Professional Documents
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Chapter - Air Conditioning and Refrigeration (Vietnamese)
Chapter - Air Conditioning and Refrigeration (Vietnamese)
2. CC DNG IU HA KHNG KH V LM LNH ..............................................3 3. NH GI IU HO KHNG KH V LM LNH ...............................................9 4. CC GII PHP S DNG NNG LNG HIU QU ..........................................12 5. DANH SCH SNG LC GII PHP..........................................................................17 6. CC BNG TNH .............................................................................................................19 7. TI LIU THAM KHO .................................................................................................21
1. GII THIU
Phn ny gii thiu vn tt v nhng c im chnh ca h thng lm lnh v h thng iu ha khng kh
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Hnh 2. Mt vng trao i nhit in hnh h thng lm lnh (Cc S dng nng lng hiu qu, 2004) H thng lm lnh c mt s chu trnh trao i nhit, nh minh ho hnh 2. Nhit nng chuyn t tri sang phi, c trch t khng gian v a vo cc ca ra qua nm chu trnh trao i nhit: Chu trnh s dng khng kh trong nh. chu trnh bn tri, qut thi khng kh trong nh vo dn lnh, ti khng kh s truyn nhit cho nc lnh. Khng kh mt s lm mt khng gian ca to nh. Chu trnh s dng nc lnh. c thc hin bi bm nc lnh, nc quay tr li t gin lnh, c a ti thit b bay hi ca b phn lm lnh c lm mt tr li. Chu trnh s dng mi cht lnh. S dng mi cht lnh i pha, my nn h thng lm lnh truyn nhit t mi cht lnh sang nc ngng. Chu trnh s dng nc ngng. Nc hp th nhit t bnh ngng ca thit b lm lnh, v c my bm nc ngng ti thp gii nhit. Chu trnh s dng thp gii nhit. Qut ca thp gii nhit ht kh vo dng h ca nc ngng nng, truyn nhit ra bn ngoi.
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Cng sut ca dy chuyn t 50 TR (tn lnh) thng c xem l cng sut nh, 50
250 TR l cng sut va v trn 250 TR l cng sut ln. Mt cng ty ln c th c mt h thng cc t my, thng c bm nc lnh, bm nc ngng, thp gii nhit, l thit b bn ngoi. Mt cng ty cng c th c hai hoc ba mc lm lnh v iu ho khng kh, chng hn nh h thng gm ba cp: iu ha khng kh (20 25 oC) H thng nc lnh (80 100 C) H thng s dng mui (cc thit b ng dng nhit di 0)
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Thit b s dng in: iu ho khng kh v lm lnh 4 - 1 Dung dch c lm mt s b vi p sut cao s i vo thit b gin n, thit b ny gip gim p sut cht lng v iu chnh lu lng cht lng i thit b bay hi.
3 Bnh ngng 4
Thit b gin n Pha p sut cao My nn
1 Thit b bay hi
Hnh 4. Gin chu trnh lm lnh bao gm thay i v p sut (Cc S dng nng lng hiu qu, 2004) Bnh ngng phi c kh nng thi nhit u vo kt hp ca my nn v thit b bay hi. Hay ni cch khc: (1 - 2) + (2 - 3) phi tng ng (3 - 4). Khng c tn tht hoc thu hi nhit qua thit b gin n.
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Thit b s dng in: iu ho khng kh v lm lnh 2.1.2 Cc loi mi cht lnh s dng trong h thng nn hi C rt nhiu loi mi cht lnh s dng trong h thng nn hi. Nhit lm mt mong mun s quyt nh vic la chn cht lng. Cc mi cht lnh thng c s dng l tp hp cc flocacbon c clo ho (CFCs, cn gi l cc Freon): R-11, R-12, R-21, R-22 and R502. Bng 1 tm tt cc c tnh ca nhng cht lm lnh v bng 2 nu hiu sut ca chng. Bng 1. c tnh ca nhng cht lm lnh thng c s dng (theo Arora, C.P., 2000) Entanpi * Lu lng Cht lm im si im ng p sut hi 3 hi * (m / Lng (kJ Hi(kJ / lnh ** (oC) (oC) * (kPa) kg) / kg) kg) R 11 R 12 R 22 R 502 R7 (Ammonia)
* **
Bng 2. Hiu sut ca nhng mi cht lnh hay c s dng (theo Arora, C.P., 2000) Mi cht p sut bay p sut nn T l p Entanpi hi (kJ COP**carnot hi (kPa) (kPa) sut / kg) lnh
R 11 R 12 R 22 R - 502 R - 717
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Ti nhit bay hi -15 C, v nhit bnh ngng 30 C COP carnot = H s cng sut = Nhit .bay hi. / (Nhit .bn Nhit b.h.)
Vic la chn mi cht lnh v nhit lm mt mong mun v ti s quyt nh vic la chn my nn, cng nh thit k ca bnh ngng, thit b bay hi, v cc thit b ph tr khc. Cc yu t khc nh phc tp ca bo tr, yu cu khong khng, v s sn c ca cc yu t ph tr khc (nc, in, vv) cng nh hng n vic la chn cc b phn trn.
Thit b s dng in: iu ho khng kh v lm lnh Bm: Bm dung dch m c v tng p sut ca dung dch ln ti p sut ca bnh ngng My pht: Chng hi t dung dch m c, to ra dung dch long a vo tun hon
Bnh ngng
My pht
Bn nng
Thit b bay hi
Bn lnh
Bnh hp th
Hnh 5: Gin h thng lm lnh hp th hi Thit b lm lnh hp th l mt my to ra nc lnh bng cch s dng nhit nh hi, nc nng, kh, du, vv Nc lnh c to ra da trn nguyn tc l dung dch (tc l mi cht lnh, bc hi nhit thp) hp th nhit t xung quanh khi bc hi. Nc tinh khit c s dng lm mi cht lnh v dung dch lithi bromua (LiBrH2O) c s dng lm cht hp th. Nhit s dng cho h thng lm lnh hp th hi c th l nhit thi trch t qu trnh, t b pht diezen, vv Trong trng hp , h thng hp th ch s dng in cho my bm. Tu theo nhit yu cu v chi ph in, c th s kinh t hn nu to nhit/hi vn hnh h thng hp th. Di y l m t khi nim lm lnh hp th (ngun tham kho ca tranh minh ho cha xc nh).
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Thit b s dng in: iu ho khng kh v lm lnh Thit b bay hi Mi cht lnh (nc) bay hi nhit khong 4oC trong iu kin chn khng 754 mm Hg thit b bay hi. Nc lnh i qua ng ca b trao i nhit trong thit b bay hi v truyn nhit cho mi cht lnh ho hi. Mi cht lnh (hi) li chuyn thnh cht lng, cn nhit n t qu trnh bay hi lm mt nc lnh (trong s l t 12 oC - 7 oC). Nc lnh c s dng cho mc ch lm mt. Bnh hp th duy tr s bay hi, hi mi cht lnh phi c thi ra t thit b bay hi v cn cung cp mi cht lnh (nc). Hi mi cht lnh c hp th trong dung dch lithi bromua, rt thun tin hp th hi mi cht lnh trong bnh hp th. Nhit sinh ra t qu trnh hp th lin tc c loi b khi h thng bng nc mt. Qu trnh hp th cng duy tr chn khng trong thit b bay hi. My pht p sut cao V dung dch lithi bromua c pha long, kh nng hp th hi mi cht lnh gim. duy tr qu trnh hp th, dung dch lithi bromua pha long cn c c c li. Thit b lm lnh hp th c lp cng h thng c c dung dch, c gi l my pht. Cht gia nhit nh hi, nc nng, kh hoc du ng vai tr l dung dch c c. Dung dch c c c a tr li bnh hp th tip tc hp th hi lnh. Bnh ngng hon tt chu trnh lm lnh, cn m bo l quy trnh lm lnh din ra lin tc, cn c hai chc nng sau 1. C c v ho lng hi mi cht lnh, c to ra trong my pht p sut cao. 2. Cung cp nc ngng cho thit b
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Thit b s dng in: iu ho khng kh v lm lnh bay hi lm mi cht lnh (nc) Mt bnh ngng c lp t phc v cho hai chc nng trn. H thng lm lnh hp th s dng nc Li-Br lm mi cht lnh c h s hiu sut (COP) trong khong 0,65 0,70 v c th cung cp nc lnh nhit 6,7 oC vi nhit nc lm mt 30 oC. Hin cng c nhng h thng c th cung cp nc lnh nhit 3 oC. H thng da trn Amoniac hot ng mc cao hn p sut kh quyn c th hot ng nhit thp (di 0oC). Hin bnh hp th ang c sn vi cng sut trong khong 10-1500 tn. Mc d chi ph ban u ca h thng hp th cao hn h thng nn, chi ph vn hnh r hn nhiu v nhit thi c tn dng. 2.2.2 Lm mt bng bay hi trong h thng lm lnh hp th hi C nhng ni c th thay iu ho khng kh gip t mc iu chnh m ln ti 50% gip con ngi thoi mi hoc cho qu trnh bng mt h thng lm mt bng bay hi gip tit kim nng lng v r hn nhiu. Nc phun
Khng kh nng
Khng kh lnh
Hnh 5. Gin lm mt bng bay hi Theo: Munters (2001) Khi nim rt n gin v tng t nh khi nim thp gin nhit. Khng kh c a vo tip xc cht ch vi nc lm gim nhit ca khng kh xung gn nhit bu t. Khng kh mt c s dng phc v cho con ngi hoc lm mt qu trnh. Nhc im ca h thng l m trong khng kh cao. Tuy nhin, y li l mt phng tin lm mt v cng hiu qu vi chi ph rt thp. Nhng h thng thng mi ln thng dng khi m bng cenluloza phun nc. C th iu chnh nhit bng cch iu chnh lu lng kh v tc lun chuyn kh. ng dng phng php lm mt bng bay hi c bit thch hp cho lm mt nhng vng kh hanh. Nguyn tc ny cng c thc hin cc doanh nghip thuc ngnh dt cho mt s qu trnh nht nh.
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3. NH GI IU HO KHNG KH V LM LNH
Phn ny ni v cch thc nh gi hiu sut ca dy chuyn lm lnh/iu ho khng kh.
3.1.3 H s hiu sut H s hiu sut trn l thuyt (Carnot), (COPCarnot, mt cch o chun hiu sut lm lnh ca mt h thng lm lnh l tng) ph thuc vo hai nhit chnh ca h thng: nhit thit b bay hi Te v nhit bnh ngng Tc. COP theo cng thc: COPCarnot = Te / (Tc - Te)
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Thit b s dng in: iu ho khng kh v lm lnh Phng trnh trn cng cho thy, nhit thit b bay hi tng ln v nhit bnh ngng gim xung s gip tng ch s COPCarnot . Nhng COPCarnot ch l mt t s nhit , v khng xt n loi my nn. V vy, COP thng s dng trong cc doanh nghip c tnh nh sau: Hiu ng lnh (kW) COP = u vo nng lng cp cho my nn (kW) Trong hiu ng lnh l chnh lch entanpi trong thit b bay hi v c tnh bng kW.
Hnh 6: Tc ng ca nhit ngng v nhit thit b bay hi i vi thit b lm lnh (Cc S dng nng lng hiu qu, 2004)
Trong , Q l lu lng kh, m3/h l mt kh, kg/m3 Hvo l entanpi ca kh vo kCal/kg Hra l entanpi ca kh ra kCal/kg
C th s dng th o m-nhit tnh hvo v hra t cc gi tr nhit bu kh v nhit bu t c o qua cc ln th s dng m k. Thc hin o nng lng ti my nn, bm, qut AHU, qut thp gin nhit c th s dng b phn tch ti cm tay.
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Thit b s dng in: iu ho khng kh v lm lnh C th c tnh ti iu ho khng kh bng cch tnh ti nhit khc nhau, n v cm nhn c, da trn thng s kh u vo v u ra, h s kh vo, s lng ngi v loi nguyn vt liu lu tr. Di y l mt s cc ti TR iu ho khng kh: Vn phng nh = 0,1 TR/m2 Vn phng trung bnh tc l, = 0,06 TR/m2 10 30 ngi chung mt iu ho khng kh trung tm Vn phng ln, t hp vi mt iu ho khng kh trung tm = 0,04 TR/m2
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hp l ho din tch trao i nhit, h s trao i nhit v pha mi cht lnh c th dao ng trong khong t 1400 2800 watts /m2K. Din tch trao i nhit pha mi cht lnh l 0,5 m2/TR v cao hn thit b bay hi. Bnh ngng trong dy chuyn lm lnh l mt thit b rt quan trng, nh hng n cng sut TR v nhu cu tiu th nng lng. Vi mi cht lnh bt k, nhit ngng t v p sut ngng t tng ng ph thuc vo din tch truyn nhit, hiu qu ca qu trnh truyn nhit v loi lm mt s dng. Mt mc nhit ngng t thp hn c ngha l my nn phi hot ng trong vi sai v p sut thp hn do p sut y c c nh bi thit k v hiu sut ca bnh ngng. Trn thc t, vic la chn bnh ngng l gia lm mt bng khng kh-lm mt bng khng kh vi nc phun, v lm mt qua trao i nhit. B trao i nhit hnh ng v dng v s ln c s dng lm bnh ngng c thp gii nhit hot ng tt cho php hot ng gi tr p sut y thp v nng cao cng sut TR ca dy chuyn lm lnh. Nu mi cht lnh R22 c s dng trong bnh ngng dng ng v v s lm mt bng nc th p sut y l 15 kg/cm2. Nu cng loi mi cht lnh ny c s dng trong bnh ngng lm mt bng khng kh th p sut y l 20 kg/cm2. iu ny cho thy mc ti nn
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Thit b s dng in: iu ho khng kh v lm lnh cn thm l bao nhiu, vi mc ti thm ny s lm tng thm tiu th nng lng khong 30 % dy chuyn. Mt trong nhng gii php tt nht ti giai on thit k l la chn bnh ngng dng ng v v s lm mt bng nc thay cho nhng la chn r tin hn nh loi bnh ngng lm mt bng khng kh hoc bnh ngng khng kh phun nc. Tc ng ca nhit bnh ngng i vi nhu cu s dng nng lng ca dy chuyn c cho trong bng di y Bng 7. Nhng gi tr in hnh minh ho tc ng ca s bin i trong nhit bnh ngng i vi mc tiu th nng lng (Hi ng Nng sut quc gia, cha c xut bn)
Nhit ngng (0C) 26,7 35,0 40,0
*
Bnh thng Bnh ngng bn Thit b bay hi bn Thit b bay hi v bnh ngng bn
H thng my nn pittng 15 tn. Mc tiu th nng lng ca cc h thng thng gp n thp hn. Tuy nhin, thay i phn trm ca mc tiu th nng lng l do hu qu ca vic bo tr km.
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Thit b s dng in: iu ho khng kh v lm lnh iu chnh cng sut thng qua iu chnh tc l gii php hiu qu nht. Tuy nhin, khi thc hin iu chnh tc my nn pittng, cn m bo rng h thng bi trn khng b nh hng. Vi my nn ly tm, ngi ta thng gii hn iu chnh tc khong 50 % cng sut trnh b xung. Vi mc di 50%, c th iu chnh cnh hoc thc hin r nhnh iu bin cng sut. Hiu sut ca my nn trc vt mc non ti thng cao hn my nn ly tm hocc my nn pittng, nn my nn trc vt thng c s dng trong trng hp hay phi hot ng mc non ti. C th ti u ho hiu sut ca my nn trc vt bng cch thay i t sut lu lng. Trong mt s trng hp, iu ny c th dn n hiu sut y ti cao hn so vi my nn ly tm v pittng. Nh kh nng my nn trc vt chu c du nht, trong mt s trng hp my nn trc vt c a chung hn
Thit b s dng in: iu ho khng kh v lm lnh s dng in vo thi im m ca mt s nh cung cp in l mt u im ca vic s dng thit b lu tr. Ngoi ra gii php ny cn c mt li ch na l do nhit mi trng bn ngoi thp hn vo ban m nn nhit bnh ngng vo m cng thp hn, v vy gip tng COP. Nu s dao ng ca nhit trong khong khng chp nhn c th vic s dng thit b lu tr c th s km kinh t hn v cht ti lnh th cp s c lu tr nhit thp hn so vi yu cu thu nhit. Chi ph pht sinh lm mt xung nhit thp hn c th vt qu li ch ca cch lm ny. Gii php tu theo tng trng hp c th. V d nh, trong mt s trng hp c th s dng b trao i nhit ln, vi mc chi ph thp hn so vi mc vn hnh thit b lm lnh nhit thp, tn dng li ch ca vic s dng thit b lu tr k c khi s dao ng ca nhit khng chp nhn c. H thng lm , lu tr thay cho nc, thng mang li hiu qu kinh t.
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Thit b s dng in: iu ho khng kh v lm lnh th nng lng ln 3-4%. V vy, khi bn thy nhit mc thch hp v t b iu chnh nhit mc , trnh thay i ci t b iu chnh nhit. Khi h thng iu ho khng kh c thit k v lp t, trnh cc thay i ln v ti nhit ca my. S thay i s lm lng ph nng lng ng ng thot nc b tc nghn thng l do to bm bn trong ng. My iu ho khng kh to ra mt mi trng mt, m ph hp vi nm mc v nu chng t do pht trin, chng s lan vo ng ng. Loi b nm mc bng cch s dng cht kh trng (tham kho nh cung cp). m bo rng b mt ca gin lnh hoc gin bay hi phi sch khng kh c th t do lu thng. Nu bn c ng hi lu khu vc nng nh gc mi hay ga ra, cn m bo rng ng khng b v, nt, hoc b tch ra v ht kh nng vo. B phn ca s nn dc nh v pha bn ngoi. B phn loi b m (ni nc tch t) l gin trc, trong nh bn. Thng thng s c mt ng mng/ng x x nc ra pha sau my. Nu ng x b tc, n s chy ngc tr li v gy r r bn trong phng. Yu cu th c kh lm sch khung v m bo l cc c vt c xit cht. C th gim ti nhit bng cch lp thm trn gi trong vn phng. Lp thm mn ca/tm chn/mng hp th bc x mt tri trn ca s s gip gim nhit vo phng. Cch nhit trn nh, l ni nh sng mt tri chiu vo bng tm cch nhit dy 50-mm s gip gim nhit vo phng. Kim tra r r v ch b bp ng ng. Cn v ch r r khng kh bng cht bt kn c cht lng tt(khng dng bng dn ng ng). Kim tra my lm lnh theo ch nh ca nh sn xut. Thng thng, vic kim tra nn c thc hin hng qu. Kim tra nh k r r cht lnh. Kim tra p sut hot ng ca my nn. Kim tra mc du v p sut. Kim tra in p v ampe ca ng c. Kim tra thit b khi ng in, cngtct, v r le Kim tra kh nng v hot ng non ti. S dng thng s nhit lm mt ph v qu nhit t hiu sut my lm lnh ti a. Ly thng s nhit ng ng x.
Mt s Nguyn tc chung bao gm: Cng sut lm lnh gim 6% vi mi mc tng nhit ngng ln 3,5 C. Nhit ngng gim 5,5 C s gip gim tiu th nng lng my nn t 2025% Gim 0,55 C nhit nc lm mt ti u vo ca bnh ngng s gip gim tiu th nng lng ca my nn 3% 1 mm cn ng trn ng bnh ngng c th lm tng mc tiu th nng lng ln 40% . Nhit thit b bay hi tng 5,5 C s gip gim mc tiu th nng lng ca my nn 2025%.
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6. CC BNG TNH
Phn ny bao gm cc bng tnh: Thng s nh mc h thng iu ho khng kh v lm lnh Hiu sut dy chuyn lm lnh Bng tnh 1: Thng s nh mc h thng iu ho khng kh v lm lnh Tham kho my My nn lm lnh Kiu dng Loi Cng sut (lm mt) My lnh: S ng ng knh ng Tng din tch trao i nhit Lu lng nc lm lnh Chnh lch nhit nc lm lnh Bnh ngng: S ng ng knh ng Tng din tch trao i nhit Lu lng nc ngng Chnh lch nhit nc ngng Bm nc lm lnh: Nos. Cng sut Ct p Cng sut nh mc Hiu sut nh mc Bm nc ngng: Nos. Cng sut Ct p Cng sut nh mc Hiu sut nh mc n v 1 2 3 4
1. 2. 3. 4. A. B. C. D. E. 5. A. B. C. D. E. 6. A. B. C. D. E. 7. A. B. C. D. E.
Phn s.
TR -m m2 m3/h C
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Thit b s dng in: iu ho khng kh v lm lnh Bng tnh 2: HIU SUT CA DY CHUYN LM LNH STT 1. Tham kho thng s Lu lng nc lnh (s dng ng h o lu lng hoc nh gi theo s chnh lch mc ) Nng lng u vo ca ng c bm nc lnh p sut ht bm nc lnh p sut y bm nc lnh Nhit vo ca nc my lm lnh Nhit ra ca nc t my lnh Nhit vo ca nc ngng p sut ht ca bm bnh ngng p sut y ca bm bnh ngng Nhit ra ca nc ngng Nhit mi cht lnh ra t my lm lnh (thit b bay hi) p sut mi cht lnh Nhit mi cht lnh vo bnh ngng p sut mi cht lnh Cng sut lm mt thc t [(1)*(6-5)/3024] COP [11/(10-11)] Nng lng vo ng c my nn Mc tiu th nng lng ring Nng lng vo qut CT Nng lng vo my bm nc lm lnh ang hot ng Nng lng vo my bm ca bnh ngng ang hot ng Mc tiu th nng lng ring ca ton b h thng My nn lm lnh tham kho n v m3/h 1 2 3 4
2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22.
kW kg/cm2g kg/cm2g C C C kg/cm2 kg/cm2 C C kg/cm2 ( or psig) C kg/cm2 ( or psig) TR -kW kW/TR kW kW kW kW/TR
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Bn quyn
Copyright Chng trnh mi trng lin hp quc (nm 2006) n bn ny c th ti xut bn ton b hoc mt phn v cho bt k mc ch gio dc hay phi li nhun no m khng c s cho php c bit t ngi gi bn quyn vi iu kin phi nu ngun ca n bn. NEP mong rng s nhn dc bn sao ca bt k n bn no c s dng n bn ny nh ngun thng tin. Khng s dng n bn ny bn li hay cho bt k mc ch thng mi no khc m khng c s cho php trc t Chng trnh Mi trng ca Lin hp quc
Disclaimer:
This energy equipment module was prepared as part of the project "Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction from Industry in Asia and the Pacific" (GERIAP) by the National Productivity Council, India. While reasonable efforts have been made to ensure that the contents of this publication are factually correct and properly referenced, UNEP does not accept responsibility for the accuracy or completeness of the contents, and shall not be liable for any loss or damage that may be occasioned directly or indirectly through the use of, or reliance on, the contents of this publication, including its translation into other languages than English. This is the translated version from the chapter in English, and does not constitute an official United Nations publication.
Khuyn co:
Mun thit b nng lng ny c thc hin l mt phn ca d n Gim Pht Thi Kh Nh Knh t Hot ng Cng Nghip Khu vc Chu v Thi Bnh Dng (GERIAP) bi y ban Nng sut Quc gia n . Mc d c gng nhiu m bo ni dung ca bo co ny l chnh xc v ph hp tham kho, UNEP khng c trch nhim v tnh chnh xc hay hon thin ca ni dung v s khng chu trch nhim v bt k mt mt hay thit hi m c th lin quan trc tip hay gin tip cho vic s dng hay da vo ni dung ca bo co ny gy ra, bao gm c bn dch sang cc th ting khc ngoi ting Anh. y l bn dch t chng bng ting Anh v khng l n bn chnh thc ca Lin hp quc.
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