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.1-5-1 :1960 17......................................................................................
.2-5-1 :1970 18...............

.3-5-1 :1980 19......................................................................................
.1-5-1 :1990 20.....................................................................
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.2-2 24................................................................................
.3-2 25............................................................................................
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.3-3 -T 30..............................................................................................................
.4-3 31......................................................................................................................
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1. Fuzzy Rule Base
A l B l U i R V R
x = (x 1 ,..., x n )T U y V )( .
M . l= 1,2,,M
1-7 1.
:1-7 - 1-7 :
)( " "
A l 1 , x 1 ... A l m , x m B l y.
m< n.
)( " "
A l 1 , x 1 ... A l m , x m A l m +1 , x m +1 A l n , x n ... B l y.
)( " "
B l y.
)( " " :
x y
)( " ) (".
- .
- .
1-7 .
2-7
-
A U B V .
- -
U V .
) (3-6
A U B V .
1. Canonical

. .
.
1-2-7
U V - .

.
.
1 .
2 .
.
) Ru ( l U V - )(1-7
. Ru ( l ) = A l 1 ... An l B l A l 1 ... An l
U = U 1 ... U n :
)(2-7
) A l ...A l (x 1 ,..., x n ) = A l (x 1 ) ... A l (x n

n
* -t . ) Ru ( l -
.
M ) (1-7 Q M U V
:
n
) Q M = U Ru ( l
l =1
1. Union
2. Intersection
1 . + -s
:
g
)(3-7
) Q M (x , y ) = Ru ( l ) (x , y ) + ... + Ru ( M ) (x , y
M - ) (1-7
QG U V :
M
) QG = I Ru ( l
l =1
:
)(4-7
) QG (x , y ) = Ru ( l ) (x , y ) ... Ru ( M ) (x , y
* -t . 2 .
A U .
Q M QG -
:
)(5-7
]) B ( y ) = SUP t [ A (x ), Q M (x , y
x U
)(6-7
]) B ( y ) = SUP t [ A (x ), QG (x , y
x U
:
: M ) (1-7 ) (x 1 ,..., x n
l
l
1 ...An
l = 1, 2,..., M ) (2-7 .
A1l ... An l : ) ( FP1 B l ) ( FP2
-
) (x 1 ,..., x n , y
... An l B
Ru (x 1 ,..., x n , y ) = A l = 1, 2,..., M
) (l
l
1
.
Q (x , y ) : ) Q (x , y ) (3-7 ) (4-7 .
M
1. Mamdani Combination
2. Godel Combination
: A B )-7
(5 ) (6-7 .
2-2-7
M .
:
: 1 2 .
: A U B V
) Ru ( l . :
]) B ( y ) = SUP t [ A (x ), Ru ( l ) (x , y
x U
l = 1, 2,..., M
: M } {B1,..., B M .
) B ( y ) = B1 ( y ) + ... + BM ( y
:
) B ( y ) = B1 ( y ) ... B M ( y
g
+ * -s -t .
3-2-7
:
(1
(2 - .
. " " -
.
(3 -t -s.

:
: .
: A B
. .
. 8

A U B V .

. 1-5
1-8
1 X U R n A U
.
1. Fuzzifier
X A X
SUP
x U
SUP.
x U
:
1
:
- .
.
.
2-8
4 B ) V R
( y V .
B .
. B
.
: y B .
B B .
1. Singleton Fuzzifier
2. Gaussian Fuzzifier
3. Triangular Fuzzifier
4. Defuzzifier
: B y .
1-2-8

.
.

.9
1-9
.
) -( -
) ( ) ( .
5*3*3=45
.
.
. -
.
-
.
1-1-9
) (1-7
. -
. .
B l ) (1-7 y l .
M
)) y l ( A l (x i
i
l =1
M
i =1
)) (x i
Ai l
= ) f (x
l =1
i =1
x U R n f (x ) V R .
:
:

.
-
.
.
A B
l
l
i
. :
)(1-9
x i x il 2
( Al (x i ) = a exp[
] )
i
il
)(2-9
] B l ( y ) = exp[( y y l )2
l
i

.
.
. ) (1-7
:
)) (min A l (x i
i =1
)) (x i
Ai l
y
l =1
M
(min
i =1
= ) f (x
l =1
) (1-7
=* ) (1-9 )) (2-9 ( a il = 1
:
n
(x i x il ) 2
)
y exp( 2
ai + ( il )2
l =1
i =1
f (x ) = M n
(x i x il ) 2
(exp
a i2 + ( il )2
l =1 i =1
M
min *
n
x i x il 2
) )
(y min exp(
i =1
a i + il
l =1
f (x ) = M
n
x i x il 2
(exp(
) )
min
i =1
a i + il
l =1
M
B l y l ) (1-7
) (1-7 -
:
)(3-9
y
l =1
1
M
= ) f (x

. 3-9
.
2-1-9
B l y l ) (1-7
) (1-7
:
* f (x ) = y l
} l * {1, 2,..., M :
n
) Al * (x i ) Al (x i
i
i =1
i =1
. l = 1, 2,..., M
B l y l ) (1-7
) (1-7
:
* f (x ) = y l
* l :
n
min Al * (x i ) min Al (x i )
i
i =1 i
i =1
. l = 1, 2,..., M

- . x

.
.
2-9
.
. -

.
. -
.
.
.
.
.

g (x ) :U R n R .
.
) g (x .
) g (x x U ) g (x
. ) g (x - ) g (x
.
) g (x -
)) (x j , g (x j x j U .
) g (x
) g (x

.

.
:
. :

: .

.
)
(.
.
- .
.
.
. -
- .
- . 1-9 .
- .
-
- " . "
. " -
" .
. " " " "

.
. "
"
. " " .
1-9
10
" ""
" "
" .

.

.

- .
- .
.
- .
- . -
- -
.
1-10
N - ) (x 0l ; y 0l l = 1, 2,..., N N
20 . ) f(x N
. > 0
f (x 0l ) y 0l < . l = 1, 2,..., N
:
x xl 2
0
y exp
l =1
= ) f (x
2
l
x x
N
0
exp
l =1
l
0
)(1-10
) (1-10 N ) (1-7
x xl
0
l
l
Al (x i ) = exp B y 0
2
i
. )(1-10
N - .
. f (x 0l ) y 0l
) f(x . ) f(x
.
.
.
.

f(x) f(x) .
) (x 0l ; y 0l .
) (1-10 - .
-
. -
.

. -
. -10
1 -
.
.
.
.
.
:
V
U
x 01 x 0 4
B1
x2
A21
B2
x 05 , x 06
x1
2
1
A22
1
1
IF x 1 is A11 and x 2 is A21 , THEN y is B 1

IF x 1 is A12 and x 2 is A2 2 , THEN y is B 2
1-10 - - -
... .
2-10
: - ) (x 10 ; y 01 x c1
: k - ) k = 2, 3,... (x 0k ; y 0k
x c1 A1 (1) = y 01 B 1 (1) = 1 r .
M x c1 , x c2 ,..., x cM . x 0k M
l = 1, 2,..., M x 0k x cl .
x 0k x cl k x 0k x cl k :
(a x 0k x cl k > r x 0k x cM +1 = x 0k
A l (k ) = A l (k 1)
B M +1 (k ) = 1
A M +1 (k ) = y 0k
. l = 1, 2,..., M B l (k ) = B l (k 1)
: x 0k x cl k r ( b
A l k (k ) = A l k (k 1) + y 0k
(2-10)
B l k (k ) = B l k (k 1) + 1
(3-10)
A l ( k ) = A l ( k 1)
(4-10)
B l ( k ) = B l ( k 1)
(5-10)
x 0k :
: j = 1, 2,..., k (x 0j ; y 0j ) - k
x xl
0
A (k ) exp
l =1
f k (x ) =
x xl
M
c
l
B (k ) exp
l =1
(6-10)
: x 0k
x xl
c
A
(
k
)
exp
l =1
f k (x ) =
x xl
M +1
c
l
B (k ) exp
l =1
M +1
. k = k + 1 2 :
(7-10)
) (5-10) (2-10 ) B l (k -
l k - ) A l (k
- l
- ) (6-10
) (1-10 . ) (1-10
- ) (6-10
) (7-10 -
. -

. ) ( - r
.
r . r
r
.
r .
.11 -c
1-11
. .
1-11 .
1-11
"" . ) 1-11(a
) .
(. ) 1-11(b )
(
) 1-11(c)(d .
.
"" ""
. .
" " .

.
.
: ) -
- ]1[0
(.
1-11
.
) .
(
.
.
.
-c 1 .
-c 2-11
} X = {x 1 , x 2 ,..., x n x k x i R p
. ) P (x X X
2
. -c X } {Ai P (x ) :1 i C = X
UA
C
i =1
Ai Aj = . 1 i j C Ai
} {A1 ,..., Ac X c . -c
)( x k Ai . :
1, x k Ai
u ik =
0, x k Ai
x k X ) Ai P (x i = 1, 2,..., c . k = 1, 2,..., n
u ik = 1 x k Ai . u ik
-c X u ik . :
)(1-11
u ik {0,1},1 i c ,1 k n
c
)(2-11
} = 1, k {1, 2,..., n
)(3-11
} 0 < u ik < n , i {1, 2,..., c
ik
i =1
n
k =1
) (1-11 ) (2-11 x k X
(3-11) . Ai n 1
. 1 i c ) u ik
(1 k n c n U
-c :
} ) (-)-(- | M c = {U Vcn
-c M c .
1. Bezdek
2. Hard C - Portition
)(4-11
1 c c
(1)c j j n
1
c 0 j =1 j
= Mc
X c . c = 10
n = 25 1018 -10 25 .
u ik . u ik M c
M c "" .
u ik ]1 [0
u ik .

.
) ( -c
.
-c :1-11 . } X = {x 1 , x 2 ,..., x n c . -c
} M k = {U Vcn | u ik [0,1],1 i c ,1 k n
u ik x k Ai . ) (3-11
M k .
3-11 -c
M c M fc
: .

. X
.
c
. -
. .

:
2
J w (U ,V ) = u ik x k v i
k =1 i =1
M fc U = [u ik ] M c ) V = (v 1 ,...,v c v i Ai
:
n
xk
ik
ik
= vi
k =1
n
u
k =1
v i ) -c ( ) -c (
Ai . v i R p x k U -c
) jw (U ,V :
) x k v i
2
( = ) jw (U ,V
i =1 x k Ai
) jw (U ,V .

u ik x k v i x k v i -
. Ai v i jw (U ,V ) .
) (U ,V j w . M c
)) (4-11 ( .
j w -c ) ISODATA (.
-c
: n } x i R p X = {x 1 ,..., x n c .
2 c < n U (0) M c .
: l l = 0,1, 2,... c .
n
) u ik( l
) (l
ik
x
k =1
n
= ) v i( l
k =1
) [u ik(l ) ] = U (l . i = 1, 2,..., c
: ) U (l ] ) U (l +1) = [u ik( l +1
) ) x k v i( l ) = min1 j c ( x k v (j l
o.w
1
==
o
)( l 1
ik
U (l ) : ) U (l +1 : U (l +1) U ( l ) <
l = l + 1 .
-c : c )
( ) (
) ( J w
. M c J w .
} ) {v i( l J w v i
.
1-3-11 -c
-c U = {u ik } M fc ) V = (v 1 ,...,v c v i R p
J m (U ,V ) = (u ik )m x k v i
k =1 i =1
. ) m (1,.
-c
:1-11 } X = {x 1 ,..., x n x i R p .
} c {2,3,..., n 1 ) m (1, 1 k n 1 i c
. x k v i 0 ] U = [u ik ) V = (v 1 ,...,v c ) J m (U ,V

)(5-11
1
, 1 i c , 1 k n
c
x k v i m21
(
)
x k v i
i =1
= u ik
)(6-11
(u ik ) m
1 i c
,
m
ik
x
k =1
n
(u
= vi
k =1
-c
: } X = {x 1 ,..., x n x i R p }c {2,3,..., n 1
: l l = 0,1, 2,... -c .
) m (1, U (0) M fc .
1 i c
(u ik( l ) ) m
,
(l ) m
ik
x
k =1
n
(u
= ) v i( l
k =1
: ] ) U (l ) = [u ik(l ] ) U (l +1) = [u ik( l +1
, 1 i c , 1 k n
2
m 1
1
) x k v i( l
) v (j l
( x
= )U ik(l +1
j =1
: U (l +1) U ( l ) < l = l + 1
4-11 -c
1-11 ) (5-11 ) (6-11 ) (U ,V
J m . -c v i u ik
. J m
) J m (U ,V
:
) ) J m (U ( l +1) ,V (l +1) ) J m (U ( l ) ,V (l
.12
1-12
:
.
.
Bartlane 1920
.
.
1-12 1
. 1-12 1921

. 2-12 . 1-12
"" . Bartlane
5 . 1929 . 15 .
3-12
1. Halftone
.1-12 1921
) ](McFarlane [1972
15 .

.
35 .

. 1964 ) Jet Propulsion Laboratory (Pasadena, California
.
Ranger 7
.
Surveyor Mariner
.2-12 1922
. ) . ([1972] McFarlane
.3-12 Pershing Foch 1929 15

) . ([1972] McFarlane
Apollo .
1964 .
.

. 1
.

.

.
.

.
.
1. Contrast
.4-12 . : . :

4-12 .
. ) 4-12(
. ) 4-12(
.
) 4-12( 1
. ) 4-12(
.
) 4-12( )(
. 4-12
1. interference
.4-12
)( ) 4-12(
.
.
.

.
. :
.
:
1. Character
.5-12
2-12
1 ) f(x,y
x y f ) (x,y )
(2 . 5-12 .
. 5-12

.
-
.
) f(x,y
.
. 3
4 5 1 " " .
1. Monochrome image
2. Gray level
3. Image element
4. Picture element
5. Pixel

2 .
512*512 128 .
3-12
.
2 .

. 6-12
3 .
. -
- 4.
- 5 - .
6 .
1

30
. 7
.
.
" " .
.
.
. -
.

- .
1. Pel
2. Theme example
3. Problem domain
4. Alpha-numeric character
5. Image acquistion
6. Imaging sensor
7. Line- Scan camera
6-12
. 1
.
.
.
2 .
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
1. Segmentation
2. Eventual failure
. 1 2

. )(
.
6-12 . 3
. 4
.
c c .
. 5- 5 4
- 5 .
6
6-12 .
.
. .

7 .
. 6-12
.

.
.
8
. ) -
( .
1. Description
2. Feature selection
3.Recognition
4. Interpretation
5. ZIP code
6. Knowledge base
7. Change detection
8. Feed back
""
.

6-12 .
6-12 .
.
.

. .
4-12
:
-1 -2 -3 -4 -5
" " .
.

.
.
. ) 1 30
( .
.

.
80
. -
80 90
1. Frame rate
" " "

" ) (ALU " "
.
.

. .

.
.
. -

) ( .
.
5-12

-
.
.
.
) CT-Scan ( .

:
.1

.
24
.

.

.
.
.
.2

.
.
.3

.
.
.

.

.
.4
.
.
.

.
.

.

. Stigma detection .
.5

.

.
.
.
.
.
finger print
.
.
) (Pattern
.
.
.

.

. .

. .
.
.6

.

!
.
.

) (Hubble Space Telescope .
IR X-RAY
.

.
Google Mars Google
Earth Google Earth
Google Mars
.
.7
.
.
microsurgery
.8
.
.

.
) gps (Global Positioning Systems
.
.

. .

.
.
.
.9

.
.
.
.

.
.
.10
70 80
.
.
.
.11
.
motion capture
. .
) (Histogram

.
.
.12

.
.
.
.

.
.13

.
. .
.
.
.
.

.14

.
) (tomography
.
.
.13

.
:1-13 " " " " :

2 -
. 3 .
.

4 .
.
. 5
- 6 . 7

8 .
.

.
1-13
. " " " " " "

" " " " .
2. Spatial domain
3. Frequency domain
4. Degradation phenomenun
5. Heuristic procedure
6. Psychophysical
7. Contrast stretching
8. deblurring function
9. McDonnell & Bates[1986], Stark[1987], Jain[1989], Kak, Slaney[1988].
1-13 H
) (x , y ) f(x ,y
) g(x ,y .
) g(x ,y H ) f(x ,y .
) (x , y .
- 1-13
) g (x , y ) = H [f (x , y )] + (x , y
.
) (x , y
) G(x ,y
) F(x ,y
1-13
) g(x ,y
) (Degradation function H
. .
.2-13
H
:
) g(x , y )= h(x , y )*f(x , y )+ (x , y
) h(x , y PSF: Point Spread Function .
:
) G(u , v ) = H(u , v )F(u , v )+ N(u , v
) H(u ,v OTF: Optical Transfer Function .
) h(x ,y ) H(u ,v .
2-13
f g
H n .
1g=Hf+n
.
f f
.
.
.
) ( .
1-2-13
g=Hf+n :
n = g Hf.
. " - " " "

. .
f g H f .
f
2
)(1-13
= g H f
) = ( g H f )T ( g H f
=n n
g H f
) ( g H f n . ) (1-13
. f
)(2-13
J (f ) = g H f
) (2-13 f .
) (2-13 . J f
:
)(3-13
= 0 = 2H T ( g H f ).
) J (f
) (3-13 f:
f = ( H T H ) 1 H T g .
M= N H H T
:
)(4-13
f = H 1 ( H T ) 1 H T g
= H 1 g .
2-2-13

Q f
= n
Q f -
g H f .
Q -
. g=Hf+n .
(Elsgolc[1961]) 1
. ) n
2
( g H f
Q f . f
)(5-13
) n
2
+( g H f
J (f ) = Q f
. .
.
) (5-13 f :
)(6-13
= 0 = 2Q T Q f 2 H T ( g H f ).
) J (f
) (6-13 f
)(7-13
f = ( H T H + Q T Q ) 1 H T g
= 1/ . . ) (4-13
) (7-13 . ) (4-13
. ) (7-13 -
.
Q .
1. Lagrange multipliers
3-13
.
-
.
4-13

-
.
5-13

. 1

.
(1) :
) (2 3
.
.14

. -
1. Rubber-sheet transformations
2. Spatial transformations
3. Gray-level interpolation
1-14
.

. -
"" " " .
. 1-14
. ) 1-14(
.
) (
. -
.
1-14 ) :( )(
. .
) 1-14( 1

.
.

. .
.

.
.
. .
2-14
) f(x , y ) (x , y :
)(1-14
f
G x x
f = =
G y f
y
) (x , y
f .
2 f :
)(2-14
f = mag (f ) = [G x2 + G y2 ]1/ 2
) f(x ,y f .

)(3-14
f G x + G y
1. Transition
2. Gradient
.
1 . ) (x , y
f ) (x ,y . :
G
(x , y ) = tan 1 y
Gx
x .
z1
z3
z2
z6
z5
z4
z9
z8
z7
)(
-1
-1
-2
-1
-2
-1
)(
)(
) 2-14( 3*3 )( G x
3*3 )( G x . .
) (1-14 ) (2-14
f / x f / y . .
.
.
2-14 :
) G x = ( z 7 + 2 z 8 + z 9 ) (z 1 + 2 z 2 + z 3
1. Direction
) G y = (z 3 + 2z 6 + z 9 ) (z 1 + 2z 4 + z 7
z .
) (2-14 ) (3-14 .
.
1 .
3-14
) f(x ,y
2f 2 f
+
.
x 2 y 2
)(4-14
= 2f
. -
. 3*3
)(5-14
) 2 f = 4z 5 ( z 2 + z 4 + z 6 + z 8
z .
) 5-14 ( .
.
. 4-14 -
) (5-14 .

.
. ) 4-7 (
.
.
. " " .
.
)(
)(
) (
)(
) 3-14( )( ) 2-14( G x )(
) 2-14( G y )( )(3-14
-1
-1
-1
-1
4-14
1 )
1-14 ( .
1. Location
x2 +y2
h (x , y ) = exp
2 2
) Marr ] .(Hildreth[1980 . r 2 = x 2 + y 2
) (4-14 ) h h (r
)(6-14
r 2 2
r2
2h =
exp
2 .
4

) 5-14( .
r = .
) (5-14 4-14 .
. 5-14
)( . 2 h
.
.
) 5-14(
. ) (6-14
.
) (
)(
) 5-14( 2 h )( 2 h ) . ](Marr[1982
) 6-14( 320*320 . ) 6-14(

2 h . 4 .

. ) 6-14( ) 6-14(
. ) 6-14(
) 6-14( . 6-14
)( .
)(
)(
) (
)(
) 6-14( )( )( 2 h )( )(
)( ) ](Marr[1982
:
.
.
2 h .
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