odcsifwmvJ}}
]]ZrKywdcRwfcef;qdkwm bk&m;a[m &Sd^r&Sd odcsifwmygyJ bk&m;}}
]]bk&m;a[m r&Syd gbl;? wcsKUd uawmh ,d;k ',m;bke;f Bu;D wpfyg;&JU ]Zif;r,fyPmousr;f }u
vmw,fvdkU qdkw,f? Zif;r,fyPmoudk igzwfMunfhwmawmh ZrKywdcRwfcef; rawGU&bl;? Zif;r,f
yPmouvnf; rlb,fESpfrsKd;uGJaew,f rodbl;? wcsKdUuvnf; wpfrsKd;qdkjyefw,f}}
]]b,fvdk qdkMuwmvJ bk&m;}}
]]wcsKUd bk&m;ryGiw
hf u
hJ Re;f awGukd Ak'< uawmfrNl y;D w&m;a[mwJt
h cg tJ'u
D Re;f oluRe;f om;
awG[m bk&m;&Siu
f kd olwUkd &Sib
f &k ifBu;D toGiyf J jrifMuw,fvUkd yd#uwfawmfrmS Ak'a [mMum;csu&f w
dS ,f?
'Da[mMum;csufudk tusaumufNyD; apmapmuyHkrsKd; xkMuw,fvdkU qdkjyefw,f}}
]]'gvnf; vHkavmufwJh taxmuftxm; r[kwfygbl;? bk&m;u rif;ajrmufwefqmawG
wu,f0wfwmrS r[kwb
f ?J uRe;f oluRe;f om;awG ]yk*Kd vcf ifrS w&m;rif}qdw
k mrsK;d jzpfatmif olwUkd rsupf d
xJrSm olwdkU&Sifbk&iftoGifjrifap- vdkU t"d|mefwmyJ &Sdwmyg}}

]]wcsKdUu rif;ajrmufwefqmt0wfeJU ylaZmf&awmh Ak'&JU*kPfawG wufoGm;r,f xifae

Muwm bk&m;? wu,fawmh *kPfrwufwJhtjyif *kPfysufygao;w,f bk&m;? bmjzpfvdkUvJqdkawmh
(31)bHrk mS twkr&Sw
d b
hJ &k m;&Siu
f kd bmr[kww
f hJ &Sib
f &k iftjzpfeUJ EIid ;f wm[m Ak'& UJ *kPaf wG b,frmS vm
wufawmhrvJ? wu,fawmh tJ'D&Sifbk&iftjzpfudk pufqkyfvdkU pGefUypfcJhNyD; bk&m;jzpfatmifusifhcJhwm
r[kwfvm; bk&m;}}
]][kwfwmaygh? wdkUoifcJh&wJh tvuFmusrf;xJu a'gooifhwJh tzGJUwpfckvdkaygh? ]aerif;
BuD;&JU ta&mif[m ydk;pkef;MuL;&JUta&mifvdk xGef;vif;awmufyw,f}vdkU zGJUqdkvdkufawmh aerif;BuD;rSm
*kPfrwufwJhtjyif &SdwJh*kPfawmif ysufoGm;&ovdkaygh}}
]]bk&m;&Sifu &[ef;awmfawGtwGuf 0denf;odumyk'fawG ynwfawmfrl&mrSm rMumcP
a[mMum;avh&SdwJh pum;ESpfcGef; &Sdw,f}}
]rMunfndKao;olrsm; MunfndKvmap&ef?
MunfndKNyD;olrsm; wdk; MunfndKvmap&ef} wJh/
tckudprSmvnf; rif;ajrmufwefqmawG0wfwJh kyfyGm;awG xkvkyfudk;uG,fjcif;tm;jzifh
rMunfndKao;olawG MunfndKvmap&ef taMumif;r&Sdbl;? rif;udk ceJUwJhwJh vmar;wJh bmomjcm;
vli,fu oufaocHaewmyJ? aemufwpfcg MunfnKd Ny;D wJo
h al wG wd;k Ny;D MunfnKd vmp&mvnf; taMumif;
r&Sdbl;/
tck Ak'b
momjzpfwhJ rif;ud,
k w
f ikd f ighqrD mS vmNy;D a0zefqef;ppfaeNyD r[kwv
f m;? 'Dtcsuf
awGudkaxmufNyD; rif;ajrmufwefqm0wfwJh ZrKywdcRwfcef; kyfyGm;awGudk rxkvkyfwmbJ qHk;jzwfMu
ygpdkUuGm ..}}

trSefudkwm;onfh twm;tqD;
0g'topftqef;wpfck ay:vmonfhtcg ,HkMunfvufcH&ef tiftm;&mcdkifEIef; tawmf
rsm;onfh vlow0gwdUk onf pOf;pm;zdUk ysi;f &dMu\/ eufeaJ om tcsi;f t&mwpfcu
k kd pOf;pm;&jcif;tvkyf
onf OD;aESmufIyfonf[k qdkMu\/ pOf;pm;&aomtvkyf 0goemxHkol tenf;i,fwdkUtzdkUrSmvnf;
trSefodkU ra&mufEdkifonfh twm;tqD;rsm; &SdaeMujyefavonf/
if;twm;tqD;rsm;rSm (1) rddk;zvm tpOftvmudk ry,fEdkifjcif;?
(2) obm0us^rusudk qHk;jzwfEdkifaom Pfenf;ygjcif;?
(3) rdrdtvdkqEESifh qefUusifbufjzpfaeonfh oabmw&m;wpfckudk vufrcHvdkjcif;wdkU
jzpfMuavonf/
(a&TOa'gif;)

ausmufqif;wk jyem
1966 ckESpfcefUu tjzpftysufwpfckudk owd&rd\/ pma&;olESifh toufcsif;odyfruGm
rdwaf qGo[m,uvnf;jzpf? pma&;olxH pm0grsm;vdu
k zf ;l wynfv
h nf;jzpfczhJ ;l aom OD;tm'dpt
rnf&dS
&[ef;wpfyg;u ]]OD;Z0e? wynfah wmfO;D av;tdrrf mS ausmufqif;wkwpfql a&mufaew,f bk&m;? rEav;u
yifv
h mwmwJ?h tJ'g bke;f Bu;D ausmif; ydUk cdik ;f &OD;r,f? ausmufqif;wkukd tdrrf mS rud;k uG,af umif;bl;qdw
k m
olwdkUrodMubl;}}
]]tvdk- ausmufqif;wk tdrfrSmudk;uG,fawmh bmjzpfvdkUwkef;? OD;tm'dp&JU}}
olu tHhMoaomrsufvHk;jzifh uREfkyfudk vSrf;Munfhum
]]vludk cdkufwwfw,fqdkwm OD;Z0e rMum;zl;bl;vm;}} [k ar;\/ uREkfyfu ]]Mum;zl;om;yJ? 'gayr,fh Mum;wkdif; ,Hkp&mrvdkbl;av? ,kwd &Sd^r&Sd pOf;pm;a0befNyD;rS
,Hk&rSmaygh}}
]]a&S;xHk;vnf; ry,feJU? aps;oHk;vnf; rvG,feJU- qdkwJh pum;&Sdw,f? OD;Z0eu a&S;xHk;udk
y,frvdkUvm;}}
]]'Dpum;yHku aumif;wJh? tusKd;jyKwJh a&S;xHk;udkom ry,feJUvdkU ckdif;wm? raumif;wJh
vlUavmuudk aumif;usKd;rjyKwJh a&S;xHk;awGudkawmh &J&J0Hh0Hh y,fypf&r,f? yk*HjynfrSm t&ifwkef;u
aA'ifa[m? "mwfu
kd ?f aq;uk? yef;OD;yefaewJh t&nf;Bu;D awGukd ud;k uG,cf MhJ uw,f? 'ga&S;xH;k yJ? jrefrm
jynfrSm olwdkU wGifus,faewm ESpfaygif;tMumBuD;yJ}}
]]'Dvdk raumif;wJh a&S;xHk;BuD;om &Sift&[Hudk q&mwifNyD; taemf&xmrif;BuD;u &J0HhpGm
z,f&Sm;ypfcJhvdkU jrefrmjynfom;tm;vHk; tckvdk ppfrSefaumif;rGefwJh ax&0g'Ak'bmomudk MunfndK
udk;uG,fcGifh&aeMuwm r[kwfvm;}}
]]tJ'gawmh [kwfwmaygh}}
]]'gwif ruygbl;? raumif;wJh a&S;xHk;rSef&if b,fae&m b,fa'orSmyJjzpfjzpf y,f&Sm;
ypf&if [kwfwm? aumif;wmcsnf;yJ}}
]]tdE,
d Edik if rH mS qd&k if t&ifwek ;f u vifaovdUk rD;IUd aeNyq
D &kd if r,m;u tJ'rD ;D yHx
k cJ ek cf sNy;D
ao&w,f? usefrae&pf&bl;? rdef;rawGudk vl&mroGif;bJ MuOfxm;wmaygh? wu,fvdkU rD;yHkxJckefrcsbJ
usef&pfwJh rdef;rqdk&ifvnf; ESpfzufaqGrsKd;tm;vHk; tygt0if ywf0ef;usifwpfckvHk;u rdef;rysufvdkU
oabmxm;NyD; taygif;toif;rvkyfbJ 0dkif;MuOfvdkufMuw,f}}
]]awmfawmf&ufpufNyD; vlrqefwJh tavhtxBuD;ygvm;}}
]]tJ'g OD;tm'dpajymwJh a&S;xHk;yJav? Ak'yGifhawmfrlvmNyD;wJhaemuf ]vlom;rSeforQ r[m
ukov
kd f (Bu;D rm;aomukov
kd )f pdwaf Mumifh jzpfwmcsn;f rdUk a,mufsm;eJUrde;f r twlwo
l mjzpfonf? rnfou
l
rnfolUxuf jrwfonf? ,kwfonf[l r&Sd}vdkU jywfjywfom;om; a[majymawmfrlcJhwmaMumifh tck
qdk&if tJ'DtavhtxBuD; aysmufoavmuf jzpfaeygNyD/

tmz&duwdu
k x
f u
J rSww
f myJ? uRe;f Edik if aH v;wpfct
k aMumif; zwf&ao;w,f? tJ'ED ikd if &H UJ
tavhtxu rdbawGudk tdkrif;csdeJUaewJhtxd rxm;Mubl;? tdkrif;csdeJUrS aooGm;&if aemufb0rSm
vnf; tdkrif;csdeJUaer,fvdkU t,l&SdcJhMuw,f}}
]][if- tJ'Dawmh rdbawGudk bmvkyfypfMuovJ}}
]]bmvkyfypf&rvJ? toufajcmufq,ft&G,favmuf a&mufNyDqdkwmeJU om;jzpfolu
awmif;xJxnfhxrf;oGm;NyD; awmeufxJrSm&SdwJh {&mracsmufBuD;xJ ypfcsNyD; owfypfvdkufwmaygh}}
]]&ufpufvu
kd w
f mbk&m;? 'Dvq
kd akd wmh olwUkd wpfEikd if v
H ;kH ymeE&,
d uH xku
d af eMuwmaygh
bk&m;}}
]]'gaMumifh vlUavmuudk aumif;usK;d rjyKwhJ a&S;xH;k rsK;d usawmh y,f&r,fvUkd ajymwmaygh?
tckawmh tJ'Dt,ltqBuD; aysmufpjyKaeNyDvdkU od&ygw,f? 'DEdkifiHeJU qufpyfrI&SdaewJh jzpf&yfuav;
ESpfck wynfhawmf zwfzl;xm;w,f? aMuuGJp&mvnf;aumif;? oifcef;pm &p&mvnf; aumif;w,f}}
]]jrefjrefajymygbk&m;}}
]]tif;- awmfawmf pdwf0ifpm;aeNyD xifw,f? yxrwpfcku om;wpfa,muf[m rdcif
tdu
k kd apmapmuvdk acsmufxyJ pfcsNy;D owf&atmif awmif;xJxnfNh y;D xrf;vmw,f? 'Dvakd e&mrsK;d [m
tESpif g;q,fwpf&maerS wpfacgufavmuf oGm;Muwmqdak wmh vrf;&,fvUkd r&Sb
d ;l ? awmwd;k Ny;D &rf;orf;
oGm;Mu&wmyJ? wcsKUd tjyefusrS vrf;aysmufrsupf v
d nfvUkd tpma&pmiwfNy;D awmxJrmS aooGm;MuwJh
om;orD;awGvnf; &Sdw,f? rdboGm;owf&if;eJU udk,fyg aooGm;Mu&wmaygh? 'DtjzpfawGudk Mum;zl;
xm;wJh awmif;xJu rdciftdk[m vufvSrf;rDorQ opfcufawGudk csKd;,lNyD; aywpf&mavmufrSm
wpfacsmif;EIef; wpfacsmif;EIef;eJU wpfvrf;vHk; ypfcsvmcJhw,f/
rdcifuo
kd wfzUkd aZmwpfco
k m&Sw
d hJ om;uawmh 'gawGukd rod&mS bl;? a&SUudo
k m pGwo
f mG ;ae
wmaygh? 'DvdkeJU acsmufurf;yg;udka&mufawmh ypfrcsrDrSm rdcifudk ]aemufqHk;taeeJU bmrSmcJhcsifovJ}
vdkU ar;awmh ]om;tjyefrSm rsufpdvnf vrf;rSm;rSmpdk;vdkU vrf;wpfavQmufvHk; aywpf&mwpf&mrSm
wkwfwpfacsmif;EIef; csxm;&pfcJhw,f? 'Dwkwfacsmif;av;awG MunfhNyD; tdrfudkta&mufjyefyg} wJh/}}
]]tJ'rD mS wif om;jzpfo[
l m rdbarwmudk em;vnfomG ;Ny;D rowfawmhbJ tdru
f kd jyefac:
vmcJhowJh}}
]]rdbarwm[m tHhMop&mygvm; bk&m;}}
]]tHMh op&maygh? aemufwpfcu
k vnf; 'DypkH yH ?J om;jzpfou
l zcifuo
kd wf&atmif awmif;xJ
xnfhxrf;vmcJhw,f? 'DtcsdefrSm owfr,fhol&JU om;i,fwpfa,muf[m rodrom aemufuvdkufoGm;
owJh? olUtazu rvdkufapcsifrSef;odvkdU rodatmif vdkufoGm;wmaygh/
olUtbdk;udk owfr,fqdkwmawmh olu rod&Smygbl;? acsmufBuD;em;a&mufvdkU tbkd;jzpf
olukd ypfcsr,fvyk w
f t
hJ cgusawmhrS uav;i,f[m zcifa&SUtajy;oGm;Ny;D ]taz? 'gbmvkyf wmvJ}vdUk
twif;ar;owJh? 'Dtcg olUtazu ]wdkUEdkifiH&JU xHk;pHtwdkif; wtm;rtdkcif rif;tbdk;udk owfwm}vdkU
ajzowJh? 'Dawmh om;i,fu wpfcGef;jyefajymvdkufowJh? tJ'Dpum;aMumifh ol[m olUtazudk rowf
jzpfawmhbJ tdrfudk jyefac:vmcJhowJh? olUom;av; ajymvdkufwJh pum;u -

] uRefawmf BuD;vm&ifvnf; tazhudk 'DvdkyJ jyefowf&r,fqdkwm em;vnfoGm;NyD}wJh/

]]uJ - ausmufqif;wktaMumif;udk qufygOD;bk&m;}}
]]quf&&if ausmufqif;wkukd vly*k Kd vaf wG rud;k uG,af umif;bl;? ud;k uG,&f if cdu
k rf ,fqw
kd hJ
pum;[m b,fbk&m;a[musrf;*efrSmrS r&Sdbl;? 'ghaMumifh usrf;*efvGwf xif&majymMuwJhpum;jzpfvdkU
bmrStav;xm;p&m rvdkbl;? 'gu yxroHk;oyfcsufaygh}}
]]'kw,
d oH;k oyfcsuu
f ausmufjzpfap? aMu;jzpfap? opfom;jzpfap b,fqif;wkyJ ud;k uG,f
ud;k uG,f MunfnKd wo
hJ 'gpdwef UJ ud;k uG,Mf uwmcsn;f yJ? uJ - OD;tm'dp ajzprf;yg? MunfnKd whJ o'gpdw[
f m
ukodkvfvm;? tukodkvfvm;}}
]]ukodkvfaygh bk&m;}}
]]ukodkvfqdk&if aumif;usKd;ay;rvm;? qdk;usKd;ay;rvm;}}
]]aumif;usKd;yJ ay;rSmaygh bk&m;}}
]]'gqdk&if &Sif;aeNyDyJ? 'Davmuf &Sif;aewmudk IyfoGm;atmif ]ausmufqif;wk udk;uG,f&if
ckdufr,f} qdkwJhpum;udk b,folawG xGifvdkufwmvJqdkwmudk pOf;pm;&r,f? OD;tm'dp pOf;pm;rMunfhzl;
bl;vm;}}
]]rpOf;pm;zl;bl; bk&m;}}
]]'Dvkd rpOf;pm;wJt
h wGuaf Mumifh omoemudk NzKd zsucf siw
f o
hJ al wG&UJ oyfvQKad oG;cGpJ um;udk
OD;tm'dp ,Hkrdwmaygh}}
]]omoemudk NzdKzsufcsifolawG&JU oyfvQKdaoG;cGJpum; [kwfvm;bk&m;}}
]][kww
f ,f? Ak'b
momudk zsuq
f ;D csiw
f o
hJ al wGu ajymifajymifwif;wif; zsuq
f ;D vdUk r&rSe;f
odawmh y&d,m,fenf;eJU Ak'udk rudk;uG,fjzpfatmif ]vSefUvHk;} oGif;ay;vdkufwmyJ?
'gudk tawG;tac:r&Sw
d hJ Ak'b
mom0iftcsKUd u ,HMk unfvufcNH y;D xyfqif0h g'jzefU&muae
vlyk*dKvfawG ]ausmufqif;wk rudk;uG,f&}qdkwJh 0g'[m acwfpm;vmwmyJ}}
]]'gqdk&if wynfhawmfawmif tawG;tac:r&SdwJhol jzpfaeNyDaygh bk&m;}}
]]trSeyf aJ ygh? OD;tm'dpw
Ukd vdk bmoma&;acgif;aqmif &[ef;awmf(tcsKUd )ud,
k w
f ikd u
f tjrif
r&Sif;rSawmh pmaybmrSr&SdwJh 'um'umrawG t,ltqrSm;rSmuawmh ajymp&mr&Sdawmhbl;}}
,m'doH 0yaw ADZH? wm'doH [&aw zvH/
uvsmPum&D uvsmPH? ygyum&D p ygyuH/
csKdaomrsKd;aphudk pdkufysKd;aomolonf csKdaomtoD;udk pm;&\/ cg;aomrsKd;aphudk pdkufysKd;
aomolonf cg;aomtoD;udk pm;&\/ xdkUtwl aumif;aom ukodkvftrIudk jyKavh&Sdaomolonf
aumif;aomtusKd;udk cHpm;&\/ raumif;aom tukodkvftrIudk jyKavh&Sdaomolonf raumif;aom
tusKd;udk cHpm;&\/

tokbjrifwm r*Fvm
uREyfk o
f nf 2000ckEpS t
f wGi;f u uREyfk af &;aom ]rsu&f nfruscifoad pcsi}f pmtkyrf w
S qifh
NrdwfNrdKUe,frS 'um'umrrsm;\ yifhavQmufrIaMumifh NrdwfNrdKUe,fESifh weoFm&DNrdKUe,fwdkUwGif (88)n
Mumatmif w&m;awmfrsm; a[mMum;cJ&h onf/ xdo
k Ukd a[mMum;&if;rS Nrw
d Nf rKd Ue,frS &Gmwpf&mG odUk a&muf
&Sd\/ xdk&GmwGif ESpfna[m&ef pDpOfxm;Mu\/
xl;jcm;rIwpfcu
k m; &Gm\ocsK i;f onf bke;f Bu;D ausmif;aemufrmS &Sad e\/ xdUk aMumifh tokb
csvQif ausmif;0dik ;f xJrS jzwfomG ;Mu&\/ xdt
k jzpfukd ausmif;xdik b
f ek ;f Bu;D u oabmrus/ wpfaeUcif;wGif
uREfkyfa&SU toHxGufNyD; NiD;\/
]]OD;Z0ea&? 'Dausmif;rSm ausmif;xdkif&wm usefwm tm;vHk;tqifajyw,f? tokbBuD;
ausmif;0dik ;f xJu jzwfjzwfcswmuawmh r*Fvmudk r&Sb
d ;l ? 'gaMumifh 'Dausmif;[m wd;k wufoifo
h avmuf
rwdk;wufbl; jzpfaew,f}}
xdkq&mawmfonf oufawmf (50)? 0gawmf (30)cefU &SdNyDjzpfaomaMumifh uREfkyfxuf
(10)0gausmaf usmf Bu;D \/ xdUk aMumifh avQmufxm;&rnfrmS tifrwefcufc\
J / q&mBu;D avoH rayguf
atmif ESpfodrfhonfhoabmrsKd;a&mufatmif owdxm;avQmuf&\/
]]r*Fvmjzpfw,fqdkwm ukodkvfjzpfwmudk ajymwmyg bk&m;? tr*Fvm - qdkwmuawmh
tukodkvfvdkU ,l&rSmaygh bk&m;? 'Dae&mrSm q&mawmf ausmif;xdkif&wm odyfuHaumif;w,f bk&m;?
ocFsKdif;ajrudk jrif&wdkif;? tokbcswmudk jrif&wdkif; ]aMomf igvnf; ao&awmhrSmygvm;}qdkwJh aojcif;
w&m;udk trSwf&wJh ]r&PmEkwdbm0em}udk yGm;rsm;NyD;om; jzpfaewmudk bk&m;}}
]]bm0emukodkvfqdkwm 'geukodkvf? oDvukodkvfxuf trsm;BuD;omygw,f bk&m;?
'gaMumifh ]romwpfacguf ausmif;q,facguf} vdkU qdkwmaygh bk&m;}}
]]romwpfacguf ausmif;q,facguf&JU t"dyg,ftjynfhtpHku b,fvdkvJ bk&m;? wynfh
awmfwdkU ajymomajymaeMuwm aocsmrodao;bl;}}
ab;rS 'umwpfOD;u 0ifar;\/
]]t"dyg,fuawmh romwpfacguf vdkufydkU&if; ]igvnf; wpfaeU ao&rSmygvm;}qdkwJh
r&PmEkwdbm0emudk yGm;rsm;vdu
k &f if ausmif;udq
k ,facgufomG ;Ny;D vSL'gef;wJh 'geukov
kd ?f aqmuf
wnfwJh oDvukodkvfxuf trsm;BuD; omw,fvdkU ajymwmyg? 'gaMumifh q&mawmfrSmvnf; tokb
jrifwdkif; ]r*Fvm} jzpfaewmaygh bk&m;? r*Fvmqdkwm ukodkvfygyJ bk&m;}}
]]tif; - OD;Z0eajymrSyJ pdwfqif;&Jp&muae pdwfcsrf;omp&m jzpfvmNyD}}
q&mawmfu xdkodkUtrdefU&Sdvmojzifh uREfkyfrSm tvGef0rf;om&\/ uREfkyfudk qufvuf
ajymapvdkonfh trlt&mudk awGU&ojzifh qufvufavQmufxm;&\/
]]tokbawGU&if r*Fvmr&Sb
d ;l ? vmbfww
d w
f ,fqw
kd hJ tjrif[m avmuD*P
kd ;f q&mawG&UJ
tjrif? [dEL 0g'&JU tjrifawGygbk&m;? Ak'0 g'&JU tjrift&awmh ]oHCmhypn;f udak &Smif? tokbypn;f udk
aqmif}vdUk awmif pum;yH&k ydS gw,f/ ul;wdUk cpwJh ta<uaphuakd qmif&if aps;a&mif;aumif;w,fvUkd awmif
t,l&SdMuygw,f}}

]]tdyfrufwdwHKusrf;awGudk avhvmMunfhwJhtcgrSm vlaoudkjrifrufaomf vmbf&tHhvdkU

ygygw,fb&k m;? bk&m;&Siu
f ,
kd af wmfwikd f uRerf tavmif;udk ywfxm;wJyh w
d pf udk ouFe;f csKy0f wf&atmif
yHokul aumufawmfrlcJhygw,f}}
]]'gayr,fh Ak'bmomtrsm;pkuawmh t,ltqawG vGJrSm;aeMuwkef;yJ bk&m;? vlao
rajymeJU tokb,mOfawmif pufcsKdU,Gif;vdkU udk,fhtdrfa&SUrSmvm&yf&if yufyufpufpuf &efawGUwwf
Muw,f bk&m;? 'gaMumifh tokb,mOfawGqdk&if bmomjcm;awG ydkifwmrsm;w,f bk&m;}}
]]jrefrmvlrsKd;awGaowdkif; bmomjcm;awGrSm &HyHkaiGwdk;wmaygh? tJ'D &HyHkaiGawGudkvnf;
bmomjcm;wcsKdUu jrefrmrawGudk jyef,lwJhtcg toHk;csMujyefw,f}}
]][Jh - tJ'gudk jrefrmawG rodMubl;vm;}}
]]rodwJholu rsm;ygw,f? odwJholusawmhvnf; tokbqdk&if r*Fvmr&Sd-qdkwJh t,ltpGJ
Bu;D u&Sad eawmh vufyu
kd Nf y;D awmhyJ Munfah eMu&w,f? tckawmh 0rf;omtm;wufp&mowif;udk Mum;ae
&ygNyD bk&m;? rEav;NrdKU? awmifpvif;wdkufopfq&mawmf OD;wdut&Sifoljrwfu tokb,mOfawG
udk,fwdkifwnfaxmifNyD; ausmif;xJrSm xm;ygw,f/
b,folaoao taMumif;Mum;vdkuf&if tcrJh (ukodkvfjzpf) vdkufydkUygw,f? o'g&SdvdkU
wwfEdkif&ifvnf; tvSLaiGxnfhcsifoavmuf xnfhvdkU&ygw,f? um;ysuf&if jyif&atmif? aemufxyf
um;pD;a& xyfwdk;vdkU&atmifyg? tckawmh q&mawmf&JU oGefoifqHk;rrIaMumifh 'um? 'umrawGyg
tm;wufoa&m yg0ifvmMuygNyD bk&m;}}
]]tckq&kd if &efuek u
f 'gdu
k w
f mOD;okc OD;aqmifNy;D okyaf qmifawGyg tokb,mOf'geudk
jyKaeMuygNy?D om"k ac:p&mygbk&m;? okyaf qmif tu,f'rDausmo
f q
l &kd if olyikd Nf cu
H u
G w
f pfcu
k kd tokb
,mOfxm;&atmif vSLygw,f? t&ifu &efukefbufuvlawG[m taeMuyf? taoMuyfyg bk&m;}}
]]b,fvdk MuyfwmvJ}}
]]ukefaps;EIef;eJU tdrf? NcH? ajraps;EIef;awG BuD;rm;awmh taeMuyfMuwmaygh bk&m;? aoNyD
qd&k ifvnf; oH;k av;aomif;rSruke&f if ajrrusawmh taovnf; Muyfwmayghb&k m;? wcsKUd qd&k if aq;Hrk mS
rdbjzpfol aooGm;&if tokbrcsEikd v
f Ukd tavmif;xm;Ny;D xGuaf jy;oGm;Mu&w,fvUkd od&ygw,fb&k m;?
tavmif;&Sifr&Sdawmh aq;Hku jzpfovdkoN*K[f&wmaygh bk&m;}}
]]awmfawmf tjzpfqdk;Muygvm;}}
]]qdk;ygw,fbk&m;? 'DtjzpfoepfawGudk jrif&wJh OD;okcu olUpmtkyfwpftkyfu &orQ
aiGav;udk rwnfNyD; BudK;pm;&muae &efukefuwpfqifh aejynfawmfysOf;rem;rSmvnf; ema&;ulnDrI
toif;awG ay:aygufvmygNyDbk&m;? wpfjynfvHk; ema&;ulnDrItoif;awG wnfaxmifxGef;um;Edkif
MuygapvdkUvnf; qEjyKqkawmif;rdygw,f bk&m;}}
pdwf0ifwpm; em;axmifaeaom teD;rS 'umu ]]tJ'Dvdk tavmif;awG oN*K[fay;wJhtwGuf b,fvdktusKd;awG &EdkifovJ bk&m;}}
]]&wJh tusKd;awGuawmh trsm;BuD;yg? txl;jcm;qHk; tusKd;uawmh aemifwpfcsdefrSm
pnf;pdrOf pmawG b,favmufy&J &dS ?dS oHa0*PfawG0ifvmNy;D &[Emjzpf&w,fqw
kd hJ tusK;d ud&k ygw,f?

t&Sirf [muyjzpfvmr,fh ,oolaX;om;[m twdwb

f 0wpfcw
k ek ;f u olwpfyg;tavmif;awGukd
rD;oN*K[fay;wJh ema&;ukodkvfawGudk jyKvkyfcJhygw,f/}}
]]tavmif;awGudk rD;IdU&if;eJU rwifhw,fjcif; qdkwJh tokbbm0em? rdrd&JU aojcif;udk
tzefzef trSwf&wJh r&PmEkwd bm0emawGudk tvdkvdkyGm;rsm;NyD;om; jzpfaewmaygh? 'gaMumifh
tckvdk pnf;pdrfcsrf;omtjynfheJU olaX;om;b0rSm ae&ayr,fhvdkU oHa0*PfawG 0ifvmNyD; bk&m;
xHrSm &[ef;jyKvdkufw,f/}}
]]ema&;ukodkvf jyKvkyfcJhpOfu yGm;rsm;cJhwJh bm0emukodkvfawGaMumifh vG,fulwJhtusifh?
vQifjrefwJh todPfeJU &[EmjzpfawmfrlcJh&ygw,f? 'g[m tavmif;awGudk oN*K[fay;vdkU &&SdwJh
aumif;usKd;awGyJaygh}}
]]'gqdk&if wynfhawmfwdkUvnf; ema&;udpqdk&if xufxufoefoefeJU tultnDay;awmh
r,fbk&m;? 'Dvdk aumif;usKd;awGudk rod&ao;awmh t&ifwkef;u ema&;eJUywfoufvdkU ulnDcGifh&&if
omrmefavmufyJ oabmxm;rdw,f bk&m;}}
]]0rf;omygw,f 'umBuD;}}
]]tif; - wynfhawmfvnf; pmawGoifcJhyg&ufeJU owdrrl *lrjrif jzpfaew,f? tckvdk
OD;Z0e &Sif;jyvdkufrSyJ ]tokbjrifwm r*Fvm} vdkU aocsmod&ygNyD? OD;Z0eudk aus;Zl;wifygw,f}}
]]rSefyg? 0rf;omtm;& &SdvSygw,fbk&m;}}

ul;wdkUcjyem
ao&Gmumv? a&mufMuaomcg
udk,fhaemufudkum;? bmrsm;ygrSm
ypnf;pkpk? wpfckryg
udk,fjyKxm; uHrsm;ygrnfom/
F
txkyfuav;wpfjyifjyif
udk,fhaemufygrnfxif
txkyf&Sif aovdkUoGm;
usefwJholawG a0vdkUpm;
bmurSvnf; ygroGm;
ao&Gmusawmh tyg,fvm;
edAmefa&mufzdkU tcufom; / /
(wdyd#u"&q&mawmf OD;aumov)
txufyg uAsmav;udk Ak'bmom0ifwdkif; emzl;Mu? Mum;zl;Muyg\/
]]ud,
k af o&if bmrS ygwmr[kwb
f ;l ? 0wfay;vdu
k w
f hJ t0wftpm;u aumif;ae&ifawmif
okb&mZmu cRwf,lvdkufao;w,f? udk,fvkyfxm;wJh ukodkvfyJ udk,fhaemufudk ygrSm/}}
F

paom oHa0*pum;rsm;udkvnf; Ak'bmom0ifwdkif;vdkvdk ajymqkdzl;Mu\/ uAsm\

qdv
k &kd if;ESihf pum;\t"dyg ,fwUkd rSm bk&m;a[mESihf wpfxyfwnf;usatmif rSeu
f ef\/ Ak'b
mom0if
wdkUonf em;u rSefuefaomtoHwdkUudk Mum;&NyD;? yg;pyfu rSefuefaompum;udk ajymqdkaeMuaomf
vnf; todPfonfum; rSm;,Gif;aom t,ltqwpfckckudk vufcHaewkef;yif jzpf\/
xdt
k ,ltqum; ]aool\ yg;pyfxw
J iG f ul;wdUk cxnf&h rnf}[laom t,ltqyif jzpf\/
rnfou
l p xGicf o
hJ nfrod? ul;wdUk crxnfv
h Qiyf if b0ul;raumif;Edik af wmhovdk xifaeMu\/ oHo&m
ul;ajymif;&mwGif ukov
kd u
f u
H aumif;aom ae&modUk ydUk ay; tukov
kd u
f u
H raumif;aom ae&modUk
ydkUay;jcif; jzpfonf/
ul;wdUk c qdo
k nfum; b0ul;ajymif;&m bmrSywfoufonf r[kwyf gacs/ ul;wdUk cordik ;f
aMumif;udk uREfkyfwdkU rSwfom;&zl;onfrSm a&S;acwfjrefrmrif;rsm;onf oDvvHkNcHK\/ avmb tvGef
enf;\/ rnforl Q aiGut
kd ydt
k aejzifh pkaqmif;xm;jcif; r&S/d ypn;f Opm toH;k tqmifrsm;udk aiGaMu;ESihf
0,f,ljcif; r&SdMubJ vJvS,foHk;aqmifavh&SdMuonf/
xdUk aMumifh avmbenf;Muaom jrefrmwdUk \tv,fwiG f aiGaMu;qdo
k nfrmS bmrSwefz;kd &Sd
aomt&m r[kwfMuay/ avmbenf;NyD; oDvvHkNcHKMuaom teD;pyfqHk; jrefrmrsm;taMumif;udk wifjy
&vQif tr&yl&acwfrS bd;k awmfrif;w&m;ESihf jynfot
l m;vH;k wdUk onf avmbenf;Ny;D oDvvHNk cKH Muaom
aMumifh oufwrf;jynfh aeMu&\/ tema&m*guif;\/
toufwpf&mjynfrh o
S m aoMu&ojzifh tobwpfcEk iS hf BuKH BuKd uzf Ukd &m tifrwefc,
J Of;\/
vlwpfa,mufaovQif Budwfwdk;Budwfwdk; MunfhMu&onf qdk\/ xdkodkU vltaoaysmuf tvGefenf;yg;
aomaMumifh ]tr&yl&- aojcif;r&SdaomNrdKU} [k trnfay;xm;jcif; jzpf\/
&Sift&[HESifh taemf&xmrif;wdkU\ aus;Zl;aMumifh ax&0g'Ak'bmomppfppfrsm; jzpfMu
ojzifh aoolESifhywfouf tydkukefusrnfh uumoetvkyfrsm; wpfckrQ rvkyfMuay/ aooltwGuf
wu,ftusKd;&Sdrnfh tvkyfrsm;udkum; [muGufr&Sdatmif jyKvkyfavh&SdMu\/
Oyrmtm;jzifh aoonfEiS hf wpfNyKd ief uf &[ef;oHCmawmfrsm;udk yifzh w
d Nf y;D qGr;f ? ouFe;f paom vSLzG,f
0wKrsKd;pHkudk jynfhpHkatmifvSLum trQtwef; ay;a0avh&Sd\/ wwfEdkifaomolrsm;qdkvQif ausmif;uef
Z&yfrsm;udkyg aqmufvkyfvSL'gef;NyD; trQay;a0\/
use&f pforl sm;u tpm;tpmvSL'gef;Ny;D trQay;a0vQif wpfzufvrl mS tpm;tpmud&k &S\
d /
t0wftxnfvSLNyD; trQay;a0vQif t0wftxnfudk &&Sd\/ taqmuftODay;vSLNyD; trQay;a0vQif
taqmuftODudk &&Sd\/ a&uefudkay;vSLNyD; trQay;a0vQif a&uefudk&&Sd\/ xdktcsufudk aocsmpGm
od&Sdxm;aom a&S;jrefrmBuD;rsm;onf tvSLrsKd;pHkay;vSLNyD; trQay;&efudkom t"duxm;Mu\/
aooltwGuaf &m use&f pforl sm;twGuyf g bmrQtusK;d r&So
d nfh tavmif;aumifukd rdwf
uyf? aygif'g jc,fojcif;? "mwfyHkrsm; dkufjcif;? 0rf;enf;aMumif; aMumfjimxnfhjcif;? aiGrsm;pGmukefonfh
acgif;yHk;udk jyKvkyfjcif;? tkwf*ljyKvkyfjcif;paom tvkyfwdkUudk wpfckrQ rvkyfay/

zsma[mif;wpfckESifhywfNyD; vlESpfa,mufxrf;um jrwfurf;pyfwGif oGm;xm;onf/ jrpf

wpfbufurf;&Sd vlolr&SdaomawmBuD;udk okomeftjzpf owfrSwfxm;onf/ jyefcgeD;wGif vlao\
yg;pyfxJwGifvnf; okb&mZmtwGuf [dkbufurf;ydkUc (ul;wdkUc)tjzpf aiGwpfrwf xnfhay;cJhonf/
wcsKUd uvnf; acgif&rf;yef;udk vlao\acgif;wGif yefay;vdu
k o
f nfEiS hf a&S;jrefrmBu;D wdUk \
oDvwefcdk;aMumifh vlaoonf olUtvdkvdk okomef&Sd&m jrpfurf;pyfodkU xoGm;onf[k tqdk&Sdonf/
urf;pyfa&mufonfESifh okb&mZmu acgif;rS acgif&rf;yef;udk jzwfvdkufonf/ xdktcg vlaoonf
ajray:odUk vJusomG ;\/ okb&mZmu yg;pyfxrJ S aiGwpfrwfux
kd w
k ,
f Nl y;D wpfzufurf;odUk ydUk ay;vku
d f
onf/ wpfbufurf;a&mufonfESifh ajrBuD;ay:odkU tomcsxm;vdkufonf/
ntcgwGif om;pm;wd&pmefwUkd u vma&mufpm;aomufypfvu
kd o
f jzifh aooltwGuf 'ge
ukov
kd f xyfrjH zpf&ygao;onf/ &nf&,
G cf sujf zifh tavmif;udk ajrjrK yjf cif;? *loiG ;f jcif;? rD;IUd jcif;wdUk udk
a&S;jrefrmBuD;rsm; rjyKvkyfMujcif; jzpfonf/ aool\acgif;wGif acgif&rf;yef; yefay;HkrQjzifh rnfolrQ
vdu
k yf Ukd p&mrvdb
k J olUtvdv
k kd xoGm;onfqakd omtcsuu
f kd ,ckacwfvrl sm;taejzifh ,Hck sirf ,
S akH yrnf/
Zwd bdua0 oDv0awm
apawmyPd"d 0dok'wm/ (t*FkwdK&fygVdawmf)
cspfom; cspforD;wdkU? oDv&SdaomolwdkU\ tvdkqEonf pifMu,faomaMumifh tvkdqE
rSeforQ jynfhpHk&\/
um; bk&m;a[mjzpf\/ uRef;BuD;av;uRef;wGif awmifuRef;aeolrsm;onf oufwrf;
tNrrJ &S?d q,fEpS Ef iS hf aoolrsm;&So
d vdk tESpw
f pf&maerS aoolrsm;vnf; &S\
d / ta&SUuRe;f aeolrsm;rSm
ESpaf ygif;ckepf&m touf&n
S \
f / taemufuRe;f um; tESpif g;&mtouf&n
S \
f / ajrmufuRe;f um; tESpf
wpfaxmif touf&Snf\/
ajrmufuRef;ol ajrmufuRef;om;rsm; toufwpfaxmiftxd touf&Snf&jcif;rSm olwdkU
vHNk cKH atmif apmifx
h ed ;f xm;Muaom oDvwefc;kd aMumifyh if jzpf\/ ajrmufuRe;f ol ajrmufuRe;f om;rsm;
tm;vH;k onf oDvwefc;kd aMumifh tm;vH;k use;f rmoefprG ;f Ny;D vlacsmvlvaS wGcsn;f jzpf\/ Ak'v
ufxuf
awmfu aZmwduolaX;r,m; twkvum&Donf ajrmufuRef;ol jzpf\/ aZmwduolaX;twGuf ewf
rsm;u aqmif,al y;jcif; jzpf\/ ol\cEmud,
k o
f nf aEGtcgwGif at;Ny;D ? aqmif;tcgwGif aEG;\?? oDv
wefcdk;aMumifh obm0u zefwD;ay;xm;jcif; jzpf\/
ajrmufuRe;f olajrmufuRe;f om;wdUk onf uav;arG;Ny;D vQif EdUk wdu
k af uR;p&mrvd?k uav;udk
awGUorQvlrsm;u uav;\yg;pyfxJ rdrdwdkUvuf xnfhay;vdkufzdkUomvdk\/ xdkvufdK;uyif EdkUxGuf
av\/ olwUkd wGif rnfonft
h ema&m*grS r&So
d jzifh aq;ukp&mvnf; rvdt
k yfay/ taqmuftODtwGuf
vnf; udk,fwdkiftdrfaqmufp&m rvdk/ opfyifu tdrfjzpfay;&\/
0wfa&;pm;a&;twGufvnf; ylyifp&m r&Sd/ ya'omyifrsm;u vdk&mudk oD;ay;&onf/
txl;jcm;qHk;um; ajrmufuRef;ol ajrmufuRef;om;wpfa,mufaovQif tyifyef;cHNyD; oN*K[fp&mrvdk
ay/ aooltm; t0wfjzLESiyhf wfum &Gmvnf&dS ausmufzsmay:wGif wifxm;vdu
k f o
kH m &So
d nf/ olwUkd \
oDvwefc;kd aMumifh {&mriSuBf u;D rsm;ukyt
f avmif;udv
k mcsu
D m yifv,fxyJ pfcsNy;D oN*K [af y;Muonf/

tcsuu
f kd axmufq a&S;jrefrmBu;D rsm;\ oDvwefc;kd aMumifh vlaoudk acgif&rf;yef;
yefay;vdkufonfESifh olUtvdkvdk okomef&Sd&modkU xoGm;onfqdkjcif;rSm [kwfEdkifzG,f&Sdonf[k xifrd\/
a&S;acwfu ul;wdkUc xnfhay;onfrSm okb&mZmtwGufomjzpfaMumif; pmIolrsm; odavmufayNyD/
,ckacwfwGifum; okb&mZmrsm;twGuf usif;wl;c? tacgif;crsm;udk oD;oefUay;ae&NyDjzpfojzifh ul;wdkUc
xnfhp&m rvdkaMumif; xif&Sm;\/
wpfzef oHo&mtwGufvnf; ]ul;wdkUc}ESifh bmrSrqdkif? ]ukodkvf? tukodkvf}ESifhom qdkif
aMumif; xif&Sm;ay:vGifae\/ vlq,fa,mufaovQif aiGESpfusyfcGJ ajrBuD;xJa&mufNyD; tvum;jzpf
&\/ ta,mufwpf&mqdkvQif aiG (25)usyf? ta,mufwpfaxmifqdkvQif aiG(250)usyf? ta,muf
wpfaomif;qdv
k Qif aiG(2500)usy?f ta,mufwpfoed ;f qdv
k Qif aiG(250000)usy?f ajrBu;D xJwiG f tvum;
jzpfNy;D ysuq
f ;D oGm;&\/ jrefrmEdik if \
H acwftqufqufwiG f vlaygif;oef;ESiahf usm
f aoqH;k oGm;cJNh y;D
jzpf&m aiGrsm;onfvnf; oef;ESifhcsDcJhavNyD/
rSm;,Gi;f onfh t,ltqwpfcak Mumifh bmoma&;? vlraI &;? use;f rma&; rnfonft
h wGurf S
tusKd;r&SdbJ ajrBuD;xJwGif ysufpD;oGm;&aom aiGrsm;udk awG;rdwdkif; ESajrmp&m aumif;vSawmh\/
rnfonfhaumif;usKd;rS r&Sdaom t,ltqBuD;udk tvQiftjref y,fpGefUEdkifMuygap/

omoemyGJ jyem
Ak'b
mom0ifwUkd \ bk&m;cef;wGif iSuaf ysmig;zD;qdik f uefUawmhyu
JG kd tdrt
f awmfrsm;rsm;wGif
awGU&wwf\/ ar;MunhfvQif ]omoemyGJ}[k ajzMu\/ omoemig;axmifudk &nfrSef; iSufaysmig;zD;
xnfhonfh oabmyif/ omoem[lonf ]tqHk;tr}[k t"dyg,f&\/ t&aumufvQif Ak'a[mMum;
awmfrlaom w&m;awmfrsm;udk&\/
omoemonf yk*Kd vrf [kwaf omaMumifh uefUawmhypJG aom ypn;f rsm;jzifh ylaZmfr&ay/
omoemawmfudk ax&0g'enf;usus ylaZmfvdkvQif (1) tukodkvfrSeforQudk rjyKvkyfjcif;/
(2) ukodkvfrSeforQudk jynfhpHkapjcif;/
(3) rdrdpdwfudk jzLpifatmifxm;jcif;/
[laom bk&m;&SifwdkU\ tqHk;trtwdkif; aexdkifusifhoHk;&efom jzpf\/ xdkodkUr[kwfbJ
omoemudk ypnf;tmrdojzifh ylaZmfay;csifygao;onfqdkvQif jrwfpGmbk&m;tqHk;trtwdkif; aexdkif
Muaom olawmfaumif;rsm;udk axmufyv
hH LS 'gef;Mu&efyif jzpf\/ pum;onfum; rSe;f qa&;om;jcif;
r[kwf/ Ak'\ TefMum;csuftwdkif; a&;om;jcif;jzpf\/
ykPm;wpfOD;onf Ak'tm; xl;jcm;aomar;cGef;wpfck ar;zl;\/
]]jrwfpmG bk&m;? &wemoH;k yg;udk ylaZmf&m bk&m;&wemudv
k nf; ylaZmf&ef vG,u
f yl gonf?
oHCm&wemudv
k nf; ylaZmf&ef vG,u
f yl gonf? w&m;&wemudu
k m; ylaZmf&ef rvG,u
f l jzpfaeygonf?
wynfhawmfonf w&m;&wemudkvnf; ylaZmfvdkygonf? TefMum;ay;awmfrlyg bk&m;}}

xdktcg Ak'u w&m;&wemrsm;udk trsm;qHk; aqmifxm;&m t&SiftmeEmudk ylaZmf&ef

Tejf yawmfrcl \
hJ / tcsuu
f akd xmuf omoemawmfukd ylaZmfvv
kd Qif Ak'\
tqH;k trtwdik ;f aexdik f
Muaom olawmfaumif;rsm;udk ylaZmfyg[k TefjycJhjcif; jzpf\/ trSefum; omoemyGJonf *dkPf;q&m
(xGuf&yfayguf)q&mrsm;\ vSnfhuGufwpfckom jzpf\/
avmuDxGuf&yfvrf;onf Ak'0g'ESifh bmrQ rywfoufay/ wjcm;pD jzpf\/ Ak'u ]cEm
ig;yg;udk tedp-tNrJr&Sd? cPdur&Pjzifh tNrJaoae\? ysufae\}[k jy\/ xGuf&yfaygufrsm;u
]cEmig;yg;udk rysufrpD; tNrJwnfonf}[k ,lq\/ xdkUaMumifh raoatmifqdkNyD; aq;trsKd;rsKd;? tif;
trsKd;rsKd;? a&xHk rD;xHktrsKd;rsKd;jzifh BudK;pm;Mujcif; jzpf\/
]Ak'u oHk;q,fhwpfbHk&Sd ow0gtm;vHk;onf tdk? em? ao qif;&Jqdk;BuD; &SdaomaMumifh
'ku}[k a[m\/ xGuf&yfayguf0dZmrsm;u ]olwdkUcEmudk okc- csrf;omonf}[k ,lq\/ xdkUaMumifh
touf&n
S &f n
S af e&jcif;udk ESpo
f ufMujcif; jzpf\/ Ak'u
]cEmig;yg;udk tew-tpd;k r&? ud,
k yf ikd rf [kwf
tESpfom& r&Sd}[k jy\/
xGuf&yfaygufyk*dKvfrsm;u ]cEmig;yg;udk tw-tESpfom& &Sd\/ igapcdkif;ovdk&\}[k
,lq\/ Ak'0g'ESifh rnfrQuGmjcm;aeygoenf;/ odkUaomf olwdkUonf ]igwdkU xGuf&yfvrf;pOfonf Ak'
0g'ESifh bmrQrqdkif? wpfvrf;pDjzpfonf}[k raMunm&J/
xdkodkUom jywfjywfom;om; aMunmvdkufvQif Ak'bmom0ifrsm; olUwdkUaemufodkU ygMu
awmhrnf r[kw/f xdt
k cg pdak eaom olwUkd EIwcf rf;rS qDrsm;vnf; ajcmufomG ;Muayvdrrfh nf/ xdUk aMumifh
bk&m;wnfjyjcif;? *kPfawmfykwD;pdyfjyjcif; ponfjzifh Ak'0g'twGif;odkU 0ifa&mMu&\/ xGuf&yfayguf
vrf;pOfudk Ak'0g'ESifh twljzpfoa,mif aejyMu\/
Ak'\ om0um;rsm;udk olwdkU\ om0ursm;jzpfatmif odrf;oGif;enf;uvnf; tifrwef
xda&mufatmifjrif\/ olwUkd \qGaJ qmifenf;um; *kPaf wmfyw
k ;D pdycf idk ;f jcif;jzpf\/ *kPaf wmfukd &uf&n
S f
vrsm; ykwD;pdyfvmojzifh aumif;usKd;ay;awmhrnfqdkvQif olwdkUu BudKwifod\/ avmuDorx wefcdk;
aMumifh jzpf\/
xdkodkU odonfESifh wpfNydKifeuf ]rif;udk tbu rp apmifha&Smufr,f? b,faeUb,fvrSm
aiGawG txkyfvdkuf 0ifvmvdrfhr,f? b,fae&mrSm tbemrnfeJU apwDwnfay;yg}[l tdyfrufrS
jzpfap? ykwD;pdyfaepOf tmHkxJrSjzpfap today;wwf\/ bk&m;*kPfawmf yGm;rsm;aomaMumifh &aom
aumif;usKd;udk olay;vdkU&aom aumif;usKd;[l tacsmifemrnf0if,ljcif; jzpf\/
Ak'bmom0ifwdkUum; xdkrQtxd rawG;Edkif? rdrdwdkU\ 'ge? oDv? bm0emESifh uH? Pf?
0D&d,aMumifh &aomaumif;usKd;rsm;udk ]tbu ay;aomt&mrsm;}[k t,lqrSm;NyD; Ak'H o&PH *pmrd
ae&mwGif ]bdk;awmf o&PH *pmrd? tb o&PH *pmrd} jzpfum o&P*Hk ndK;EGrf;oGm;&awmh\?? txl;
owdxm;oifhaypG/
("mwfpHk ewfpHk? bdk;awmf,Hk? ndK;BuHKo&P)
[laompmyd'k u
f av;udk tNro
J wd&aeoif\
h / ,ck omoemyGq
J o
kd nfrmS vnf; omoemudk
ylaZmfcdkif;ovdkvdkESifh olwdkUudk ylaZmfcdkif;jcif;jzpf\/ orxbm0emyGm;rsm;olrsm;udk jzpfap? 0dyem

bm0em yGm;rsm;olrsm;udk jzpfap w&m;&&ef orm"dav;wufvmonfESifh olwdkUxGuf&yfayguf 0dZm

vrf;odkU rygygatmif qGJawmh\/
uREykf \
f rdcifBu;D onfvnf; trsm;tajymaumif;onfEiS fh omoemyGw
J pfyJG wifxm;rd\/
omoemqdkaom pum;udk ,Hkpm;rdaomaMumifh jzpf\/ bdk;awmfudk ,HkMunf r[kwfay/ wpfaeUwGif
rdcifBuD;onf bk&m;cef;a&SUxdkif 0dyembm0emw&m; yGm;rsm;ae\/ orm"d&vmonfESifh xl;jcm;
aom tmHkwpfckudk awGU&\/
0wfjzLpifMu,fwpfa,muf omoemyGaJ y:wGif ay:vmum "mwfv;kH wpfv;kH udk jyoae\/
olonf rdcifBu;D udk avmukw& m 0dyemvdik ;f rS avmuDxu
G &f yfaygufvikd ;f odUk qGaJ qmifaejcif;jzpf\/
q&maumif;r&So
d q
l v
kd Qiu
f m; rdr&d rnfh r*fPf? zdv
k
f Pfukd r&atmif tE&m,fjyKaeonfh rm&fewf\
bufawmfom;[k rodbJ ]rprnfh 0dZmudk awGU&NyD}[k qdkum xckefrwwf 0rf;omMurnfjzpf\/
rdcifBuD;um; uREfkyfxHrS 0dyem w&m;"rrsm;udk emMum;xm;&aomaMumifh taESmifh
t,Suf[k odoGm;um csufcsif; tmHkudk jzpfysufIypfvdkuf\/ xdkUaemuf ,kwdr&Sdaom ]omoemyGJ}
trnfcH ]0dZm yG}J udv
k nf; xdak eUrSp rwifawmhay/ omoemawmfukd xdxad &mufa&muf ylaZmfjcif;um;
0dyemw&m;udk emMum;tm;xkwfjcif;ygwnf;/
r*fPf? zdkvfPfudk &apr,fh 0dyemw&m;udk emMum;tm;xkwfvdkU &EdkifwJh tcsdef
umvudkom ]omoemwGif;}vdkU ac:wmyg/ tck omoemESpfaygif; 2546 ESpf ukefoGm;NyD/
aemufxyf omoemESpaf ygif; 2464 ESpyf J useaf wmhw,f? ]omoemESpaf ygif; 2000ausmf
BuD; usefao;wmyJ} qdkNyD; at;at;aq;aq; raevdkufygeJU/
usefwJh omoemESpfaygif; 2000 ausmf[m rdrdeJU b,favmufqdkifw,fqdkwm aoao
csmcsm pOf;pm;yg/ 'DaeUaoNyD; tyg,fusoGm;&if eufjzefomoem[m udk,feJUrqdkifawmhygbl;/
omoem[m udk,fraocif em&Dydkif;? &ufydkif;avmufyJ qdkifwmyg/ 'gaMumifh taorOD;
rDrSm PfOD;atmif BudK;pm;yg/
(arwm&Sif-a&Tjynfom\ r*fwm;zdkvfwm; tE&m,frsm;)

&ufvnfjyem
2000 jynfEpS \
f rd;k wGi;f umvuyif jzpf\/ uREykf o
f w
D if;oH;k &m a&TjynfomNrKd U? rEav;
ausmif;\a&SUwGif ukudKyifBuD; ESpfyif&Sd\/ t&dyftm0goaumif;ojzifh vrf;oGm;vrf;vmrsm; rMum
cP em;cdMk u\/ cHw
k ef;&Snrf sm;ESihf aomufa&td;k pifwpfcu
k kd pDraH y;xm;jcif;aMumifv
h nf; vly*k Kd vrf sm;
omru &[ef;? omraPrsm;yif 0ifa&mufem;aewwfMu\/
(6)&yfuGuf twGif;wGif bkef;BuD;ausmif;aygif; (70)cefU&Sd\/ o&ufawmwdkufuJhodkU
bkef;BuD;ausmif; &yfuGufBuD; wpfckyif jzpf\/ xl;jcm;csufwpfckum; wpf&yfuGufvHk;wGif uREkfyf
ausmif;rS a&onf taumif;qHk; tav;yifqHk;jzpfaejcif;yif/ &efukefNrdKUay:rS 'umrsm;uyif *sKd;jzL
a&xuf aumif;onf[k csD;rGrf;Mu\/

uREfkyf pmcsbkef;BuD;b0u pmoifom; oHCmoHk;q,fausmftwGuf wpfaeUwGif a&pnf

ESpq
f ,fcefU wHu
k ifEydS v
f LS cJah om ukov
kd af Mumif[
h k xifr\
d / xdo
k Ukd a&aumif;ojzifh vla&m &Si&f [ef;yg
em;em;aeae a&0ifaomufMujcif; jzpf\/ xdk&ufu uREfkyfwdkU aeUqGrf;pm;NyD;p tcsdefyifjzpf\/
ausmif;a&SU ukudKyifatmufwGif touftpdwfoHk;q,f0ef;usif&Sd rdef;uav;oHk;a,muf
ra,mifrvnf &yfaeonfudk awGU&\/ olwdkUtrlt&mrSm wpfpHkwpfckudk rqHk;jzwfEdkifjzpfae[efudk
awGU&ojzifh ausmif;om;wpfa,mufukd oGm;ac:cdik ;f vdu
k \
f / rde;f uav;oH;k a,muf ra,mifrvnfEiS hf
vdkufygvmcJhMu\/
ESpfa,mufu uREfkyfudk OD;csaomfvnf; usefwpfa,mufu OD;rcsEdkifbJ olUvufxJwGif
udkifxm;aom vufudkifyk0gESifh pHy,fyef;wpfuHk;udkom rsufvHk;t0dkif;om;ESifh pdkufMunfhae\/ ]b,fvdk
oabmygvdrfh}[k uREfkyfyif awG;r&atmif jzpfoGm;ojzifh xkwfazmfar;vkduf&\/
]]'umrav;? tJ'D vufudkifyk0geJUyef;rSm bmrsm;xl;jcm;rI &SdaevdkUvJ? ajymjyygOD;}}
olu usefESpfa,mufudk ar;qwfjyNyD; ]ajymvkduf&rvm;}[k cGifhjyKcsufawmif;\/ usef
ESpfa,muf acgif;ndwfjyNyD; oabmwlvdkuf\/ xkdtcgusrS olonf vufudkifyk0gESifh pHy,fyef;uHk;udk
ab;odUk csxm;Ny;D vQif uREykf u
f kd O;D cs\/ Ny;D vQif vufuikd yf 0k gESihf pHy,fyef;uH;k udk vufnKd ;xd;k jyNy;D ajym\/
]]'DtxJrSm wynfhawmfwdkU tbGm;&JU0dOfaumifav; &Sdw,f bk&m;}}
]]a[ ..}}
uREfkyfyg;pyfrS xdktmar!dwfoH wpfckom xGufEdkif\/
]]tptqH;k &Si;f jyprf;ygOD;? rif;wdUk tbGm;0dOfu b,fvv
kd yk Nf y;D 'Dvufuikd yf 0k gxJ a&muf
ae&wmvJ}}
]]'Dvdkyg bk&m;? vGefcJhwJh wpfygwfu wynfhawmfwdkUtbGm; qHk;ygw,f? 'Dvufudkifyk0geJU
yef;uHk;tEGrf;av;u tbGm;oHk;cJhwmyg? ocsKif;rSm oN*K[fNyD;wJhtcg &ufvnfqGrf; auR;NyD;wJhtcg
tbGm;udk trQay;OD;r,f? tck tdrfudkvdkufcJhygvdkUajymNyD; tbGm;0dOfudk ac:cJhMuwmyg}}
uREkfyfrSm olwdkUajymaom pum;udk &,fypfcsifaomfvnf; olwdkUudk tm;emojzifh r&,f
&ufyg? tvdkufwoifh vSrf;ar;&if; pdwf0ifwpm; em;axmifae&onf/
]]'geJU rif;wdkUtbGm;0dOfu tdrfudk a&mufvmw,faygh}}
]]a&mufvmw,f bk&m;? tck &ufvnfqGrf;auR;NyD; trQvnf;a0NyD;vdkU tbGm;0dOf
av;udk t&dyftm0goaumif;wJh opfyifem;rSm oGm;xm;ay;ygvdkU rdbrsm;u cdkif;vdkU wynfhawmfwdkU
vmxm;wmyg? tJ'g q&mawmfu ausmif;xJudkac:vdkufawmh vufudkifyk0gudk Murf;jyifrSmcsrdoGm;NyD}}
]]tJ'Dawmh bmjzpfvJ}}
]]tbGm;0dOfav;u vufudkifyk0gcswJhae&mrSm aerSmwJh bk&m;? tJ'gqdk&ifawmh tbGm;
[m q&mawmhfausmif;xJrSmyJ aeawmhr,f xifw,f}}
]]aMomf ...vufpowfawmh rif;wdkUu o&Jvmtyfwmudk;? &ygw,f? ighausmif;u
ausmif;om; udk&ifwif vufcHwm r[kwfbl;? o&Jvnf; vufcHw,f}}

uREfkyf pum;aMumifh olwdkUaomursm; w'*FaysmufoGm;NyD; &,farmMuonf/ olwdkU ae

xdkif&m &yfuGufESifhvrf;udk ar;jref;MunfhaomtcgwGifrS ausmif;rS OD;yif;wpfyg;\ qGrf;cHtdrf jzpfae
onfukd od&\/ olwUkd oH;k a,mufwiG f ESpaf ,mufonf bGUJ &ausmif;q&mrrsm; jzpf\/ xdEk pS af ,mufwiG f
wpfa,mufu pdwf0ifwpm; ar;cGef;wpfck ar;vm\/
]]q&mawmf ..0dOfqdkwm 'Dvdkac:vdkU&ygovm; bk&m;}}
tif; ...avmuDa&;rSmom bGJU&Muwm? bmoma&;rSmawmh rlvwef;tqifhawmifrS
ra&mufao;ygvm;[k ,ckacwf vli,frsm;twGuf tm;rvdktm;r& jzpfrd\/
]]0dPfqdkwmudku r&Sdygbl;? vlwpfa,mufrSm tmHkudk rodwwfwJh kyfeJU? tmHkudkod
wwfwJh emrf 'DESpfrsKd;yJ &Sdygw,f? vG,fvG,fav; cGJcsif&if jrifwmu kyf? odwmu emrf?
Mum;wmu kyf? odwmu emrf?
eHwmu kyf? odwmu emrf?
pm;wmu kyf? odwmu emrf?
xdwmu kyf? odwmu emrf?
BuHawG;wmu kyf? odwmu emrf?
vdkU rSwfxm;aygh? 'DtxJu tmHkudk odpdwfemrfw&m;udkyJ ]0dOfaumif}vdkU rSef;qajymaeMuwmyg?
ckvdk udkifjyMunfhvdkU&wmu ynwfkyf? OwkZkyfaygh? ]cEmig;yg; tedp-tNrJr&Sd} vdkU 0dyemI&wJh
y&rwfyk u
f awmh taumiftxnf tvH;k tcJ? trIet
f rTm;&,fvUkd r&SMd ubl;? oabmw&m;rQyJ &Sw
d ,f?
ky&f UJ t"dyg ,fu azmufjyefwwfaom oabmw&m;vdUk jzpfw,f? ajym&&if yx0D"mwf[m
rmwJhoabm? aysmhwJhoabmav;yJaygh? tmayg"mwf[m zGJUpnf;? ,dkpD;wJh oabmav;yJaygh? 'Dy&rwf
kyfw&m;awG[m wpfpuefUtwGif;rSm tBudrfaygif; uka# (5880)ausmf jzpfysufaeMuw,f/
odwwfwJh emrfw&m;uawmh wpfpuefUrSm tBudrfaygif; uka#wpfodef; jzpfysufaeMu
w,f? wpfysufwnf; ysufaeMuwmyg? &yfem;aew,fvdkU r&Sdbl;? oHCmqdkwJh pum;ESpfvHk;udk ajymvdkuf
wJt
h cg oH-udk ajymocdu
k rf mS jzpfwhJ yk ef mrfw&m;awG[m Cm-qdw
k hJ 'kw,
d ajrmufpum;vH;k udk a&mufwhJ
txd rcHMuawmhbl;/
oH- qdkwJh pum;udk ajymNyD;csdefrSmyJ csKyfaysmuf ysufpD;oGm;MuNyD? Cm- qdkwJh pum;udk
aemufxyf kyo
f pfemrfopfeUJ xyfajymae&wmaygh? 'gaMumifh tNrw
J rf; r&yfrem;jzpfysuaf ewJh kyef mrf
w&m;awG[m rysufrpD; tNrJwnfaewJh 0dOfaumiftjzpf b,frSm&SdaeEdkifyghrvJ}}
]]'gqdk&if aooGm;wJhol[m ckepf&uftwGif; b,frSroGm;bJ tdrf0dkif;xJrSmyJ aew,f
qdkwm r[kwfbl;aygh bk&m;}}
]]b,f[kwfawmhrSmvJ? t&if;vJ tzsm;xif;jzpfaygh? 0dOfaumifrS r&Sdygbl;vdkU qdkae?
b,folu tdrf0dkif;xJrSm ckepf&ufvmaevdkU &yghrvJ}}
,ckvdk &Sif;jyawmhvnf; olwdkU xdkufoifhoavmuf oabmayguf[efwlonf/ pdwf0if
wpm; &SdvmMuonf/ wpfa,mufu awG;awG;ac:ac:jzifh ar;cGef;wpfck ar;vm\/

]]'Dvdk tNrJwrf; jzpfysufaewJh kyfemrfw&m;awG[m aemufb0udk b,fvdk ul;oGm;ovJ

bk&m;? 'DrmS 0dOfaumifr&Sb
d ;l qd&k if tckb0jyKcw
hJ hJ ukov
kd u
f ?H tukov
kd u
f aH wG&UJ tusK;d udk b,fou
l
oGm;cHpm;ovJ bk&m;}}
,if;uJhodkUaom ar;cGef;rsKd;udk pmtkyfwpftkyfwGif uREfkyf zwfcJh&\/ q&mBuD; OD;A*sDidk
a&;om;aom ]*r&D 0dyemIz,
G u
f sr;f } 'kw,
d wGw
J iG f jzpf\/ q&mBu;D tar&duefa&mufpOfu ar;jref;
Muaom ar;cGe;f rsm;teuf wpfcjk zpf\/ ,if;pmtkyf ar;cGe;f udo
k m azmfjyxm;aomfvnf; tajzudu
k m;
a&;rxm;yg/ pmayA[kokw &Sdaomolrsm;twGuf tajzrSm rcJ,Of;[kom azmfjyxm;\/
pmayA[kow
k r&So
d rl sm;twGuu
f m; cJ,Of;aom ar;cGe;f wpfcyk if jzpf\/ Ak'b
mom0if
wdkif;vnf; taotcsm odoifh\/ xdkUaMumifh pdwf&Snf&Snfyif &Sif;jy&\/
ykxkZOfawG ao&if a&mufEdkifwJhbHk ig;rsKd;&Sdw,f/
(1) vlUbHk a&mufEdkifw,f/
(2) ewfbHk a&mufEdkifw,f/
(3) i&JbHk a&mufEdkifw,f/
(4) NydwmbHk a&mufEdkifw,f/
(5) wd&pmefbHk a&mufEdkifw,f/
]]tol&um,feJU jA[bHka&m ra&mufEdkifbl;vm; bk&m;}}
]]a&mufEdkifygw,f? jA[bHkudk ewfbHkxJrSm aygif;xnfhxm;w,f? tol&um,fbHkudk Nydwm
bHkxJrSm aygif;xnfhxm;w,f? ygVdvdk a'0o'g[m jA[mudkvnf; a[mEdkifw,f? tol&um,fqdkwm
NydwmtBuD;pm;yJ? 'gaMumifh NydwmbHkxJrSm xnfhxm;wm}}
]][dkbuf bHktopfrSm oGm;jzpfwJhtcg 'Dbufb0u kyfw&m;? emrfw&m;awG wpfckrS
ygroGm;Mubl;? topf xyfjzpf&Muwm? 'Db0u aeUcif; (12)em&Du aor,fqdk&if [kdbuf vlUb0
rdcif0rf;xJrSm (12)em&DwdwdrSmyJ oGm;jzpfw,f? kyfopfemrfopf topfjzpfwmudk ajymwmaemf? 'Dbuf
b0u 0dnmOfaumifav;u [dkbufb0 rdcif0rf;xJ 0ifoGm;wmvdkU xifraeeJUOD;}}
]]'gqdk&if aooGm;wJh tbGm;u vljzpfoGm;r,fqdk&if wynfhawmfwdkU ay;wJhtrQudk om"k
rac:Edkifawmhbl;aygh bk&m;}}
]][kwfw,f? rac:Edkifawmhbl;? 'gayr,fh 'DukodkvfawGu tvum;jzpfroGm;ygbl;? 'Duk
odv
k &f UJ aumif;usK;d udk jyKwo
hJ al wG cHpm;&r,f? b0tqufqufu awmfpyfczhJ ;l wJh ruRwrf vGwaf o;wJh
aqGrsKd;a[mif;awG trsm;BuD;&Sdw,f? olwdkUwawGuvnf; om"kac:Edkifw,f/
aqGrsK;d rawmfwhJ wjcm;ruRwrf vGwo
f al wGvnf; om"kac:Edik yf gw,f? 'gaMumifh aoolukd
&nfrSef;NyD; vSLwJhtvSLudkawmh {uefrkcs jyKoifhygw,f? aoNyD; ewfjynfa&muf&ifvnf; csufcsif;yJ
pkwdeJU y#doaE[m wpfqufwnf; aewmaygh? pkwdqdkwm aowJhpdwf? y#doEqdkwm aemufb0rSm
topfjzpfwJhpdwf? olwdkUESpfckMum;xJrSm bmrSr&Sdbl;? csufcsif;yJ/
oN*K[frSmawmh ]teE&ar0}qdkwJh ygVdeJU jyw,f? jrefrmvdkawmh ]csufcsif;}aygh? usefwJh
i&JbHk? wd&pmefbHk? NydwmbHkwdkUrSm jzpfr,fqdk&ifvnf; tMum;r&SdbJ csufcsif;oGm;jzpfwmyJ? tdrfem;rSm

ckepf&ufaevdkU &EdkifwmqdkvdkU NydwmbHkwpfrsKd;yJ &Sdw,f? 'DNydwmbHkb0a&muf&if uRwfvGwfygapqdkwJh

apwemeJU qGrf;oGwfwJh ukodkvfudk jyKMuwmjzpfw,f/}}
]]'Dbufb0u jyKcJhwJhukodkvfuH? tukodkvfuHawGudk [dkbufb0rSm 'Du kyfemrfvnf;
ygroGm;bJeJU? b,fyHkb,fenf; cHpm;w,fqdkwmudk qufNyD; &Sif;jyygOD;bk&m;}}
]]ukodkvfuH tukodkvfuHawG jyKwJhtcg aZmapwemawGjzpfw,f? 'DaZmapwemawG[m
emrfw&m;jzpfvdkU jzpfNyD;ysufoGm;wm rSefayr,fh aemufb0rSm aumif;usKd;qdk;usKd;jzpfapr,fh tmedoif
oabmw&m;awG useaf ecJw
h ,f? 'Dapwemac: uHeUJ cEm? 'ku rodrt
I 0dZm ? cEmopfukd vdck sirf w
I PSm
'DoHk;yg;aygif;rdNyD; b0opfjzpfatmif zefwD;vdkufMuwmyJ}}
]]yHpk eH UJ ajymMunfrh ,f? ausmif;'umOD;eD aow,f? ausmif;vSLwJu
h o
k v
kd af Mumifh ewfjynfrmS
ewfom; oGm;jzpfw,f? 'Dae&mrSm Ak't
vdu
k s,&l rSmu ewfom;jzpfomG ;wJt
h cgrSm OD;eDb0u kyw
f &m;?
emrfw&m;awG ewfjynfudk wpfckrSygrvmbl;? 'gayr,fh OD;eD&JUaojcif;eJU uif;NyD;awmhvnf; ewfom;
rjzpfEdkifjyefbl;}}
]]odyfcufw,f bk&m;? wynfhawmfwdkU PfeJU rvdkufEdkifawmhbl;}}
]]'Dvdkqdk&ifvnf; Oyrmay;NyD; wpfrsKd;BudK;pm;NyD; ajymMunfhr,f? #Dumausmfusrf;rSmawmh
b0opfjzpfyHkudk OyrmoHk;rsKd;ay;xm;w,f? rD;wdkif&,f? wHqdyfwHk;&,f? yJhwifoH&,fyJ/ za,mif;wdkif
wpfwdkifudk rD;xGef;xm;w,f? aemufwpfwdkif xGef;csifwJhtcg yxrtwdkifuae rD;ul;,lvdkufw,f/
'Dae&mrSm pOf;pm;&rSmu 'kwd,twdkifrSm awmufavmifaewJh rD;[m yxrtwdkifu
ul;vmwJh rD;awGvm;? 'kw,
d twdik u
f za,mif;om;udak vmifaewJh rD;awGvm; qdw
k myJ? wu,ft
h rSeu
f
yxrza,mif;wdik u
f rD;awG[m 'kw,
d za,mif;wdik u
f kd ul;rvmygbl;? 'gayr,fh yxrza,mif;wdik u
f
rD;eJU uif;NyD;awmhvnf; 'kwd,za,mif;wdkif[m rD;rawmufEdkifygbl;/
xdkUtwl ausmif;'um OD;eDb0u kyfemrfw&m;awG[m ewfjynfudk wpfckrS ul;rvm
ygbl;? 'gayr,fh ausmif;'umOD;eDeUJ uif;Ny;D awmhvnf; ewfjynfrmS ewfom;vmrjzpfEikd yf gbl;? taMumif;
tusKd; qufoG,frIavmufyJ &Sdw,fvdkU ,l&rSmyg/
*VKew
f q
H yd f ouFe;f acgufukd Munfv
h u
kd yf g? ouFe;f om;ay:rSm *VKew
f q
H yd x
f ifaeygw,f?
oHjym;xlxlrSm *VKefwHqdyfxGif; tylay;NyD; ouFef;acgufay: zdcsvdkufwmeJU *VKefwHqdyf xifoGm;wm
ygyJ? 'Dvdk xifwJhae&mrSm ouFef;rSmxifaewJh *VKefkyf[m oHjym;u*VKefkyf r[kwfygbl;/
'gayr,fh oHjym;u*VKefkyfeJU uif;NyD;awmhvnf; rxifEdkifygbl;? xdkUtwl ewfjynfu
ewfom;b0[m vlUjynfu ausmif;'umOD;eD r[kwfygbl;? kyfemrftopf xyfjzpfwmyg? 'gayr,fh
vlUjynfu OD;eDeJUvnf; uif;NyD;awmh rjzpfEdkifygbl;? 'gu b0opfjzpfyHkudk wHqdyfwkH; OyrmeJU jyvdkuf
wmyg/
yJhwifoH Oyrmuawmh vIdPf*lBuD;xJrSm a[;ceJ wpfcsufatmfvdkuf&if yxrtoHu
vIdPf*leH&Hudk dkufNyD; ]a[; a[;} qdkwJh 'kwd,? wwd, yJhwifoHrsm; ay:vmygw,f? 'kwd,? wwd,
yJhwifoHrsm;[m yxratmfvdkufwJh toHr[kwfygbl;? topf topfxyfjzpfwmyg?

'gayr,fh yxratmfoHeJU uif;NyD;awmhvnf; rjzpfEdkifygbl;? taMumif;tusKd; qufpyfrI

uawmh &Sdaeygw,f? xdkUtwl ewfom;b0[m topfxyfjzpfwJh kyfemrfyg? vlUb0u ausmif;'um
OD;eD&JU kyfemrfwpfckrS ygrvmygbl;? 'gayr,fh OD;eDb0u kyfemrfeJU uif;NyD;awmhvnf; rjzpfEdkifygbl;?
'Davmufqdk&if 0dOfaumif ygroGm;bJ b0opfjzpfyHkudk rif;wdkUem;vnfavmufNyDvdkU xifw,f}}
]]rSefyg em;vnfygNyD bk&m;}}
]]wu,f em;vnfomG ;w,f qd&k ifawmh ody0f rf;omygw,f? bmjzpfvUkd vJqakd wmh kyef mrf
wpfyg;yg;udk rysurf pD; tNrw
J nfw,fvUkd t,lrmS ;wJh ow'd|cd aH e&if 0dyemw&m; tm;xkw&f if
w&m;r&bJ jzpfwwfw,f? tckvdk &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; em;vnfoGm;w,fqdk&if r*fvrf;zdkvfvrf; yGifhoGm;
wmaygh? 'DtcsufeJU ywfoufvdkU rdk;ukwfq&mawmfbk&m;BuD;u ]Ak'bmom0ifawG[m vlaowmeJU
ywfouf&if ow'd|d jzpfwwfw,f}vdkU ajymcJhwmaygh/
ar;/ / t&SifqErax&fonf ESpfaygif;av;q,fausmf udk,fwdkif jzpfysuf tedp? 'ku? tew
w&m;udk BudK;pm;tm;xkwfygvsufom;eJU bmaMumihf r*fzdkvf r&ygovJ/
ajz/ / 'd|d ruGmvdkUyg/
ar;/ / 'gjzifh&if jzpfysuf tedp? 'ku? tewIrIESifh 'd|dcGmrI[m b,folUudk a&SUxm;&rvJ/
ajz/ / 'd|dcGmrIudk a&SUxm;&ygr,f/
ar;/ / b,f'd|dudk cGm&rwkef;/
ajz/ / ow'd|deJU Oap''d|dudk cGm&ygr,f/
ar;/ / aMumif;usKd; kyfemrfw&m;awG[m ckdifNrJw,f? qufw,f? tNrJjzpfw,f? tNrJ&Sdw,fvdkU
,lqwm bm'd|dvJ/
ajz/ / ow'd|dyg/
ar;/ / aMumif;usKd; kyfemrfw&m;awG[m bmrSr&Sdbl;? b,fawmhrS rjzpfbl;? jywfaew,fvdkU
,lxm;&if bm'd|dvJ/
ajz/ / Oap''d|dyg/
ar;/ / Oyrm a0'emqdkwm zvkyfvdkufawmh rjzpfbl;vm;/
ajz/ / jzpfygw,f/
ar;/ / tu,f zcsKyfoGm;&if 'Da0'emav;aum/
ajz/ / csKyfoGm;ygw,f/
ar;/ / taMumif;aMumifh tusKd;jzpfwmudk jrifvdkufvdkU&Sd&if b,f'd|dpifrwkef;/
ajz/ / Oap''d|d pifygw,f/
ar;/ / taMumif;csKyfvdkU tusKd;csKyfw,fvdkU od&ifaum/
ajz/ / ow'd|d pifygw,f/
ar;/ / a0'emaMumifh wPSmjzpfw,fvdkU od&ifaum b,f'd|d pifowkef;/
ajz/ / Oap''d|d pifygw,f/
ar;/ / a0'emcsKyo
f mG ;vdUk &S&d ifvnf; 'DwPSmvnf; olUocifu csKyaf ygh? olUocifuvnf; csKy&f
awmhrSmyJqdkwm raocsmbl;vm;/

ajz/
ar;/
ajz/
ar;/
ajz/

/
/
/
/
/

aocsmygw,f/
'gusawmh b,f'd|d pifoGm;owkef;/
ow'd|d pifoGm;ygw,f/
aMomf ...taMumif;jzpfvdkU tusKd;jzpfwmyJvdkUodawmh bm'd|dpifowkef;/
Oap''d|d pifygw,f/
awmfNyD? 'Davmufqdk 'um? 'umrwdkU ow'd|dpifNyD/
(rdk;ukwfq&mawmf? trSwf (4)usrf;pm? 'd|druGm&if edAmefrjrif)

vlav;rsKd;
(1)
(2)
(3)

(4)

vlwpf&mwGif ig;a,mufcefUonf tEkavmrcEDac: cEmig;yg;onf t0dZm? wPSm? uHaMumifh

jzpfonf/ wjcm;taMumif;aMumifh rjzpf paomtm;jzifh y#dporkyg'fPf usufpm;onf/
aemufig;a,mufonf cEmig;yg; tedp? cEmig;yg; 'ku? cEig;yg; tewponfjzifh IyGm;vsuf
,xmblwPf usufpm;onf/
vlwpf&mwGif av;q,fhig;a,mufcefYonf kyfemrfESpfyg;udk rysufrpD; tNrJwnf&Sdonf[k ,lq
aom ow'd|d usufpm;onf/ ow'd|donf b0udkwyfrufaom avmb (wPSm)ESifh
,SOfaomaMumifh pGefUvTwf&efcufonf/ r*fzdkvfudk t&aES;onf/
useaf v;q,fih g;a,mufonf kyef mrfEpS yf g;udk aovQijf ywfonf? bmrSrjzpfawmh[k ,lqaom
Oap''d|d usufpm;onf/ xdk'd|donf a'goESifh,SOf\/ tjypfBuD;\/ odkUaomf w&m;odvQif
pGefUvGwf&ef vG,ful r*fzdkvfudk t&jrefonf/
(rZdredum,f? 'DCecokwftzGifh)

edAmefjyem
Ak'bmom0ifawG[m aowmeJU ywfouf&if ow'd|d jzpfwwfMuw,f/
edAmefeJU yufoufvm&if Oap''d|d jzpfwwfMuw,f/
(rdk;ukwfq&mawmf)
rd;k ukwq
f &mawmf\ w&m;acGwpfacGrS pum;wpfy'kd yf if jzpf\/ vlaowmESihf ywfouf
ow'd|jd zpfyu
kH kd &ufvnfjyemaqmif;yg; &Si;f jycJNh y;D jzpfonf/ ,ck edAm efEiS hf ywfouf Oap'
'd|d tjzpfrsm;yHkudk &Sif;vif;ygOD;rnf/ yxra&Tusif q&mawmfbk&m;BuD;uvnf; edAmefESifhywfouf
Ak'b
mom0ifrsm; Oap''d|Bd u;D odUk ruyfa&mufap&ef ]*r&D m*r&D r[medAK wm'DyeD} [laom usr;f Bu;D udk
a&;om;awmfrlcJhonf/
q&mawmfBuD;\ arwm? apwemum; BuD;rsm;vS\/ usrf;pma&;om;&m pmayrjynfhpHk
olwUkd twGuf tusO;f ? pmayjynfph o
kH w
l Ukd twGuf tus,q
f Nkd y;D ESpcf ef;a&;om;cJ\
h / 'Gg&*dP
k ;f omoemydik f
tk#fzdkq&mawmfBuD;onfvnf; 'umwpfOD;\ avQmufxm; awmif;yefcsuft& edAmefESifhywfouf
]pEr@vokupmwef;}[laom usrf;pmi,fudk a&;om;awmfrlcJh\/

v,fwDq&mawmfbk&m;BuD;onfvnf; ]edAmer*'DyeD} rnfaom usrf;udk a&;om;pD&if

awmfrcl \
hJ / ,if;usr;f wdUk udk rSjD irf;ud;k um;Ny;D vQif yckuL 0dyemoifwef; q&mBu;D OD;Muifa&T\ edAm ef
w&m;awmf (17)acG? oJtif;*lq&mawmfESifh rdk;ukwfq&mawmfwdkU\ edAmefw&m;awmfwdkUudk emMum;NyD;
aqmif;yg;udk a&;om;&jcif; jzpf\/
edAmefESifh ywfouf omref Ak'bmom0ifrsm;yif rqdkxm;ESifh bmoma&; pma&;q&m
tcsKdUyif rSm;,Gif;pGm a&;om;aeMuaomtcsufudk OD;pGmwifjycsif\/ xdka&;om;csufum; "ry't|
uxmvmonfh ]oaA "rm tewm}[laom *gxmwpfyg'udk axmuf edAefudk ]tew}[k rSm;,Gif;
a&;om;aeMujcif;yif jzpf\/
jrwfpGmbk&m;onf edAmefudk ]tew}[k wpfBudrfwpfcgrQ a[mawmfrrlcJhay/ odkUqdkvQif
,if;*gxm ]oaA "rm tewm}[l tb,fah Mumifh a[mMum;cJo
h enf;[k ar;vmjim;tH/h jyem
onf "ry't|uxmvm *gxmoHk;yk'fvHk;udk azmfjy&Sif;vif;rS jynfhpHkrnfjzpf\/
yxr &[ef;ig;&monf awmxJwGif w&m;tm;xkwf&m olwdkUpdkufESifh rudkufnDaom
ur|mef;jzpfae w&m;xl;r&Muay/ Ak'xH vma&mufcsdefwGif olwdkUpdkufESifh udkufnDaom oaA ocFg&m tedpm? ,'g ynm, ywd?
tx edAEwd 'kau? {o ra*g 0dok'd,m/
]]tvHk;pHkaom ocFg&w&m;wdkUonf tNrJr&Sd/ (cEmig;yg;-tedp)[k ynmjzifh Ijrif\/
xdkcEmig;yg; 'kuw&m; NiD;aiGU\/ um; pifMu,faom r*ifvrf;aywnf;/}}
[k a[mMum;vdu
k &f m *gxmtqH;k rSmyif &[ef;tyg;ig;&mvH;k &[EmjzpfMu\/ olwUkd onf
a&S;,cifb0rsm;u tedpmEkyemudk rsm;rsm;BuD; tm;xkwfcJhzl;aomaMumifh olwdkUpdkufESifh udkufnD
aomw&m;udk emMum;&ojzifh vG,fulpGm &[EmjzpfMujcif;aywnf;/ 'kwd,ajrmuf tyg;ig;&monf
vnf; xdkuJhodkUyif a&mufvmjyef&m Ak'u olwdkUa&S;b0yg&rDrsm;udk MunfhawmfrlNyD; oaA ocFg&m 'kum? ,'g ynm, ywd?
tx edAEwd 'kau? {o ra*g 0dok'd,m/
]]tvHk;pHkaom tcFg&w&m;wdkUonf qif;&J\/ (cEmig;yg;-'ku)[k ynmjzifh Iqifjcif\/
xdktcg cEig;yg;'kuw&m; NiD;aiGU\/ um; pifMu,faom r*ifvrf;aywnf;/}}
[k a[mMum;awmfrl&m tm;vHk;yif &[EmjzpfoGm;Mu\/ olwdkUonf twdwfb0rsm;u
'kumEkyemudk yGm;rsm;cJhzl;olrsm;jzpf\/ ESpf*gxm ]oaA ocFg&m}t& avmuDpdwf (81)? ap
woduf (52)? kyf (28)udk aumuf,l&\/ avmukw&mpdwf (8)yg;ESifh ,SOfbuf apwoduf (36)yg;
rygao;onfudk owdjyKcJhyg/ wwd,ajrmuf &[ef;tyg;ig;&mvnf; a&S;enf;twdkif; a&mufvmMu
jyef&m Ak'u oaA "rm tewm? ,'g ynm, ywd/
tx eAEwd 'kau? {o ra*g 0dok'd,m/
]]tvHk;pHkaom pdwf? apwoduf? kyfw&m;tm;vHk;wdkUonf tpdk;r&? tESpfom&r&Sd (cEm
ig;yg; tew)[k ynmjzifh Ijrif\/ xdck Emig;yg; 'kuw
&m; Ni;D aiGU\/ um; pifMu,faom r*iv
f rf;
aywnf;/}}

[k a[mMum;jyef&m tm;vH;k &[Emcsn;f jzpfMujyef\/ aemufq;kH *gxm a&S;ESp*f gxm

uJhodkU ]oaA ocFg&m}[k ra[mbJ ]oaA "rm}[k a[mawmfrljcif;rSm cEig;yg;zGJU&aom w&m;rsm;
tukef yg0ifapvdkaomaMumifh jzpf\/ a&S;ESpf*gxm ]oaA ocFg&m} t& avmuDpdwf? apwoduf?
kyfwdkUudkom ,lxm;&m cEmzGJU&m yg0ifaom avmukw&mpdwf? apwoduf usefae\/
cEmig;yg;zGJU&m yg0ifaom ,if;avmukw&mpdwf? apwodufonfvnf; ]teww&m;
yifwnf;}[k odapjcif;iSm ]oaA "rm}[k ajymif; a[mjcif;yif jzpf\/ &Sif;jycsufum; "ry't|
uxmq&m t&Sifr[mAk'aCmo\ tmabmfyifjzpf\/ ]oaA "rm}[laomyk'fudkMunfhNyD; edAmefudkyg
aumuf,lrdrSmpdk;aomaMumifh oaA "rmwd {w yucEm{0 t"daywm - oaA "rm [laomydk'f "rm-t& cEm
ig;yg;zGJU&m yg0ifaomw&m;wdkUudkom aumuf,l&rnf/
[k rSwcf sujf zifh zGijhf yawmfrcl \
hJ / edAm efonf cEmzGUJ &aomw&m; r[kw/f cEmrSvw
G af om
w&m;jzpf\/ xdk*gxm\tzGifh "ry't|uxmudk aocsmjyefMunfhygav/ um; t|uxmom"u
,kwjd zifh ]edAm efonf teww&m;r[kwaf Mumif;} &Si;f jycsujf zpf\/ ,ckwpfzef obm0,kwjd zifh tew
w&m;r[kwfaMumif; &Sif;jyOD;tHh/
avmu wu,fht&Sdw&m;um; ]ocFww&m;} ESifh ]tocFww&m;} ESpfrsKd;om &Sd\/
uH? pdw?f Owk? tm[m& [laom taMumif;w&m;av;yg;wdUk \ jyKjyifzefw;D rIukd cH&aom pdw?f apwodu?f
kyfw&m;oHk;yg;udk ]ocFw} w&m;[k ac:\/ xdkoHk;yg;udk ig;yHkyHkvQif cEmig;yg;jzpf\/
xdktaMumif;w&m; av;yg;wdkU\ jyKjyifzefwD;jcif;rSvGwfaom edAmefudk ]tocFww&m;}
[k ac:\/ cEmig;yg;rS tvGwfjzpf\/ tdk? em? ao uif;&m edAmefcsrf;omudk &vdkvQif ocFwjzpfaom
cEmig;yg;udk rNrjJ cif;-tedp [lvnf;aumif;? qif;&Jjcif;-'ku [lvnf;aumif;? tpd;k r& tESpo
f m&
r&Sdjcif;-tew [lvnf;aumif; cEmig;yg;udk tjypfjrifvmatmif Ityf\/
cEmig;yg; tjypfjrifrS? cEmig;yg;udk rkef;wD;rS? cEmig;yg;qHk;rS edAmefudk &rnfjzpf\/
obm0,kwt
d & tedp? 'ku? tewonf tjypfjrif&aom w&m;rsm;jzpf\/ cEmig;yg;rSmom qdck ahJ om
tjypfrsm; &S\
d / edAm efum; ,if;tjypfrsm; wpfcrk Qr&Sad y/ ocFww&m;ESihf tocFww&m;udk qefUusif
buf[k zGifhjycsuf&Sd\/
ocFww&m;onf tedp tNrJr&Sd/
tocFw edAmefonf edp NrJ\/
ocFww&m;onf 'ku qif;&J\/
tocFw edAmefonf okc csrf;om\/
ocFww&m;onf tew tESpfom& r&Sd/
tocFw edAmefonf tw tESpfom& &Sd\/
wdwdusus jynfhjynfhpHkpHk a[mr,fqdk&if uJhodkU a[m&rnfjzpf\/ odkUaomf xdkygVdawmf
rsm; edAmefudk edpom&? okcom&tjzpf a[maomfvnf; ]twom&}tjzpfum; wdkufdkufa[mMum;
awmf rrlcJhay/

ra[m&jcif; taMumif;um; - wdww

d Ukd ,lqtyfaom ]tw}ESihf xifa,mifxifrmS ;jzpfrnf
pdk;aomaMumifhyif jzpf\/
um; ]oaA "rm tewm} edAmef ryg0ifyHkjzpf\/ Ak'bmom0if trsm;pkonf edAmef
ESifh ywfoufvmvQif Oap''d|d t,l&SdyHkudk &Sif;vif;tHh/ rZdryPmoygVdawmf? 0pokwf 0p trnf&Sd
olu Ak'tm; edAmefESifhywfouf ar;cGef;wpfck ar;\/
(1) jrwfpGmbk&m;? &[Emyk*dKvf aoNyD;onfhaemuf tb,f jzpfygoenf;/ Ak'u ow'd|dESifh
NidaomaMumifh ajzzdkUroifhavsmf[k jrpfy,fawmfrl\/ ow'd|dESifh tb,fodkU Nidygoenf;/
&[Em\ kyfemrfonf rysufrpD;bJ odkUr[kwf kyfomysufpD;NyD; emrfu rysufpD;bJ edAmefodkU
a&mufoGm;ovdk ar;aomaMumifh ow'd|dESifh Nidjcif;jzpf\/
(2) &[Emyk*Kd vf aoNy;D aemuf tb,foUkd rQrjzpf? ra&mufawmhNyaD vm/ ar;cGe;f onfum; Oap'
'd|dESifh NidaomaMumifh ajzzdkUroifhavsmf[k jrpfy,fawmfrl\/ Oap''d|dESifh tb,fodkUNidoenf;/
&[Emyk*dKvf aoonfESifh kyfemrf csKyfjywfoGm;onf/ edAmefcsrf;omudk cHpm;jcif;oabm r&Sd[k
,lqaomaMumifh Oap''d|dESifh Nidjcif;jzpf\/
,ckacwf Ak'bmom0iftrsm;pk\ t,ltqonf azmfjyyg t,ltqrsKd;jzpf\/ edAmef
[lonf kyfemrfESpfyg; csKyfaysmufoGm;NyD; bmrQr&Sd [kom xifaeMu\/ a[majymol trsm;pkuvnf;
]cEmig;yg; csKyNf ird ;f oGm;wm edAm efaygh}[k rjynfrh pHk a[majymavh&\
dS / xdUk aMumifv
h nf; em,lot
l rsm;pk
t,lrSm;Mujcif;jzpf\/ xdkt,ltqrsm;aMumifh edAmefudk wu,fvdkcsifol r&Sdoavmuf &Sm;yg;oGm;\/
&[Emyk*dKvf aooGm;jcif;? kyfemrf csKyfoGm;jcif;onf edAmefr[kwfao;ay/ ]orkap'
r&P}[k ac:\/ taoudk jzwfvdkufjcif;? taoudk &yfvdkufjcif;om jzpf\/ xdkodkU kyfemrfcsKyfNyD;
onfEiS hf cEmud,
k u
f rZkyt
f <uif;tusef r&Sad om ]tEkyg'daoo} edAm efcsr;f omudo
k m cHpm;jcif;jzpf\/
aet&SdefaMumifh cEmudk,f ylavmifaeolonf at;jrMunfvifaom jrpfa&twGif; ouf
qif;vdkufvQif tylNidrf;jcif;? at;jraomt&omudk cHpm;jcif; ESpfrsKd;jzpf\/
xdUk twl &[Emyk*Kd vf pkawjcif;? kyef mrfcsKyo
f mG ;jcif;onf cEm'kut
yl Nird ;f jcif;ESiw
hf \
l /
edAmef\t&omudk oEdokctjzpfjzifh cHpm;jcif;onf at;jrjcif;jzpf\/
(*rD&m*rD&r[medAKwm 'DyeDusrf;rS yxra&Tusifq&mawmfBuD;ay;aom Oyrm)
oVm,weoH,kwfygVdawmfwGif um, ab'g "ra|m ocs aemaywd a0'*l/
]]&[Emyk*Kd vf cEmysupf ;D onfrS aemuf edAm efwnfonfjzpf ow0g[laom a&wGuf
jcif;odkU ra&muf? (ocsaemaywd)}} [k a[mxm;awmfrl\/
tu,f ,ckacwf vltrsm;pk xifaeouJo
h Ukd edAm efonf bmrQr&Sad omt&m[k qdv
k Qif
ocs aemaywd- ow0g[laom a&wGujf cif;odUk ra&muf[k a[mcJrh nfr[kw/f ewd- aysmufysu\
f /
ew-d r&Spd onfjzifh a[mMum;cJrh nfjzpf\/ xdu
k o
hJ Ukd ewd ewpd onfjzifh ra[mMum;onfukd axmuf
aomtm;jzifh ]edAm efonf bmrQr&Sad omt&mr[kw/f oEo
d ck - Nird ;f at;aom csr;f omtaejzifh wu,f
&SdaMumif; jywfom;pGm rSwfom;&rnf/

(3)

&[Emyk*dKvf aoNyD;onfaemuf jzpfolvnf; jzpf? rjzpfolvnf; rjzpf[k rSwf&rnfavm/

ar;cGef;onf ]{upow0g'}ESifh NidaeaomaMumifh ajzzdkUroifhavQmuf[k jrpfy,fawmfrl\/
{upow'd|dum; tcsKdUNrJ? tcsKdUrNrJ[k ,lqjcif;jzpf\/
(4) &[Emyk*Kvf aoNyD;onfaemuf jzpfonfvnf; r[kwf? rjzpfonfvnf; r[kwf[k rSwf&rnf
avm/ ar;cGe;f onf tr&m0dauy0g'ESihf Nipd eG ;f aomaMumifh ajzzdUk roifah vQm[
f k jrpfy,fawmf
rl\/ tr&mrnfaom ig;onf acsmaeaomaMumifh b,fae&mrQ udik w
f ,
G
f r&ovdk ra&r&m
[dkra&muf 'Dra&muft,ludk ]tr&m0dauy'd|d} [k ac:\/
0puonf edAmeft,ltqudk PfrrDawmhaMumif; avQmufxm;ojzifh Ak'u &[Em
yk*dKvf pkawNyD;aemuf edAmefcsrf;om cHpm;yHkudk rD;yHkBuD;Oyrmjzifh a[mjyawmfrl\/ avmifpmukefojzifh
rD;yHkrSrD;rsm; Nidrf;oGm;\/ Nidrf;oGm;aom rD;awmufrsm;udk ta&SUt&yfodkU a&mufoGm;oavm? taemuf
t&yfodkU a&mufoGm;oavm ponfjzifhar;vQif ajzzdkU&m roifhavQmfay/
xdkUtwl cEmtopf rjzpfawmhojzifh 'kurD;Nidrf;oGm;aom &[Emudkvnf; b,ft&yfodkU
a&mufonf? b,ft&yfodkUra&muf ponfjzifhajzvQif roifhavQmf[k &Sif;jyawmfrl\/

edAmef*kPf&nfrsm;
tocFwH tewH temo0H?
opyg&H edykPH ok'k'oH/
tZZ&EH "k0H tyavmudeH?
ted'eH edyyH oEH/
trwH yPDwH od0 acrH?
wPSmua,m tp&d,H tAKwH/
teDwduH teDwd"rH?
edAmearwH ok*awe a'odwH/
tAsmyaZm 0d&ma*g p?
ok'd rkwd tev,H/
'DyH avP wme?
o&P y&m,PEd / /
(oVm,we oH,kwfygVdawmf)
(1)

tocFwH

(2)
(3)

tewH
temo0H

- rlv&if;u ocFwyif jzpfaomfvnf; tvGeo

f rd af rGUvSojzifh ocFw[k odaMumif;
rSwfaMumif; vuPmrS uif;aexaom/
- 'kupdkufysKd; wPSmrsKd;wdkU rwdk;rnyf rvmEdkif&mvnf; jzpfxaom/
- i&JNydwm ab;{&mudk cgcgjzpfapwwfonfjzpf aMumuftyfvSpGm wPSm'd|d
paom toa0gnpfqdk; w&m;rsKd;wdkU rwdkufcsKd;Edkif&m jzpfxaom/

(4)

(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)

(9)
(10)
(11)
(12)
(13)
(14)
(15)
(16)
(17)

(18)

(19)

op

- edAmef[laom trnfemr pum;rQomr[kwf edAmef[laom trnf&Sdonf

tm;avQmfpGm Nidrf;at;jcif; y&rwoabmtm;jzifh wu,frSefBuD; rSefonf
vnf; jzpfxaom/
yg&H
- cEmudk,fqdk; 'kutkd;\ jyifbuf 0#fqif;&J a&t,OfrS xGufajrmuf&m urf;0
urf;xdyfBuD;vnf; jzpfxaom/
edykPH
- txnfj'yf Oyg'frxifonfjzpf tvGefodrfarGUpGmxaom/
ok'k'oH
- ynmPfjzifhaomfvnf; EIdif;csifhaxmufq odjrif&Edkifp&m vGefpGmcJ,Of;
xaom
tZZ&EH
- Nidrf;at;jcif; oabmtm;jzifh ay:vmNyD;aemuf b,favmufMumaomfvnf;
b,fonfhumvrS &ifhtdkysufpD;jcif;vnf; r&SdEdkifxaom/
wpfenf;
- tZZ&EH - Nidrf;at;jcif; oDwdbm0 obm0tm;jzifh ay:vmNyD;aemuf urm
ysufrD;? urmysufavBuD; a&BuD;wdkUjzifhaomfvnf; azmufjyefwkefvIyfjcif;r&Sd
yuwd NrJNrHpGm wnfaexaom/
tyavmudeH - Nidrf;at;jcif;oabm jzpfay:vmNyD;aemuf b,fonfhumvrS tb,fwpfpHk
wpfckaMumifh ysufpD;jcif; r&Sdxaom/
ted'eH - ewfrsufpdjzifhaomfvnf; puK0dPfjzifh rjrifpaumif;xaom/
edyyH
- tdkjyefem& ao&qif;&J azmufvGJcgcg oHo&mudkcsJUxGifwwfol wPSm? rme?
'd|dwdkU rjyLrvmEdkif&m jzpfxaom/
oEH
- wpfq,fhwpfoD; rD;BuD;Nidrf;at;&mvnf; jzpfxaom/
trwH
- rdrdxH wnfa&mufvmol y&dedALwyk*dKvfwdkU\ rtdkrao tNrJwnfpHae&m
vnf; jzpfxaom/
yPDwH
- jrif& a&muf&olwdkU ra&mifh&JEdkifzG,f wu,fvGefjrwfawmfrlxaom/
od0
- BuD;jrwfaom *kPfusufoa& &Sdawmfrlxaom/
acrH
- ab;cyfodrf; ukefNidrf;uif;a0;&mvnf; jzpfxaom/
wPSmua,m - ab;udjk yKwwf aMumuftyfvpS mG ajcmufwPSmwdUk \ uke&f mukeaf Mumif;vnf;
jzpfxaom/
(rSwfcsuf) / / lywPSm? o'wPSm? *EwPSm? &owPSm? azm|AwPSm? "rwPSm? wPSm
ajcmufrsKd;udk um&Hudkufatmif ]ajcmufwPSm}[k oHk;xm;jcif; jzpf\/
tp&d,H
- 'ge? oDv? bm0em paom taMumif;w&m;wdkUESifh ruif;aomfvnf; ,if;
taMumif;w&m;wdkUaMumifh jzpfyHk ocFwedrdwf t&dyfrxGuf ,if;ocFwyHk[ef
ESifh tvGefa0;uGm vGefpGmxl;jrwfonfjzpf tvGeftHhzG,fo&J tHhtJpavmuf
jzpfawmfrlxaom/
tAKwH
- wpf&w
H pfqpf rjzpfz;l ao;bJ wpfcgwnf;om jzpfvmNy;D aemuf raysmufrysuf
tNrJwnfaeonfvnf; jzpfxaom/

(20) teDwduH
- tvHk;pHk qif;&Jab;'Pf[lorQ b,f[mwpfckrQ r&Sdxaom/
(21) teDwd"rH
- qif;&J&SdaomoabmrsKd;rS qefUusifbufBuD; jzpfaexaom/
{wH {wm'doH - odkUoabm&Sdaom w&m;xl; w&m;jrwfudk? edAmeH - edAmef[l? ok*awejrwfpGmbk&m;onf? a'odwH - a[mMum;awmfrltyfNyD? aom"arm - xdkedAmef
w&m;awmfonf?
(22) tAsmyaZm p - ab;&efwGufwm b,f[mwpfck aMumifhMup&m r&Sdonfvnf; jzpf\/
(23) 0d&ma*g p
- ab;&efjzpfaMumif; &m*taygif;rS aumif;aumif;Bu;D uif;a0;&mvnf;jzpf\/
(24) ok'd p
- ab;&efvmbG,f toG,foG,faom tnpftaMu;rS uif;a0; pifMu,fonf
vnf;jzpf\/
(25) rkwd p
- ab;&efxlxyf bHkoHk;&yfwdkUrS vSvSBuD; vGwf&mvnf; jzpf\/
(26) temv,H
- tvdkvdk0 tvHk;pHkvSojzifh b,f[mwpfckrQ rawmifhwm&mvnf; jzpf\/
(27) 'DyH
- y&dedALwmyk*dKvfwdkU\ ykef;atmif;&mwnf&m uRef;BuD;ozG,fvnf; jzpf\/
(28) avPH
- y&dedALwmyk*dKvfwdkU\ ab;rSvGwfaMumif; ykef;atmif;cdkem;&mvnf; jzpf\/
(29) wmPH
- rdrd wnfa&mufvmol y&dedALwyk*dKvfwdkUtm; ab;rvm&atmif wu,f
apmifha&SmufEdkifonfvnf; jzpf\/
(30) o&P
- rdrx
d cH rkd ;DS vmol y&deAd L wyk*Kd vf ab;rqdu
k &f atmif ab;wumudak umif;pGm
zsufpD;wwfonfvnf; jzpf\/
(31) y&m,PH
- y&deAd L wyk*Kd vw
f Ukd \ tvGet
f uJ wnfae&m vJavsmif;&mjzpf\/ (0g) ab;udk
aMumufoyl *k Kd vjf zLwdUk \ wu,fab;rSvw
G af Mumif; aumif;aumif;Bu;D vJavsmif;
wnfae&mvnf; jzpf\/
(yxra&Tusifq&mawmfBuD; ay;aomteufjzpf\)
*kPf[lonf *kaP;rS jzpfay:vm\/ xdkUaMumifh *kPf&SdvQif *kaP;&Sdonf[k rSwftyf\/
*kaP;[lonf yk*Kd v?f j'yf? oabmw&m;? t&m0wKwpfcck k jzpf\/ *kP[
f o
l nf xdt
k &mrsm;rS xGuaf y:
vmaom pGr;f &nfowd jzpf\/ azmfjyxm;aom (31)rsK;d aom *kPw
f Ukd onf edAm ef[al om *kaP;rSxu
G f
ay:vmjcif;jzpf\/
edAm ef[al om *kaP;r&Sb
d EJ iS hf (31)csuaf om*kPrf sm; xGuaf y:rvmEdik af y/ oH;k csuf
ESifhywfouf opoHcdyf jyxm;aom OyrmrSm rSwfzdkUaumif;\/
c,rwH eedAmeH?
*rD&m 'd 0gpawm/
tbm0[d ukrmeH?
avmra0 t0gpawm/
(opoHcdyf)
kyfemrfcEm ukefNidrf;umrQonf edAmefr[kwf? tb,fhaMumifhenf;[lrlum; ygVdawmfwdkU
okedykPH? ok'k'oH? tZZ&EH ponfjzifh edAmef\*kPfyk'frsm;udk a[mawmfrlxm;aomaMumifh jzpf\/

xdpk um; rSe\

f / bmwpfcrk Qr&Sad om obm0w&m;udk eufeo
J nf? odraf rGUonf ponfjzifh
*kPfwifajymqdkzG,f&m r&Sday/
Oyrmtm;jzifh r&Sdaom vdyfarT;udk &Snfonf? wdkonf? jzLonf ponfjzifh ajymp&mrvdk
ouJhodkUwnf;/ edAmefxif&Sm;yHkESifhywfouf rdvdErif;ESifh t&Sife*odefwdkU\ tar;tajzu xyfqifh
axmufcHxm;\/
ax&f /
/ rif;BuD;? aumif;uifESifh edAmefonf xif&Sm;&Sd\/ odkUaomf wpfpHkwpfckaom taMumif;
aMumifhrQ rjzpf/
rif; /
/ 'DvdkqdkvQif t&Sifbk&m;onf r&Sdaomw&m;udk edAmef[k TefjyrdavNyD/
ax&f /
/ rif;BuD;? edAmefonf &Sd\/ taem0dPfjzifh odtyf\/ pifMu,frGefjrwfaom? taESmifh
t,Suf tydwftyif uif;aom? umr*kPf tmrdo uif;aompdwfjzifh aumif;pGmusifh
aom t&d,mwdkUonf edAmefudk odEdkifjrifEdkif\/
rif; /
/ t&Sib
f &k m;? edAm efonf r&Sw
d &m; r[kwv
f Qif edAm efukd Oyrmjzifjh yawmfryl g? edAm efonf
tb,fodkUenf;/
ax&f /
/ avonf tqif;? yHo
k Pmef? tBu;D tao;? t&Snt
f wdk tb,foUkd &Syd goenf; rif;Bu;D /
rif; /
/ avudk Tefjy&ef rjzpfEdkifyg t&Sifbk&m;/
ax&f /
/ odkUqdkvQif avr&Sdoavm? avonf r&Sdonfhw&m;avm/
rif; /
/ avonf &Sdyg\/ avudkTefjy&ef rpGrf;Edkifyg/ odkUaomf av&Sdonfudk ESvHk;om; odae
ygonf/ ESmoD;0 wdk;xdaeygonf/ wdk;xdaom vuPmtm;jzifh odEdkifygonf/
ax&f /
/ rif;Bu;D ? edAm efonfvnf; odUk yifjzpf\/ Nird ;f csr;f rI&&So
d nfh vuPmtm;jzifh xif&mS ;
&SdaMumif; odEdkif\/ avuJhodkUyif tqif;tm;jzifhvnf;aumif;? yHkoPmeftm;jzifhvnf;
aumif; Tefjy rjzpfEdkifyg/
rif; /
/ vufcHygNyD t&Sifbk&m;? qufar;vdkonfrSm edAmefonf wnf&mt&yf &Sdygoavm/
ax&f /
/ rif;BuD;? edAmefonf wnf&mt&yf r&Sdyg/
rif; /
/ edAmefonf wnf&mt&yf r&Sdjim;tHh/ edAmefonf r&SdEdkif? edAmefudk rnfuJhodkUrsufarSmuf
jyKEdkiftHhenf;/
ax&f /
/ rif;BuD;? edAmefonf tNrJtpGJ wnfaeonfhae&m t&yfonf r&Sdaomfvnf; edAmefonf
&Sd\/ aumif;pGmusifhaom ESvHk;oGif;rIjzifh edAmefudk rsufarSmufjyKEdkif\/ Oyrm rD;onf
xif&Sm;&Sd\/ xdkrD; tNrJtpGJ wnfae&mt&yfonf r&Sdovdk jzpf\/
ausmufcJESpfvHk; cwfrS? 0g;ESpfvHk;yGwfrS rD;&ovdkjzpf\/ pMumrif;wdkU&tyfaom pMum
&wem? rdz&k m;&wem? ol<u,f&wem? qif&wem? jrif;&wm tp&Sad om &wemckepfyg;
wdkUonfvnf; wnfae&m t&yfr&Sdygay/
rif;usifhw&m; aumif;rGefolxHodkU uyfa&mufvmMuukef\/ xdkUtwl edAmefonfvnf;
oifhavsmfaom ESvHk;oGif;rIjzifh tm;xkwf usifhBuHaomolwdkUom edAmefudk rsufarSmuf
jyKEdkifMuukef\/

rif; /

/ vufcHygNyD t&Sifbk&m;/
vkyfief;pOfudk Munfh edAmefudk rD;ESifh Oyrmay;xm;jcif; jzpf\/ 0g;vHk;ESpfvHk; yGwfwdkuf
&m rD;onf rnfonfh 0g;vH;k xJrmS rS r&S/d odUk aomf MumMumyGww
f u
kd af omtcg rD;onf xGuaf y:vm\/
xdkUtwl 0dyemPfjzifh cEmig;yg;udk tedp 'ku tew Iae\/ 0dyemPfxJwGifvnf; edAmef
r&S/d cEmig;yg;xJwiG v
f nf; edAm efr&S/d odUk aomf IymG ;zefrsm;vmaomtcg tcsed u
f sonfEiS hf edAm efonf
ay:vm&\/
xdUk aMumifh edAm efukd rD;ESiOhf yrmay;jcif;onf vkyif ef;pOfuMkd unf
h ay;xm;jcif;[k qdck jhJ cif;
jzpf\/

Nidfrf;at;rIcsrf;om
tqif;? toH? teHU? t&om? tawGUtxd paom umr*kPfig;yg;onf cHpm;&aom
a0',dwokcrsm; jzpf\/ cHpm;&aom csrf;om[k qdkvdk\/ ykxkZOfrsm;onf oHo&m tqufqufu
a0',dwokc cHpm;&aom csr;f omwpfrsK;d om xyfcgwvJvJ cHpm;zl;Mu\/ edAm ef\ ]oEo
d ck }Nird ;f at;
aom csrf;omudkum; wpfBudrfwpfcgrS rcHpm;zl;cJhMuacs/
xdUk aMumifh umr*kPt
f &om cHpm;aom a0',dwokcudo
k m txifBu;D Ny;D edAm eft&om
cHpm;aom oEdokcudk txifrBuD;jcif; jzpf\/ xdkodkU tjyifyef;pdwfu txifrBuD;aomfvnf; twGif;
pdwu
f txifBu;D Ny;D ESpo
f ufaejyef\/ vufawGUjytH/h ykxZk Ofvo
l m;wdik ;f ESpEf pS Nf cKd uNf cKd uf tdyaf rmus
&onfudk tvGefESpfouf\/
xdUk aMumifh urmay:wGif aps;Bu;D ay;&aom tdyaf q;trsK;d rsK;d ta&mif;oGuaf ejcif;jzpf\/
aocsmqef;ppfMunfhvQif tdyfarmusaecsdef jrif? Mum;? eH? pm;? xd? od tmHkajcmufyg;cHpm;rI wpfckrS
r&Sad wmhay/ xdo
k Ukd a0',dwokc r&Sad omfvnf; Nird ;f at;aom csr;f omwpfrsK;d udu
k m; cHpm;aeonfom
jzpf\/ tmHkajcmufyg;rS vGwfaeaom avmuDcsrf;omwpfrsKd;[k qdk&rnfjzpf\/
tdyfaysmfaepOf cHpm;&aom Nidrf;at;rIt&omav;udk ykxkZOfvlom;rsm; tb,frQ
avmuf rufarmMuoenf;qdv
k Qif tdyaf rmusaeolwpfa,mufukd r&ruEI;d Ny;D aumif;ayhqakd omtpm;
tpmrsm;udk auR;aomfvnf; aus;Zl;rwifonft
h jyif tdyaf &;ysuaf tmifvyk o
f nf[k qdu
k m pdwq
f ;kd onf
udkom awGU&vdrfhrnf/
]]tdyfaysmfwmrsm;uGm pm;&? aomuf&? jrif&? Mum;&? xdawGU&wmvnf; r[kwfbJeJU
bmvdkUrsm; aumif;wmvJ}}[k ar;vQifum; Edk;vmolu wduspGm ajzqdkwwfrnf r[kwfacs/ ESpfNcdKufpGm
tdyfaysmfjcif;onf tvGefaumif;\/ tcsufudk tdyfaysmfolwdkif; od\/ odkUaomf olwpfyg; oabm
aygufatmif jyefrajymwwf/
tb,haf Mumifh jyefrajymwwfoenf;[k awG;Munfv
h Qif cHpm;aeus useaf vmuDtmHrk sm;
xJwGif tdyfarmusjcif;ESifh wef;wlvdkuf aumif;aomtmHkrsKd; r&SdaomaMumifh [laom tajzonf
xGufay:vm\/ avmuDtmHkxJwGif yg0ifaom tdyfarmus&onfh csrf;omonfyif tmHkajcmufyg;
t&omudk cHpm;aom a0',dwokcxuf omvGefaeao;&m avmuDcsrf;omrSeforQudk vGefoGm;aom

edAmef\ oEdokc- at;Nidrf;aom csrf;omrIu a0',dwokcxuf omvGefyHkudkum; ajymzG,f&myif

rvdkawmhay/
rdzk&m;BuD;wpfOD;onf u&0dwfiSuf\ wGefusL;oHudk Mum;&onfESifh ]bk&m;&Sif\ toH
qdv
k Qif iSuo
f x
H ufy
kd om,mrSmyJ} [laom o'g"mwfrsm; jzpfay:vm\/ xdo
k 'gw&m;rS avQmuf
vuPm,mOfoHk;yg;odkUa&mufNyD; aomwmyef wnfoGm;\/ xdkodkU o'gw&m;udk tOD;rl aomwmyef
jzpfolrsm;udk ]o'g"k& aomwmyef} [k ac:\/
yHkpH u&0dwfiSuf\ toHomrIonf jrwfpGmbk&m;\ toHESifhum; wu,fwlonf
r[kw/f odUk aomf Ak't
oHawmf\ om,mrIukd tjcm;rnfonft
h oHEiS rhf Q EIid ;f ,SOpf &mr&So
d jzifh avmu
wGif toHtomqHk;[k owfrSwfxm;aom u&0dwfiSufoHESifh EIdif;,SOf&jcif;jzpf\/ ,ckvnf; edAmef\
at;Nird ;f aomt&omudk ykxZk Ofrsm; rSe;f qodEikd &f ef tjcm;EIid ;f ,SOpf &mr&So
d jzifh tdyaf ysmyf EkH iS hf EIid ;f ,SOf
jcif;jzpf\/
trSefwu,fwGifum; edAmef\t&omonf tdyfaysmfjcif; t&omxuf rsm;pGmomvGef
jrifhjrwfvSyg\/ xkdUaMumifhvnf; bk&m;? yapuAk'gESifh &[Emt&Sifjrwfrsm;onf eda&m"ormywf
0ifpm;jcif;jzifhom tcsdefudk ukefvGefapMuukef\/ eda&m"ormywf 0ifpm;jcif;qdkonfrSm edAmef\
Nidrf;at;aom t&omudk cHpm;awmfrlMujcif; jzpf\/
Ak'v
ufxufu &[Emt&Sijf rwfrsm;onf qGr;f cHwpfcgxGuNf y;D vQif wpf0ufub
kd Ok ;f ay;Ny;D
usefwpf0ufudk aeajcmufvSrf;xm;vdkufum eda&m"ormywf ckepf&uf0ifpm;onf/ 0ifpm;csdeftwGif;
pm;jcif;? aomufjcif;? ,kdjcif;? aygufjcif; vHk;0r&Sdawmhonfhtjyif xdkifjcif; &d,mykxfrSyif jyifjcif;?
ajymif;jcif;rsm;vnf; rjyKawmhay/
xdt
k csed w
f iG f pdw?f apwodu?f pdwZ kyrf sm; csKyo
f mG ;ojzifh xGuo
f uf0ifoufyif r&Sad wmh
ay/ xdktcsdefonf Nidrf;at;aom edAmefcsrf;omudk cHpm;aejcif; jzpf\/ vlUcEmonf tpmrpm;bJ
ckepf&ufxuf ydkaer&aomaMumifh ckepf&ufaphvQif eda&m"ormywfrS xvm&onf/
NyD;vQif tajcmufvSrf;xm;aom xrif;ajcmufudk a&pdrfNyD; bkOf;ay;um 'kwd,tBudrf
ea&m"ormywf ckepf&uf 0ifpm;jyef\/ xdkUaMumifh oEd"dum&u odumyk'f rynwfcifu q,fhav;
&ufrw
S pfBurd f qGr;f cHxu
G af wmfrMl uojzifh 'g,um? 'g,dumrrsm;rSm 'geukov
kd &f rI tifrwef enf;yg;
oGm;Mu\/
xdkUaMumifh Ak'u 'g,um? 'g,dumrrsm; ukodkvfwdk;yGm;a&;udkyg xnfhxGufawmfrl
&[ef;awmfrsm; ],m0umvdu (pm;zG,fcJzG,f)abmZOfrsm;udk aemuf&uftwGuf odrf;xm;vQif ygpdwf
tmywfoifhap}[laom oEd"dum&u odumyk'fudk ynwfawmfrlcJhjcif; jzpf\/
Pfynm Bu;D rm;awmfral om bk&m;? yapuAk'g ESihf &[Emt&Sijf rwfrsm;onf ykxZk Ofrsm;
txifBuD;Muonfh umrcsrf;om a0',dwokcudk vHk;vHk;rcHpm;bJ edAmefcsrf;om\ oEdokc tNidrf;
"mwfBu;D udk rvIyrf ,Su?f rpm;raomuf? r,drk aygufbJ (7)&ufww
d d 0ifpm;awmfro
l nfukd axmufaom
tm;jzifh a0',duokcxuf oEdokcu rEIdif;omatmif omvGefaumif;jrwfonfrSm xif&Sm;vS\/

bk&m;? yapuAk'g? &[Emrsm;onf oEdokcudk (7)&uf? (168)em&Dwdwd rvIyfr,Suf

cHpm;EdkifMuaomfvnf; ykxkZOfrsm;onfum; olwdkUtxifBuD;onfh a0',dwokcudk (7)&uf qufwdkuf
rqdkxm;ESifh (7)em&D qufwdkuf cHpm;zdkUyif rvG,fulvSay/ MumvmvQif NiD;aiGUvmonfom jzpfonf/
rnfrQaumif;aom AGD'D,dkum; jzpfygap/ oHk;em&DMumavmuf xdkifMunfh&NyDqdkvQifyif
anmif;nmudkufcJvmawmh\/ Zmwfum;wGif pdwfr0ifpm;awmhacs/ usef toH? teHU? t&om? tawGU
txd wkdUwGifvnf; xdkenf;wl (7)em&DMumatmif rvIyfr,Suf cHpm;zdkUqdkonfrSm rvG,fulvSay/
tcsufudk axmufaomtm;jzifhvnf; oEdokconf a0',dwokcxuf omvGefaMumif;xif&Sm;\/

vGwfajrmufrIcsrf;om
avmuDe,fxJwGif tmHkajcmufyg; cHpm;rIxuf omvGefaom csrf;omwpfrsKd; &Sdao;\/
xdck sr;f omum; vGwaf jrmufrcI sr;f omjzpf\/ a&m*grsm;pGmwdUk wGif Elema&m*gum; aMumufp&mtaumif;
qHk;? pufqkyfp&m taumif;qHk;jzpf\/ Elema&m*gonfwpfa,mufonf q&maumif;? aq;aumif;ESifh
awGUNyD; a&m*g &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; aysmufuif;oGm;\/
Elema&m*grS vGwfajrmufoGm;jcif;yif jzpf\/ xkdvGwfajrmufrIcsrf;omonf umr*kPf
csr;f om a0',dwokcxuf rsm;pGmomvGeaf Mumif;udk a&m*gwpfrsK;d rsK;d aysmufz;l olwikd ;f vufcrH nfom
jzpf\/ 1995 0ef;usifcefUu jrefrmwpfjynfvHk;eD;yg; 0Ja&m*g pGJMu\/
wifyg;awG? aygifawG ukwfvdkU rNyD;Edkifatmif ,m;\/ vufacsmif;rsm;wGif t&nfMunf
zkrsm; ayguf\/ EkdifiHjcm;aq;? jrefrmwdkif;&if;aq;? aq;NrD;wdkrsKd;pHk vdrf;aomfvnf; aysmufuif;jcif;
r&Sad y/ rd;k NyKd trsm;qdak om pum;twkid ;f pma&;olvnf; xd0k aJ &m*gpG\
J / xx ukwzf ahJ e&ojzifh aumif;
aumif; rtdyf&aom nursm;\/ tvGef pdwfqif;&J\/ xdka&m*grS csufjcif;aysmufvdk\/
A[kokw&SdolwpfOD;u tBuHay;\/
]]t&Sifbk&m;wdkU 'Da&m*gu ydk;uwpfqifh ul;wm? vdrf;aq;wpfrsKd;avmufeJU tjrpfjywf
raysmufbl;? ausmif;rSm oHCmq,fyg; a&m*gjzpfae&if q,fyg;vHk; wpfNydKifwnf;ukrS aysmufw,f?
ig;yg;u ukNy;D useif g;yg;u rukb;l qd&k if aysmufomG ;wJh ud,
k af wmfig;yg;[m cPbJ? rukwhJ ud,
k af wmf
awGqDu jyeful;wmbJ? ta&jym;ay:rSmjzpfwJh a&m*grdkU ta&jym;a&m*gvdkU ac:w,f}}
]]tpdk;& ta&jym;a&m*gukaq;Hkudk oGm;yg? oGm;wJhtcg vdrf;aq;xnfh&atmif ykvif;
vGwf tvwfpm; wpfvHk;avmuf aqmifoGm;yg/ wynfhawmfwdkU rdom;pkawmif ta&jym;aq;HkrSm
oGm;ukrSbJ 0Ja&m*gu tjrpfjywfaysmufoGm;w,f}}
xdkol\ tBuHay;csufaMumifh ausmif;rS oHCm (7)yg; &efukefta&jym;aq;HkodkU a&muf
oGm;\/ xdkta&jym;aq;Hkonf &efukefjynfolUaq;HkBuD;ESifh rsufESmcsif;qdkif um;vrf;wpfbufrSm
&S\
d / aq;Ho
k Ukd a&mufaomtcg q&m0efq&mrrsm;u aocsmprf;oyfppfaq;Ny;D aq;vnf;oH;k &ufcefU
vmxkd;&ef TefMum;\/ aomufaq;? vdrf;aq; jynfhpHkatmifay;\/
xdw
k iG f vdr;f aq;vdr;f enf;rSm tHMh op&maumif;ovdk TeMf um;csuw
f pfcrk mS vnf; tawmf
xl;jcm;\/ vdr;f aq;vdr;f &yHu
k m; acgif;ESirhf suEf mS udck sex
f m; usew
f pfu,
kd v
f ;kH tESUH vdr;f &\/ xl;jcm;

aom TefMum;csufum; xdkaq;vdrf;aom oHk;&uftwGif; a&vHk;0 rcsKd;&bJ xdkouFuef; wpfpHkwnf;

udkom 0wfxm;&\/
wjcm; ouFe;f udk vJciG rhf &ay/ oH;k &ufjynfah omaeUwGif 0wfxm;aomouFe;f udk a&;aEG;
jzifhjyKwfNyD; avQmfzGwf&onf/ ydk;rTm;rsm;ao&ef[k qdk\/ xdkodkU xdk;aq;? aomufaq;? vdrf;aq;wdkUudk
pepfwus vdkufemNyD; jyKvkyfvdkufonfESifh oHk;&ufjynfhaomtcg wpfausmif;vHk; 0Ja&m*g &Sif;&Sif;
vif;vif; aysmufuif;oGm;\/ csrf;omvdkufonfh jzpfjcif;/
tb,fuJhodkU csrf;omonf[kvnf; ajymrjywwf/ odkUaomf rnfonfhtmHk cHpm;rIESifhrQ
rwlatmif csrf;omonfum; trSefyif jzpf\/ trnfwyfvQif a&m*grSvGwfajrmufrIcsrf;om [kom
wyf&vdrfhrnf/ twdkaumufrSwfvQif ]vGwfajrmufrIcsrf;om} yif jzpf\/ edAmef ,if;vGwfajrmufrI
csrf;omrsKd; {uef&Sd\/
edAm efukd ed-0ge[k yk'cf \
JG / 0geum; wPSm? edum; uif;jcif;/ ESpcf ak ygif;vQif edAm efonf
wPSmrS uif;jcif;[k t"dyg,f&\/ wPSmudk y"meenf;tm;jzifh qdkxm;jcif;jzpf\/ usefudavom
tm;vH;k uif;onfomjzpf\/ ae&m avb(ac:)wPSm uif;aomaMumifh csr;f omyHu
k o
kd ma&;rnf/
wPSmavmbonf ylavmifaomow&d \
dS / wPSmenf;enf;&Sv
d Qif enf;enf;ylavmif\/
wPSmrsm;rsm;&Sv
d Qif rsm;rsm;ylavmif\/ qefUusib
f uftm;jzifh wPSmenf;enf; yg;oGm;vQif enf;enf;
csrf;om\/ wPSmrsm;rsm; yg;oGm;vQif rsm;rsm;csrf;om\/
xdw
k PSm\ e,fy,fonf us,0f ef;\/ tem*grfjzpfonftxd b0udv
k ckd siaf om wPSm
(b0&m*gEko,) &Sad o;\/ &[EmjzpfrS wPSmtjrpfjywf\/ Ak'o
nf wPSmudk y,fpeG Uf &rnfw
h &m;[k
odom&ef ork',opmtjzpf a[mxm;cJh\/ wPSmudk yg;aprnfh? aysmufaprnfh enf;vrf;rsm;um;(1) 'gejyKjcif;?
(2) "kwifaqmufwnfjcif;?
(3) r*fav;yg;&atmif BudK;pm;jcif; wdkU jzpf\/
vSLbG,0f wKwpfcu
k kd vSLawmhrnfqv
kd Qif xdv
k LS bG,0f wKtay: wG,w
f maom wPSmudk
owfNyD;rS vSL'gef;Edkif\/ xdkUaMumifh 'gejyKjcif;onf avmbwPSmudk wpfzufwpfvrf;rS aoatmif
owfaejcif;[k odtyf\/ "kwif\ t"dyg,fonf udavomudk cgwGufjcif; jzpf\/
udavomq,fyg;wdUk wGiv
f nf; wPSmudk t"ducgwGuaf y;\/ erlemjytH/h ywyP
kd "f w
k if
aqmifNyD; [if;? xrif;a&mum wpfcGufwnf;jzifh NyD;atmifpm;vQif [if;av;ig;cGufrSm jzpfay:rnfh
avmbwPSm av;ig;rsKd;udk jzwfNyD;om;jzpfoGm;\/ wpfxyfwnf;ompm;aom {umoeduf"kwifudk
aqmifvdkufrnfqdkvQif aemuf'kwd,wpfxyfrSmjzpfrnfh avmbwPSmudk jzwfNyD;om;jzpfoGm;\/
xdUk aMumifh 0dyemudk tm;xkwaf eMuaom &[ef;&Siv
f t
l m;vH;k onf wPSmjrefjrefuek f
ap&ef? r*fzv
kd u
f kd jrefjref&ap&ef "kwifwpfrsK;d rsK;d udk pGr;f Edik o
f rQ aqmifoif\
h / v,fwq
D &mawmfb&k m;
BuD;uqdkvQif ]r*fzv
kd &f vdo
k rl sm;onf "kwifwpfrsK;d rsK;d udk pGr;f Edik o
f rQ aqmifoifo
h nf/ "kwifaqmifz;l rS
omvQif r*fzv
kd u
f kd &onf/ ,ckb0 r*fzv
kd &f oGm;olrsm;onf b0wpfcck u
k "kwifaqmifz;l olrsm;om

jzpf\} [k a&;om;awmfrlcJh\/
r*fav;yg;wdUk wGif aomwywrd *fu&kd onfEiS hf umrbHk b0rsm;pGmusiv
f nf&rnfh wPSm
udk y,fowf\/ ou'g*grdr*fudk &onfESifh umr*kPfudk wyfrufaom wPSmMurf;udk y,fowf\/
odUk aomf umr*kPu
f kd wyfrufaom wPSmtEkpm; useaf eao;\/ xdw
k PSmtEkpm;udk tem*grdr*fu
y,fowf\/ odkUaomf jA[mb0udk wyfrufaomwPSm (b0&m*gEko,) usefae\/ aemufqHk;
usefaom xdkb0&m*gEko,udk t&[wr*fu y,fowf\/
Ak'u
wPSmudk tb,fah Mumifh enf;rsK;d pHjk zifh yg;atmifukeaf tmif y,fowfcikd ;f &oenf;/
wPSmavmb\ qd;k usK;d um; rsm;jym;vGe;f aomaMumif[
h yk if qd&k rnf/ ouf&u
dS jkd zpfap? oufru
hJ jkd zpfap
pGv
J rf;wyfrufaom wPSmjzifah ovQif Nyw
d m bHo
k Ukd a&muf\/ xdw
k PSmonf vlom;wdUk oEmefwiG f tq
rwef rsm;jym;pGm jzpfay:aeMurnfqdkvQif urmavmuBuD;wpfckvHk; 'kAduE&uyfac: tiwfab;BuD;
qdkufa&mufrnf jzpf\/
xdkwPSmavmbonf xdkUxuf tvGefrsm;jym;vmrnfqdkvQif urmavmuBuD; wpfckvHk;
a&rsm;vTr;f Ny;D ysupf ;D &rnfjzpf\/ xdUk aMumifh Ak'u
wPSmuif;atmif enf;trsK;d rsK;d jzifh BuKd ;pm;tm;xkwf
cdkif;jcif; jzpf\/ wPSmavmbrS vGwfajrmufrIcsrf;omudk ay:vGifap&ef avmuOyrmwpfckjzifh jytHh/
aiGacs;xm;&m jyefr&ojzifh vlwpfa,mufonf tvGefylavmifae\/ aiGaMu;tay:
wyfrufaom avmbu avmifNrdKufaejcif;aMumifh jzpf\/ avmbtay: taMumif;jyK a'goyif
ul;vmum wpfzufvludk axmifusatmif w&m;pGJ&&if aumif;rvm;? acsmif;ajrmif; owfypf&&if
aumif;rvm;txd pdwful;\/
tdyrf &? pm;r& jzpfae\/ xdt
k csed rf mS yif EIid ;f csed q
f ifjcifEikd af om tawG;wpfck ay:vm\?
]'DavmufaiGav; qHk;oGm;vdkU ighrSm bmrSjzpfoGm;wm r[kwfbl;/ trIvkyf&if acs;xm;wJhaiGeJU rum
rdatmif ukefvdrfhr,f/ vlowfrdvdkU axmifusoGm;&ifvnf; ighb0[m oHk;r&atmif ysufpD;oGm;NyD/}
]oluvnf; ay;Edik pf rG ;f r&Sv
d Ukd ray;wmbJ? vdt
k yfwo
hJ u
l kd pGeUf Bu&J if umv'gejzpfw,fvUkd
bk&m;&Siu
f awmif a[mxm;awmfral o;wmbJ? uJ jyefay;&ifvnf; ,lr,f/ jyefray;&ifvnf; vSLw,f
uGm}[k pdwfavQmhcsvdkuf\/ xdkodkU pdwfavQmhcsvdkufjcif;onf acs;xm;aomaiGtay: wyfrufaeonfh
wPSmudk y,fowfvdkufjcif;yif jzpf\/
xdkodkU pdwfavQmhcsvdkufonfESifh vGwfajrmufat;csrf;aom csrf;omwpfckudk cHpm;vdkuf
&\/ t&yfpum;jzifo
h ;kH vQif pdwo
f nf av;vHxikd ;f rIid ;f jcif; r&Sad wmhbJ ayghqif;oGm;\/ um; acs;xm;
aom aiGtay: wyfrufaomavmbrS vGwaf jrmufrcI sr;f omyif jzpf\/ ,ck yHpk EH iS hf cyfqifqifjzpf&yf
rsKd;rsm;udk vlwdkif; wpfrsKd;r[kwf wpfrsKd; BuHKzl;Murnfom jzpf\/
A[d' ypnf;0wKtay:rSm wyfrufaom wPSmrS vGwfajrmufjcif;onfyifvQif rQ
avmuf csr;f omaevQif tZw cEmig;yg;tay:wyfrufaom avmbrSvw
G af jrmufaom edAm efcsr;f om
qdv
k Qif tb,fuo
hJ Ukd aom t&mESirhf Q wdik ;f wmvdUk r&atmif csr;f omrnfqo
dk nfukd rSe;f qodEikd af y\/
xdkUaMumifh Ak'u -

wPSm, Zm,aw aomaum? wPSm, Zm,aw b,H/

wPSm, 0dyrkw? ewd aomaum ukawm b,H/
]wPSmaMumifh aomu jzpf&\/ wPSmaMumifh ab; jzpf&\/ wPSmrS uif;vGwfaom
olum; aomuvnf; r&Sd? ab;vnf; r&Sd} [k a[mMum;awmfrljcif; jzpf\/
ae&m wPSmuif;vGwaf omol[o
l nf &[Emyif jzpf\/ &[Emonf pGv
J ef;rIwPSm
tm;vHk;udk y,fjzwfEdkifaomaMumifh aomutm;vHk;? ab;tm;vHk; uif;Nidrf;NyD; edAmefcsrf;omudk tjynfh
t0 cHpm;&jcif;jzpf\/
uREfkyfwdkUonf pGJvef;rIwPSmtm;vHk; r[kwfapumrl pGJvef;rItenf;i,fudk y,fjzwfEdkif
vQifyif aomutenf;i,f? ab;tenf;i,fNidrf;NyD; edAmefcsrf;omtenf;i,fudk cHpm;&rnfomjzpf\/
'kw,
d urmppftwGi;f u [D&kd ;DS rm;ESihf em*gpuDwiG f tEkjrLAH;k BucJ sc&H aomaMumifh vlrsm; ode;f ESichf sND y;D
aoaomfvnf; xdo
k wif;udMk um;&aom jrefrmtrsm;pku ][kwv
f m;} ESihf ]aMomf} [laom pum;ESprf sK;d om
xGuf\/
1333ckEpS u
f 'vESi&hf efuek u
f ;l aom wd;k at;oabFmepf c&D;onf&m*Pef;rQ aoonfh
owif;udk Mum;&onfEiS hf jrefrmrsm;\EIwrf S ]tdk ..jzpfrjS zpf&av} ]uHq;kd vdu
k w
f mAsm}[laom rcsw
d ifuJ
0rf;enf;yufvufjzpfonfh toHrsm; xGufay:cJh\/
tEkjrLAH;k 'PfaMumifh *syefvrl sK;d rsm; ode;f ESichf s
D aopOfu aomurjzpfb?J wd;k at;oabFm
epfpOfu &m*Pef;rQaoaom jrefrmrsm;udkusrS aomujzpf&onfrSm tb,fhaMumifhenf;[k qef;ppf
MunfhvQif tpGJtvef;wPSm &SdrSomvQif aomujzpfaMumif;rSm v,fjyifrSm qifoGm;ovdk xif&Sm;vS
ay\/
xdkUaMumifhvnf; tbd"rwo*F[usrf; ]0geawm wPSm, eduEwm edAmeEd y0kpwd0ge[kqdktyfaom wPSmrSxGufajrmufwwfaomaMumifh edAmef} [l zGifhjyjcif;jzpf\/
ed*Hk;csKyftaejzifh ta&;wBuD; rSmvdkonfrSm edAmef[lonf bmrQr&Sdaom tbm0ynwf?
ewdabm ynwfrsKd; r[kwf/ wu,fht&Sdw&m; y&rwfrsKd;om jzpf\/ avmuwGif wu,fh t&Sdw&m;
y&rwfum; av;rsKd;om &Sd\/ ,if;wdkUum; pdwf
= tmHkudk odwwfaom oabmw&m;/
apwoduf = pdwfudkrSD jzpfwwfaom oabmw&m;/
kyf
= azmufjyefwwfaom oabmw&m;/
edAmef
= tdk? em? ao uif; Nidrf;at;aom oabmw&m;wdkUyif jzpf\/
pdwf? apwoduf? kyf[laom a&SUy&rww&m;oHk;yg; xif&Sm;&SdouJhodkU edAmefonfvnf;
xif&Sm;&Sdaom oabmw&m;om jzpf\/ ax&myg'gef ygVdawmf jrefrmjyef yxrwGJ pmrsufESm (1) rS
(9) xdudk pmIoludk,fwdkif aoaocsmcsm zwfMunfhapcsif\/ bk&m;tavmif;awmf wdavmu pMum
rif;Bu;D jzpfawmfrpl Oftcgu ajrjyifrS aumif;uifa&mufonftxd Bu;D rm;jrifx
h ,faom ausmif;awmf
BuD;udk wefcdk;jzifh aqmufvkyf\/

xdkUaemuf ukwif? arGU,m? acgif;tHk;? vdkufum tpHktvifygaom tcef;rsm;udk bk&m;&Sif

rsm; pHaezdUk tcef;? yapuAk'g rsm; pHaezdUk tcef;? &[Emrsm; pHaezdUk tcef;[k oH;k rsK;d oH;k pm;cG
J tcef;aygif;
ra&rwGufEdkifatmif zGJUpnf;\/ tm;vHk;NyD;vQif edAmefwGif pH0ifaeMuukefaom bk&m;? yapuAk'g?
&[Emrsm;tm;vHk;wdkU ausmif;awmfBuD;ay:odkU acwcP <ua&mufoDwif;oHk;&ef t"d|mefjzifh
yifhaqmif\/
bk&m;? yapuAk'g ? &[Emrsm;onf vlUb0u yHo
k @mefrsm;twdik ;f zefqif;Ny;D wdavmu
pMumrif;BuD;\ ukodkvfawmfausmif;BuD;ay:odkU <ua&mufoDwif;oHk; tylaZmfcHawmfrlMuaMumif; Ak'
ud,
k af wmfwikd f a[mMum;awmfrcl \
hJ / xdUk aMumifh edAm ef[o
l nf y&rwtm;jzifh xifxif&mS ;&Sm; &Sad Mumif;
,HkMunf&J0HhpGm rSwfom;tyfyg\/
edAmefudk bmr&Sd[k
pmrMunfh zsef;um
ygVdESifh usrf;tvmudk
&rf;umom z,f&Sm;
tbm0 ,ljyefvQif
rlrrSef pGJcsufurSm;
,ruokwftvmudk
Oap'g jzpfjim;
rmefwHcGef axmifvTm;ygvdkU
igwum; jiif;&Sm
b,fusrf;*ef b,fvdka[maomfvnf;
olUoabm a&G;rQryg
edAmefNrdKU jynfatmifjcmrSm
pdaE,sm *kPf&SdzdkU
r,Hkonfh olUudkyif
a[mzdkU rjrif
avrD;cdk; wu,fxifvQif
tyg,fwGif epfOD;awmhav; /
rSwfcsuf/ / Ak'vufxufu ,rutrnf&Sd &[ef;wpfyg;onf ,ckacwf Ak'bmom0iftcsKdUuJhodkU
edAm ef[o
l nf bmrQr&Sad om avvdk rD;cd;k vdk oabmw&m;[k pGypf aJG jymqd\
k / xdo
k Ukd edAm efukd r[kwrf rSef
pGyfpGJajymqdkaom t,l0g'ESifhaovQif ,ru&[ef;onf tyg,fav;yg;odkUa&muf&rnf jzpf\/
xdkUaMumifh t&Sifom&dykw&mu ,ru&[ef;udk ac:,lum edAmefonf bmrQr&Sdaom
w&m;r[kw?f xif&mS ;&Sad om w&m;jzpfaMumif; &Si;f jyaomtcgwGirf S ,ruonf Oap'0g'rS vGwu
f m
aomwmyef wnfoGm;cJh\/

N*Kd [q
f ;kd jyem
1999 ckESpfcefUu jzpf\/ uREfkyfonf vHk;csif;pmtkyfwpftkyf a&;&ef&Sdojzifh vlol&Sif;NyD;
at;csrf;aom aiGvJhuefawm&ausmif;odkU a&mufoGm;\/ xdkausmif;onf vSnf;ul;NrdKUe,f tpGefwGif
wnf&SdNyD; awm&ausmif;rS t&yfav;rsufESm av;rdkifausmfywfvnftwGif; v,fuGif;BuD;om&Sdojzifh
olawmfpifrsm;tBudKuf wdwfqdwfrI&oudk tjynfht0 ay;pGrf;Edkifonfh ae&mwpfckyif/
a&S;ESpfaygif;rsm;pGmuwnf;u wl;xm;aom uefBuD;wpfuef\ trnfonfyif awm&
ausmif;\emrnf jzpfomG ;jcif;yif/ ausmif;xdik q
f &mawmf OD;Ow&onf aA'ifeuwf 0goemygoljzpf\/
odkif;wwfolonf awGUolwdkif;ESifh odkif;upm;csif\/ pma&;olonfvnf; tawGUtBuHKxl;ESifh BuHKwdkif;
pma&;csif\/
xdkUtwl aA'ifq&mwdkif;onfvnf; &if;ESD;uRrf;0ifolwdkif;udk wGufcsufay;csifMu\/
xdUk aMumifh uREykf \
f arG;ou&mZfukd ar;Ny;D wGucf suaf vawmh\/ tajzud&k onfEiS hf ol\rsuv
f ;kH onf
jyL;us,f 0dkif;pufvm\/ uREfkyfudkvnf; wjcm;urmuvmaom N*dK[fom;wpfaumiftvm; tHhMo
xl;qef;pGm pl;pdkufMunfhav\/
]]OD;Z0e? t&Sifbk&m;u wu,fhN*dK[fqdk;xJ a&mufaewmyJ? 'DN*dK[fqdk;xJ a&mufolwdkif;
vufatmufi,fom;awG&UJ awmfveS yf ek u
f efjcif;udk cH&w,f/ r[kww
f kwaf wG tpGyt
f pGcJ &H Ny;D t&Suf
wuGt
J usK;d enf; jzpf&wwfw,f? 0rf;Adu
k f tcGt
J pdwcf &H wwfw,f/ 'grSr[kwf 0rf;Adu
k rf mS 'Pf&mtBu;D
tus,f&udef;&Sdw,f/
'DN*Kd [cf iG t
f &qd&k if t&Sib
f &k m;udk 'DypkH t
H wdik ;f udk jrif&zdUk r&Sb
d ;l ? t&Sib
f &k m; wynfah wmf
ajymwmawG wpfckrS rjzpfbl;vm;bk&m;}}
]][ifhtif;? wpfckrS rjzpfygbl;}}
]]awmfawmf tHhMop&maumif;wmyJ? 'DN*dK[fcGifxJ a&mufaewJholwdkif; a[mvdkuf&if
'Dtwdkif; 'ufxdrSefwmyJ? t&Sifbk&m;usrS b,fvdkvkyf vGJoGm;ovJ rodbl;}}
]]OD;Ow&&JU? aA'ifynmu bk&m;a[mrS r[kwfbJ? rSm;wJhtcgvnf; rSm;rSmaygh}}
]]wynhfawmf wGufvmwmMumNyD? 'DN*dK[fxJ a&mufvdkUuawmh 'kuwpfckckawmh jzpfwmyJ?
wpfcgrS rvGJao;bl;}}
]]OD;Ow& pdwfrqdk;bl;qdk&if wpfckavmuf ar;Munfhcsifw,f}}
]]bmvdkU pdwfqdk;&rSmvJ bk&m;? ar;ygbk&m; ar;yg}}
]]'DN*dK[fqdk;xJ a&mufaevdkU apmapmuajymwJh raumif;usKd;awG jzpf&wm[m N*d[fqdk;
t"duvm;? tukodkvfuH t"duvm;}}
]]N*dK[fqdk;u t"duayghbk&m;? tukodkvfuHvnf; tenf;i,fawmh ygwmaygh}}
]]OD;Ow&u bk&m;om;awmf &[ef;wpfyg;jzpfaeNy;D [dEL bmomuvmwJh aA'ifzufuae
bufvdkuf ajzaewmyJ? uJ ..N*dK[fqdk;u t"duqdkwmudk OD;Ow& b,fvdkoufaojyrvJ}}
]]tJ'gawmh b,fvdkajz&rSef; rodbl; jzpfaew,f}}

]]'Dtcsufudk axmufaomtm;jzifh N*dK[fqdk;xJa&mufvdkU 'kuawGU&wm[m N*dK[fqdk;u

t"dur[kwfbJ tukodkvfuHu t"duqdkwm ay:vGifaeNyDyJ? N*dK[fqdk;uom raumif;wJh 'kuawGudk
jzpfapwmqdk&if N*dK[fqdk;xJ a&mufolwdkif; 'kuawGU&r,f? rvGJ&bl;? vGJaeNyDqdk&ifvnf; bmaMumifh
vGJ&w,fqdkwmudk wdwdususeJU tajzudk auseyfatmifay;Edkif&r,f}}
]]'gqd&k if OD;Z0eu 'kua wGU&w,fqw
kd ahJ e&mrSm tukov
kd u
f u
H t"duvdUk qdck siw
f maygh}}
]][kwfw,f}}
]]'gqkd&if oufaojyav}}
]]oufaouawmh wynfah wmfukd wynfah wmf t&ifjy&rSmyJ? wynfah wmf touf (25)ESpf
&[ef;0g (5)0gavmufom&ao;wJh pmcsbkef;BuD;b0wkef;u aA'ifq&mwpfa,mufu cEmysufudef;?
aoudef;&Sdw,fvdkU a[mzl;w,f? 'gayr,fh bmrSrjzpfcJhbl;}}
rSwfcsuf/ / xdt
k aMumif; pdw0f ifpm;zG,t
f us,u
f kd ]rsu&f nfruscif odapcsi}f pmtkyf ]omoemESihf
euwfaA'if} tcef;wGif zwfIEdkifygonf/
]]aow,fqdkwm qdk;usKd;yJ? qdk;usKd;rSeforQudk tukodkvfuHuom jzpfapwmyg? wynfh
awmfu pmcsw,f? w&m;a[mw,f? oHCmawGudk qGrf;cHauR;w,f? pmoifom; tyg;ckepfq,fausmf
avmufudk a&csKd;zdkU aeUpOf yDygESpfq,favmuf wHkuifESdyfay;w,f? bk&m;rSefrSef 0wfwufw,f? *kPf
awmfyGm;w,f? arwmydkUw,f? w&m;xdkifw,f? 'DukodkvfawG qufwkdufqdkovdk vkyfaewmqdkawmh
tukodkvfuHawG raumif;usKd;ay;cGifhr&bJ aemufqkwfoGm;vdkU aoab;u vGwfcJh&wmaygh/
]]tck touf (35)ESpf t&G,frSmvnf; OD;Ow& wGufcsufMunfhwJhtwdkif; raumif;wJh
N*dK[fqdk;xJ a&mufaewmyJ? apmapmujyKcJhwJh ukodkvfuHawGudk wynfhawmfu tNrJvkyfaewmqdkawmh
tukov
kd u
f aH wG tusK;d ay;cGirhf &awmhbJ tck OD;Ow&jrifwt
hJ wdik ;f use;f rmyuwd csr;f ompGm &Sad ewm
ygyJ}}
]]'gu OD;Z0eu &[ef;wpfyg; jzpfaevdUk yg? vly*k Kd vaf wGq&kd ifawmh 'DN*Kd [q
f ;kd u rvGwEf ikd f
ygbl;}}
]]'gqdk&if vlyk*dKvfwpfa,mufudk oufaojyr,f? oD[dkVfuRef;u 0obqdkwJh rif;BuD;
wpfyg; taMumif;aygh? oleef;wufawmh aA'ifq&mawGu a[mw,f? eef;pHouf (12)yJ &Sdw,fwJh?
olu ax&0g'Ak'bmomppfppfyJ? eef;wGif;xHk;pH&SdvdkUom aA'ifta[mcHcJhwm}}
]]*Pef;awG euwfawG N*dK[fawGu vlwpfa,mufudk aumif;usKd;qdk;usKd;jzpfatmif vkyf
ray;Edkifbl;? ukodkvfuH tukodkvfuHuom aumif;usKd;qdk;usKd;jzpfatmif vkyfay;Edkifw,fvdkU ,HkMunf
w,f? 'gaMumifh &[Emrax&fBuD;rsm;xH csOf;uyfNyD; oufwrf;&SnfapwJh ukodkvfuHrsm;taMumif;udk
a[mMum;zdkU avQmufxm;w,f?
rax&fBuD;rsm;u a&ppfvSLjcif;? aq;vSLjcif;?ausmif;opfaqmufjcif;? wHwm;a[mif; vrf;a[mif; jyKjyif
jcif;? ig;yg;oDvudk cg;0wfykqdk;vdk NrJNrHpGm apmifhxdef;jcif;? OykofaeUwdkif; &Spfyg;oDv apmifhxdef;jcif;
qdkwJh touf&SnfaMumif; ukodkvfajcmufrsKd;udk a[may;vdkufw,f}}

]]'DukodkvfajcmufrsKd;udk vdkufemjyKusifhwJhtwGuf 0obrif;BuD;[m eef;ouf tESpf (40)

txd eef;pHoGm;cJh&w,f? 'gvnf; {&mrukodkvfBuD;awGudk jyKvkyfEdkifwJh bk&ifrdkUvdkUyg? vlomrmefqdk&if
rvG,fygbl;vdkU apm'uwufcsifao;ovm;}}
]]wufcsifao;w,f bk&m;}}
]]bmvJ r,Hkao;bl;aygh}}
]]r,Hv
k Ukd awmh r[kwyf gbl;? OD;Z0e&JU vufawGUjzpf&yfEpS cf u
k kd em;axmifvu
kd &f uwnf;u
uHut"duqdkwmudk rltm;jzifh vufcHaeygNyD? apm'u qufwufcsifw,fqdkwmu pdwf0ifpm;p&m
oufaotaMumif;udk qufNyD; em;axmifcsifvdkUyg}}
]]'gqdk&ifvnf; ajym&wmaygh? bmoma&;usrf;pmtkyfaygif; (50)ausmfudk a&;om;jyKpkwJh
wuodkvf&SifoD&d&JU udk,fawGUjzpf&yf wpfckyg? wuodkvf&SifoD&d[m vlyk*dKvfomoema&;rSL;tjzpf
usKdif;wHkrSm omoemwm0ef xrf;aqmifaewJhtcsdef? tJ'D usKdif;wHkNrdKUrSm &Srf;olykefb0uae tvif;0if
vmwJh &Srf;trsKd;om;wpfa,muf &Sdw,f? olUemrnfu p0fEGHMunfwJh/
p0fEGHMunfudk tMum;tjrif&wJh q&mawmfwpfyg;u vkyfBuHowfjzwfcH&udef; &Sdw,fvdkU
a[mvdkufw,f? aA'ifvdkajym&if ygyN*dK[fxJ a&mufaevdkU cEmysufudef;&Sdw,fvdkU ajymvdkufwmyg?
a[majymwJo
h [
l m ax&0g'bke;f Bu;D wpfyg;qdak wmh uHaumif;atmifBuKd ;pm;enf;udk ajymjyvdu
k w
f ,f}}
]]uHaumif;atmif BudK;pm;w,fqdkwm b,fvdk[mrsKd;vJ bk&m;}}
]]apwem[H bdua 0 urH 0'grd -qdw
k hJ a'oemt& apwemudk uHvUkd ac:wmyJ? 'gaMumifh
bmoma&; pD;yGm;a&; vlraI &;tm;vH;k rSm apwemaumif;xm;&if uHaumif;rSmyJ? apwemqd;k &if uHq;kd
rSmyJ? p0fEGHMunf[m q&mawmf&JUMo0g'twdkif; t&m&mrSm apwemaumif;xm;w,f/
o&P*HkeJU ig;yg;oDv NrJw,f? touf&SnfaMumif; aumif;rIawGudkvnf; pGrf;EdkiforQ
jyKw,f? 'g[m uHaumif;atmif BudK;pm;aewmyJ? wpfaeU usKdif;wHkNrdKU&JUta&SUbufu uarmZapwD
&ifjyifay:rSm o&P*Ho
k ;kH yg; ykw;D pdyw
f ,f? ykw;D pdyNf y;D wJah emuf Z&yfay:rSmcPvS&J if; arS;ceJtyd af ysmf
oGm;w,f? noef;acgifavmufusawmh vufusef awmwGif;vufeufudkiftzGJUawGu owif;t& p0fEGH
Munfudk owf&atmif uarmZapwDab;udk vm0dkif;w,f/
tvif;0ifoGm;wJh p0fEGHMunfudk olwdkUu opmazmuftjzpf owfrSwfxm;Muwmudk;? tJ'D
tcsdefrSmyJ 0wfjzLpifMu,feJU tbdk;tdkwpfa,muf a&mufvmNyD; EId;vTwfvdkufvdkU p0fEGHMunfwpfa,muf
aoab;u vGwfoGm;cJhw,f}}
rSwfcsuf/ / 0obrif;ESifh p0fEGHMunftaMumif;tus,fudk uREfkyfa&;om;aom ]oDvtpGrf;} pmtkyf
wGif zwfIEdkifonf/
]]OD;Z0ea&m? 0obrif;BuD;a&m? p0fEGHMunfa&m 'DoHk;a,mufpvHk;[m tukodkvfuHawG
aMumifh raumif;usK;d awGcpH m;&zdUk tajctaea&mufvmw,f? 'gayr,fh tcsed rf D jyKvyk v
f u
kd &f wJh ukov
kd f
uHawGaMumifh aoab;u vGwfoGm;Muw,f? 'Dvdk r[kwfvm;}}
]][kwfygw,f}}

]]'gqd&k if raumif;wJNh *Kd [x

f 0J ifaewmu bmrSt"dyg ,fr&Sad wmhb;l vm;? 'gudak &mb,fvkd
,lqrvJ? euwfaA'ifynm[m tvum;tydkoufoufvdkU qdkcsifwmvm;bk&m;}}
]]rqdkcsifygbl;? rjzpfao;wJh tcsufwcsKdUudk BudKwifNyD; odEdkifpGrf;&SdwJhtwGuf aqmifp&m
&Sdwm aqmifEdkifNyD;? a&Smifp&m &Sdwmudk a&SmifEdkifzdkU taxmuftul jzpfygw,f? 'Dynm&yf[mvnf;
avmuudk aumif;usKd;jyKwJh ynm&yfwpfckygyJ? 'gayr,fh wpfckawmh ta&;wBuD;owdxm;oifhw,f}}
]]bmudkvJ bk&m;}}
]]vdrf;aq;[m vdrf;Hkvdrf;&if temaysmufw,f? aomufrd&ifawmh aowwfw,f? xdkU
twlyJ aA'ifeuwfawG wGufcsufMunfhNyD; raumif;wJhN*dK[fxJ a&mufae&if raumif;wJheuwfeJU
wdkufqdkifae&if ]tif; igawmh tukodkvfawG rsm;aeNyD? ukodkvfawG rsm;rsm;vkyf&r,f? 'DtcsufawGudk
BudKwifNyD; od&wm[m euwfaA'ifynm&JU aus;Zl;yJvdkU em;vnfxm;&if vdrf;aq;udk vdrf;Hkvdrf;wm
jzpfwJhtwGuf temaysmufygw,f/
'Dvdkr[kwfbJ ukodkvf tukodkvfuHawGudk ab;z,fxm;NyD; aumif;wJhN*dK[fxJ a&mufae
vdUk aumif;wJeh uwef UJ wnfah evdUk aumif;usK;d cHpm;&wm? raumif;wJNh *Kd [x
f J a&mufaevdUk raumif;wJh
euwfeJU wnfhaevdkU raumif;usKd; cHpm;&wm? aumif;usKd;qdk;usKd;udk N*dK[fawG euwfawGu vkyfay;
wmvdkU ,lqvdkuf&ifawmh vdrf;aq;udk aomufrdoGm;wmyJ? aozdkUyJ &Sdw,f/
ukodkvfuH tukodkvfuHudk y,fwmjzpfwJhtwGuf tJ'Dyk*dKvf[m Ak'bmom0iftjzpfu
tvdkvdk xGufNyD;om;jzpfoGm;w,f}}
]]'gqdk&if ukodkvfuH tukodkvfuHa&m? N*dK[fawG euwfawGa&m rQrQww jzpfatmif
b,fvdk ,lq&rvJ}}
]]em;vnfvG,fatmif OyrmwpfckeJUajymr,f? jrefrmtcsKdU&JU t,ltqrSm iSufqdk;xdk;&if
vlaow,fwJh? wu,fawmh iSufqdk;xdk;vdkU vlaowm r[kwfygbl;? tJ'Dvl[m iSufqdk;xdk;xdk; rxdk;xdk;
aorSmyg? obm0u ay;xm;wJyh nmaMumifh tJ'iD u
S af wG[m vlaorSmudBk uKd ow
d ,f? 'gaMumifh xd;k vdu
k f
(atmfvdkuf)wmyJ? ]rif;aoawmhr,f? vkyfoifhwmvkyfxm;}vdkU BudKwiftoday;vdkufwJh oabmrsKd;aygh}}
]]'Dvdkqdkawmh iSufqdk;udkawmif aus;Zl;wifp&maumif;aeao;w,f}}
]][kwfw,f? 'DeuwfaA'ifae&mrSmvnf; tJ'DyHkpHtwdkif; ,l&r,f? vlwpfa,muf[m
tukov
kd u
f aH Mumifh raumif;usK;d ay;awmhr,fq&kd if ol[m raumif;wJNh *Kd [x
f J a&mufomG ;Ny;D raumif;
wJh euwfeJU wnfhoGm;w,f? ukodkvfuHaMumifh aumif;usKd;ay;awmhr,fqdk&ifvnf; aumif;wJhN*dK[fxJ
0ifNyD; aumif;wJheuwfeJU wnfhoGm;jyefwmaygh? 'Dvdk,lvdkufr,fqdk&if tm;vHk;tBuHK;0ifwJh ,lqenf;
jzpfoGm;ygNyD}}
]]rSefyg? &Sif;oGm;NyDbk&m;? cufcJwJh 'ewpfckudk oabmaygufatmif &Sif;jywJhtwGuf
aus;Zl;wifygw,f bk&m;}}
aumif;usKd;rSeforQudk ukodkvfuHu jzpfaponf/ raumif;usKd;rSeforQudk tukodkvfuHu
jzpfaponf[k jywfjywfom;om; &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; ,HkMunfxm;zdkUonf Ak'bmom0ifwdkif;twGuf
ta&;BuD;onf/

t,ltqudk ]uruwmorm'd|d} [k ac:\/ Ak'bmom0ifwdkif;twGuf r&Sdrjzpf

tajccH ,HkMunfcsufwpfckyif/ rnfrQavmuf vSyjrifhrm;aom wdkufwmBuD;yifjzpfap? tajccH azmif
a';&Sif; raumif;vQif cPESifh NydKus\/
xdUk twl Ak'b
mom0ifwpfO;D onf bk&m;wnf? ausmif;aqmuf rnfrQyif vkyaf eapumrl
uruwmorm'd|d t,l rjywfom;cJhygvQif t,lrSm;bmomjcm;tjzpfodkU cPESifha&mufoGm;Edkif
yg\/

vuPmjyem
avmuDa&;rSm jzpfap? avmukw& ma&;rSm jzpfap txGwt
f xdyaf &mufNy;D atmifjrifaeol
rSeforQonf azmfjyyg t*Fgig;csufESihftnD rdrdwdkUtvkyfudk BudK;pm;tm;xkwfMuaomaMumifh jzpf\/
xdkt*Fgig;csufrSm (1) pd&umvbm0em
MumjrifhpGm tvkyfvkyfjcif;? aumufdk;rD;uJhodkU cPvkyfNyD;? cPESifh&yfoGm;
olrsm;onf b,faomtcgrS atmifjrifrIudk r&Edkifay/
(2) ed&E&bm0em
r&yfrem; tvkyv
f yk jf cif;? tMumBu;D vkyo
f nfq&kd mvnf; em;csed u
f rsm;Ny;D
tvkyfvkyfcsdefu enf;aevQifvnf; ratmifjrifEdkifay/
(3) ed&0aoobm0em vkyfoifhvkyfxdkufonfwdkUudk t<uif;rusefr&Sdatmif vkyfaqmifjcif;/
(4) oupbm0em
dkdkaoao av;av;pm;pm; vkyfudkifjcif;/
(5) tbd&wdbm0em
rdrdvkyfudkifaomvkyfief; ESpfESpfoufouf aysmfaysmfyg;yg; vkyfjcif;/
wdkUjzpfonf/
azmfjyvwHUaom vumPmq&mBuD; udkifdkonf t*Fgig;csufESifhtnD BudK;pm;cJhaom
aMumifh urmausmfonftxd atmifjrifcJhjcif;jzpf\/ olwpfyg;\ atmifjrifausmfMum;aom tusKd;
w&m;udk oGm;&nfusaeHkjzifh rdrdtwGuf bmrQtusKd;r&SdEdkif/ atmifjrif&ef BudK;pm;cJhaom taMumif;
w&m;udk odrSomvQif rdrdtwGuf tusKd;&SdEdkif\/
udkifdk vuPmra[mcifu BudK;pm;tm;xkwfcJhrIrsKd;udk ,ckacwf vuPmq&mrsm;
vdu
k
f rrDEikd af y/ xdUk aMumifv
h nf; udik f \
kd atmifjrifrrI sK;d udk rnfonfv
h uPmq&mrS vdu
k rf rDMujcif;
jzpf\/ udkifdkonf aq;Hkrsm;pGm? &ifcGJHkrsm;pGmodkU ta&mufoGm;NyD; a&m*gjzpfqJ vlemrsm;\ vuPm?
a&m*guRr;f aoqH;k oGm;aom vlemrsm;\ vuPmrsm;udk aocsmpGmul;,lNy;D OD;aESmufxw
J iG f pGo
J mG ;
atmif dkufoGif;xm;\/
xdkuJhodkUaom BudK;pm;rIaMumifh vuPmudk MunfhHkrQESifh bma&m*gjzpfrnf? odkUr[kwf
jzpfaeonf? xdak &m*gaysmufrnf? odUk r[kwf xdak &m*gESiahf ornfqakd om tcsurf sm;udk wduspmG a[mEdik f
jcif;jzpf\/ axmifusorl sm;? BuKd ;rdeUf usorl sm;? ola|;? Adv
k cf sKyf polwUdk \ vuPmrsm;udv
k nf; aocsm
ul;,lNyD; tyifyef;cHum avhvmxm;jcif;aMumifh vuPmwpfckudk MunfhvdkufonfESifh bmjzpfrnf?
bmjzpfcJhonf qdkonfudk tMum;tjrif&aeoluJhodkU wduspGma[mjyEdkifjcif; jzpf\/

wpfcgwGif aeUaph? vaph? udk,f0efaqmif trsKd;orD;wpfOD;u olarG;rnfh uav;onf

a,mufsm;av;vm;? rdef;uav;vm;qdkonfudk BudKwifod&&ef vuPmMunfh\/ xdktcsdefu ,ckacwf
uJhodkU a,mufsm;av;vm;? rdef;uav;vm;qdkonfudk BudKwifodEdkifpGrf;aom odyHynmrsm; ray:ayguf
ao;ay/
udkifdkonf trsKd;orD;\vuPmudk aocsmpGmMunfhNyD; ]a,mufsm;av;vnf; r[kwfyg?
rde;f uav;vnf; r[kwyf g} [k a[mvdu
k af v\/ xdt
k rsK;d orD;onf onfvakd [m&ygrnfvm;[k qdu
k m
udkifdkudk qJqdk&efawGUoGm;\/ wu,farG;aomtcgwGifum; udkifdka[mcJhovdkyif a,ufsm;t*Fg rdef;r
t*Fg ESpfrsKd;vHk;rygonfudk awGU&av\/
ESmacgif;rSmvnf; qifuJhodkU t&SnfBuD;jzpfaeonfudk awGUMu&\/ Ak'0g' tvdkum;
xdkuav;onf twdwfb0rsm;u olwpfyg;orD;ysKdrsm;udk jypfrSm;zsufqD;cJhaom umarokrdpmpm&
tukodkvfuH tusKd;ay;aMumifh ,ckvdkjzpf&jcif;yif/ xdktcgrS trsKd;orD;onf udkifdkxHodkU vma&muf
awmif;yefcJh\/
wpfcgwGifum; t*FvefrS vlysKdBuD;wpfa,mufonf udkifdkxHodkUvm tvkyftudkifESihf
tdrfaxmifa&;taMumif;udk ar;\/ udkifdku tm&SEdkifiHwpfckckwGif tvkyftudkif&rnf/ xkdEdkifiHrSmyif
t*Fvyd v
f rl sK;d trsK;d orD;wpfO;D ESihf tdraf xmifusrnf/ tdraf xmifouf q,fw
h pfEpS t
f &wGif trsK;d orD;
onf a>raygufc&H Ny;D aornf/ ZeD;onfaoNy;D rMumrDrmS yif cifyeG ;f onfvnf; aemufuvku
d f aornf
[l a[mvdkuf\/ xdka[majymcsuf av;ckpvHk; rSefuefcJhayonf/
rSwfcsuf/ / taMumif;t&m tus,fudk uREfkyfa&;om;aom ]oDvtpGrf;} pmtkyfwGif jynfhpHkpGm
zwfIEdkifonf/
wpfcgwGiu
f m; urmausmu
f ikd f u
kd kd jyemwufaprnfh vli,fwpfO;D vuPmvmar;\/
xdkvli,f\ toufonf oHk;q,f0ef;usifcefUom &Sd\/ olonf ol\touf rnfrQ&Snfrnfudk t"du
xm; ar;\/ udkifdkonf vuPmudk aocsmpGm MunfhNyD;onfESifh toufudk;q,ftxd ae&rnfjzpf
aMumif; wdwdusus a[may;vdkuf\/
xdktcgrSp ,if;vli,fonf toufudk;q,fausmf ae&rnfqdkonfudk rmefwufum
taysmt
f yg; tvGet
f rif;vdu
k pf m;\/ taomuftpm;udk vGev
f eG u
f Ru
H RjH yK\/ ukov
kd u
f u
H kd wpfcrk QrjyK
aomfvnf; tukodkvfuHum; A&yGjzpfae\/ xdkUaMumifh ESpfrsm;rMumrDrSmyif aoab;ESifh awGUMuHK&
awmh\/
wpfaeUwGif xdkvli,fonf rl;rl;ESifh wdkufwef;wpfckab;rS vrf;avQmufoGm;\/ xdktcsdef
rSmyif wku
d t
f ay:qH;k xyf 0&HwmrS tvSwifxm;aom yef;td;k onf xdv
k il ,f\acgif;ay:odUk wnfw
h nfh
jyKwfus\/ 'Pf&mjyif;xefaomaMumifh yGJcsif;NyD; aoqHk;oGm;\/ touf (90)ausmf ae&rnf[k a[m
xm;aom a[mpmwrf;udu
k ikd u
f m aoqH;k olEiS hf aqGrsK;d awmfpyfol trsK;d om;wpfa,mufonf udik f u
kd kd
w&m;pGJqdk&ef oGm;a&mufawGUqHk\/
udkifdku wdusrSefuefpGm ajz&Sif;csufray;EkdifvQif vdrfnma[majymrIESifh ta&;,lcH&NyD;
emrnfysuo
f mG ;Edik o
f nf/ odUk aomf udik f u
kd m; olUbufu trSm;r&Sad Mumif;udk vufawGUtaxmuftxm;

ESifhjyoEdkifcJh\/ udkifdkxHwGif aoqHk;ol\ vuPmyHkpHudk ul;,lxm;aom yHkwl&Sd\/

xdkvuPmyHkpHESifh aoqHk;ol\ vuf&SdvuPmyHkpHudk wdkufqdkifMunfhvdkufonfESifh tajz
um; ay:avNyD/ vGefcJhaomav;ESpfcefUu vuPmyHkpHESifh ,ckvuPmyHkpHonf wlnDjcif; r&Sdawmh/
t"dutcsufum; touftwdkt&Snfudkjyaom tm,kavcvrf;aMumif;yifwnf;/
vGefcJhaom av;ESpfcefUu ul;,lxm;aom vuPmyHkpHwGif tm,kvrf;aMumif;onf
&Snfvsm;vGef;vSNyD; vufaumuf0wfudkyif ywfvkvkjzpfae\/ xdktcsufudkMunfh udkifdku touf
(90)ausmf ae&rnf[k a[mjcif;jzpf\/ vdrn
f m&rf;orf; a[mjcif;rsK;d r[kw/f trSet
f uef twdtus
a[mcJhjcif; jzpf\/
,ckaoqHk;csdefwGifum; xdkol\vuPmwGif tm,kvrf;aMumif;onf wdkjywfNyD; aysmuf
oavmufyif jzpfae\/ qdv
k &kd if;um; vuPmta&;taMumif;rsm;onf touftwdt
k &Snu
f kd zefw;D
Edkifonf r[kwf/ ukodkvfuHuom touf&SnfatmifjyKvkyfEdkif tukodkvfuHuom toufwdkatmif
jyKvkyfEdkifjcif;jzpfaMumif; odapvdk&if; jzpf\/
xko
d o
l nf udik f x
kd H vuPmvmMunfph Ofu vlaumif;wpfa,mufyif jzpf\/ pdwaf umif;
&Sd\/ taysmftyg; rvdkufpm;bJ dk;dk;om;om;aexdkif\/ xdkUaMumifh usef;rmNyD; tm,kvrf;aMumif;BuD;
&Snaf ejcif;jzpf\/ udik f u
kd toufu;kd q,fausmaf e&rnf[k a[mvdu
k af omtcg rmefwufNy;D use;f rm
a&;udk tav;teufrxm;awmhbJ tdyfa&;ysufcHum taysmftyg;vdkufpm;\/ avmif;upm;rI jyK\/
ao&nfao&ufukd tvGet
f uRaH omuf\/ xdt
k ukov
kd u
f aH Mumifh tm,kvrf;aMumif;onf jyefwo
kd mG ;Ny;D
i,fi,f&G,f&G,fESifh aoqHk;&jcif; jzpf\/
xdUk aMumifh vuPmta&;taMumif;u touftwdt
k &Snu
f kd jzpfaponfr[kw/f ukov
kd f
uHu toufudk&Snfap tukodkvfuHu toufwdkapaMumif; ax&0g'enf;us jywfjywfom;om;
odMuapcsifyg\/
ujym;Ak'bmomrsm;onf vlwpfa,muf\ aumif;usKd;qdk;usKd;udk euwf? N*dK[f? aA'if?
,Mwm? vuPmta&;taMumif;rsm;u zefwD;ay;Edkifonf[k ,HkMunf\/
wu,fhAk'bmom0ifrsm;onf vlwpfa,muf\ aumif;usKd;udk ukodkvfuHESifh tukodkvf
uHuom zefwD;Edkifonf[k ,HkMunf\/
xdkUaMumifh avmuDBuD;yGm;a&; IaxmifhrSMunfhvQif ujym;Ak'bmom0ifwdkU\ t,ltq
onf vlUb0\ BudK;pm;tm;xkwfvdkrI tGefUudk wHk;oGm;ap\/
wu,fh Ak'bmom0ifwdkU\ t,ltqonf rdrdb0udk rdrdudk,fwdkif zefwD;jcif;jzpf
BudK;pm;tm;xkwfrI tGefUwvlvl wufap\/

Vif;wjyem
trsK;d ? bmom? omoem ruG,af ysmufzUkd twGuf trsK;d om;wdik ;f wGif wm0ef&\
dS / jrefrmudk
urmu odaeMuonfrmS rdrw
d Ukd ud;k uG,af om bmomw&m;aMumifh jzpf\/ Ak'b
momonf jrefrmwdUk \
toufaoG;aMumjzpf\/ Ak'b
momw&m;rsm; jrefrmjynfu aysmufu,
G o
f mG ;rnfqv
kd Qif jrefrmwdUk onf
toufr&Sdawmhaom kyftavmif;aumifESifh bmrQxl;awmhrnf r[kwfawmhay/
jrefrmh,Ofaus;rI rSeforQonf Ak'\ tqHk;trrS qif;oufvmjcif; jzpf\/ xkdUaMumifh
Ak'bmomESifh jrefrm? jrefrmESifh Ak'bmomonf cGJjcm; r&paumif;ay/ jrefrmjynf&Sd Ak'\bmom
w&m;rsm; ruG,faysmufa&;wGif ta&;BuD;aomtcef;u@rS yg0ifaeolrsm;rSm Ak'bmom0if &[ef;
awmfrsm;yif jzpf\/
&[ef;awmf rSeforQonf ]omoema&;acgif;aqmif} rsm;yif jzpf\/ acgif;aqmifonf
acgifra&Smifoifah y/ acgif;ra&Smifaom q&mawmfwpfyg;\ xdrad omMo0g'udk ae&m txl;azmfjy
csif\/ wpfcgwGif q&mawmfBuD;onf ausmif;aqmuf&eftwGuf ukefrmypnf;rsm;udk oef;ESifhcsD
tukefuscHum 0,f,lvmMuaom Ak'bmom0if'umrsm;udk ppfar;Munfhaomtcg bmomjcm;qdkif
rsm;rS 0,fvmaMumif; od&\/ ]tb,fhaMumifh Ak'bmom0ifqdkifrsm;rS r0,fbJ? bmomjcm;rsm;qdkifu
0,f&oenf;} [k ar;aomtcg ]aps;oufomvdkU} [laom tajzudkay;Mu\/ xkdtcg q&mawmfBuD;u
xdrdpGm Mo0g'ay;vdkufonfrSm ]]'umBuD;wdkU? aemufaemif aps;0,fwdkif; Ak'bmom qkdifrSmom 0,fyg? bmomjcm;rsm;
qdik rf mS r0,fygeJU? bmomjcm;qdik u
f wpfq,ftjrwfwifw,f? Ak'b
momqdik u
f wpf&mtjrwfwifw,f
qdkvnf; Ak'bmomqdkifrSmom 0,fMu&r,f? bmjzpfvdkUvJqdkawmh bmomjcm;vufxJ a&mufoGm;wJh
tjrwfaiGwpfq,f[m Ak'bmomawGvufxJ b,fawmhrS jyefra&mufawmhbl;? Ak'bmom0if trsKd;
orD;awGudk zsufqD;r,fh &HyHkaiGjzpfoGm;w,f? Ak'bmom0ifqdkifudk a&mufoGm;wJh tjrwfaiGwpf&m[m
aemufqHk;awmh Ak'bmom bk&m;ausmif;uefudk a&muf&wmyJ}} [l\/
xdkq&mawmfBuD;um; b0ewfxH ysHvGefawmfrloGm;NyDjzpfaom rif;uGef;wdyd#u"& q&m
awmfbk&m;BuD; OD;0dpdwom&mbd0Ho q&mawmfBuD;yif jzpf\/
q&mawmfBu;D \Mo0g'wGif Ak'b
mom jrefrmwdik ;f &if;om;rsm;taejzifh bmomjcm;rsm;ESihf
tdraf xmifrjyKa&;wpfcu
k kd xyfrx
H nfo
h iG ;f vdu
k rf nfqv
kd Qif trsK;d ? bmom? omoem ruG,af ysmufa&;
twGuf ta&;BuD;aom umuG,fa&;wpfck jzpfoGm;ayNyD/ ygupwef? b*Fvma'h&Sf? tmz*efepwef?
rav;&Sm;? tif'dkeD;&Sm; paom EdkifiHrsm;onf wpfcsdefu Ak'bmomEdkifiHrsm; jzpfMu\/
qdck NhJ y;D aom tcsuEf pS cf suw
f Ukd jzifh trsK;d ? bmom? omoemudk rumuG,cf MhJ uaomaMumifh
xdEk ikd if t
H m;vH;k bmomjcm;tjzpfoUkd a&mufomG ;Mu&jcif;jzpf\/ omoemapmifeh wfrsm;u jrefrmjynfukd
Ak'bmom ruG,faysmufapvdkaomaMumifhvm; rod/ trsKd;? bmom? omoem umuG,fa&;w&m;udk
wpdkufrwfrwf a[mavh&Sdaom uREfkyftm; bmomjcm;wdkUvTrf;rdk;&m NrdKU&Gmrsm;odkU BuHBuHzefzefa&muf
atmif apvTwfay;wwfonfvm; rajymwwfawmhay/

rsKd;aphrrSef yifroef
NrdwfNrdKUESifh aumhaomif;NrdKUwdkUonf bmomjcm;wdkU trsm;qHk; vTrf;rdk;xm;&ma'ojzpf\/
uREykf o
f nf xdNk rKd Ursm;odUk rxifrw
S b
f aJ &muf&o
dS mG ;Ny;D trsK;d ? bmom? omoem umuG,af &;w&m;rsm;udk
&yfuGufaygif;rsm;pGmodkU naygif;rsm;pGm vSnfhvnfa[majymcJh&\/ NrdwfNrdKUe,fwGif(44)n? weoFm&D
NrdKUe,fwGif (44)n? aumhaomif;NrdKUe,fwGif (72)nwdkifwkdif a[majymcJh\/
,ckvnf; bmomjcm;wdkUBuD;pdk;&m v,fa0;NrdKUe,f? {vmNrdKUav;odkU w&m;a[ma&mufcJh
jyef\/ NrdKUay: oHk;n a[mtNyD;rSmyif ]Hk;yif} [laom awm&Gmav;rS 'umoHk;a,muf a&mufvmNyD;
olwUkd &Gmvnf; w&m;a[may;&ef avQmufxm;vmMu\/ olwUkd pum;wGif xl;jcm;csuw
f pfck yg0ifae\/
]]wynfhawmfwdkU &Gmu bmomjcm; wpf0uf? Ak'bmom wpf0ufyg bk&m;? usefwJh Ak'
bmom wpf0ufuvnf; ESpfrMumcif bmomjcm;awGyJ jzpfukefawmhrSmyg bk&m;}}
]]bmjzpfvdkUvJ 'umBuD;&JU}}
]]bmjzpfvUkd vJqakd wmh bmomjcm;awGu ypn;f &SMd uw,f b&k m;? 'D&mG u tBu;D qH;k &GmvlBu;D
uvnf; bmomjcm;yJb&k m;? oluvnf; aiGay;aygif;xm;awmh NrKd Uay:u vlBu;D awGuyg olUudk rsuEf mS
omay;w,f? Ak'bmom0if wpfa,mufeJU olwdkUbmomjcm; wpfa,muf jyemjzpfNyDqdk&if rSm;wm
rSefwm aemufxm;? Ak'bmom0if &Gmom;udk &Ju t&ifvmzrf;wmyJ bk&m;}}
]][m tJoavmufawmifyJvm;}}
]]'Dxufqdk;wm &Sdao;w,f bk&m;? &GmxJu rdef;rysKdav;awGqdkvnf; olwkdUbmomjcm;
awGuyJ aiGeJUaygufNyD; ,loGm;MuwmyJ bk&m;? olwdkUbufom;u vlBuD;jzpfaeawmh wynfhawmfwUdk Ak'
bmom0ifawG rvIyf&JMubl;aygh bk&m;? 'gaMumifh udk,fhtrsKd;? udk,fhbmom? udk,fhomoemudk cspfjrwf
Edk;NyD; wefzdk;xm;wwfapr,fh w&m;av;awGvnf; xnfhoGif;NyD; a[mMum;ay;awmfrlygbk&m;}}
]]pdwfcs 'umBuD;? OD;yif;uvnf; 'Dvdkw&m;yGJawGudk t"duxm; a[mwmyJ}}
odkUjzifh xdk&Gmuav;odkU a&mufcJh&m ,cka&;om;vwHUaom ]Vif;w} ESifh ywfoufonfh
jyemudk awGUcJh&jcif;jzpf\/ w&m;yGJusif;yrnfh &GmOD;ausmif;odkUa&muf&ef vlaetdrfrsm;Mum;rS jzwf
oef;oGm;&\/ ausmif;odkUa&mufcgeD;wGif opfom;aumif;rsm;jzifh aqmufvkyfxm;aom oGyfrdk;ysOfum
ESpfxyftdrfBuD;wpftdrfudk awGU&onf/
xl;jcm;onfum; xdktdrfBuD;wGif aernfhol wpfOD;wpfa,mufrQ r&Sdojzifh ,dk,Gif;ysufpD;
aejcif;yifwnf;/ pHkprf;MunfhaomtcgwGif tdrfacgifrdk;ay:wGif Vif;wwpfaumifem;oGm; cdkufvdrfh
rnf? raeaumif;[kqdkum tdrf&Sifrsm; wjcm;ae&majymif;oGm;Muonf [l\/
ax&0g'Ak'bmom0ifrsm; jzpfaeygvsuf uHESifhuH\tusKd;udk r,HkMunfbJ avmuDt,l
tq twdwfedrdwfawGudk ,HkMunfaeMujcif;um; tHhMozG,faumif;vS\/ tdrfaxmifa&;? pD;yGm;a&;?
vlrIa&;rsm; xdcdkufysufpD;jcif;onf Vif;waMumifhom jzpfonf[kqdkvQif tukodkvf 'kpdkufrSeforQ
a&SmifMuOfp&m rvdktyfawmhyJ Vif;wrem;atmifom a&SmifMuOf&awmhrvdk jzpfae\/

xdo
k Ukd qdv
k Qiv
f nf; vlUavmuysupf ;D &efom &Sad wmhonf/ opmav;yg;ESihf wdu
k q
f ikd Mf unfh
vdkufvQif avmuDynwf owfrSwfcsufrSeforQ trSm;csnf;om jzpfawmh\/ wu,fhtrSefw&m;onf
rnfonfhtcsdef? rnfonfha'orSMunfhMunfh rSefae&rnfom jzpf\/
Oyrmtm;jzifh tdkvGeftm;BuD;aomaMumifh em&onf? emvGeftm;BuD;aomaMumifh ao&onf/ aocgeD;
teufa&mif i,facs;rsm;ygjcif;onf emusirf I rcsrd qHt
h m;Bu;D aomaMumifh jzpf\/ xdUk aMumifh ]td&k jcif;?
em&jcif;? ao&jcif;onf ]'kuopm - qif;&JaMumif; trSef} [k Ak'u a[m\/
rnfonfh Edik if u
H vlrsK;d udk MunfMh unfh td?k em? ao &Sad omaMumifh 'kuo
pmonf rSeaf e\/
vlUbHk? ewfbHk? jA[mhbHk rnfonfhbHkudk MunfhMunfh tdk? em? ao &SdaomaMumifh 'kuopmonf rSefae\/
okcopmtjzpf rSm;,Gi;f ajymif;vJomG ;jcif; r&S/d wu,ft
h rSeo
f nf rnfonfah 'o? rnfonfu
h mvwGif
MunfhMunfh xdkuJhodkU rSefae&rnfom jzpf\/
ukodkvfuHonf aumif;usKd;udk ay;onf[l&m rnfonhfEdkifiH? rnfonfhbHkrS? rnfonfh
yk*Kd vrf sK;d udrk qdk ukov
kd af umif;rIujkd yKvQif aumif;usK;d udo
k m ay;rnfjzpf\/ b,faomtcgrS azmufjyef
ajymif;vJjcif; r&Sday/ tukodkvfuHu raumif;usKd;udk ay;onfqdk&mvnf; rnfonfhEdkifiH? rnfonfh
bHkrS? rnfodkUaom yk*dKvfrsKd;udkrqdk raumif;rIudk jyKvkyfvQif raumif;usKd;udkomay;rnf jzpf\/ b,f
aomtcgrS azmufjyefajymif;vJoGm;rnf r[kwfay/
odUk b,faomtcgrS azmufjyefajymif;vJomG ;jcif;r&Sad om trSew
f &m;rsK;d udo
k m t<uif;
r&Sd ,HkMunfoifh\/ xdkuJhodkUr[kwfbJ [dkae&mwpfzHk? 'Dae&mwpfrsKd; azmufjyefajymif;vJaewwfaom
avmuDynwfcsuf rSeforQudkum; yHktyf r,HkMunfoifh/ csifhcsdefom ,HkMunfoifh\/ ,ck Vif;w
em;vQif cdkufwwfonf[laom t,ltqudk qef;ppfjyay;tHh/
vlaorSpNyD; tykyftpyftm;vHk;udk pm;wwfaomaMumifh jrefrmEdkifiHol EkdifiHom;tm;vHk;
Vif;wudk ]iSu,
f w
k }f [k owfrw
S ,
f MkH unfxm;Mu\/ xdo
k Ukd tykyt
f pyfupkd m;aomaMumifh ,kwn
f o
hH nf[k
owfrw
S v
f Qif ig;ykyaf jcmuf? ig;yd ponfukd pm;aom vlom;rsm;udv
k nf; ]vl,w
k }f [k owfrw
S &f rnfyif
jzpf\/ t&if;ppfvdkufuwnf;u rsKd;aphrrSef yifroef qdkaomoabmudk qef;ppfjyjcif;jzpf\/
xdkuJhodkU ,kwdr&Sdaomtcsufudk tajccHNyD; ]Vif;wem;aomtdrf cdkufwwfonf} [laom
,kwm r&Sad om avmuDynwfcsuBf u;D wpfck ay:xGuv
f m\/ xd,
k q
l csuo
f nf jrefrmjynfEiS u
hf yfvsuf
&Sdaom xdkif;EdkifiHwGifum; aysmufysufoGm;Hkwifru ajymif;jyeft,ltqyif jzpfoGm;\/ xkdif;EdkifiH
onf Vif;wudk ]vmbfiSu}f [kyif owfrSwfxm;Mu\/
Vif;w tdrfacgifrdk;ay:em;NyD; taemufbufvSnfh tefrnfqdkvQif xdktdrf&Sif csufcsif;
BuD;yGm;rnf[k ,lqMu\/ awGUNyD r[kwfavm/ avmuDynwfcsuf[lonf wpfae&mwpfrsKd; trsKd;rsKd;
ajymif;vJaeaom trSm;ppfppfomjzpf\/ wjcm;Edik if rH sm;udt
k omxm; jrefrmEdik if w
H iG ;f rSmyif awmif
ay:a'oESifh ajrjyefUa'owGif ajymif;jyefvefaeaom t,ltqwpfck &Sdao;\/
ajrjyefUa'ou wpfwDwl;iSufudk ]]iSufqdk;? iSuf,kwf}}[k owfrSwf\/ xdkiSufatmfoHudk
Mum;&vQif vlemaoonf[k owfrw
S ,
f MkH unfMu\/ awmifay:a'ou vlrsm;um; xdw
k pfww
D ;l iSuu
f kd

vmbf&apaom ]iSufaumif;? iSufjrwf} [k owfrSwfonf/ ajrjyefUa'ou ZD;uGufudk ]vmbfaumif}[k

owfrSwf,HkMunfonf/ awmifay:a'ou ZD;uGufudk ]iSufqdk;}[k owfrSwf,HkMunfjyefonf/
odkUqdkvQif txufyg t,ltq ESpfrsKd;teuf rnfonfh t,ltqu rSefoenf;[k
ar;cJhvQif rnfonfht,ltqurS rrSef[k ajz&ygvdrfhrnf/ vmbf&jcif;onf pD;yGm;a&;vkyfjcif;aMumifh
jzpf\/ xdkiSufESpfaumifESifh bmrQrqdkifay/
xdkUaMumifh ESpfrsKd;vHk; ]rSm;onf} [k qdkcJhjcif; jzpf\/
iSuft,ltqudk rSm;onf[k ,HkMunfvQif ]ukodkvfonf aumif;usKd;udk jzpfapNyD;? tuk
odkvfonf raumif;usKd;udk jzpfaponf} qdkaomtcsufudk rSefonf[kvufcHNyD; jrefrmjynfwpf0ef;rS
Vif;wem;rdaom tdrfrsm;udk jyefvnftoHk;jyKEdkifMuygap/ /

y,f&rnfht,l
jy'g;? &uf&mZm? ajrcH? e*g;vSnfhudk a&G;jcif;? t*d&wfxdk;jcif;? atmifygaompum;?
ud;k ygaompum;udrk S r*Fvm&So
d nf[k ,lqjcif;? toufuw
kd nf ckepfEiS pfh m; aq;ukjcif;? vjynfah usmf
(1)&ufrS ponf usaomaeUudk wkdifxl aq;ukjcif;? rnfonfhopfyifudk rpdkufaumif;[k ,lqjcif;?
tdrfudk acG;wuf AsKdif;em; Vif;wem; ysm;pGJvQif rnfodkUjzpfvdrfhrnf[k ,lqjcif;? tdrfaqmufqJ tdrf&Sif
aovQif rD;ausmfonf[k,l rnfolrQ rae0Hhjcif;? tdrfcdkufonf ausmif;cdkufonf[k ,lqwwfjcif;
wdkUonf uHuH\tusKd;udk ,HkMunfaom Ak'bmom0ifwdkU\ t,ltqr[kwf pGefUy,ftyfukef\/
(a&T[oFmawm&wdkuf? pHausmif;q&mawmfbk&m;BuD;\ ty&d[med,usrf;tzGifhrS)

wpfoHo&mvHk; rarSmufapcsif
]ukef ;HI awmhwpfacguf? vifuek f ;HI awmh wpfoufv;kH arSmuf? q&mukef ;HI awmh wpfoo
H &m
vH;k arSmuf} [laompum;udk vlwikd ;f eD;yg; Mum;zl;Murnfjzpfaomfvnf; vlwikd ;f eD;yg; tav;teufrxm;
Muay/ xdkoHk;csufwGif q&mukefIH;rIum; tqdk;&Gm;qHk;? tepfemqHk;jzpf\/
rnfrQtxd epfemoenf;qdkaomf ,ckb0wGif udk,fwdkifopmav;yg;udk xdk;xGif;odjrifNyD;
yapuAk'gtjzpf y&dedAmefpH0ifrnfh (ypdrb0du - aemufqHk;b0) yk*dKvfonfyif q&mrSm;rIaMumifh
rkqdk;BuD;wpfa,mufjzpfum i&JusvkeD;yg;tajctaeodkU qkdufa&mufcJh&zl;\/
xdkolum; bk&m;avmif; a&TOa'gif;rif;udk Oa'gif;rESifh zsm;a,mif;um trdzrf;cJhaom
rkqdk;BuD;ygwnf;/
olonf q&mrSm;udk qnf;uyfrad omaMumifh ukov
kd f tukov
kd u
f q
H w
kd m r&S?d xdt
k ukov
kd f
uH\ aumif;usKd;? qdk;usKd;qdkwmr&Sd [laom t,ltqrSm;BuD;udk ,lqrdaomaMumifh wd&pmefwdkUudk
&ufpufpGm owfjzwfaeaom rkqdk;BuD;tjzpfodkU a&mufaejcif; jzpf\/
bk&m;avmif;Oa'gif;rif; a[mMum;aomw&m;udk emNyD;aomtcgwGifrS PfyGifhvif;NyD;
opmav;yg;udk udk,fwdkifxdk;xGif;odum yapuAk'g jzpfoGm;av\/ tcsufudkaxmuf q&mrSm;rI

onf rnfrQavmuftxd aMumufp&maumif;aMumif; xif&Sm;vSay\/

q&mrSm;udk awGUNy;D rS q&mrSeu
f kd awGUolonf aumif;vmEdik af o;\/ q&mrSeu
f kd awGUNy;D rS
q&mrSm;odkU ajymif;oGm;olum; aumif;vm&ef rvG,fulawmhay/
a&TjynfomNrdKU q&mrSefudk awGUNyD;rS q&mrSm;odkU ul;ajymif;oGm;aom 'umwpfOD;udk
oHa0*&zG,f&m awGU&zl;\/ ol\trnfum; ]]udkndK}}/ tnmom;wpfa,mufyif jzpf\/
udkndK yxrqHk; udk;uG,fqnf;uyfaom q&mawmfonf ax&0g'enf;usus aexdkifusifh
BuHol q&maumif; orm;aumif;yif jzpf\/
owu*kFw&ygVdawmfwGif Ak'a[mMum;aom q&maumif;\ t*FgckepfcsufESifh udkufnD
olom jzpf\/ ,if; ckepfcsufum; -

q&maumif;t*Fg ckepfcsuf
(1) oDv? orm"d? ynm? 'ge? a0,s0Z (cspzf ,
G af om pum;&Sjd cif;)? twp&d,m (aumif;usK;d udk
aqmifjcif;) ? ormewwm (wef;wlxm; qufqHjcif;) ckepfyg;ESifh jynfhpHk dkaoxdkuf
aom*kPf/
(2) xdkckepfyg;ESifh jynfhpHkojzifh cspfcifxdkufaom yd,*kPf/
(3) xdkckepfyg;ESifh jynfhpHkojzifh csD;rGrf;xdkufaom bm0eD,*kPf/
(4) vGJrSm;aevQif qHk;rwwfaom 0wm*kPf/
(5) ar;orQudk 'dkifcHajzMum;ay;Edkifaom 0peur*kPf/
(6) kyfemrf cEmESifhpyf 'd|djyKwfatmif a[mMum;ay;Edkifaom *rD&uxHuwm*kPf/
(7) tusKd;rJhaom t&mXme rwkdufwGef; r,SOfpyfapjcif;wdkUyif jzpf\/
xdq
k &maumif;t*Fgckepfcsuu
f kd rSwrf v
d ,
G af p&ef refvnfq&mawmfb&k m;Bu;D u rCa'0
vuFmopfwGif dkaocspfxdkuf? csD;rGrf;xdkufESifh
vGJrdkufqHk;r? ar;orQcH
"rHeufeJU? a[mEdkifNrJ
usKd;enf;rwef;? ckepfcef;ESifh
jynfhvQrf;nDnm? q&m
azG&Sm wynfhcH /
[k a&;pyfawmfrlcJhjcif;jzpf\/ xdkUjyif udkndKudk;uG,faom q&mawmfonf &[ef;udp? ESpf"l&
vHkvtm;onf;? [dwf[efenf;
ypnf;rodk? pdwfrwdk
cifysKd BuD;yGm;aMumif;/

[laom tcsufrSm;ESifhvnf; jynfhpHkonfh q&mawmfwpfyg;yif jzpf\/ xkdq&mawmfonf

tvdak vmbudk Nird ;f owfEikd &f um; 'um 'umrrsm;xHrS tvSLcHjcif; r&Sad cs/ wwftm;orQ olUtvdv
k kd
jzpfaom vSLzG,0f wKuo
kd m tvSLcHawmfral vh&\
dS / xdUk aMumifv
h nf; ,if;q&mawmfausmif;rS rnfonfh
tvSLcHjzwfydkif;rQ xGufay:vmavh r&Sday/
uxdef&moD a&mufvQif tcsKdUaomausmif;rsm;rS uxdeftvSLcHjzwfydkif;rsm;? toHcsJUpuf
rsm;jzifh ,lyuEmvkyfaeMuaomfvnf; xdkq&mawmfausmif;rSum; rnfonfhjzwfydkif;? rnfonfhtvSLcH
oHrS xGufay:rvmay/
]]ax&0g'enf;usus uxdef[lonf 'um 'umrrsm;tm; t&dyft>rufrQyif today;
jcif; r&Sd&/ 'um? 'umrwdkUu tvdkufwod vSLrSom uxdefajrmufonf/ ajymrSvkyfaom uxdefonf
tmedoifysuf\}}[k xdkq&mawmfu Mo0g'ay;zl;\/
xdkUaMumifhvnf; ,if;q&mawmf ausmif;wGif wpfcgw&H uxdefv ukefcgeD;rS 'umay:
wwf\/ ]]uxdef[lonf 'umcif;rS r[kwf? &[ef;wpfyg;yg;u oif;ydkifwpfxnfjzifh cif;vQifvnf;
uxdeftmedoif&\}}[k rdefUzl;aom xdkq&mawmfonf tvdkufwod uxdefcif;rnfh'um ray:vQif
udk,fwdkifcif;rnfhoabm &Sd\/
odUk aomf ]"arm [a0 &uwd "rpm& } w&m;udk apmifah &Smufaomolukd w&m;ujyefvnf
apmihaf &Smufonfom jzpf\/ xdq
k &mawmf ausmif;xdik o
f uf (13)ESpaf usmt
f wGi;f uxde'f umray:
aomESpf[l r&SdcJhay/ wpfckaomESpfwGifum; wefaqmifrkef;vqef; ckepf&ufyif &SdcJhNyD/ uxdef'um
ray:aygufao;/
q&mawmfu aMumifhMuylyefrI r&Sd/ rEav;odkU nw&m;yGJ <ua&muf&ef jyifqifae\/
xdktcsdefwGif udkndKonf ta&mif;t0,f tqifajyojzifh rvSLzl;aom uxdeftvSL'geudk jyKvkyf&ef
xdkq&mawmfausmif;odkU a&mufvm\/ udkndKu ]]q&mawmf ausmif;rSm uxdef'umay:NyDvm;bk&m;}}
]]ray:ao;bl; 'umBuD;}}
]]'gqdk&if wynfhawmfudk uxdefouFef; vSLcGifhjyKyg bk&m;}}
]]uv'ge jzpfaeawmh aumif;wmaygh 'umBuD;}}
]]q&mawmf y&dowfb,favmufrsm; zdwcf siv
f b
J &k m;? uxdeef UJ ywfouforQ wynfah wmf
tukeftuscHyghr,f bk&m;}}
uJhodkU 'umu vrf;zGifhNyD; avQmufxm;vdkufrnfqdkvQif odumoHk;yg;udk &SmazGaeaom
&[ef;wpfyg; r[kwb
f ?J ypn;f av;yg;udo
k m tpOfwpdu
k &f mS azGaeaom &[ef;wpfyg;jzpfygu y&dowf
rnfrQ auR;rnf? taumif;qHk;ouFef;ESifhom uxdefcif;csifonf/ qGrf;ya'omyif? aq;ya'omyif
rnfa&GUrnfrQ vkyfcsifonf paomtm;jzifh vdktyfwm tukefajymawmhrnfjzpf\/ xdkq&mawmf ajym
vdkufonfrSm ]]'umBuD; wwfEdkifoavmuf vSLyg? 'umBuD; vSLEdkifwmudkMunfhNyD; y&dowfudk csifhcsdef
zdwMf uwmaygh? &[ef;awmfrsm;[m vSL'gef;r,fh 'um? 'umrypn;f udk tydu
k ek af tmif rpDraH umif;bl;?
avQmhukefatmifom pDrHaumif;ygw,f}} [l\/

udkndKonf ajcmufaomif;cefUvSL&ef &ufowfrSwfNyD; 0rf;ompGm jyefoGm;\/

rdrad pwemuom rdrad umif;usK;d udk ay;Edik af Mumif;? avmif;upm;rIukd rjyKvyk o
f ifah Mumif;
Mo0g' ay;vdkufaomtcgwGifum; udkndKtwGuf bmoma&;? pD;yGm;a&; todrsm;wdk;oGm; taygif;
vuPmjzpfNyD;? q&mawmftwGufum; udkndKu cifrifMunfndKrI enf;oGm;um vSLrIwef;rI avsmhoGm;
onfhtwGuf tEIwfvuPmjzpf\/ xdkodkU jzpfvmrnfudk q&mawmfum; odonfomjzpf\/
xdkuJhodkU rdrdtusKd;udk aemufwef;rSmxm;NyD; wynfh'umtusKd;udk a&SUwef;rSmxm;aom
q&mrsKd;um; &SmrS&Sm;vS\/ ouf&Sdjzpfap? oufrJhjzpfap wefzdk;odrSom wefzdk;&Sd\/ wefzdk; rodvQif
wefzdk; r&Sday/ pmtkyfwpftkyfwGif zwfzl;\/ awmawmiftwGif; tvGefacgifaom awm&Gm wpf&GmrS
vlrsm;onf olwdkUteD;tem;rS ausmufwHk;rsm;udk zdkcaemuftjzpf vnf;aumif;? vloGm;vrf;tjzpf
vnf;aumif; toHk;jyKMu\/
xdkuJhodkU toHk;jyKaeMuonfrSm bkd;pOfabmifquf MumvSNyD jzpf\/ wpfaeUwGif ausmuf
rsu&f wemtaMumif; em;vnfaom vlwpfpk xd&k mG odUk a&mufomG ;aomtcgwGirf S vrf;cif;ausmufrsm;?
zdkcaemufvkyfxm;aom ausmufwHk;rsm;onf pdefwHk;rsm;? eDvmcJrsm; jzpfaeonfudk awGU&\/
jzpf&yfudk axmuf ouf&Sd jzpfap? oufrJh jzpfap wdkif;wmr&avmufatmif tESpfom&jynfh0 tzkd;wefyg
aomfvnf; wefz;kd odot
l wGuo
f m wefz;kd &S
d ? wefz;kd rodot
l wGuu
f m; wefz;kd r&Sad cs/ xdUk aMumifv
h nf;
q&mawmfonf udkndKtwGuf wefzdk;&Sdaom q&mawmfwpfyg; jzpfrvmcJhay/
udkndKxifxm;onfu odumxyfNyD;onfESifh q&mawmfonf tdrfodkUrMumcP 0ifxGuf
oGm;vmrnf/ rdom;pktm;vH;k ESihf &if;&if;ES;D ES;D aernf/ vdt
k yfwm rSeo
f rQuv
kd nf; tvSLcHrnf/ wu,f
jzpfvmonfu q&mawmfonf aocsmyifhzdwfrIr&SdbJ olUtdrfodkU wpfacgufrQ r<u/ tvSLcHzkdUum;
a0;vSygao;\/
odUk ESihf q&mawmfEiS hf udn
k Kd rmS a0;oxuf a0;vm\/ tESp&f o
dS El iS hf a0;aomtcg tESprf hJ
olESifh eD;oGm;\/ udkndKwpfa,muf *Pef;0goemygolyDyD arSmfbDbufrS *Pef;ay;aom q&mawmf
wpfyg;udk ajymifvu
J ;kd uG,\
f / twdwpf rd ;f ? twdwu
f suf vdck sio
f rl sm;udk olUum;ESiw
hf ifNy;D xdq
k &mawmf
xHodkU aeUpOfydkUay;onf/
xdkq&mawmf\ t"dutvkyfum; *Pef;ay;jcif;wpfckom jzpf\/ wjcm;tvkyf r&Sday/
ouFef;0wfxm;wdkif; omoemh0efxrf; r[kwfay/ pmaytvkyf w&m;tvkyf[laom tvkyfESpfrsKd;
teuf wpfrsKd;rsKd;udk vkyfrSomvQif omoemh0efxrf;[k qdk&\/ xdkESpfrsKd;teuf wpfckrSrvkyfbJ wjcm;
aom aumuDtvkyfrsm;ESifh tcsdefukefaernfqdkvQif omoemtay:udk 0efxkyf0efydk;jzpfatmif 0if
pD;ae&ma&mufaomaMumifh ]omoemh0efpD;} [kom ac:&\/

omoemjyK[o
l nf
Ak'\
tqH;k tr a[majymrIrsm;udk ]omoem}[k ac:\/ xdo
k moemonf yd#uwfpmay
rsm;rSm &S\
d / ]omoemjyK} [lonf udavomtylrsm;udk ukecf ef;apEdik af om xdt
k qH;k trrsm;udk vlom;
wdUk \ ESv;kH tdro
f Ukd a&mufomG ;atmif a&;om;a[majym oGeo
f ifjyojcif;yif jzpf\/ xdUk aMumifh Ak'p may
rsm;udk oiftH ydkUcsaeolrsm;? a&;om; a[majym jyoaeolrsm;onf omoemjyKtrnfcHxdkuf\/
xdkUaMumifh udk;awmifjynfh apwDav;wpfql wnfjyNyD; *Pef;ay; aiG&Smaeolrsm;onf
omoemjyK trnfcHxdkufolrsm; r[kwfaMumif; xif&Sm;\/ todPf enf;olrsm;onf wu,fwrf;
omoemjyKaeaom pmcsq&mawmfrsm;? w&m;a[m w&m;jyq&mawmfrsm;xuf bk&m;wnfjyaom
awmxGuf&[ef;rsm;? bdk;awmfrsm;? &aohrsm;udk ydktxifBuD; av;pm;Mu\/
pmcsq&mawmfwpfyg; jzpfzdkU? w&m;a[m w&m;jyq&mawmfwpfyg;jzpfzdkU yd#uwfpmay
rsm;udk ESpu
f mvMunf&n
S pf mG avhvmoif,&l \/ bk&m;wpfql wnfjyzdUk twGuu
f m; rnfonfh yd#uwf
pmayrS oif,pl &m rvdak y/ tkw?f oJ? bdvyfajr&Sv
d Qif bk&m;wnf&onfom jzpf\/ vltv
kH ,
G o
f vdk
vmbfvmbvnf; qlNzdK;vG,f\/
xdt
k csuu
f kd em;vnfxm;aom vlvnf? vleyf? t&uform;? vl&rf;um;rsm;? axmifxu
G f
rsm;onf &[ef;0wfNyD; vltrsm;jrifomatmif bk&m;wnfjyum *Pef;ay;aiGcsLjcif;udk jyKMuawmh\/
ppfreS f ;kd om;pGm bk&m;wnfow
l Ukd &SMd uyg\/ odUk aomf rppfreS ?f rd;k om;rIrsm;um; ydrk sm;\/ ,ck vufawGU
jyygawmhrnf/
udkndKonf tajymaumif;aom *Pef;ay;q&mawmf\ pum;udk ,HkMunf\/ tMunfndK
ydk\/ xdk*Pef;ay;q&mawmf\ ajrmufvHk;tcsKdUudk Munfhyg/
]]'umawmf? bbke;f eJUawGUNyD bmrSryleUJ ? tm;&yg;& omoemjyK&r,f? a&TjynfomrSm&Sw
d hJ
ADtdkifyDuGufxJu wdkufawGtm;vHk; rif;vufxJ a&mufvmap&r,f? a&TjynfomwpfNrdKUe,fvHk; EdkifvGef
uw&mcif;r,fhol[m rif;yJ? b,folrS vmcif;ay;p&m rvdkbl;? bbkef;ay;wJh a[m'D*Pef;udk &SdorQ
yHkatmNyD;omxdk;? ukefukefajymr,f? &SdorQaiGwifrubl;? tdrfa&mNcHa&mwku
d af &mrdef;ra&mygaygifNyD;
xdk;? avmavmq,fawmh bbkef;ausmif;rSm a&cJaowmeJU atmufpuf vdktyfaew,f? umv'ge
taeeJU vSLoGm;? wnfhwdk;zdkUtwGuf taxmuftyHhaygh}}
uJo
h Ukd ajrm ufv;kH yifv
h ;kH rsm;jzifh aygif;pm;aom q&mrSm;rsK;d usvQif vlwUkd onf awG;ac:
pOf;pm;Edkifjcif; r&SdbJ? yHkatm vSLwwf\/ ,ckvnf; Munfhygav/ ,cif w&m;a[m? w&m;jyaeaom
q&maumif;q&mrSef q&mawmfwkef;u e0urtwGuf ig;aomif;jynfhatmif rvSLzl;aom udkndKonf
*Pef;ay;aom q&mawmfudkum; odumxyfjcif;? xdkq&mawmf tkwfjrpfcsxm;aom apwDtwGuf
ig;odef;ausmfaom aiGudk vSL'gef;jcif;rsm;udk jyKav\/
xdt
k ygwfu olUq&mawmfay;aom *Pef;um; wpfv;kH wpfavrQyif ygrvm/ aiGig;ode;f
om ukefoGm;\/ odkUaomf udkndKum; pdwf"gwfrusao;/ ]'Dtygwf tjrifrMunfvifvdkU vGJoGm;w,f?
aemuftygwfusvQif twdtusxu
G &f r,f}[laom olUq&mawmf\ rufv;kH ay; avvH;k udk rsuv
f ;kH rSw
d f

,HMk unfaewke;f yif/ xdq

k &mawmfonf touftm;jzifh ajcmufq,fausm&f jdS cif;? ud;k axmifjynfw
h nf&ef
tkwfjrpf csjyxm;jcif;wdkUaMumifh vlvdrfwpfOD;jzpfvdrhfrnf[k rnfolrQ xifrSwfrxm;Muay/
xdkq&mawmfudk ,HkMunf odrSwf udk;uG,faeonfrSm av;vausmfoGm;ayNyD/ udkndKum;
ay;vdkufonfh *Pef;rsm; wpfcgrQ ygrvmaomtcg MunfndKav;pm;rItpm; a'go0ifvmawmh\/
olcsrf;omorQaom aiGusyfodef;ESpfq,fausmfonfvnf; ukefcJhavNyD/ ]aocsmrodbJ ighudk bmvdkU
'Dvdk pGyfxdk;cdkif;&wmvJ? rjzpfao;ygbl;? 'Dbkef;BuD;udk aocsmoGm;NyD; ar;MunfhOD;rS}[k awG;NyD; um;jzifh
xGufcJh\/
ausmif;odkU a&mufaomtcg olUq&mawmfESifhtwl toHk;taqmifypnf;rsm;yg rusef
awmhonfudk awGU&\/ olwdkUESifhpawGUuwnf;u csjyxm;aom apwDtkwfjrpfudkvnf; onftwdkif;
awGU&\/ ]igwdkUvmwdkif; vSLaewJh tkwfzdk;? oJzdk;? bdvyfajrzdk;? xHk;zdk;awG b,fa&mufukefygvdr}fh [k
udknKd wpfa,muf ,ckrSyif awG;rdawmhonf/
ausmif;teD;NcHrsm;rS vlrsm;\ ajymjycsuft& xdkudk,fawmfonf &[ef;tppf r[kwfbJ
rdrdbmom ouFef;ywfvmaom axmifxGuf wpfa,mufom jzpfaMumif;? wjcm; NrdKU&Gmrsm;wGifvnf;
,ckvdkyif vdrfpm;aeoljzpfaMumif; od&ayawmhonf/ udkndKwpfa,muf q&mrSm;jcif;\'Pfudk weifh
wydk;cHpm;&if; acgif;idkufpdkufcsum tdrfjyefvmHkrSwpfyg; tjcm;r&Sdawmhygacs/ /
ezl;pGef;ESifh? 'l;yGef;cHum
udk;uG,fygvnf;? q&mvGJu
i&Jtyg,f? tjrpfwG,f
0#fEG,f&Sm;vsm;&m/ /
(v,fwDq&mawmfbk&m;BuD;)

azmifa';&Sif;raumif; wdkufNydKjcif;
,m'doH 0yaw ADZH?
wm'doH [&aw zvH/
uvsmPum&D uvsmPH?
ygyum&D p ygyuH/
- csKdaomrsKd;aphudk pdkufysKd;aomolonf csKdaomtoD;udk aqmif&\/
- cg;aomrsKd;aphudk pdkufysKd;aomolonf cg;aomtoD;udk aqmif&\/
- xdkUtwl aumif;aom(ukodkvftrI)udk jyKaomolonf aumif;aomtusKd;udk cHpm;&\/
- raumif;aom(tukodkvftrI)udk jyKaomolonf raumif;aomtusKd;udk cHpm;&\/

Ak'bmom0ifwkdU xm;&Sd&rnfh tjrifrSef ig;rsKd;&Sd\/ ,if;wdkUum; (1) uruwm orm'd|d tjrifrSef/

(2) 0dyem orm'd|d tjrifrSef/
(3) r* orm'd|d tjrifrSef/
(4) zv orm'd|d tjrifrSef/
(5) ypa0uPm orm'd|d tjrifrSef/ wdkU jzpf\/
uruwm orm'd|d tjrifrSef - [lonf azmfjyyg *gxmt"dyg,ftwdkif; ukodkvfvkyf
vQif aumif;usKd;cHpm;&rnf/ tukodkvfvkyfvQif raumif;usKd;cHpm;&rnf[k jywfjywfom;om; &Sif;&Sif;
vif;vif; ,HkMunfjcif;yif jzpf\/
oH;k q,fw
h pfbo
kH m; tm;vH;k wdUk wGif azmufjyefwwfaom oabmw&m;&So
d nfh ky"f mwfEiS hf
tmHkudkodwwfonfh oabmw&m;&Sdonfh emrf"mwfom&Sdonf[k &Sif;vif;pGm ,lqrdjcif;udk ]0dyem
orm'd|d} [kac:\/
udavomudk y,fowf opmav;yg;udk xdk;xGif;odjcif;udk ]r*orm'd|d} [k ac:
udavom tNidrf;"mwfudk cHpm;jcif;udk ]zvorm'd|d} [k ac:\/
y,fNyD;udavomESifh ry,f&ao;aom udavomrsm;udk jyefvnf qifjcifMunfhjcif;udk
]ypa0uPm orm'd|d} [k ac:\/
xdkig;rsKd;wGif Ak'bmom0ifwdkif; rjzpfrae&Sd&rnfh tjrifrSefum; ]uruwm orm
'd|d} yif jzpf\/ tajccH ,HkMunfcsufjzpfonfh uruwmorm'd|d tjrifrSefrS r&SdvQif useftjrifrSef
rsm;vnf; &SdvmEdkifrnf r[kwfay/ ajrjyifwGif aqmufvkyfxm;aom wdkufwpfvHk;onf tajccHazmif
a';&Sif; raumif;vQif cPESihfNydK\/
xdkUtwl Ak'bmom0ifwpfa,mufonfvnf; uruwmorm'd|d[laom azmifa';
&Si;f raumif;vQif twd'u
k a &mufwwf\/ b0ysuw
f wf\/ bmomajymif;wwf\/ xdUk aMumifh ur
uwmorm'd|d tjrifrSef&&ef pmtkyfaumif;rsm;udk zwfoifh\/ q&maumif;rsm;xH qnf;uyfar;jref;
oifh\/
xdt
k jrifreS u
f kd odv,
G af tmifrw
S ef nf;rSm tdraf xmifa&;? pD;yGm;a&;? vlraI &;? use;f rma&;
tqifrajyjcif;onf raumif;rI tukodkvfuHaMumifh jzpfonf/ xdktukodkvfuHonf twdwfb0u
aomfvnf;aumif;? ypub
0wGiaf omfvnf;aumif; jyKcMhJ ujcif;jzpfonf/ wpfzef tdraf xmifa&;? pD;yGm;
a&;? vlraI &;? use;f rma&; aumif;rGeaf ejcif;onf twdwb
f 0? ypub
0 wpfcck u
k jyKcahJ om ukov
kd u
f H
aMumifhyif jzpf\/
tukov
kd o
f nf rD;ESiw
hf \
l / ukov
kd o
f nf a&ESiw
hf \
l / xdUk aMumifh tukov
kd rf ;D avmifvQif
ukodkvfa&ESifhom Nidrf;&\/ aA'ifq&m? bdk;awmf? r,fawmf? ewfuawmfwdkUu rdrd\ tukodkvfrD;udk
Nidrf;ay;Edkifvdrfhrnf r[kwfay/ ]]apwem [H bdua0 urH 0'grd}} [laom bk&m;a[m a'oemt&
apwemudk uH[kqdkxm;&m bmoma&;wGif omru pD;yGm;a&;? vlrIa&;udprsm;wGifyg apwemaumif;
xm;vQif aumif;usKd;ay;rnf jzpf\/

uH\ tusK;d ay;udk aocsmpGm em;rvnfojzifh b0ysuo

f mG ;&aom rdom;pkwpfpt
k aMumif;
udk vufawGUwifjycsif\/
olwUkd rdom;pkwiG f zcifjzpfoq
l ;kH yg;oGm;ojzifh tBu;D qH;k om;ESirhf cd ifu OD;aqmifNy;D pD;yGm;
&SmMu&onf/ olwdkUonf qdkifcef;wpfcef;iSm;um qef? qDESifh ig;ydwdkUudk t"duxm;a&mif;csonf/
om;trdESpfa,mufvHk; apwemvnf; xm;? BudK;vnf; BudK;pm;MuaomaMumifh a&mif;a&;
0,fa&; atmifjrif\/ ydv
k QaH om tjrwfaiGrsm;ESihf txufpuf atmufpuf0,fum tdrw
f iG f akH qmufNy;D
AD',
D kd jyvdu
k af o;\/ zcifq;kH oGm;csed w
f iG f om;tBu;D qH;k av;u tm;ud;k ae&ojzifh olwUkd rdom;pktwGuf
0rf;omrd\/
olwUkd rdom;pk pD;yGm;a&;atmifjrif vtwefMumNy;D wpfcak om&uf xdo
k m;Bu;D 0if;jrifh
wpfa,muf uREykf \
f ausmif;odUk &Tiv
f ef;wuf<upGm a&mufvm\/ pmtdww
f pftw
d Ef iS t
hf wl tcsK&d nf
ykvif;rsm;? rkefUyHk;rsm;udk qufuyfvSL'gef;\/ xdkUaemuf 0if;jrifhu avQmuf\/
]]q&mawmf 0wKaiG 5000 uawmh ypnf;av;yg;twGuf vdktyfwJhae&mrSm toHk;jyKzdkU
taru avQmufxm;ckdif;ygw,f bk&m;? taruawmh qdkifucGmr&vdkU vdkufrvmwmyg bk&m;}}
]]rif;a&m aps;ra&mif;awmhbl;vm;}}
]]aemuf av;ig;&ufqdk&if aps;vnf;ra&mif;? AD'D,dkvnf; rjyawmhbl;bk&m;}}
]][ bmjzpfvdkUvJ[}}
]]wynfhawmf tck csJa&mif;aewm tqifajyw,f bk&m;? a&mif;ay;cuvnf; aumfr&Sif
pm;eJU wGufvdkuf&if wpfygwfudk aomif;eJUcsD &w,fbk&m;? 'DMum;xJu wynfhawmfa&m rdom;pkyg
csJxdk;Muwm tNrJvdkvdkaygufw,fbk&m;? 'gaMumifh wjcm;pD;yGm;a&;awG jzKwfypfNyD; csJyJvkyfawmhrvdkU
bk&m;}}
toufEpS q
f ,fausmo
f m&Sad o;aom armif0if;jrifw
h pfa,muf Ak'b
mom0ifwpfa,muf
jzpfaeaomfvnf; uHEiS hf uH\tusK;d udu
k m; wu,fem;rvnfao;ay/ xdUk aMumifh olwUkd rdom;pktwGuf
&ifav;rd\/ raumif;wmudk wm;jrpfzdkU q&mrSmwm0ef&Sd\/ xdkUaMumifhvnf; ]]armif0if;jrihf? q&mjzpfwJh wdkU&[ef;awGrSm 'um? 'umrawGtay: usifh&r,fh 0w&m;
ajcmufrsKd;&Sdw,f? 'DajcmufrsKd;xJrSm raumif;rIvkyfaewmudk wm;jrpfzdkUeJU aumif;wmudk TefjyzdkUqdkwJh
tcsuEf pS cf suyf gw,f? 'gaMumifh uHtusK;d ay;eJUywfoufNy;D rif;odoifw
h mav;udk enf;enf;ajymjyr,f}}
]]rSefyg? ajymjyygbk&m;}}
]]rif;wkdU igwdkU[m b0oHo&m vnfvmMuwm MumNyDuG? b,fb0u pcJhw,fqdkwmudk
rodEdkifavmufatmif rsm;vGef;aew,f? 'gaMumifh pmayrSmawmh terw* (rodtyfaom b0tp
&Sdw,f)vdkU zGifhjyw,f}}
]]ow0gwpfOD;&JU b0aygif;[m b,favmuftxd rsm;jym;ovJqdkwm odcsif&if Ak'vuf
xufu OyomvuykPm ;Bu;D taMumif;udk avhvmMunf&h if odEikd w
f ,f? &mZN*Kd [rf mS Oyomvuqdw
k hJ
ykPm;BuD;wpfa,muf &Sdw,f? oltoufBuD;vdkU aocgeD;usawmh olUom;udk xl;xl;jcm;jcm;rSmowJh}}
]]bmawG rSmowJhvJ bk&m;}}

]]rSmwmu olao&if b,folUtavmif;rS rjrKyfzl;ao;wJhae&mrSm jrKyfay;&rwJh? 'gudk

b,fvdk odEdkifrvJ? tazudk,fwdkif tckuwnf;u &Smay;ygvdkU ajymwJhtwGuf oabmwlNyD; ajrae&m
vku
d &f mS vdu
k Mf uwm aemufq;kH *dZu#k af wmifay:txd a&mufomG ;w,f? awmifay:u ae&mvGwaf v;
wpfckudkawmh ykPm;BuD;oabmusoGm;NyD; olao&ifjrKyfzdkUae&mtjzpf a&G;cs,fvdkufw,f}}
]]tm;vH;k Ny;D wJt
h cg awmifatmuf qif;vmcsed rf mS yJ Ak'u
apmifNh y;D taMumif;pHu
k kd ar;jref;
awmfrw
l ,f? taMumif;pHu
k kd odomG ;wmeJU Ak'u
,
kd af wmfwikd f awmifay:vdu
k w
f ufNy;D OyomvuykPm ;
BuD; tavmif;jrKyfr,fhae&mudk MunfhawmfrlNyD; 'D*gxmudk a[mawmfrlw,f}}
Oyomvu emrmed? o[med pwk'o/
to ya'ao 'kmed? ewd avmau temrwH/
]]ykPm ;Bu;D ? oif ,ckeT jf y&m ae&mXme Oyomvu[kyif trnfrn
S x
hf m;aom oif\
tavmif;aumifaygif; wpfaomif;av;axmifwdwd jrKyfESHoN*K[fcJhNyD/ avmu&Sd ajrBuD;[lorQ
vlaoaumif rjrKyfzl;ao;aom ae&m[l wpfae&mrS r&Sday}}
(rSwfcsuf) tifrwef oHa0*&p&maumif;wJh a'oemyg? jznf;jznf; wpfacgufjyefzwfNyD;
rdrad tmufu ajrBu;D [mvnf; rdr&d UJ tavmif;aumifaygif; aomif;eJUcsND y;D jrK yzf ;l cJrh ,fqw
kd mudk 0dyem
PfeJUyg qifjcifyGm;rsm;apcsifygw,f/
]] 'D*gxmtqHk;rSm Oyomvu ykPm;BuD;[m aomwmyef wnfoGm;w,f? 'Dom"uudk
axmufMunfh&if rif;wkdUigwdkU[mvnf; OyomvuykPm;BuD;vdk b0aygif;rsm;pGm usifvnfcJhMuwm
trSefyg? 'Db0rsm;pGmxJrSm vlrdkufb0a&mufNyD; tukodkvfvkyfcJhwJh b0awGvnf; trsm;BuD;yJ}}
]]vlvrd m b0a&mufNy;D ukov
kd v
f yk cf w
hJ hJ b0awGvnf; trsm;Bu;D yJ? ukov
kd v
f yk v
f yk f tuk
odkvfvkyfvkyf aumif;usKd;qdk;usKd;ay;r,fh aZmapwem ckepfcsuf ckepfcsufapmw,f? b0aygif;awmif
ra&wGufEdkifawmh aumif;usKd;qdk;usKd;ay;r,fh aZmapwemaygif;vnf; b,fa&wGufEdkifygawmhrvJ}}
]]aZmapwem ckepfcsux
f u
J yx0b0rSmtusK;d ay;wJh yxraZmapwemeJU 'kw,
d b0rSm
tusK;d ay;r,fh owraZmapwemwdUk uawmh tcGit
hf cgroif&h if tusK;d ray;Edik af wmhbJ ]ta[modu}H
jzpfoGm;w,f? t&yfpum;eJUajym&&if tvum;jzpfoGm;wmaygh}}
]]wwd,b0upNy;D edAm efra&mufrcsi;f aemufuwaumufaumufvu
kd Nf y;D aumif;usK;d
qd;k usK;d ay;r,fh owraZmapwemawGuawmh rysupf ;D bJ tusK;d ay;&atmif tNraJ pmifah ew,f? 'gudk
&nf&G,fNyD; rCa'0rSm &Sifvlow0g? xdkrsm;pGmum;
ty&my&d,? uHudpESifh
uif;Muolbd? rnfr&Sd&Sifh
rodEdkifawmif;? uHqdk;aumif;udk
Oaumif;&Guf? tcsufoifh&m
cH&pGm\/

vdkU a&;pyfawmfrlcJhwmaygh? 'DowraZmudk ty&my&d,HvdkUvnf; emrnfwyfw,f? tck

ypurSm&SdwJh ykxkZOf vlom;wdkif;[m csrf;omcsifMuw,f? csrf;omatmifvnf; enf;vrf;trsKd;rsKd;eJU
BuKd ;pm;aeMuw,f? 'gayr,fh vlwikd ;f rcsr;f ombl;? &if;ES;D xm;wJh aiGaMu;taetxm;csi;f vnf; wlw,f?
BudK;pm;tm;xkwfwmcsif;vnf; wlw,f}}
]]'gayr,fh tusKd;ay;usawmhrwlMuwm[m twdwfu owraZmukodkvfuHawG&JU yHhydk;
rIcsif; uGmoGm;vdkUyJ? ypKyefuHawG aumif;oxuf aumif;atmif BudK;pm;aezdkUu vlom;wpfa,muf&JU
t"duwm0efyJ? twdwfuHawGudk arQmfudk;aezdkU aMumufvefUaezdkU rvdkayr,fh olwdkUpGrf;&nfudk tod
trSwfawmh jyKxm;r,f? twdwfuH ypKyefuHawG&JU tusKd;oGm;udk aocsmem;vnfxm;rS ax&0g'Ak'
bmom0if wpfa,muftwGuf azmifa';&Sif;aumif;r,f/
ormtmZD0usus pGr;f tm;&So
d avmuf pD;yGm;&SmaeMuwm[m vlwpfa,mufpD avSmw
f uf
wpfckpDudkifNyD; avSmfaeMuwmeJU wlw,f? 'DtcsdefrSm wpfOD;aomavSorm;u &Gufwdkufvdkufr,fqdk&if
avSmfwufwpfckudkom tm;udk;&wJh avSorm;udk cPeJUausmfwufoGm;rSmyJ? dk;dk;avSmfwuform;[m
&GufygoHk;vdkufwJh avSorm;udk b,fvdkrS r,SOfEkdifawmhygbl;}}
]]xdUk twlyJ ypub
0 uH Pf 0D&,
d oH;k yg;eJU vlEpS af ,muf tNyKd it
f qdik fpD;yGm;&SmaeMu
w,f? 'Dtcsed rf mS wpfa,mufukd twdwu
f u
H yg axmufyv
hH u
kd af wmh [dw
k pfzufuvlukd cPeJUausmw
f uf
oGm;awmhwmaygh? ypKyef uH Pf 0D&d, oHk;rsKd;eJU BudK;pm;aeMuol[m ypKyef uH Pf 0D&d, tjyif
twdwfukodkvfuHyg aygif;vkdufwJhvludk b,fvdkrS rrDEdkifawmhbl;? &Gufa&m avSmfwufyg ESpfrsKd;vHk;
oHk;aewJhvludk avSmfwufwpfrsKd;wnf; oHk;aewJhvlu b,fvdkrS rrDEdkifawmhovdkaygh/}}
]]ydNk y;D em;vnfatmif armif0if;jrihu
f kd om"uaqmifNy;D ed*;kH csKyaf jymawmhr,f? tcktcsed f
[m armif0if;jrihfwdkUudk twdwfukodkvfuHuyg taxmuftyHh ay;aew,f? 'gaMumifh aps;a&mif;vnf;
atmifjrifw,f? AD'D,dkjyvnf; atmifjrifw,f? tck csJa&mif;awmhvnf; atmifjrifw,f? 'Dae&mrSm
armif0if;jrihf oabmaygufxm;&rSmu csJwpfckwnf;aMumifh pD;yGm;a&; atmifjrifaewm r[kwfbl;
qdkwmudkyJ}}
]]'Dawmh wdkU&JUoabmudk ajym&&if b,f[mvkyfvkyf pD;yGm;wufwmcsif;twlwl orm
tmZD0usus aps;a&mif;NyD; pD;yGm;wufwmudkyJ tm;ay;csifw,f? ormtmZD0uswJh pD;yGm;a&;tvkyf
qdkwm o&ufwdkU ydEJwdkUvdk oufBuD;yif pdkufwmeJU wlw,f? ESpfBuD;yifrsm;[m wpfcgpdkufxm;wmeJU
Mumav toD;udk ydkpm;&avyJ}}
]]xdkUtwl ta&mif;t0,f tvkyfqdkwmvnf; Mumav rdwfrsm;av? pD;yGm;wufavyJ?
csJvdk zJvdk wpfyGJwdk; pD;yGm;a&;tvkyfu &moDyif(wpfcgpm;) iSufaysmyif pdkuf&ovdkyJ? iSufaysmyif[m
wpfcgoD;NyD;wmeJU tyifaowmyJ? avmif;upm;rIeJU ywfoufwJh pD;yGm;a&;[mvnf; cPom pm;&
wmyg? aemufqHk;awmh udk,fh&SdwmawG ukefoGm;wmyJ? uJ tcsdefvifhaer,f? jyifcsifjyefawmhavuGm}}
]]wifyghbk&m;}}
armif0if;jrihf jyefomG ;cJNh y/D w&m;emy&dwo
f wf wpfa,mufwnf;udk a[m&onfyh JG jzpfaomf
vnf; uREykf u
f m; atmifjrifatmif ra[mEdik cf yhJ g/ armif0if;jrifu
h m; &moDyifut
kd m;usNy;D ESp&f n
S yf ifEiS hf

wlaom aps;a&mif;jcif;tvkyfudk jzKwfypfvdkuf\/ rdcifuvnf; b,fvdkrS rwm;Edkif/

olUrdcif udk,fwdkifuvnf; csJcPcP aygufaeaomaMumifh om;bufudk cwfygygjzpfae
[efwlonf/ ajcmufvausmfausmfcefUom Mumygonf/ twdwfu ukodkvfuH tvSnfhNyD;oGm; tuk
odkvfuH tvSnfha&mufavaomtcg 'dkifwGif &S,f,m0ifxm;aom armif0if;jrihfwpfa,muf ydkufqH
ukefatmif avsmfvdkuf&awmh\/
odkUaomf aemifwr&ao;/ aemufwpfBudrf NcHuGufwpfuGufa&mif;NyD; 'dkifqufudkifjyef\/
xdkwpfBudrfwGifvnf; atm*Pef;yif xyfrHxGufjyef&m tdrf&SdAD'D,dkatmufpufygrusef a&mif;NyD;avsmf
aomfvnf; csaJ <u;um; rausEikd /f aemufq;kH wGif xd;k om;rsm;u owfygrnf wuJuJ vkyaf eaomaMumifh
rdom;pkudkxm;um vufvGwf xGufajy;&avawmh\/
,ckawmh olUrdcifonf qdkifcef;r0,fEdkifawmhojzifh vrf;ab;wGif csa&mif;aom ysHus
aps;onfb0odUk jyefa&mufae&avNy/D armif0if;jrihw
f Ukd rdom;pktjzpfonfum; ax&0g'Ak'b
mom0if
rsm;jzpfygvsuf tajccHjzpfaom uruwmorm'd|d tjrifrSefudk em;vnf vufcH usifhoHk;Edkifjcif;
r&Sdojzihf b0ysuf&jcif;jzpf&um; ]]azmifa';&Sif; raumif;? wdkufNydK&onf}} [kom qdkvkdufcsifyg
awmhonf/

"mwfvHk; jyem
yGwfvdkuf&if ajymif
aqmifjyefawmh av;
a&pdrfum aomufjyefawmh
ao;aygufw,fav;/ /
uREkfyfwkdUi,fpOfu zcifu rMumcP&Gwfjyavh&Sdaom "mwfvHk;pGrf;&nfjy *gxmav;yif
jzpf\/ "mwfv;kH rSeo
f rQwiG f txufyg tpGr;f oH;k ckum; aocsmayguf &S\
d / touf&n
S jf cif; tm,ko'd ?d
Opmaygrsm;jcif; "eod'?d vmbfvmbaumif;jcif; vmbod'd ponfwUdk um; "mwfv;kH wGif r&S?d "mwfv;kH udk
aqmifxm;ol\ yg;pyfwGifom &Sdwwf\/
&Sit
f Za*gP "mwfv;kH atmif a&Tjzpfonfqakd om taMumif;t&mrSmvnf; usr;f tcdik f
trm &So
d nfr[kw/f zdo
k rm;wdUk \ EIwx
f u
G Zf mwfvrf;wpfco
k m jzpf\/ trSeEf iS ahf &maeaom trSm;udk
vlwUdk onf tqiftjcifr&Sd tuef;,H?k t&rf;,Hk ,Hw
k wfMu\/ Oyrmtm;jzifh jrefrm&mZ0ifwiG f bd;k awmf
rif;w&m;(OD;0dkif;)onf wu,f&SdcJh\/
ax&0g' Ak'bmomudk arS;rSdeftm;enf;apEdkifaom wE&? rE& t&nf;BuD;vufusef
ynmrsm;jzpfonfh aA'if? "mwfdkuf? tif;? tdkif? bdk;awmf? 0dZmtvkyfrsm;udk EdkifiHawmfwpf0ef; ydwfyif
wm;jrpfcJhzl;\/ bk&iftqufquf NrdKUdk;wHwdkif;atmufwGif jrKyfxm;Muaom tif;rsKd;pHkudk xkwf,lum
jynfolrsm; a&SUrSmyif {&m0wDjrpftwGif;odkU ypfcsap\/

xdt
k jzpfukd 0dZm ? bd;k awmf*P
kd ;f 0ifwUkd qwfqwfcg emcJMh u\/ qDpakd eaom olwUkd \yg;pyf
rsm; ajcmufaoGUoGm;cJ&h aomaMumifw
h nf;/ xdUk aMumifv
h nf; aESmif;vlwUkd bd;k awmfrif;w&m;udk vlq;kd Bu;D
tjzpfjrifNyD; olwdkUbkd;awmfrsm;udk vlpGrf;aumif;tjzpf xifay:ap&ef vkyfZmwfwpfck xGifvkdufMu\/
xdkvkyfZmwfum; bdk;awmfrif;w&m;u bdk;bdk;atmifudkzrf;cdkif;NyD; taoowfyHk? bkd;bdk;
atmifu olUtpGrf;jzifh vGwfajrmufatmif vkyfjyNyD; 0vHk;udk zsufckdif;yHk? wpfvHk;zsufvdkufvQif ESpfvHk;
ay:vmyHyk ifwnf;/ bd;k awmfrif;w&m; trSew
f u,f &Scd ahJ omfvnf; bd;k bk;d atmifukd tjypfr&Sd tjypf&mS
owfaom jzpf&yfum; wu,fr&SdcJhay/
xdUk aMumifh trSeEf iS ahf &maeaom xdt
k rSm;udk vlwpf&mvQif ud;k q,fu
h ;kd a,mufavmufu
,aeUtxd ,HMk unfaeMujcif; jzpf\/ bk;d awmfrif;w&m;vufxufu rif;ESijhf ynfot
l m;vH;k ig;yg;oDv
vHkNcHKum udk,fusifhw&m; aumif;cJhMu\/ OykofaeUqdkvQif tr&yl&wpfe,fvHk; om;ig;yif a&mif;cscGifh
rjyK/
xdkUaMumifhvnf; wpfe,fvHk;&Sdvlrsm; touf&SnfMu\/ usef;rmMu\/ i,fi,f&G,f&G,f
a&m*gESifh aool r&Sdoavmuf &Sm;yg;\/ udk;q,fausmf wpf&meD;yg;a&mufrS aoMu\/ tokbcsyGJ
qdkonfrSm awGUEdkifcJaomt&mjzpf ]vlraoaomNrdKU} [kyif xifp&m&Sdae\/ xdkUaMumifh tr&yl&NrdKU
(aojcif;r&SdaomNrdKU)[k rSnfhac:cJhMujcif; jzpf\/
bd;k awmfrif;w&m;onf oN*K [u
f ;kd ydik ;f udk aumif;rGepf mG wwfuRr;f em;vnf\/ xdUk aMumifh
ax&0g'\tajccHtcsujf zpfaom ukov
kd Ef iS t
hf ukov
kd t
f aMumif;udk ud,
k yf ikd t
f odjzifh vufc,
H MkH unfol
jzpf\/ xdkuJhodkUaom bk&ifwpfyg;u vla&;vl&m r0ifaom bdk;awmfwpfa,mufudk r&ru vdkufvH
zrf;qD;owfjzwfzdkU BudK;pm;onfqdkaom tcsufudk [kwfEdkif^r[kwfEdkif pmIolrsm; udk,fydkifPfjzifh
qHk;jzwfEdkif\/
,ckvnf; yk*jH ynfonf taemf&xmrif;\ ax&0g'enf;us tkycf sKycf rhJ aI Mumifh pD;yGm;Opm
qef? a&? pyg; aygrsm;cJh\/ xdkUaMumifh bk&m;apwDaygif;rsm;pGm wnfcJhMu\/ um; trSefwu,f
&Scd ahJ om jzpf&yfyif/ trSex
f o
J Ukd ]&Sit
f Za*gP "mwfv;kH atmif a&TjzpfaomaMumifh yk*NH rKd Uom;awG
csrf;omNyD; bk&m;wnfEdkifwm}[laom trSm;udkxnfharTNyD; zdkorm;wdkUudk jrLqG,fcJh\/
xdUk aMumifv
h nf; aoaocsmcsm awG;awmqifjcifrI r&So
d rl sm; ,ckwikd af tmif ,HMk unfae
Mujcif; jzpf\/ Ak'\
"ruE m aygif; &Spaf omif;av;axmifwUkd wGif r*fzv
kd &f aMumif; w&m;rsm;udo
k mru
avmuDa&;&m BuD;yGm;csrf;omaMumif; w&m;rsm;udkvnf; a[mMum;cJhonfomjzpf\/

Ak'a[mMum; BuD;yGm;csrf;omaMumif;av;yg;
ouf&Snfusef;rmzdkU qdkvQif
olwpfyg;udk owfjzwfnif;qJjcif;rS a&SmifMuOf&rnf/
tcsdefrSef tdyf&rnf/
tcsdefrSef pm;&rnf/
tm[m& jzpfaom? tpmausnufvG,faom
tpm;tpm jzpf&rnf/
taysmftyg;ESifh taomuftpm; a&SmifMuOf&rnf/
taumif;jrif0g'&Sdum pdwfcsrf;omatmif aewwf&rnf/
tcsufrsm;ESifh jynfhpHkvQif touf&Snf usef;rmrnf jzpf\/ rnfonfh "mwfvHk;udkrS
aqmifp&m rvdktyfay/ um; Ak'ay;aom ]tm,kod'd? ta&m*sod'd} yif jzpf\/
Opm"e aygrsm; pD;yGm;vmbfvmb wufzdkUqdkvQifvnf;
O|meor'g
- x<uvHkUv 0D&d,&SdpGmjzifh pD;yGm;Opmudk &SmazG&rnf/
t&uor'g
- &vmaomOpmudk ,dkaygufr&Sdatmif apmifha&Smuf&rnf/
orZD0dwor'g - 0ifaiGESifh xGufaiGudk rQwatmif oHk;pGJ&rnf/
uvsmPrdwor'g - rdrdud k ulnDEdkifaom rdrdtrSm;udk vrf;wnfhay;Edkifaom
rdwfaqGaumif; &Sd&rnf/
tcsurf sm;ESihf jynfph v
kH Qif {uefrck s Opmpnf;pdrf pD;yGm;vmbfvmbrsm; wd;k wufvmrnf
jzpf\/ tyifyef;cH zdkxdk;aep&myif rvdk/ um; bk&m;ay;aom ]"eod'd? vmbod'd} rsm;yif jzpf\/
xdkodkU Ak'ay;onfh enf;emtwdkif; rBudK;pm;bJ tm;rudk;tyfonfudk tm;udk;NrJ tm;udk;aernfqdkvQif
'kua&mufzG,f&mom &Sd\/ aumif;rGefvmp&mum; r&Sday/
rEav;NrKd U? pdeyf ef;&yfuu
G x
f rJ S tzGm;GeUf trnf&dS tzGm;Bu;D wpfa,mufonf trsK;d orD;
jzpfaomfvnf; tawG;tac:ynm&Sd\/ uREkfyf &efukefodkU pmcsbkef;BuD;tjzpf <ua&mufcgeD;wGif ,ck
uJhodkU rSm\/
]]wpfckyJ rSmvdkufyg&ap armifyif;? 'DwpfoufrSm b,faomtcgrS zdkxdk;jcif;tvkyfudk
rvkyfygaveJU? wynfhawmfr&JU touf(80)ausmftwGif;rSm zdkxdk;vdkU a&TjzpfoGm;wm? xGuf&yfayguf
oGm;wm wpfcgrS rBuKH z;l bl;? zdx
k ;kd Ny;D aovdUk "mwfv;kH udpk NJG y;D o&Jjzpf&wJo
h al wGuo
kd m tawGU&rsm;w,f}}
tzGm;\trsK;d xJrS vlwpfa,mufEiS hf &[ef;wpfyg;taMumif;udk rSwo
f m;&zl;onf/ vlwpf
a,muftaMumif;rSm 1997 ckESpfcefUu *sme,fwpfapmifwGif owif;xl;tjzpf zwfvdkuf&jcif; jzpf\/
acgif;pOfu ]Mum;ap? jrifap taz'DrSm}[k jzpfonf/
yJc;l e,fxrJ mS trsK;d om;wpfa,mufonf zdu
k o
kd m pGyx
f ;kd ae&m tdr&f dS pD;yGm;Opmrsm;vnf;
ukefNyDjzpf\/ &SdorQ t0wftpm;rsm;rSmvnf; rD;avmifaygufcsnf; jzpfukef\/ om;orD; acR;rrsm;yif
toufav;q,fausmfavmuf&SdNyDjzpf&m xdktrsKd;om;BuD;\ toufonf ajcmufq,fhig;ausmf ckepf
q,fem;eD;NyD jzpf\/

wpfnwGif zdq
k &JG if; Adu
k ef mvmojzifh tdro
f moGm;wuf&\/ xdt
k csed rf mS yif wpfa&;Ed;k vm
aomacR;ru rD;vif;aeaom zdkHkxJodkU 0ifMunfhrd\/ tbdk;BuD;udk rawGU&aomtcg rD;cJ&J&Jay:rS
vHkav;udk pdwf0ifpm;oGm;ojzifh nyfjzifh vSrf;,lMunfhvdkufrd\/ ol\ earmferJhEdkifrIaMumifh vHkonf
atmufodkU vGwfusoGm;um vHkxJrS t&m0wKrsm;tm;vHk; xGufusaysmufqHk;oGm;\/ acR;rjzpfolonf
bmvkyfvdkU bmudkif&rSef;rodatmif xdwfvefUoGm;\/
aemufrS tbdk;BuD; ajymaeuspum;jzpfaom
]'Djy'g;u jymjzpfomG ;&if ighupd t
m;vH;k atmifjrifNy}D [laom pum;oHukd jyefvnftrSw&f
ojzifh zdkab;rSjymrsm;udk vHkxJodkU jrefjrefBuHK;xnfhum vuf&mrysufjyefxm;NyD; zdkHkxJrS tjrefajy;xGuf
oGm;\/ tbdk;BuD; jyefa&mufvmaomtcg vHkxJrSjymrsm;udk jrifvdkuf&onfESihf 0rf;omtm;&jzpfum
]atmifNyD? atmifNyD} [k toHukef[pfNyD; a<u;ausmfvdkuf\/
xdUk aemuf vHx
k rJ S jymrsm;udk ykvif;wpfcx
k J aocsmxnf,
h u
l m Ncx
H rJ S aqGrsK;d om;csi;f rsm;
tm;vH;k udk nBu;D rif;Bu;D tukev
f u
kd Ef ;dI \/ tdrt
f ay:xyfwiG f om;orD;ESifh acR;rrsm;tm;vH;k pHv
k ifaom
tcg olonf 0&HwmwGif &yfvdkufonf/ tm;vHk;udk EIwfqufpum;ajym\/
]]'DaeU 'Dtcsdef[m rif;wdkUtazudk aemufqHk;awGU&wmyJ? taz ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm BudK;pm;
cJhwJh vkyfief;[m uaeUatmifjrifNyD? om;wdkUorD;wdkUudk EIwfqufNyD;wmeJU [dk[dr0EmawmxJudk taz
wpfoufvHk; oGm;aeawmhr,f? [dkrSm tazhvdkyJ xGuf&yfvkyfief; atmifjrifoGm;MuolawG trsm;BuD;&Sd
w,f? 'gaMumifh tazhudk aemufqHk;taeeJU uefawmhEIwfqufMu}}
jymrsm; BuKH ;xnfch ahJ om acR;rrSm tarSmifxw
J iG f yg;pyfukd vufuikd yf 0k gESiyhf w
d
f &,fae
aomfvnf; usev
f rl sm;um; bmrSrodMuojzifh tbk;d Bu;D cdik ;f onft
h wdik ;f vuftyk cf su
D m uefawmhvu
kd f
Mu\/ tbkd;BuD;onf rSmp&m&Sdonfrsm;udk tawmfrSmMum;NyD;onfESifh ykvif;xJrS jymtenf;i,fudk
vQmay:wifvu
kd Nf y;D a&ESiahf omufcsvu
kd \
f / xdo
k Ukd aomufNy;D onfEiS hf 0&Hwmvuf&rf;ay: wuf&yfum
aumif;uifodkU ckefwufvdkuf\/
tbd;k Bu;D onf jy'g;jymudpk m;Ny;D onfEiS hf Zifa,mfiu
S af v;uJo
h Ukd aumif;uifwiG f yso
H ef;Edik f
rnf[k xif&Sm\/ wu,fjzpfoGm;onfum; vufajcrsm;udk BudK;ESifhpkwkwfxm;aom 0ufwpfaumifudk
tdraf y:rS ypfcsvu
kd o
f uJo
h Ukd ygaywnf;/ olwUkd tdro
f nf awmifapmif;cyfususwiG f aqmufvyk x
f m;jcif;
jzpf\/ xdUk aMumifh tbd;k Bu;D onf ajrBu;D ay:udk t&Sed Ef iS hf 0ufususNy;D onfEiS hf atmufzufoUkd vdrq
hf if;
oGm;um NcKH yw
k Bf u;D wpfcx
k J 0ifomG ;\/ aygifwpfacsmif; oGio
f iG u
f sK;d oGm;aomaMumifh NcKH yw
k x
f w
J iG f acw
owdvpfoGm;\/
xdktcgusrS om;orD;rsm;vnf; xdwfxdwfjymjymjzpfum 0dkif;0ef;&SmMu\/ arSmifuvnf;
arSmif? tbdk;BuD;uvnf; NcHKykwfxJa&mufaeojzifh tawmfav;Mumonftxd rawGU&aomtcg om;
orD;rsm;onf pdwyf v
l mNy;D ]taz? taz b,fem;rSmvJ} [k atmf[pfac:Mu\/ q,fred pfausmaf usmcf efU
Mumaomtcg tbkd;BuD;onf owd&vm\/ olUudk vSrf;ac:aeaom toHrsm;udkvnf; Mum;oGm;\/
yde;f ydwaf tmifarSmifaeaom NcKH yw
k x
f w
J iG f olUud,
k o
f yl if jyefrjrif&/ xdt
k cg tbk;d Bu;D xifomG ;onfu

]]aMomf ..? ig "mwfjym aq;wef;cdk;aMumifh udk,faysmufaewmyJ? 'gaMumifh om;awG

orD;awG ighudk rjrifMuwmaerSm}}
[k ,HkMunfoGm;um xdktbdk;BuD; vSrf;atmfvdkufonfum; ]]om;wdkU orD;wdkUa&? Mum;ap jrifap taz'DrSm}} [l\/

xkwfwef;ay:u q&mawmf
q&mawmfwpfyg;onfvnf; pmaytvky?f w&m;tvkyrf sm;udk ab;csw
d u
f m aeUa&mnyg
zdkomxkd;ae\/ pmayroif&bJ zdkcsnf;qGJae&aomtcg ausmif;om;udk&ifrsm;onf NiD;aiGUvmMu\/
zdkqGJray;bJvnf; rae&JMuaomtcg tBuHxkwf\/ xdkbkef;BuD;onf "mwfvHk;udk yg;pyfwGifiHk udk,f
aysmuf^raysmuf rMumcP prf;oyfMunfah eonfukd awGUzl;aom ausmif;om;Bu;D wpfa,mufu tBuH
ay;\/ olUtBuu
H m; bke;f Bu;D "mwfv;kH iHNk y;D ud,
k af ysmuf^raysmuf prf;oyfaecsed w
f iG f ud,
k af ysmufNy[
D k
qdNk y;D 0dik ;f nmMu&ef jzpf\/ odUk rSom olU"mwfv;kH od'ad ygufNy[
D k ,lqum zd;k xd;k &yfrnf[k ausmif;om;
udk&ifwdkUu wGufqxm;\/
wpfaeU bk&m;cef;a&SU oHCmpifay:wGif "mwfv;kH udk yg;pyfxiJ u
kH m ud,
k af ysmuf^raysmuf
prf;oyfaeaom bkef;BuD;udkawGUonfESifh ausmif;om;udk&ifrsm;u pnf;0g;wdkufxm;Muonfhtwdkif;
]][m- bkef;BuD;udk rjrif&awmhbl;}} [k wtHhwMo 0dkif;ajymMu\/
bkef;BuD;um; wu,fxifNyD; tawmf b0ifjrifhoGm;\/ ausmif;om;udk&ifrsm;u wu,f
rjrifonf[
h efjzifh wthw
H MoajymqdNk y;D bke;f Bu;D udk vdu
k &f mS onfyh rkH sK;d vkyaf eMu&m bke;f Bu;D rSm t,HBk u;D
,Ho
k mG ;av\/ tvGeaf useyfomG ;aom bke;f Bu;D u "mwfv;kH udk yg;pyfxrJ S xkw,
f v
l u
kd u
f m ]ig 'DrmS uG}[k
ajymvdkuf\/
xdktcg Zmwfwdkufxm;aom ausmif;om;udk&ifrsm;u ]]a[m- q&mawmfudk awGUNyD}}[k
NydKifwl atmf[pfMu\/ bkef;BuD;um; ]]igh"mwfvHk; b,ftcsdefuwnf;u atmifjrifaew,f rodbl;?
tckrS od&w,f}} [k qdkum [dr0EmodkU aumif;uifrS av[kefpD;NyD; <uoGm;&ef jyifqifjyef\/ ol
[dr0EmodUk oGm;awmhrnfjzpfaMumif; ausmif;om;ud&k ifrsm; oifo
h ifjh rwfjrwfjzifh aumif;aumif;ae&pf
Mu&ef rSmMum;\/ ausmif;om;udk&ifrsm;um; zdkrqGJ&awmh[k od&ojzifh tvGef0rf;omaeMu\/
oPmefvkyf okyfwl&eftwGuf udk&ifBuD;wpfyg;u ]]bkef;BuD;u 0dZmtjzpfeJU [dr0EmrSm wpfoufvHk; aeawmhrSmqdkawmh wynfhawmfwdkU
udk&ifawG bkef;BuD;udk,fpm; wpfoufvHk; udk;uG,forf;qnf;xm;&atmif bkef;BuD;&JU tay:Hk{uoDudk
pGefUawmfrlcJhygbk&m;}}
[k rsuf&nfrsm; 0dkif;jyNyD; tdkufwifygyg avQmufvdkuf\/ bkef;BuD;um; oabmtusBuD;
usum tay:Hk{uoDudk csufcsif;cRwfay;\/ xdktcg ausmif;om;rsm;uvnf; tm;usrcH cg;rSm0wf
xm;aom oif;ydkifudk awmif;Mujyef&m bkef;BuD;u]]'gawmh ay;vdkUrjzpfbl;uG? ighrSm udk,fvHk;wD;BuD; jzpfoGm;rSmaygh}}[k ajym\/ vnfvnf
0,f0,f&Sdaom ausmif;om;u tqif;wGif bD;wyfay;vdkufonfrSm -

]]q&mawmfu "mwfvHk; iHkvdkufwmeJU udk,faysmufoGm;wmyJ bk&m;? ouFef;rygvnf;

b,folu odrSmvJ}}
xdkpum;udk bkef;BuD;onf tvGefBudKufoGm;\/ xdkUaMumifh oif;ydkifudkyg cRwfay;NyD; "mwf
vHk;udk tapmwvQif iHkvdkuf\/ bkef;BuD; "mwfvHk;iHkvdkufonfESifh ausmif;om;udk&ifrsm;u bkef;BuD;udk
rjrif[ef jyKMu\/ wtHw
h Mo ajymMu\/ bke;f Bu;D onf ausmif;acgifr;kd ay:rS yso
H mG ;rnf[al omtBujH zifh
wdkifrBuD;rS zufwuf&ef 'dkif;wpfckay:odkU acgifrdk;qDodkUom armhMunfhaeMuojzifh vdkufMunfhvdkuf&m
"mwfvHk;tm;udk;ESifh l;rdkufaeaombkef;BuD;udk cGwD;cGus awGU&av\/
ausmif;tpfru ]]q&mawmf? b,fvjkd zpfwmvJ bk&m;? pdwrf S aumif;ao;&JUvm;? ouFe;f
rygbJ ausmif;acgifay:wufNyD; bmvkyfaewmvJ bk&m;}}[k vSrf;ar;\/
bkef;BuD;rSm olU"mwfvHk;tay:wGif ,HkMunfcsuf rukefao;&um; "mwfvHk; iHkxm;aom
yg;pyfBuD;jzifh ryDuvm yDuvm jyefar;vdkufonfrSm ]][Jh - ausmif;tpfr? bkef;BuD;udk wu,fjrif&vdkUvm;}}
]]jrif&vdkU avQmufwmaygh bk&m;}}
xdktcgusrS bkef;BuD;onf oltxifBuD;cJhaom "mwfvHk;udk pdwfqdk;rmefqdk;jzifh ]xGD} ceJ
axG;xkwfypfum ]]ausmif;om; udk&ifawG ajymawmh rjrifbl;qdkvdkU a[h}}
[k ajymNy;D uref;uwef;qif;vmcJ\
h / xdt
k cgrSp "mwfv;kH bke;f Bu;D onf wjcm;ausmif;
odkU ajymif;oGm;av\/ aMomf ...tm;udk;vGJawmh t&SufuGJwwfayonf wum;/

tarQmftaMumuf jyem
ppfudkif;wdkif;? uomcdkif? rdk;wm;NrdKUe,frS bk&m;tpfr? ausmif;tpfr? Z&yftpfr? &[ef;
tpfrBuD; a':a&TOqdkvQif wpfe,fvHk; rodol r&SdMu/ om;rsm; &SifjyKpOfuqdkvQif a&Tref;wifarmif\
tuenf;jyq&mrjzpfaom a&Tajcusi;f raiGNrKd if ZmwftzGUJ jzifh (7)nwdik w
f idk f atmifycJG cH o
hJ nf/ wpfe,f
vHk;&Sd vlrsm;udk wpfveD;yg; rD;cdk;wdwf vSL'gef;cJhonf/
olaX;Bu;D xuf olaX;uawmfBu;D udk wpfe,fv;kH u ydo
k Md uonf/ odUk vlord sm;Ny;D xif&mS ;
ausmfMum;jcif;? MoZmtmPmanmif;jcif;wdkUonf twdwfb0 'gejyKpOftcgwkef;u tvSLcHyk*dKvftm;
dak opGm vSL'gef;cJo
h nfh oup' gepGr;f tm;aMumifyh ifjzpf\/ uJo
h Ukd oH;k rukef vSLrukeaf tmif csr;f om
jcif;\ twdwftaMumif;um; bk&m;kyfyGm;awmftm; aomufawmfa& uyfvSLcJhaomaMumifhygwnf;/
a':a&TOonf twdwb
f 0u rd;k wm;NrKd Ue,frmS yif olqif;&Jrav;wpfa,muf jzpfc&hJ \?
rdcif rkqdk;rBuD;ESifhtwl qif;&JpGm vkyfudkifpm;aomufcJhMu&onf/ 12ESpforD; t&G,fcefUwGif qif;&J
wGi;f eufjcif;\ 'Pfukd rcHEikd af wmhojzifh &GmOD;ausmif; q&mawmfBu;D xH ta&mufomG ;Ny;D qif;&Jjcif;rS
vGwfaMumif;w&m;udk ar;avQmufcJh\/ q&mawmfBuD;u {&m0wDjrpfBuD;udk vufndK;xdk;jyum bk&m;
&Sifudk aeUpOfaomufawmfa& uyf&ef? xdkodkU uyf&mwGifvnf; rdrda&aomufwdkif; uyf&ef enf;ay;
vdkuf\/

qif;&JwGif;rS vGwfvdkaom rdef;uav;onf xdkaeUrS p Ak'kyfyGm;awmfudk aeUpOfa&

aomufwdkif; aomufawmfa&udkvnf; tBudrfBudrf uyf\/ xdkb0rS pkawaomtcg a&'geaMumifh
,ckvkd olaX;uawmfBu;D a':a&TO vmjzpfc&hJ jcif;jzpfaMumif; a':a&TOud,
k w
f ikd f olUom;wpfa,mufukd
jyefajymjyonfhtwGuf odMu&\/
&efukefNrdKUay:rS bmomjcm; trsKd;orD;wpfOD;onf Ak'bmom trsKd;om;wpfOD;ESifh tdrf
axmifjyK\/ wpfa,mufESifhwpfa,muf rqGJaqmifMubJ udk,fhbmomudk,f toD;oD;udk;uG,faeMu
onf/ wpfaeUwGif tdrfudk;uG,fxm;aom Ak'kyfyGm;awmfrS a&mifjcnfawmfrsm; jzmxGufaeonfudk
xdktrsKd;orD; zl;awGU&\/ xdkaeUrSpNyD; bk&m;udk MunfndKoGm;um Ak'bmom0ifwpfOD; jzpfoGm;\/
wu,fh oufawmfxif&mS ; bk&m;&Siu
f o
hJ Ukd oabmxm;Ny;D a&csr;f ? qGr;f ? yef;wdUk udk aeUpOf
rysurf uGuf vSL\/ xdt
k csed rf pS olwUkd pD;yGm;a&;onf 'Da&tvm;wufvmNy;D &efuek Nf rKd Uay:&Sd tcsr;f
omqHk; olaX;pm&if;wGif yg&SdcJh\/ xdktdrfodkU uREkfyfudk,fwdkif bk&m;taeuZmwif <ua&mufcJhzl;\/
,ckacwfwGif Ak'bmom0ifwdkif;eD;yg; Ak'kyfyGm; qif;wkawmfrsm;udk udk;uG,faeMu\/
odkUaomf ,ckazmfjyaom jzpf&yfESpfckuJhodkU wrvGefusKd; ypKyefusKd; &oGm;olrsm;udk odomrsm;jym;pGm
rawGUMu&ay/ Ak' yk yf mG ;awmfukd ud;k uG,w
f mcsi;f wlygvsuf tusK;d ay;rwljcif;\taMumif;udk ax&0g'
enf;us qef;ppfMunfhoifh\/
&wemoH;k yg;ESiphf yfaom 'gewpfcu
k csucf si;f tusK;d ay;&ef ]acw}ESihf tZmo,}[laom
t*FgESpfcsufESifh jynfhpHk&efvdktyf\/ acw- [lonf bk&m;? w&m;? oHCm[laom &wemoHk;yg;xif&mS ;
&Sad ejcif; jzpf\/ tZmo,- [lonf b,(taMumuf)? vmb(tarQm)f ? ukvmpm&(rd;kd zvm) [laom
tcsufwdkUrS uif;vGwf jzLpifoefU&Sif;aom o'gw&m;ESifh jynfhpHkjcif;yif jzpf\/
bk&m;&Sif\ tqHk;tr omoemBuD; xif&Sm;&Sdaejcif;aMumifh jrwfpGmbk&m; xif&Sm;&Sdae
onfEiS hf twlwyl ifjzpf\/ w&m;ESio
hf C
H mum; qdzk ,
G &f myif r&Sad wmhay/ xdUk aMumifh acw[al om t*Fg
bufrS cRw,
f iG ;f jcif;r&Sad y/ &wemoH;k yg;udk qnf;uyfu;kd uG,yf gvsuf odomxif&mS ;aom aumif;usK;d udk
r&MuonfrSm tZmo,[laom 'kwd,t*Fg ysufuGufMuaomaMumifhyif jzpf\/
[kwf^r[kwf vufawGU qef;ppfMuygpdkU/
bk&m;qGrf;awmf uyfMuol trsm;pkonf rdbrsKd;dk; tpOftquf vkyfief;pOf[k oabm
xm;um 0wfauswef;aus uyfMuolrsm;u rsm;\/ xdkUaMumifh bk&m;qGrf;awmfyGJudk MunfhvdkufvQif
tdrfajrmifwpfaumifpmavmuf qGrf;ay:wGif [if;av; wpfzwfavmuf wifxm;onfudkom awGU&
apcsifonf/ wpfzef opfoD;rsm;udk rGef;vGJydkif;? nydkif;rSmyg qufuyfxm;jyefonf/ jrwfpGmbk&m;ESifh
oHCmawmftm;vHk;onf aeUvGJnpm rbkOf;ay;Muay/ xkdUaMumifh 12 em&D ausmfonfESifh rnfonfh
opfoD; tpm;tpmudkrS rwifoifhay/ ,ckvdk odvsufESifhuyfygvQif tjypfyifjzpfwwf\/
a&TjynfomNrdKUrS tdrfwpftdrfqdkvQif csif;pdrf; twufvdkufBuD; wifxm;\/ pHkprf;Munfh
aomtcg aA'ifq&mu aeUcsi;f ncsi;f Bu;D yGm;&ef csi;f pdr;f wif&rnf[k tcgawmfay;jcif;aMumifh [l\/
ylv?S avmifv?S pyfvo
S jzifh rdryd if tprf;rpm;aom csi;f pdr;f udk bk&m;tm; uyfvLS &ufaom apwemrSm
tifrwefrS tHhMop&maumif;\/

]]taMumuf}} aMumifh 'gejyKMuyHkudk Ipm;OD;avmh/

aA'ifq&mu ]aomutylawG Nidrf;ap&ef bk&m;udk a&oyfyg,fyg} [k a[mvdkufonf/
'Djymodkv reufapmapmBuD; a&Twd*Hkbk&m;ay:wufum arG;eHrSbk&m;kyfyGm;awmfay:odkU at;pufae
aoma&rsm;udk tqufrjywf avmif;csawmh\/ kyyf mG ;awmfae&mwGif pdwq
f ;dk wwfaom &[ef;wpfyg;
omqdkvQif ]'Davmuf at;aewJhtcsdef ighudka&vmavmif;&ovm;} [kqdkum xdkufypfrSm aocsm\/
wu,fvSLoifhonfum; pmoifwdkufrsm;? ur|mef;Xmersm;odkU rdrdwwfEdkifoavmuf
wpf&ufpm? ESpf&ufpm ponfowfrSwfNyD; a&wif&efpufqDzdk;tjzpf vSLvdkufrnfqdkvQif tusKd;ay;
oefaom ]umv'ge}wpfck jzpfomG ;ayrnf/ tcsKUd aA'ifq&mu ]raumif;aomN*Kd [rf v
S w
G &f ef bk&m;udk
oufaphr;D ylaZmfyg}[k a[mvdu
k o
f nfEiS hf aeU 12 em&D 1 csuf aeylusu
J sJ bk&m;ay:wufNy;D za,mif;wkid f
xGef;Mujyef\/
ud,
k cf si;f pmMunfo
h if\
h / rdrx
d ufi,f&,
G o
f rl sm;u ,ckvakd eylusu
J st
J csed w
f iG f ]OD;av;wdUk
ta':wdUk udk rD;eJUuefawmhygw,f} [kqu
kd m tem;vmNy;D za,mif;wdik x
f eG ;f Ny;D uefawmhMuvQif rdrw
d Ukd
b,fvckd pH m;&rnfenf;/ trSeu
f m; rD;ylaZmfjcif; r[kw?f tvif;a&mif ylaZmfjcif;om jzpf\/ xdUk aMumifh
za,mifwikd rf ;D ylaZmfvv
kd Qif tvif;a&mifvt
kd yfaom ntcsed w
f iG o
f m ylaZmfoif\
h ? xdUk aMumifh bk&m;ay:
qdkvQifvnf; aeUcif;BuD; za,mif;wdkif rxGef;oifh/
]tvif;a&mifrS vSLcsifygonf} qdkvQif bk&m;wGif jzpfap? pmoifwdkuf? ur|mef;wdkuf
wdkUwGifjzpfap vQyfppfrD;zdk;udkom vSL'gef;oifh\/ a&TvSLvQif jzpf&mb0 a&Tvdktqif;vSonf[laom
]tarQmfpdwf} aMumifh vdktyfaom rvdktyfaom bmrQrpl;prf;awmhbJ wefcdk;BuD; qif;wkawmfrsm;udk
0dkif;0ef; a&TcsMu\/ wcsKdU bk&m;yHkaysmufum bmrSef;rod&atmif vHk;vHk;BuD;jzpfoGm;\/
wpfcsKdU qif;wkawmfrsm;um; ajcawmf? vufawmfrsm; azmif;um;NyD; yHkysufyef;ysufjzpf
oGm;\/ trSejf zpfoifo
h nfum; a&TcszUkd 0wKaiGukd oD;oefUvSLoif\
h / a*gyursm;uvnf; a&Tz;kd twGuf
vSLaomaiGukd aocsmpGmpm&if;ESix
fh m;Ny;D vdt
k yfaomtcgwGif aiGjzifah &Tqikd ;f 0,fNy;D csay;oifo
h nf/
]kyyf mG ;awmf rnfonfyh rkH sK;d aygufaeae igESirhf qdik f igukov
kd &f Ny;D a&m}[laom pdwrf sK;d onf
ax&0g'enf;usaom pdwrf sK;d r[kwaf y/ igaumif;pm;a&; tw0g'udk OD;wnfaom wE&? rE&pdwx
f m;
rsKd;om jzpf\/ ed*Hk;csKyfqdk&vQif &wemoHk;yg;[laom acwum; ajymzG,f&mr&Sdatmif jynfhpHkae\/
rsK;d d;k pOfvm? tarQm?f taMumuf [laomoH;k rsK;d udk y,fazsmuf o'gjzLpifpmG jzifh vSL'gef;
MurnfqdkvQif tZmo,[laom t*FgESifhvnf; jynfhpHkum ,ckb0rSmyif aumif;usKd;csrf;omrsm;udk
cHpm;&rnfjzpfaMumif; av;eufpGm today;tyfyg\/
]]wdkUbk&m;omoem[m aeylatmifvkyfvnf; &w,f? rdk;&Gmatmifvkyfvnf; &w,f?
vlvmatmifvkyfvdkUvnf; &w,f? vlrvmatmifvkyfvdkUvnf; &w,f? rif;wdkU bk&m;MunfndKwmu
rwnfhwJholi,fcsif; tdrfvmvnfoavmufrS rMunfndKMuvdkU rif;wdkUrSm bmtusKd;xl;rS rcHpm;&bl;/
rwnfhwJh oli,fcsif;vmvdkU udk,furac:csifwmawmifrS pm;csdefus&if rif;'umrudk
[dkaumifudk xrif;auR;vdkufqdkNyD; cdkif;w,f/ pm;NyD;awmhvnf; [dk[mawG odrf;awmh? qnf;awmhvdkU

ajymr,f? tck rif;wdkU[mu bk&m;rSefrSef qGrf;ruyfbl;? uyfNyD; pm;awmfyGJudk wpfaeukef ypfxm;wm

r[kwfvm;? bk&m;udkom wu,fouf&Sdxif&Sm;&SdwJhyk*dKvfvdk oabmxm;NyD;vkyf&if rif;wdkU 'Davmuf
'kura&mufbl;}}
(a0blq&mawmfbk&m;BuD;)

aumif;usKd;ay;wm apwem
t&d,meJU ykxkZOf tjrifcsif; rwlyHkudk ajymOD;r,f? ykxkZOfqdkwm apwDcsif;twlwljzpf
ygvsuf ]qkawmif;jynfhbk&m;}[k qdkif;bkwfwyfxm;vQif ydkNyD;txifBuD;owJhuG,fh/ a*gwrkyfyGm;csif;
twlwljzpfygvsuf r[mrkedrSydkNyD; txifBuD;ouG,fh/ 'gaMumif; ]tl;} vdkU qdkwmaygh/
kyfyGm;rSeforQ vlvkyfwmcsif; twlwlygyJuG,fh/ [dkkyfyGm;uvnf; t0dnmPuygyJ/
'gayr,fh ykxkZOfpdwful;u l;aevdkU xl;w,fvdkUxifwmuG,fh/ Oyrm r[mrkedkyfyGm;u wpfql? aAm"d
kyfyGm;u wpfql wpfckaomtmHkcHrI twlwlxm;uG,fh/
rdrd\ apwemu rdrdudk tusKd;ay;wmuG,fh/ kyfyGm;awGu ay;wm r[kwfbl;? 'gaMumifh
pdwfxm;wwfrS jrwfw,fvdkU ajymwm/ kyfyGm;qdkwm tmHkjyKHkygyJ/ tJ'Dvdk rdrdapwemuom rdrdtm;
tusK;d ay;wmudk rodygbJ? kyyf mG ;apwDtay:rSm apwemrnDrQaomaMumifh ]yxkZa em Orwa um}vdUk
a[mawmfrlwmuG,fh/
(erm;q&mawmf? w&m;ppfwrf;aqG;aEG;cef; pmtkyfrS)
uREfkyfonf ]o&P*HktpGrf;} pmtkyfwGif udk;um;xm;aom erm;q&mawmf t&SifP\
Mo0g'udk zwf&if;jzifh wpfcsufNyHK;rd\/ ,ckacwf vltrsm;pkonf q&mawmfBuD; ajymcJhonfhtwdkif;
emrnfBuD;bk&m; txl;tqef;awGaemuf waumufaumufvdkuf&if; ukodkvfw&m; &oifhoavmuf
r&bJ tcsdefuef? aiGukef? vlyef; jzpfaeMu&onf/ qif;wkkyfyGm;onf tmHk,lzdkUoufoufom jzpf\/
rdrduxm;aom apwemtenf;trsm;tvdkuf tusKd;ay;tenf;trsm; uGJjym;oGm;onfudk aocsmrod
oa&GU tcsdefukef? aiGukef? vlyef; jzpfaeMuOD;rnfomjzpf\/
xdktcsdefrSmyif qGrf;tvSL&Sif trsKd;orD;BuD;wpfOD;u ausmif;ay:odkUwufvmNyD; OD;csum
tHhMozG,fowif;wpfckudk avQmufxm;\/
]]q&mawmf e0&wfaps;xJu qdkifwpfqdkifrSm bk&m;ay:aewm oGm;rzl;bl;vm;}}
]]b,fvdk bk&m;ay:wmvJ}}
]]tJ'Dqdkifua&mif;wJh bJOwpfvHk;ay:rSm usKdufxD;dk;bk&m;yHkwpfyHk ay:aevdkUbk&m;? zl;wJh
vlawGudk BudwfBudwfwdk;aewmyJbk&m;? q&mawmf oGm;zl;zdkUaumif;w,f? wynfhawmfawmif zl;cJhNyD}}
uREkfyfrSm ykxkZOf tl;awGtaMumif; zwfaewkef; wdkufwdkufqdkifqdkif ykxkZOftl;wpf
a,muf wufvmonfudk awG;rdNyD; 'kwd,tBudrf NyHK;rdjyef\/
'g,dumrBuD;u ]]q&mawmf bmudkNyHK;wmvJ bk&m;? wynfhawmf ar;wmudkvnf; rajzbl;}}

]]aMomf ..ykxkZOf tl;awGtaMumif; awG;rdvdkUyg? bk&m;ay:wJhtaMumif; rMum;rdygbl;?

Mum;rdvnf; oGm;jzpfrSm r[kwfygbl;? awmfMum udk,fhausmif;rSm udk;uG,fxm;wJhbk&m;udk tm;emp&m
jzpfaerSmaygh}}
]]q&mawmfuvnf; uyfajymawmhr,f? udk,fhausmif;ubk&m;u tcsdefra&G;zl;vdkU &ae
wJh[m? tckvdk wefcdk;BuD; xl;xl;qef;qef;ay:vmzdkUqdkwm vG,fwmrS r[kwfwm}}
]]uJ - 'gqdk&if 'g,dumrBuD;udk ar;r,f? tckausmif;ay:ubk&m;eJU usKdufxD;dk;bk&m;eJU
twlcsxm;NyD; &Sdcdk;r,fqdk&if b,fbk&m;udk &Sdcdk;wmu ydkNyD;ukodkvf&r,fxifovJ}}
]]'Dvdkqdk&ifawmh ukodkvfu twlwlaerSmygyJ bk&m;}}
]]'gaygh 'g,dumrBuD;&JU? kyfyGm;awmfwdkU apwDwdkUqdkwm tmHkjyKzdkUoufoufyg? wu,f
tusKd;ay;wmu rdrd&JUapwemyJ? apwem enf;enf;yJxm;Edkif&if enf;enf;yJtusKd;ay;r,f? rsm;rsm;
xm;Edkif&if rsm;rsm;tusKd;ay;r,f}}
]]'Dtcsufuav;uvnf; odovdkvdkeJU wu,fusawmh aocsmrodbl; bk&m;? q&mawmf
ar;vdkUom awG;rdoGm;wm}}
]]awG;rdoGm;NyDqdkawmhvnf; qufajym&wmaygh? 0drme0wKrSm Ak'u wd|aE edAKaw pmyd?
oar pdaw orH zvH/
apawmyPd"d a[wl[d?
owm *p E ok*w/
vdkU a[mawmfrlxm;w,f/ t"dyg,fu ]]oufawmfxif&Sm; bk&m;rSm jzpfap? kyfyGm;awmfrSm jzpfap? MunfndKpdwf twlwlxm;
EdkifvQif tusKd;ay;vnf; twlwl&w,f vdkU qdkvdkwmygyJ/}}
]]'gewpfck tusK;d ay;tm;aumif;zdUk twGuf vSLzG,0f wKvnf; aumif;&r,f? tvSLcHvnf;
aumif;&r,f? apwemvnf; aumif;&r,f/ 'DoHk;csufxJrSm ta&;tBuD;qHk;u apwemyJ? vSLzG,f0wK
&,f? tvSLcH&,fu b,favmufyJaumif;aumif; apwemraumif;&if tusKd;ay;raumif;Edkifbl;}}
]]'geeJUywfoufNy;D wuov
kd o
f Qio
f &D &d UJ ]ao&GmjyefwUkd \ jzpf&yfreS Zf mwfvrf;rsm;} pmtkyf
xJu a':ukvm;r taMumif; rzwfzl;bl;vm;}}
]]rzwfzl;ao;bl; bk&m;? ajymjyygOD;}}
]]jzL;NrdKUe,fxJrSm 0JBuD;atmufcHkqdkwJh &GmBuD;wpf&Gm&Sdw,f/ ausmif;xdkifq&mawmfBuD;&JU
bGUJ u OD;Zm*&wJ?h oufawmf &Spq
f ,fausmv
f mwJh q&mawmfBu;D udk Z&mw&m;u r&Pw&m;qDa&muf
atmif twif;du
k yf w
k f ydUk NyaD ygh/ wpfaeUawmh tpmr0ifvUkd tm;uvnf;enf;? a&m*guvnf; onf;Ny;D
owdvpfoGm;w,f}}
]]owdvpfNy;D awmh q&mawmfBu;D [m ewfjynfuakd &mufomG ;owJ?h ewfom;awG? ewforD;
awG? AdrmefawG? ya'omyifawGukd jrifawGU&wmaygh? tifrwefBu;D rm;wJh a&TArd mefBu;D wpfcak &SU a&muf

oGm;wJhtcgrSmawmh tacRt&H ewfom;ewforD;awGudkom awGUNyD; ydkif&Sifewfom;ewforD;udk rawGU

&bl;wJh}}
]]'geJU q&mawmfBuD;u ydkif&Sif ewfom;ewforD; r&Sdbl;vm;vdkU ar;vdkufawmh tacRt&H
awGu ajymowJ?h ]ydik &f iS ef wforD;u vlUb0rSmyJ &Sad o;w,f? 'DArd mefu olUtwGuf BuKd aygufaewmyg}
wJ?h q&mawmfBu;D vnf; pdw0f ifpm;oGm;Ny;D ]'gqd&k if b,fov
l J rod&bl;vm;? Adrmef&iS f 0rf;om&atmif
BudKNyD;ajymjyvkdU r&bl;vm;}vdkU ar;vdkufawmh ]&ygw,fbk&m;} wJh?
]q&mawmfvnf; vlUb0 qufae&OD;rSmyg? [dak &muf&if ajymjzpfatmif ajymay;ygbk&m;?
tk;d jcrf;uGeJ UJ wlwhJ vlUb0udk jrefjrefpeG Uf vTwNf y;D a&Tcu
G ef UJ wlwhJ ewfb0udk jrefjrefvm,lyg? olUemrnfu
a':ukvm;rvdkUac:NyD; ae&yfu prf;NrdKif&yfuGuf? jzL;NrdKUe,f? yJcl;wdkif;uyg bk&m;}vdkU ajymvkdufowJh?}}
]]tHhMop&mygvm; bk&m;? q&mawmfBuD; owdjyef&awmh 'DvdyfpmawG rSwfrdwmyJvm;
bk&m;}}
]]rSwrf w
d maygh? owdjyef&&csi;f vdypf mudk pmtkyx
f rJ mS aumufa&;w,f? Ny;D wmeJU uy,
d
'umawGac:NyD; prf;NrdKif&yfuGufu a':ukvm;rudk awGUatmif&SmNyD; b,fvdkukodkvfawG tNrJwrf;
jyKw,f qdkwm&,f? tckqdk&if ewfjynfrSm AdrmefBudKaygufaew,f qdkwm&,fudk ajymckdif;vdkufw,f?
'Dtcsdefwkef;u prf;NrdKif&Gmudk &yfuGufxJ oGif;xm;wm rMumao;bl;}}
]]t&ifwkef;u wHigonfawG trsm;qHk;aewJh wHig&Gmav;yJwJh? 'gaMumifh uyd,'um
awG[m prf;NrdKif&yfuGufudk awmfawmf&SmMu&w,f? naeydkif;avmufrS a':ukvm;rudk &SmawGUowJh?
orD;ESpfa,mufeJUtwl yJjyKwfa&mif;pm;aewJh rkqdk;rwpfa,mufygyJ? taMumif;pHkudk ajymjyNyD;wJhtcg
ewfjynfrmS AdrmefBuKd aygufavmufatmif b,fvu
kd o
k v
kd af wGrsm; qnf;yl;xm;ovJvUkd ar;Munfw
h t
hJ cg
usawmhrS 'g,dumrBuD;wdkU twk,lzG,f&m qGrf;uyfenf;udk odMu&w,f}}
]]b,fvdk qGrf;uyfwmvJ bk&m;}}
]]a':ukvm;r ajymwmu ol[m csr;f omolwpfa,muf r[kww
f t
hJ wGuf ode;f eJUaomif;eJU
csDNyD; rvSLEdkifygbl;wJh? 'gayr,fh rdbq&m&JU tqHk;traumif;udk &xm;awmh tdrfrSm udk;uG,fxm;wJh
Ak'kyfyGm;awmfudk tkPfqGrf;? aeUqGrf; wpfaeUESpfBudrf rSefrSefuyfvSLw,f? 'Dvdk vSLwJhtcgrSm [if;yef;uefu oufouf? qGrf;yef;uefu oufouf aocsmjyifw,f? aomufa&? vuf
aq;a&? ZGef;? vufokwfyk0gutp tukefygw,f? tJ'Dvdk uyfvSLvmwm ESpfaygif;oHk;q,favmuf
&SdaeNyDwJh/ ewfjynfrSm AdrmefBudKaygufw,fqdk&ifvnf; 'DukodkvfaMumifhjzpfrSmyg}vdkU ajymvdkufowJh}}
]]ukodkvf&Sif raocif ewfjynfrSm AdrmefBudKaygufwmrsKd; t&ifua&m &SdcJhzl;vm;bk&m;}}
]]bk&m;vufxufu&SdcJhzl;wJh Am&mPoDjynfu eEd,ol<u,f[m bk&m;trSL;&SdwJhoHCm
awmfrsm;udk {&mrausmif;Bu;D wpfaqmif aqmufvLS w,f? 'Duo
k v
kd af Mumifh olraocif vloufeUJ qd&k if
ESpaf ygif; oH;k ua#eJU tESpaf jcmufoef; touf&n
S w
f hJ wm0womewfjynfrmS AdrmefBu;D wpfck BuKd ayguf
cJhw,f}}

]]t&Sifr[marm*vef ewfjynfudk <uwJhtcsdefrSm awGUcJhvdkU tckvdk odMu&wmyJ? eEd,

ol<u,feUJ a':ukvm;rwdUk &JU tvSLt*FgoH;k csuu
f kd EIid ;f ,SOMf unf&h if vSLzG,0f wKrmS vnf; eE,
d ol<u,fu
omw,f? ausmif;tvSLqdkawmh qGrf;tvSLxuf trsm;BuD;omwmaygh? tvSLcHyk*dKvfrSmvnf; eEd,
ol<u,fu omw,f? eEd,ol<u,fu oufawmfxif&Sm;bk&m;? a':ukvm;ru kyfyGm; r[kwfvm;}}
]]y"metusqHk; pdwfapwemusawmh twlwlyJjzpfaew,f? eEd,ol<u,fuvnf; ouf
awmfxif&Sm;bk&m;udk pdwfapwemtjynfheJU ausmif;vSLw,f? a':ukvm;ruvnf; Ak'udk,fyGm;kyfwk
awmfudk pdwfapwemtjynfheJU qGrf;vSL'gef;w,f? ]oar pdwH orH zvH} pdwfapwemcsif;wl&if tusKd;
ay;vnf; wlw,fqdkwm twdtus rrSefbl;vm;}}
]]rSefygw,f bk&m;}}
]]tusO;f csKyrf w
S &f rSmu oD;yifpm;yifwpfyif jzpfxeG ;f zdUk twGuf ajraumif;&,f? a&aumif;
&,f? rsKd;aphaumif;&,f oHk;rsKd;vdkw,f? 'DoHk;rsKd;rSm rsKd;aphaumif;zdkUu ta&;tBuD;qHk;yJ? ajrawGa&awG
b,favmufaumif;aumif; rsKd;aphraumif;&if bmrSrjzpfxGef;awmhbl;}}
]]tJ'DvdkyJ 'gewpfck tusKd;ay;tm;aumif;zdkUrSmvnf; ajreJUwlwJh tvSLcH&,f? a&eJUwlwJh
vSLzG,f0wK&,f? rsKd;apheJUwlwJh apwem&,f oHk;rsKd;vHk;aumif;zdkU vdktyfygw,f? 'DoHk;rsKd;xJrSm ta&;
tBuD;qHk;uawmh apwem? o'g"mwftm;aumif;zdkUygyJ? apwem? o'g"mwftm; aumif;r,fqdk&if
b,fqif;wk? b,fapwDudkyJvSLvSL aumif;usKd;trsm;BuD;ay;r,fqdkwmudk &J&JBuD;ajymvdkufyg&ap}}
]]om"k om"k om"kyg bk&m;}}
pmzwfy&dowfrsm; tm;vHk;
ab;&ef aMumifhMu qif;&J uif;
udk,fpdwfESpfjzm csrf;omMuygap
aumif;usKd; vdk&mqEjynfh0Muygap/
arwm&Sif (a&Tjynfom)

Ak'bmom0ifwdkif;
tusifhodum jzLpifoifh\/
taMumif;um;
Ak'bmom0ifwpfOD; raumif;wmvkyfvQif
rdrdomru
&wemoHk;yg;ESifh q&myg
odumusEdkifaomaMumifhyifwnf;/

rdrdudk,fawGU? q&mhudk,fawGUESifhrNyD;
Ak'udk,fawGU ygVdawmf
t|uxmrsm;ESifh rudkufnDvQif
trSm;omjzpfonf/

q&mawmf t&SifZ0e
arwm&Sif (a&Tjynfom)

q&mawmf t&SifZ0e
arwm&Sif (a&Tjynfom)

bkef;uHBuD;rm;wdkif; &[Emr[kwf/
&[Emwdkif;vnf; bkef;uHrBuD;rm;/
ykxkZOfjzpfaomfvnf; 'ge&SdcJhvQif
bkef;uHBuD;rm;\/
avmouwdrax&fonf
&[Emjzpfaomfvnf; y&dedAmef0ifpHonftxd
qGrf;wpfeyfrQ 0atmif bkOf;ay;roGm;cJh&/
'ger&Sdonfhtjyif twdwfb0wpfcku
mrp&d,pdwfxm;jzifh &[ef;wpfyg;\vmbfvmbudk
zsufqD;cJhrdaomaMumifhyifjzpf\/
aumif;uifysHEdkifwdkif;vnf; &[Emr[kwf/
&[Emwdkif;vnf; aumif;uifrysHEdkif/
bk&m;&Sifudk aoG;pdrf;wnfatmifvkyfaom?
oHCmoif;cGJaom? ykxkZOfomjzpfonfh
&Sifa'0'wfonf aumif;uifrSmysHEdkifcJh\/
ua#ESifhcsDNyD;&Sdonfh oku0dyu&[Emrsm;onf
q&mawmf t&SifZ0e
aumif;uifodkU rysHEdkifMuay/
arwm&Sif (a&Tjynfom)

q&mawmf tSiZf 0e arwmSif (aTjynfom) \

]] xkwa
f 0Ny;D pmtkyr
f sm; }}
1/ rsuf&nfruscif odapcsif
2/ ,HkrSwfvdkU yHktyfrdolrsm;taMumif; (1)
3/ ,HkrSwfvdkU yHktyfrdolrsm;taMumif; (2)
4/ o&P*HktpGrf; tHhrcef;
5/ arwmtpGrf; tHhrcef;
6/ oDvtpGrf; tHhrcef;
7/ pm&dwowd
8/ r*fwm;zdkvfwm; tE&m,frsm;
9/ twGif;&efol
10/ rdbarwm&opmpkrsm; (rif;[def;xd0fESifhtwl)
11/ jrefrmwdkU\touf
12/ tIH;r&Sdaom 'e
13/ Aprofitable Philosophy
14/ vli,frsm;twGuf *rD&0dyem (1+2)
15/ vli,frsm;twGuf *rD&0dyem (3+4)
16/ vli,frsm;twGuf *rD&0dyem (5+6)
17/ yg&rDxdkufaom'geESifh yg&rDrxdkufaom'ge
18/ b0ESifh&if;&aom tawG;tjrifrsm; (1)
19/ b0ESifh&if;&aom tawG;tjrifrsm; (2)
20/ rddk;zvmAk'bmomESifh wu,fhAk'bmom
21/ wu,fhAk'bmomESifh opav;yg;
22/ ausmif;tr ewforD;tvSBuD;
23/ pkefvrf;ESifhqefvrf;
24/ taojrwfcsif aoenf;oif
25/ tpmpm;&if; r*fzdkvf&atmifusifhaqmifjcif;
26/ arwmjzifh pD;yGm;&Smjcif;
27/ onmodESifh ynmod (ok'd0dyemusifhpOf)
28/ q&maumif;udk &SmazGjcif;
29/ r*fzdkvf&rnfh orm"dtqifhqifh
30/ udk;q,fhudk;urm idkcJh&olrsm;taMumif;
31/ ax&0g'rSwfausmuf
32/ vljzpf&jcif;\ t"du&nf&G,fcsuf

(tdwfaqmif)
(tdwfaqmif)
(tdwfaqmif)
(tdwfaqmif)
(tdwfaqmif)
(tdwfaqmif)